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Abstract meteorological hazards. Weather phenomena Natural weather phenomena

meteorological hazard

natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or their combinations, which have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the environment (hurricane, storm, downpour, etc.).


Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010

See what "Meteorological hazard" is in other dictionaries:

    meteorological hazard- natural processes and phenomena occurring in the atmosphere that have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the natural environment (hurricane, storm, heavy rain, etc.) ...

    See Weather Hazard. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

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natural weather atmospheric

  • - heavy rains. Most often (probability 95-100%) they fall in the Carpathians and predetermine mudflows, avalanches and shifts;
  • - heavy blizzards, snowfalls. Blizzards are associated with the movement of cyclones from the south and southwest. Poor visibility during snowstorms and heavy snow drifts create many difficulties, both in the operation of various types of transport and in work at construction sites;
  • - strong wind (with a maximum speed of over 25 m/s), squalls, tornadoes. Most often, such a wind is observed in mountainous regions, as well as in the Donetsk, Volyn and Podolsk uplands;
  • Fog is an accumulation of water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the surface layer of the atmosphere, which impairs horizontal visibility at a distance of up to 1 km. According to the intensity, fogs are very strong (visibility is less than 50 m), strong (50-200 m), moderate (201-500 m) and weak (501-1000 m);
  • - A thunderstorm is a complex atmospheric phenomenon that is accompanied by electrical discharges, significant precipitation and often hail. A thunderstorm belongs to dangerous phenomena, the action of which can cause significant losses to activities and even threaten human life;
  • - Hail - rounded or irregularly shaped ice particles that fall mostly during the warm season from powerful cumulonimbus clouds with significant vertical movement and high moisture content. Hail causes significant losses to agriculture: it damages crops, vineyards, fruit trees, over large areas. The amount of losses depends on the size of the hailstones, their density and intensity of precipitation;
  • - A squall is a short-term sharp increase in wind speed, which is formed in cumulonimbus clouds, is accompanied by a change in wind direction and is observed during thunderstorms and showers. During a squall, trees are broken, crops are destroyed, buildings are destroyed, sometimes even human casualties are possible;
  • - A tornado is a whirlwind of a complex structure with a vertical axis, which descends from the lower limit of powerful cumulonimbus clouds to the earth's surface. In the form of a light or dark funnel, which rotates and is characterized by significant wind speeds, powerful downward and upward flows, a significant difference in atmospheric pressure, from the center of the funnel to the periphery, which in combination creates an extraordinary tornado energy;
  • - A dust or black storm is a phenomenon that is caused by the transfer of a large amount of dust or sand by a strong wind and is accompanied by a deterioration in visibility. A dust storm occurs during dry weather and during an increase in wind speed to values ​​at which parts of dust or sand are blown out of the underlying surface.

Hazardous atmospheric phenomena (signs of approach, damaging factors, preventive measures and protective measures)

Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards

Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards are divided into:

storms (9-11 points):

hurricanes (12-15 points):

tornadoes, tornadoes;

vertical vortices;

large hail;

heavy rain (rainstorm);

heavy snowfall;

heavy ice;

severe frost;

strong blizzard;

heatwave;

heavy fog;

frosts.

Fog is the concentration of small drops of water or ice crystals in the surface layer of the atmosphere from air saturated with water vapor when it cools. In fog, horizontal visibility decreases to 100 m or less. Depending on the horizontal visibility range, heavy fog (visibility up to 50 m), moderate fog (visibility less than 500 m) and light fog (visibility from 500 to 1000 m) are distinguished.

Weak clouding of the air with horizontal visibility from 1 to 10 km is called a veil. The veil can be strong (visibility 1-2 km), moderate (up to 4 km) and weak (up to 10 km). Fogs are distinguished by origin: advective and radiation. The deterioration in visibility complicates the work of transport - flights are interrupted, the schedule and speed of ground transport change. Drops of fog, settling on the surface or ground objects under the influence of gravity or air flow, moisten them. There have been repeated cases of overlapping of insulators of high-voltage power lines as a result of deposition of fog and dew drops on them. Fog drops, like dew drops, are a source of additional moisture for field plants. Settling on them, the drops maintain a high relative humidity around them. On the other hand, drops of fog, settling on plants, contribute to the development of decay.

