Rare photos of our celebrities from the "past life". Few people remember them like that .... Forgotten melodies: musical instruments of Ukrainians, which few people remember

Let's think...
Forgotten genius of the revolution.

We all know the names of the leaders of the October Revolution - Lenin, Trotsky, Bukharin. But few people remember that the ideological inspirer of the revolution in Russia was Alexander Lvovich Parvus, whose name communist historians tried not to remember.
But first things first, the future revolutionary Israel Lazarevich Gelfand was born in 1867 in Belarus, in a poor family. But this did not stop him when he grew up to go to study in Switzerland. In Europe, our hero was imbued with Marxist ideas and became close to the Emancipation of Labor group, which included G. Plekhanov,
V. Zasulich. In 1891 he received his Ph.D., moved to Germany and joined the German Social Democratic Party. In the 1890s in Munich, Gelfand's apartment became a meeting point for German and Russian Marxists. At this time, he was in close contact with V.I. Lenin and R. Luxembourg. From the very beginning of the Iskra publishing house, he began to publish in the newspaper. In 1894, he signed one of the articles Parvus, under this name he went down in history. The fiery revolutionary Trotsky considered Parvus an outstanding Marxist figure! But also Lev Davidovich later recalled that he had two mutually exclusive dreams. One dream of a revolution in Russia, the second - to get rich!!!
The case of 1902 with the writer M. Gorky testifies to the moral character of our Marxist. Parvus was the writer's agent and staged the play "At the Bottom" on the stages of Germany with great success. Part of the money from the production was to be received by Parvus (agent's fee), the second part was intended for Gorky, and the third was to go to the party fund of the RSDLP. However, Gorky claimed that no one saw the money except Parvus!
The year 1905 was the most fruitful for Parvus, he actively participated in the revolution: he wrote proclamations, spoke at the factories to the workers. At the same time, he published the famous "Financial Manifesto", which dealt with corruption in the Russian government, its financial insolvency and false balance sheets. For this opus, he was sentenced to 3 years of exile, but before reaching his destination, Parvus fled. In subsequent years, he became interested in the revolution in the Balkans, then participated in the revolutionary movement in Turkey. In Constantinople, his dream came true - he finally got rich, becoming a representative of German companies supplying weapons to Turkey.
With the outbreak of the First World War, Parvus took a pro-German position. In Constantinople, he met with the German envoy and this fact was documented by the Austrian historian Elisabeth Hersh! Also in the archives, she found secret telegrams from the German Foreign Ministry and the embassies of Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden, which testified to the preparation of a revolution in Russia. Of course, these countries did not really want the growing Russia to win the war. And not the last role in the death of the empire was played by Parvus. In 1915, he provided the German Secretary of State Jagow with a "Plan for preparing for a revolution", in which he described how to lead Russia out of the First World War with the help of revolutionary agitation:
1. strikes at arms factories;
2. explosions of railway bridges (this would interrupt the supply of ammunition to the army);
3. agitation among workers and peasants (especially in port cities);
4. organization of uprisings directed against tsarism;
5. support for party newspapers abroad;
6. inciting anti-Russian sentiments in Ukraine, Finland, the Caucasus;
7. organization of escapes of political prisoners from prisons and penal servitude.
All this, according to Parvus, should have led to the abdication of the king, whose place would be taken by a government ready to negotiate with Germany. Parvus asked for 5 million rubles for the implementation of his program. The Germans allocated 2 million. Having received an advance payment of 1 million rubles, Parvus transferred it to his accounts in Copenhagen and founded an enterprise that dealt with trade transactions, including illegal ones, for the sale of coal, weapons in Germany, Russia and Denmark. A true "patriot", he sold weapons to the enemies of his homeland! He invested the proceeds from his deals in the creation of the media, which turned the whole world against the tsarist regime of Russia.
In 1915, he estranged himself from the Bolsheviks. Trotsky published an article in the Iskra newspaper, where he called Parvus a traitor.
Parvus promised the Germans that the plan would be implemented in 1916, but he was mistaken because there were quite patriotic moods in Russia! In addition, Lenin categorically refused to unite with other socialist parties (many of them took patriotic positions in relation to the warring Russia).
Then there was the February Revolution with the Provisional Government, which continued the war with Germany, and only after the rebellion in October 1917, led by the Bolsheviks, lured by the Germans, did Parvus' plan come true. In 1918, a separate peace was signed between the Bolshevik government and Germany (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), according to which vast Russian territories retreated to the Germans.
After these events, neither side needed Parvus. Imperial Germany was afraid of his social democratic views, and Lenin's government decided not to introduce him into their ranks. Starting in 1918, he began to criticize Lenin and his policy of nationalizing banks (Parvus lost millions stored in Russian bank accounts because of this). Then he decided to raise the funds needed for propaganda against the Bolsheviks, but it was too late! The communists seized power and were not going to give it away.
In 1921, Parvus retired from revolutionary affairs, settled in Germany, where he died in 1924. All his records and bank accounts disappeared without a trace.