At night, fogs protect vegetation from excessive cooling as a result of radiation, weaken the harmful effects of frost. During the day, fogs protect the vegetation from solar overheating. Settling of mist drops on the surface of machine parts leads to damage to their coatings and corrosion.

According to the number of days with fog, Russia can be divided into three parts: mountainous areas, the central elevated part and low-lying areas. The frequency of fog increases from south to north. Some increase in the number of days with fog is observed in spring. Fogs of all types can be observed both at negative and at positive temperatures of the soil surface (from 0 to 5°C).

Black ice is an atmospheric phenomenon that is formed as a result of freezing of drops of supercooled rain or fog on the surface of the earth and objects. It is a layer of dense ice, transparent or opaque, which grows on the windward side.

The most significant black ice is observed during the passage of southern cyclones. When cyclones move eastward from the Mediterranean Sea and fill them over the Black Sea, icy patches are observed in southern Russia.

The duration of sleet is different - from parts of an hour to 24 hours or more. Educated icing keeps on objects for a long time. As a rule, sleet is formed at night at negative air temperatures (from 0° to - 3°С). Black ice, together with strong winds, causes significant damage to the economy: wires are torn under the weight of icing, telegraph poles fall, trees die, traffic stops, etc.

Hoarfrost is an atmospheric phenomenon, which is the deposition of ice on thin long objects (tree branches, wires). There are two types of frost - crystalline and granular. The conditions for their formation are different. Crystalline hoarfrost is formed during fog as a result of sublimation (the formation of ice crystals immediately from water vapor without its transition to a liquid state or upon rapid cooling below 0 ° C) of water vapor, consists of ice crystals. Their growth occurs on the windward side of objects in light winds and temperatures below -15°C. The length of the crystals, as a rule, does not exceed 1 cm, but can reach several centimeters. Granular hoarfrost - snow-like loose ice that grows on objects in foggy, mostly windy weather.

It has sufficient strength. The thickness of this frost can reach many centimeters. Most often, crystalline hoarfrost occurs in the central part of the anticyclone with high relative humidity below the inversion layer. Grainy hoarfrost, according to the conditions of formation, is close to sleet. Rime frost is observed throughout Russia, but is distributed unevenly, since its formation is influenced by local conditions - the height of the terrain, the shape of the relief, the exposure of slopes, protection from the prevailing moisture-bearing flow, etc.

Due to the low density of hoarfrost (bulk density from 0.01 to 0.4), the latter to a greater extent causes only increased vibration and sagging of power transmission and communication wires, but can also cause them to break. Hoarfrost poses the greatest danger to communication lines during strong winds, as the wind creates an additional load on the wires, which sag under the weight of deposits, and the risk of their breakage increases.

A snowstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon, which is the transfer of snow by the wind over the surface of the earth with a deterioration in visibility. There are such blizzards as a blowing snow, when most of the snowflakes rise a few centimeters above the snow cover; blowing blizzard if snowflakes rise to 2 m or more. These two types of blizzards occur without snow falling from the clouds. And, in the end, a general, or upper, blizzard - snowfall with a strong wind. Blizzards reduce visibility on the roads, interfere with the operation of transport.

A thunderstorm is a complex atmospheric phenomenon in which electrical discharges (lightning) occur in large rain clouds and between clouds and the ground, which are accompanied by a sound phenomenon - thunder, winds and heavy rainfall, often hail. Lightning strikes damage ground objects, power lines and communications. Squalls and downpours, floods and hail accompanying a thunderstorm cause damage to agriculture and some areas of industry. There are intramass thunderstorms and thunderstorms that occur in the zones of atmospheric fronts. Intra-mass thunderstorms, as a rule, are short-term and occupy a smaller area than frontal ones. They arise as a result of strong heating of the underlying surface. Thunderstorms in the atmospheric front zone are distinguished by the fact that they often occur in the form of chains of thunderstorm cells that move parallel to each other, covering a large area.

They occur on cold fronts, fronts of occlusion, as well as on warm fronts in warm, humid, usually tropical air. The zone of frontal thunderstorms has a width of tens of kilometers with a front length of hundreds of kilometers. Approximately 74% of thunderstorms are observed in the front zone, other thunderstorms are intramass.

During a thunderstorm:

in the forest to hide among low trees with dense crowns;

in the mountains and in open areas to hide in a pit, ditch or ravine;

fold all large metal objects 15-20 meters away from you;

having sheltered from a thunderstorm, sit down, bending your legs under you and lowering your head on your legs bent at the knees, connect your feet together;

put under yourself, a plastic bag, branches or spruce branches, stones, clothes, etc. isolating from the soil;

on the way, the group disperse, go one at a time, slowly;

in shelter, change into dry clothes, in extreme cases, carefully squeeze out wet ones.

During a thunderstorm, do not:

take cover near lone trees or trees protruding above others;

lean or touch rocks and sheer walls;

stop at the edges of the forest, large clearings;

walk or stop near bodies of water and in places where water flows;

hide under rocky canopies;

run, fuss, move in a tight group;

be in wet clothes and shoes;

stay on high ground;

be near watercourses, in crevices and cracks.

blizzard

A snow storm is one of the varieties of a hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, and has a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, and transport communication, both intracity and intercity, may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.

Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sharp temperature changes and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. The temperature difference, snowfall with rain at low temperatures and strong winds, creates conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or sleet, which often causes their destruction. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes completely hinder the operation of road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.

Snowdrifts occur as a result of heavy snowfalls and snowstorms, which can last from several hours to several days. They cause disruption of transport communication, damage to communication lines and power lines, and negatively affect economic activity. Snow drifts are especially dangerous when snow avalanches come down from the mountains.

The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the impact of low temperature on the human body, causing frostbite, and sometimes freezing.

In the event of an immediate threat, the population is alerted, the necessary forces and means, road and utility services are put on alert.

A snowstorm, blizzard or blizzard can last for several days, so it is recommended to create a supply of food, water, fuel in the house in advance, and prepare emergency lighting. You can leave the premises only in exceptional cases and not alone. Restrict movement, especially in rural areas.

Vehicles should only be used on main roads. In the event of a sharp increase in wind, it is advisable to wait out the weather in the settlement or near it. If the machine breaks down, do not leave it out of sight. If it is impossible to move further, mark the parking lot, stop (with the engine to the windward side), cover the engine from the side of the radiator. In case of heavy snowfall, make sure that the car is not covered with snow, i.e. shovel snow as needed. The car engine must be periodically warmed up to avoid its “defrosting”, while preventing exhaust gases from entering the cab (body, interior), for this purpose, make sure that the exhaust pipe is not blocked with snow. If there are several cars, it is best to use one car as a shelter, the engines of other cars must be drained of water.

In no case should you leave the shelter (car), in heavy snow, landmarks after a few tens of meters can be lost.

A snowstorm, snowstorm or blizzard can be waited out in a shelter equipped with snow. Shelter is recommended to be built only in open areas, where snow drifts are excluded. Before you take cover, you need to find landmarks on the ground in the direction of the nearest housing and remember their location.

Periodically, it is necessary to control the thickness of the snow cover by piercing the ceiling of the shelter, and to clear the entrance and the ventilation hole.

It is possible to find an elevated, steadily standing object in an open and snowless area, take cover behind it and constantly discard and trample down the arriving snow mass with your feet.

In critical situations, it is permissible to completely bury yourself in dry snow, for which you put on all warm clothes, sit with your back to the wind, cover yourself with plastic wrap or a sleeping bag, pick up a long stick and let the snow sweep you. Constantly clear the ventilation hole with a stick and expand the volume of the formed snow capsule in order to be able to get out of the snow drift. Inside the resulting shelter, a landmark arrow should be laid out.

Remember that a blizzard due to multi-meter snow drifts and snowdrifts can significantly change the appearance of the area.

The main types of work during snow drifts, snowstorms, snowstorms or blizzards are:

search for missing people and providing them with first aid, if necessary;

clearing roads and areas around buildings;

providing technical assistance to stuck drivers;

elimination of accidents on utility and energy networks.