Love for music is in the heart of every Ukrainian. From time immemorial, parents taught their children to play musical instruments from childhood - the people prepared future talents. And they made musical accessories from dishes, household equipment, wood, clay and even horse hair.

The variety of folk instruments that have come down to us since the time of Kievan Rus is impressive. However, many of them are kept only in museums or gather dust in the attics of old-timers. Their melodies have long been forgotten, so it is unlikely that you will be able to see them in everyday life. Let's fix this gross injustice!

In the Carpathians, you can still hear the loud sound of trembita. The musical instrument of the Hutsuls, covered with legends, has long been the only means of communication between the shepherds and the village. Something like a mobile phone... 3 m long.

Trembita reported about the exit of the sheep to the pasture, warned of the approach of the enemy. It was played when a child was born. With trembita they caroled, she was also invited to the wedding. The sound of trembita can be heard for 10 km. By its shadow, the time of day was determined, and the most experienced shepherds predicted the weather by the sound of the trembita - a thunderstorm or rain.

Although the trembita is long, it is not at all heavy - up to 1.5 kg. Therefore, it is easy to hold it during the game. For the manufacture of tools, spruce, which was struck by lightning, is often chosen.

It's interesting that longest musical instrument in the world was made by Ukrainians. Yes, it's a trembita! Its length can reach 8 m, and it takes about 2 years to make a unique instrument.

An instrument with a fantastic sound that imitates the singing of birds and the voices of wild animals is the ocarina. Ocarina means "duckling" in Italian. But in Ukraine they call her cuckoo- so subtly the instrument reproduces the singing of the cuckoo.

It is made of clay or wood and is shaped like an egg. Usually there are 10 playing holes in the instrument. But whistles - painted ceramic lambs, birds, horses - are simpler and have only one playing hole.

Once upon a time, these folk toys that children love to play with had a protective value. The people believed that the whistle drives away evil spirits from the kids.

Now ocarinas and whistles are a national Ukrainian brand. Just remember the whistle in the form of a bird with a whistle tail - this is the invention of the Ukrainian master from Cherkasy Yuriy Zbandut.

The sound of this unique instrument sounds like a bull roaring. Previously, musicians made it on their own: they took a small barrel and covered the upper hole with leather. A tuft of horse hair was attached to the center of the skin. Yes Yes! You dip your hand into kvass and pull your hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on where the hand stops.

Now the bull sounds in the countries that were part of Austria-Hungary, and is associated with Christmas holidays and carols. You can hear the bullock roaring in the video for the track "Vidlik" by the Ukrainian electro-folk group "ONUKA" - a musical instrument formed the basis of the bass line of the melody.

Resembling a large bowler hat, tulumbas was an integral part of the military life of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. The formidable game of tulumbas convened a council of Cossacks or foremen, reported on an enemy attack, and even transmitted orders during a battle.

The Cossacks always took tulumbas on a campaign, tying them to the saddle. The rumble of military drums and the piercing crackle of tambourines sowed panic in the enemy army.

The largest tulumbas - alarm - were kept in the Zaporizhzhya Sich. Eight people could hit them at the same time.

Two cauldron-shaped drums of different sizes are called timpani. In the Sich, tulumbas (they are also timpani) were considered sacred and belonged to the Kleinods of the Zaporizhian Army. A separate serviceman, Dovbysh, was in charge of the timpani.

I have long forgotten the sound of heels and drymba - one of the oldest musical instruments of our ancestors. Archaeologists suggest that mankind has been using drymba since the Neolithic. This is confirmed by fragments of musical instruments on the bones of mammoths found in the Chernivtsi region.