Hail is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the passage of cold fronts. Occurs with strong ascending air currents during the warm seasons. Droplets of water, falling to a great height with air currents, freeze, and ice crystals begin to grow on them in layers. Drops become heavier and begin to fall down. When falling, they increase in size from merging with drops of supercooled water. Sometimes hail can reach the size of a chicken egg. As a rule, hail falls from large rain clouds during a thunderstorm or a downpour. It can cover the ground with a layer of up to 20-30 cm. The number of days with hail increases in mountainous areas, on hills, in areas with very rugged terrain. Hail falls mainly in the second half of the day in relatively small areas of several kilometers. Hail usually lasts from several minutes to a quarter of an hour. The hail causes significant material damage. It destroys crops, vineyards, knocks flowers and fruits from plants. If the size of the hailstones is significant, it can cause the destruction of buildings and death of people. At present, methods have been developed for determining hail clouds, and a hail control service has been created. Dangerous clouds are "shot" with special chemicals.

Dry wind - hot and dry wind with a speed of 3 m/s or more, with high air temperature up to 25°C and low relative humidity up to 30%. Dry winds are observed in partly cloudy weather. Most often they occur in the steppes along the periphery of anticyclones that form over the North Caucasus and Kazakhstan.

The highest dry wind speeds were observed during the day, the lowest - at night. Dry winds cause great damage to agriculture: they raise the water balance of plants, especially when there is a lack of moisture in the soil, since intensive evaporation cannot be compensated by the flow of moisture through the root system. With prolonged action of dry winds, the ground part of the plants turns yellow, the foliage curls, their wilting occurs and even the death of field crops.

Dust, or black, storms are the transfer of large amounts of dust or sand by strong winds. They occur during dry weather due to the winding of sprayed soil over great distances. The occurrence, frequency, and intensity of dust storms are greatly influenced by orography, the nature of soils, forest cover, and other terrain features.

Most often, dust storms occur from March to September. The most intense and dangerous spring dust storms are during a prolonged absence of rain, when the soil dries out, and the plants are still underdeveloped and do not form a continuous cover. At this time, storms blow out the soil over vast areas. Reduced horizontal visibility. S.G. Popruzhenko investigated a dust storm in 1892 in the south of Ukraine. Here is how he described it: “A dry, strong east wind tore the ground for several days and drove masses of sand and dust. The crops, which turned yellow from dry air, were cut under the root, like a sickle, but the roots could not survive either. The earth was demolished up to 17 cm deep.Canals filled up to 1.5 m.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The speed of a hurricane reaches 30 m/s or more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared with an earthquake. This is explained by the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy, its amount released by an average hurricane in one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.

A hurricane can capture an area up to several hundred kilometers in diameter and is capable of moving thousands of kilometers. At the same time, the hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power lines and communication poles, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, causes accidents on utility and energy networks . There were times when hurricane winds threw trains off the rails and knocked down factory chimneys. Often hurricanes are accompanied by heavy rains that cause flooding.

A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m/s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.

A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m / s, which has great destructive power (in the USA it is called a tornado).

On the territory of Russia, tornadoes are observed in the Central region, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia, and the Caucasian coast.

A tornado is an ascending vortex consisting of extremely rapidly rotating air mixed with particles and moisture, sand, dust and other suspensions. On the ground, he moves in the form of a dark column of spinning air with a diameter of several tens to several hundred meters.

In the internal cavity of the tornado, the pressure is always low, so any objects that are in its path are sucked into it. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening rumble is heard.

Strong tornadoes travel tens of kilometers and tear off roofs, uproot trees, lift cars into the air, scatter telegraph poles, and destroy houses. Threat notification is carried out by giving a signal "Attention to all" by a siren and subsequent voice information.

Actions upon receipt of information about an impending hurricane, storm or tornado - you should carefully listen to the instructions of the civil defense authority, which will report the estimated time, strength of the hurricane and recommendations on the rules of conduct.

Upon receipt of a storm warning, it is necessary to immediately begin to carry out preventive work:

reinforce insufficiently strong structures, close doors, dormer openings and attic spaces, sheathe windows with boards or close them with shields, and glue the glass with strips of paper or cloth, or, if possible, remove it;

in order to balance the external and internal pressure in the building, it is advisable to open the doors and windows on the leeward side and fix them in this position;

from roofs, balconies, loggias and window sills it is necessary to remove things that, if they fall, can cause injury to people. Items located in the yards must be secured or brought into the room;

it is also advisable to take care of emergency lamps - electric lamps, kerosene lamps, candles. It is also recommended to create stocks of water, food and medicines, especially dressings;

put out the fire in the stoves, check the condition of electrical switches, gas and water taps;

take pre-prepared places in buildings and shelters (in case of tornadoes - only in basements and underground structures). Indoors, you need to choose the safest place - in the middle part of the house, in the corridors, on the ground floor. To protect against injury from glass fragments, it is recommended to use built-in wardrobes, durable furniture and mattresses.