The Hutsuls considered drymba a female instrument. The harp in the hands of the mistress was the main musical instrument at evening parties in the Carpathian villages. The Hutsuls had another interesting custom: guys gave drymba to girls for whom they had deep feelings.

Horn

For a long time in Ukraine they have known an instrument called beep or smyk. On the frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral, an image of a buffoon (musician) playing a flat pear-shaped instrument with strings and a short neck has been preserved. The whistle had three strings and was played with an arcuate bow.

During the game, the instrument was pressed to the chest or placed vertically on the knees. The sound of a beep could be heard in the company of wandering musicians and from court buffoons. However, there were even ensembles of horns that performed with horns of various sizes. They were called like that: beep, beep, buzz, buzz.

In the middle of the XVII century. one of the oldest string instruments of the Eastern Slavs suffered a great tragedy. By decree of Patriarch Nikon, the whistle and other "demonic instruments", which were created by the hands of talented craftsmen, were taken away from people and burned. Subsequently, another bowed instrument, the violin, finally supplanted the whistle.

Bagpipes

Duda, ram, fur, goat - all these are the folk names of the bagpipe - a favorite musical instrument of Ukrainians. From the dressed skin of a goat or calf, they make solid fur - a reservoir for air. Having filled the bagpipes with air, the musician presses on it with his elbow and causes the shrill sound of the squeaks of the playing pipe. At the same time, the performer can sing one verse of the song, accompanying the singing by playing the pipe.

The origin of the bagpipe is rooted in antiquity. In ancient Rome, the bagpipe sounded in theaters and military bands. In Ukraine, the instrument was part of the orchestra of the Zaporozhian Army. But most of all shepherds liked to play the pipe.

The manufacture of bagpipes was treated with love - the fur was decorated with tassels, rattles, horn carving and metal chasing were used. Sometimes the bagpipes were decorated with a sculpted goat's head.

Torban

The lord's bandura - that's what the people once called the torban. And not in vain: the instrument was expensive, it required a careful attitude and a virtuoso performance by the performer.

They say, Ukrainian hetmans Ivan Mazepa and Petro Doroshenko liked to play on it. Torban was considered an ornament of concert evenings, but at the end of the 19th century. the tool disappears. The complex design, high cost and impressive dimensions made it inconvenient to use and inaccessible to ordinary people.

Of course, this is not all the ancient musical instruments of Ukrainians. Lyre, cymbals, tambourine, goat bass will make anyone start dancing. We will definitely tell you about these and other folk instruments that delighted the ears of our ancestors in one of the following stories.

In the meantime, a small bonus for those who have read the article to the end is the impeccable playing of cymbals by the musician and composer Myron Paliychuk at the Pirogovo National Museum of Architecture and Life.

In August 1968, not only Soviet troops entered Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring. Few people remember this, or simply do not want to remember. Together with the Soviet Army, German, Polish, Bulgarian, and Hungarian military units brought order to the country.

In general, the number of troops introduced into Czechoslovakia was: - USSR - 18 motorized rifle, tank and airborne divisions, 22 aviation and helicopter regiments, about 170,000 people; - Poland - 5 infantry divisions, up to 40,000 people; - GDR - motorized rifle and tank divisions, up to 15,000 people in total; - Hungary - 8th motorized rifle division, separate units, only 12,500 people; - Bulgaria - the 12th and 22nd Bulgarian motorized rifle regiments, with a total number of 2164 people. and one Bulgarian tank battalion with 26 T-34s.

The rigid "do not shoot" policy put the Soviet military in the most disadvantageous position. Confident in complete impunity, the "young democrats" threw stones and Molotov cocktails at Soviet soldiers, insulted them and spat in their faces. Standing on guard at the monument to Soviet soldiers-liberators, Yuri Zemkov, one of the crowd of people eager to desecrate the monument to those who died in 1945 hit him in the chest with a triangular bayonet. His comrades threw up their machine guns, but, following the order, did not shoot.

As soon as the soldiers of the GDR appeared nearby, everything became calm. The Germans, without hesitation, used weapons. In our time, they prefer to remain silent about the participation of the troops of Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary and the GDR in the operation. How - after all, all these countries have merged in a single ecstasy with NATO and the EEC! Some have already added to the fact that the troops of the GDR did not enter Czechoslovakia. However, those who personally took part in those events recall: "The Czechs lying on the roads seriously slowed down the advance of Soviet mechanized and tank columns. Tank columns of the GDR passed without even stopping, right along those lying on the roads ...".

Polish troops behaved similarly to the Germans in Czechoslovakia. As one of the Soviet soldiers recalls: “The Germans stood next to us, who walked almost with their sleeves rolled up ... At first, someone tried to organize something like a barricade of cars on their way. But the Germans were not at a loss and just moved their tanks, without even turning around. And in general, where they saw a sidelong glance, they just got into a fight. And the Poles also didn’t let go. I don’t know about the rest. But the Czechs didn’t throw anything at them, let alone shoot, they were afraid. .."

We must not forget about the problem of the Sudetenland and the German minority on the territory of Czechoslovakia, which, like a splinter, poisoned relations between countries for many years. After entering the territory of Czechoslovakia, the officers of the GDR began to develop amazing activity in agitating the German minority in the Sudetenland. Their actions were clearly aimed at the impending annexation of the Sudetenland. One of the witnesses, a member of the German minority, Otto Klaus, says:

On August 21, 1968, I turned on the radio and began to shave. Suddenly, I heard the first phrase on the Prague radio station: "...do not provoke the Soviet occupiers, prevent bloodshed." I dropped everything and ran out into the street like lightning. In Liberec, on the streets, I saw German units in combat readiness. One column after another, only the Germans. I only heard German commands. In Prague, probably crazy. It's not Russian at all. These are Germans.

When I entered my office, there were already three officers of the GDR army sitting there. Without any ceremony, they informed me that they had come to liberate us from Czech oppression. They strongly demanded my cooperation...

Two other Czechoslovak citizens of German origin, Otmar Simek and his friend Karel Haupt from Kadani, described their two encounters with the East German occupying army as follows:

We rode a motorcycle. A group of German soldiers stopped us and wanted to know if we had leaflets with us. They searched us but didn't find anything. We were asked if we belonged to the German minority. When we confirmed, they told us that we should build a “revolutionary people's militia” (Revolutionäre Volkswehr), since this territory would probably be annexed to the GDR. We thought it was a stupid joke. However, later, when we heard from other members of the German Cultural Association (Deutscher Kulturverband) that they were called for such activities, we announced to Prague ...

The Czechoslovak intelligence service - led by Josef Pavel - received hundreds of such reports. Members of national minorities - Germans, Poles, Hungarians, who lived in Czechoslovakia, received an invitation to cooperation from the occupation units of the respective countries. Everyone wanted to quietly bite off their piece of the pie.

Terentiev Andrey

In our age of modern technology, photography seems to have completely lost its value: to get a lot of pictures, you just need to press the button on your smartphone or camera many times. But before, when digital photos could only be dreamed of, each frame was worth its weight in gold!

It's great that many people still keep, like the apple of their eye, old archival photos with which you can plunge into the past and remember the old days. Celebrities are no exception to this rule, so we invite you to enjoy rare snapshots of our celebrities before they began to bask in the glory.

Anna Semenovich has not changed at all since then!

Leonid Agutin at the evening in memory of Konstantin Simonov. Moscow, 1984

Alika Smekhova with her father Veniamin Smekhov, a famous actor and director

Do you recognize the girl behind the wheel? Yes, this is Lera Kudryavtseva herself in her youth!

Cute blonde in the photo - Maria Kozhevnikova with her friend at McDonald's

Nastya Zadorozhnaya and Sergey Lazarev in the early 90s. The guys often toured with the group "Fidgets" in the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Roza Syabitova with children 20 years ago

Larisa Guzeeva in her youth

Young and green Vladimir Presnyakov and Leonid Agutin

Alla Pugacheva during filming in Tallinn, 1978

Philip Kirkorov and Vyacheslav Dobrynin

Natasha Koroleva and Igor Krutoy in the early 1990s

Meeting of Joseph Kobzon with Yuri Gagarin

These photos from the "past life" of the stars allow you to plunge into the atmosphere when the past was present. It is true that the frames captured on film have a special mood, they resemble a frame from a film. And if professionals work on digital photographs for hours, giving the necessary contrast, brightness and saturation, correcting color correction and defects, then the pictures of bygone times are beautiful without any changes and interventions.