The safest places during a storm, hurricane or tornado are shelters, basements and cellars.

If a hurricane or tornado caught you in an open area, it is best to find any natural recess in the ground (ditch, pit, ravine or any recess), lie down on the bottom of the recess and press firmly against the ground. Leave the transport (regardless of whichever one you are in) and take cover in the nearest basement, shelter or recess. Take measures to protect against heavy rainfall and large hail, as hurricanes are often accompanied by them.

be on bridges, as well as in close proximity to objects that use poisonous, potent and flammable substances in their production;

take cover under separate trees, poles, come close to power line supports;

be near buildings from which gusts of wind blow away tiles, slates and other objects;

After receiving a message about the stabilization of the situation, you should leave the house carefully, you need to look around for hanging objects and parts of structures, broken electrical wires. it is possible that they are under voltage.

Without extreme necessity, do not enter damaged buildings, but if such a need arose, then this should be done carefully, making sure that there are no significant damage to stairs, ceilings and walls, fires, breaks in electrical wires, and elevators should not be used.

The fire should not be lit until there is confidence that there was no gas leak. When outdoors, stay away from buildings, poles, high fences, etc.

The main thing in these conditions is not to panic, to act competently, confidently and reasonably, to prevent oneself and keep others from unreasonable acts, to provide assistance to the victims.

The main types of damage to people during hurricanes, storms and tornadoes are closed injuries of various areas of the body, bruises, fractures, concussions, wounds accompanied by bleeding.

Ministry of Education of the PMR

Pridnestrovian State University named after T. G. Shevchenko

Department of Life Safety and Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge

Topic: "Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards"

Supervisor:

Dyagovets E.V.

Executor:

Student 208 group

Rudenko Evgeny

Tiraspol

PLAN

Introduction

Chapter 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

1. Strong fogs

Blizzards and snowdrifts

Tender and icy crusts

Rules of behavior of the population in case of snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

Chapter 2

Conclusion

Bibliography

fog blizzard snow drift liquidation

Introduction

The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subject to man, cause enormous damage to the economy of the state and the population.

Natural disasters are such natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the operation of objects.

Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snowdrifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms, fires, especially massive, forest and peat. Dangerous disasters are, in addition, industrial accidents. Of particular danger are accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries. . Natural disasters occur suddenly and are of an extreme nature. They can destroy buildings and structures, destroy valuables, disrupt production processes, and cause death of people and animals.

In terms of the nature of their impact on objects, individual natural phenomena can be similar to the impact of certain damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and other means of attack by the enemy.

Each natural disaster has its own characteristics, the nature of damage, the volume and scale of destruction, the magnitude of disasters and human casualties. Each leaves its mark on the environment in its own way.

Advance information makes it possible to carry out preventive work, to alert forces and means, to explain to people the rules of conduct.

The entire population should be ready to act in extreme situations, to participate in the elimination of natural disasters, to be able to master the methods of providing first aid to the victims.

Natural disasters are hazardous natural phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such magnitude that cause catastrophic situations characterized by a sudden disruption of the life of the population, damage and destruction of material values, defeat and death of people and animals.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and in interconnection: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activity (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, snow avalanches, glacial collapses, etc.). P.).

Earthquakes, floods, extensive forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms and hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts, and icing are the real scourge of mankind. Over the last 20 years of the 20th century, more than 800 million people in the world suffered from natural disasters (over 40 million people a year), more than 140 thousand people died, and the annual material damage amounted to more than 100 billion dollars.

Good examples are three natural disasters in 1995. San Angelo, Texas, USA, May 28, 1995: tornadoes and hail hit a city of 90,000 people; the damage caused is estimated at 120 million US dollars.

Accra, Ghana, July 4, 1995: The heaviest rainfall in almost 60 years caused severe flooding. About 200,000 residents lost all their possessions, more than 500,000 more could not get into their homes, and 22 people died.