Newsreel of those times usually shows the "Energy" from such an angle that the payload is almost invisible.

Only in a few photographs can you see a giant black cylinder docked to Energia. With its first launch, the most powerful launch vehicle in the world was supposed to launch a battle station of unprecedented size into orbit.

Unlike disposable IS satellite fighters, the new Soviet spacecraft had to intercept multiple targets. For them, it was planned to develop a variety of types of space weapons: there were space-based lasers, and space-to-space missiles, and even electromagnetic guns.

For example, the Kaskad system, which was designed on the basis of the base unit of the Mir station, but had by no means a peaceful mission, was designed to destroy satellites in high orbits with missiles. For her, special space-to-space rockets were created, which they never had time to test.

More fortunate was another combat space station, the Skif, equipped with laser weapons under the anti-satellite defense program. In the future, it was supposed to be equipped with a laser system to destroy nuclear warheads.

The spacecraft, almost 37 m long and 4.1 m in diameter, had a mass of about 80 tons and consisted of two main compartments: a functional service unit (FSB) and a larger target module (CM). The FSB was only a 20-ton ship, slightly modified for this new task, being developed for the Mir station. It housed control systems, telemetry control, power supply and antenna devices. All devices and systems that could not withstand vacuum were located in a sealed instrument-cargo compartment (PGO). The propulsion compartment housed four sustainer engines, 20 orientation and stabilization engines, and 16 precision stabilization engines, as well as fuel tanks. On the side surfaces were placed solar panels, which open after entering orbit. A new large head fairing that protects the vehicle from the oncoming air flow was first made of carbon fiber. The entire apparatus was painted with black paint for the desired thermal regime.

The central part of the Skif was an unpressurized structure, where its main load was placed - a prototype gas-dynamic laser. Of all the different designs of lasers, a gas-dynamic one operating on carbon dioxide (CO2) was chosen. Although such lasers have a low efficiency (about 10%), they are distinguished by a simple design and are well developed. The development of the laser was carried out by an NGO with the space name "Astrophysics".

A special device - a laser pumping system - was developed by a design bureau that dealt with rocket engines. This is not surprising: the pumping system is a conventional liquid rocket engine.
So that when firing, the outflowing gases do not rotate the station, it had a special momentless exhaust device, or, as the developers called it, “pants”.

A similar system was to be applied to the block with an electromagnetic gun, where the gas path had to work for the exhaust of the turbogenerator.

(According to some reports, the laser was planned not on carbon dioxide, but on halogens - the so-called excimer laser. According to official data, the Skif was equipped with cylinders with a mixture of xenon and krypton. If we add, for example, fluorine or chlorine, we get the base excimer laser (mixtures of argonfluoro, kryptonchlor, kryptonfluoro, xenonchlor, xenonfluoro).

By the first launch of Energia, the Skif did not have time, so it was decided to launch a battle station layout, as indicated by the letters “DM” in its name - a dynamic layout. The launched module contained only the most basic components and a partial supply of the working fluid - CO2. There was no laser optical system at the first launch, as its delivery was late. There were also special targets on board, which were planned to be shot from the station in space and to test the guidance system on them.

In February 1987, Skif-DM arrived at the technical position for docking with Energia.

On board the Skif-DM, its new name, Polyus, was written in large letters on a black surface, and Mir-2 was displayed on the other, although it had nothing to do with the peaceful orbital station Mir. By April, the station was ready for launch.

The launch took place on May 15, 1987. It should be noted that the station was attached to the launch vehicle backwards - as required by the features of its design. After separation, it had to turn 180 degrees and, with its own engines, gain the necessary speed to enter orbit. Due to an error in the software, the station, having turned to 1800, continued to rotate, the engines fired in the wrong direction and, instead of entering orbit, the Skif returned to Earth.

The TASS report on the first launch of Energia read: “The second stage of the launch vehicle brought the weight-and-weight model of the satellite to the calculated point ... However, due to abnormal operation of its on-board systems, the model did not enter the specified orbit and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.”

So the combat space plans of the Soviet Union drowned unrealized, but so far not a single country has been able to even get close to the now almost mythical "Scythian".