Kobe, Japan, January 17, 1995: An earthquake that lasted only 20 seconds killed thousands of people; tens of thousands were injured and hundreds were left homeless.

Natural emergencies can be classified as follows:

1.Geophysical hazards:

2.Geological hazards:

.Marine hydrological hazards:

.Hydrological hazards:

.Hydrogeological hazards:

.Natural fires:

.Infectious morbidity in humans:

.Infectious incidence of farm animals:

.The defeat of agricultural plants by diseases and pests.

.Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards:

storms (9 - 11 points);

hurricanes and storms (12 - 15 points);

tornadoes, tornadoes (a kind of tornado in the form of a part of a thundercloud);

vertical vortices;

large hail;

heavy rain (rainstorm);

heavy snowfall;

heavy ice;

severe frost;

strong blizzard;

heatwave;

heavy fog;

frosts.

CHAPTER 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

A dangerous hydrometeorological event (HH) is understood as a phenomenon that, by its intensity, duration or time of occurrence, poses a threat to people's safety, and can also cause significant damage to sectors of the economy. At the same time, hydrometeorological phenomena are assessed as OH when critical values ​​of hydrometeorological values ​​are reached. Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena have an adverse impact on the production and economic activities of the company. According to the UN, in the last decade 1991-2000. more than 90% of the people who became victims of natural hazards died from severe meteorological and hydrological events.

1. Strong fogs

Fog is generally an aerosol with a droplet-liquid dispersed phase. It is formed from supersaturated vapors as a result of condensation. Atmospheric fog is a suspension of small water droplets or even ice crystals in the surface layer. The prevailing droplet sizes are 5-15 microns. Such droplets can be kept in suspension by ascending air currents at a speed of 0.6 m/s. When the number of such droplets in 1 dm3 of air reaches 500 or more, the horizontal visibility in the surface layer of the atmosphere drops to 1 km or less. That's when meteorologists talk about fog. The mass of water drops in 1 m3 (this value is called water content) is small - hundredths of a gram. A denser fog, of course, is characterized by a higher water content - up to 1.5 and 2 g per 1 m.

Mist Characteristics . The water content of fog is used to characterize fogs, it indicates the total mass of water droplets per unit volume of fog. The water content of fogs usually does not exceed 0.05-0.1 g/m3, but in some dense fogs it can reach 1-1.5 g/m3. In addition to water content, the transparency of the fog is affected by the size of the particles forming it. The radius of fog droplets usually ranges from 1 to 60 µm. Most of the drops have a radius of 5-15 microns at a positive air temperature and 2-5 microns at a negative temperature.

Fog is a more frequent occurrence in the coastal regions of the seas and oceans, especially on elevated shores.

Where do water droplets come from in the air? They are formed from water vapor. When the earth's surface is cooled due to thermal radiation (thermal radiation), the layer of air adjacent to it is also cooled. The content of water vapor in the air in this case may be higher than the limit for a given temperature. In other words, the relative humidity becomes 100% and the excess moisture condenses into droplets. Fog formed by this (by the way, the most common) mechanism is called radiation. Radiation fog is formed most often in the second half of the night; in the first half of the day it dissipates, and sometimes passes into a thin layer of low stratus clouds, the height of which does not exceed 100-200 m. Especially often, radiation fogs occur in lowlands and wetlands.

Advective fog is formed by the horizontal movement (advection) of warm, moist air over a cooled surface. Such fogs are frequent in oceanic regions with cold currents, for example, near Vancouver Island, as well as off the coast of Peru and Chile; you the Bering Strait and along the Aleutian Islands; off the western coast of South Africa "over the cold Bengal current and in the Newfoundland region, where the Gulf Stream meets the cold Labrador current; on the east coast of Kamchatka over the cold Kamchatka current and northeast of Japan, where the cold Kuril current and the warm Kuroshio current meet. Similar fogs are often observed on land, when warm and humid oceanic or sea air invades the chilled territory of a continent or a large island.

Climbing fogs appear in warm and humid air as it rises along the slopes of mountains. (As you know, in the mountains - the higher, the colder.) An example is the island of Madeira. There is practically no fog here at sea level. The higher the mountains, the greater the average annual number of foggy days. At an altitude of 1610 m above sea level, there are already 233 such days. True, in the mountains, fogs are practically inseparable from low clouds. Therefore, at mountain weather stations, on average, there is much more fog than on the plains. At El Paso Station in Colombia, at 3,624 meters above sea level, there are an average of 359 foggy days per year. On Elbrus at an altitude of 4250 m, on average, there are 234 days with fog a year, on the top of Mount Taganay in the Southern Urals - 237 days. Among stations close to sea level, the largest average number of days with fog per year (251) is observed in the US state of Washington - on Tatush Island, and in our country - on Cape Patience (121) in Sakhalin and Cape Lopatka (115) in Kamchatka. One of the largest centers of fog formation is located in the Republic of Zaire. There are many swamps on its territory, the equatorial-tropical climate prevailing here is characterized by high temperatures and air humidity, the country is located in a vast basin with weakened air circulation in the surface layers of the atmosphere. Due to such conditions, 200 or more foggy days are observed annually in the southwestern part of the republic. Of course, when people talk about a foggy day, this does not mean that the fog stays around the clock. The longest average duration of fog is observed in our country at Cape Patience and is 11.5 hours. But if we introduce another indicator of "nebula" - the average annual number of hours with fog, then the Fichtelberg mountain weather station (GDR) holds the record here - 3881 hours. This is slightly less than half the number of hours per year. The longest was a three-month dry fog over Europe in 1783, caused by the intense activity of Icelandic volcanoes. In 1932, humid fog at the American Cincinnati airport at an altitude of 170 m above sea level lasted 38 days. Fogs can become more frequent in certain months of the year. In July, all Patience can be up to 29 days with fog, in August on the Kuril Islands. - up to 28 days, in January-February on the mountain peaks of the Crimea and the Urals - up to 24 days.

Fog significantly complicates transport communication due to a decrease in horizontal visibility, so this atmospheric phenomenon is of particular concern to airport dispatchers, sea and river port workers, pilots, ship captains, and car drivers. Over the past 50 years, 7,000 people have died on Earth from the activity of fogs.

Difficulties associated with aviation and flights.

The wind speed during radiation fog does not exceed 3 m/sec. The vertical thickness of the fog can vary from a few meters to several tens of meters; rivers, large landmarks and lights are clearly visible through it. Visibility near the ground can deteriorate to 100 or less. Flight visibility deteriorates sharply when entering the fog layer on landing. Flight above the radiation fog does not present any particular difficulties, since in most cases it is located in spots and makes it possible to conduct a visual orientation. However, in the cold season, such fogs can occupy large areas and, merging with the overlying stratus clouds, persist for several days. In this case, fog can be a serious obstacle to flight operations.

Flying at low altitudes across a foggy front is quite difficult, especially if the fog layer merges with: the overlying frontal cloud and the fog zone is wide. In the presence of fog at the front, it is more expedient to fly above the upper limit of the fog.

Fog in mountainous areas occurs when air rises and cools along windward slopes, or when clouds formed elsewhere move in and obscure the hills. In the absence of clouds over the ridge, flying above such fog presents no serious difficulties.

frosty mists - a frequent occurrence at airfields, where they occur during takeoff and landing, while taxiing aircraft, during vehicle operation. In these cases, the visibility on the runway may deteriorate to several hundred meters, while around the airfield at this time, excellent visibility is maintained.

It is customary to call fog when the range of horizontal visibility does not exceed 1 km. With a visibility range of 1 to 10 km, the accumulation of the smallest drops of water or ice crystals in the surface layer of air should not be called fog, but haze. When flying over a layer of darkness, the pilot may not see the ground, while the aircraft is clearly visible from the ground. With a thinner layer of haze, the pilot will see the ground directly below him, but when descending and entering the haze layer, he may not see the airfield, especially when flying against the sun. In light winds, landing is best done in such a direction that the sun remains behind. The upper boundary of haze in the presence of a delaying layer (inversion, isotherm) is usually sharply defined and can sometimes be perceived as a second horizon.

Cancellation of flights due to heavy fog. In Moscow on November 22, 2006 there was an unprecedented fog. Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports were in such a dense veil that the dispatchers had to redirect two dozen aircraft to alternate airfields.

Difficulties encountered on the roads.

Fogs, as you know, when they arise, create a thick veil over the surface of the earth, interfering with road and rail traffic. In this case, there is a difficulty in movement, a slowdown in movement, as well as car accidents in which many people die.

Examples of road accidents. A major traffic accident occurred on September 11, 2006 at the entrance to Krasnodar. Due to heavy fog at the entrance to the city from Rostov-on-Don, 62 cars collided. As a result of a car accident, one person died, 42 people were hospitalized with injuries of varying severity.

In Istanbul on November 17, 2006, more than a hundred cars collided due to fog. 33 people were injured, doctors fear for the lives of at least two of the victims. A major accident happened on the highway leading from Istanbul to the city of Edirne, which is located near the Bulgarian border.

Difficulties associated with maritime navigation.

With light fog, visibility is reduced to 1 km, with moderate fog - up to hundreds of meters, and with heavy fog - up to several tens of meters. And then the ships temporarily anchor, the sirens of the lighthouses turn on. Sometimes, due to fog, ships stumble upon rocks, or icebergs. Yes, maybe

Example. The Turkish sea straits Bosphorus and Dardanelles are closed for navigation due to thickened fog, visibility in the straits has decreased to 200 meters.

The most famous tragedy at sea associated with fog. tita ́ nick is an English Olympic-class liner, the largest passenger steamship in the world at the time of its construction, owned by the White Star Line. During the first voyage on April 14, 1912, she collided with an iceberg due to thick fog and sank after 2 hours and 40 minutes. Of the 2223 passengers and crew members, 706 survived. The Titanic disaster became legendary and was one of the largest shipwrecks in history.

Fog protection at sea. The navigation system for small craft is intended for navigation of small-tonnage craft in conditions of limited optical visibility (night, fog, snow, rain, high smoke, etc.) or its absence, when control and navigation is carried out by visual control, or according to other optical or IR data. -sensors, difficult or impossible.

Harm to agriculture.

Fogs adversely affect the development of crops. With fog, relative humidity reaches 100%, so frequent fogs in the warm season favor the reproduction of plant pests, the appearance of bacteria, fungal diseases, etc. When harvesting grain, fog contributes to the accumulation of moisture in grain and straw; damp straw is wound on the working parts of the combine, the grain is poorly threshed and a significant part of it goes into the chaff. Wet grain needs to dry longer, otherwise it may germinate. Frequent fogs in late summer and autumn make it difficult to harvest potatoes, as the tubers dry slowly. In winter, fogs “eat up” the snow, and if after that a sharp cooling occurs, an ice crust forms.

. Blizzards and snowdrifts

A snowstorm (blizzard) is the transfer of snow by a strong wind over the surface of the earth. The amount of snow carried is determined by the wind speed, and the areas of snow accumulation are determined by its direction. In the process of snow drifting, snow moves parallel to the ground. At the same time, its bulk is transported in a layer with a height of less than 1.5 m. Loose snow rises and is carried by the wind at a speed of 3-5 m/s or more (at a height of 0.2 m).

There are ground (in the absence of snowfall), riding (with wind only in a free atmosphere) and general blizzards, as well as saturated blizzards, i.e., carrying the maximum amount of snow possible at a given wind speed, and unsaturated. The latter are observed with a lack of snow or with a high strength of the snow cover. The solid discharge of a saturated blowing blizzard is proportional to the third power of the wind speed, and that of a riding blizzard is proportional to its first power. At a wind speed of up to 20 m/s, blizzards are classified as weak and ordinary, at a speed of 20-30 m/s - as strong, at high speed - as very strong and super-strong (in fact, these are already storms and hurricanes). Weak and ordinary blizzards last up to several days, stronger ones - up to several hours.

Snow accumulation during blizzard transport is many times greater than the accumulation of snow, which is observed as a result of snowfalls in calm weather.

Snow deposition occurs as a result of a decrease in wind speed near ground obstacles. The shape and size of the reserves are determined by the shape and size of the obstacles and their orientation with respect to the direction of the wind.

In Russia, snowy regions of the Arctic, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East and the North of the European part are primarily subject to heavy snow drifts. In the Arctic, snow cover lasts up to 240 days a year and reaches 60 cm, in Siberia, respectively - up to 240 days and 90 cm, in the Urals - up to 200 days and 90 cm, in the Far East - up to 240 days and 50 cm, in the north European part of Russia - up to 160 days and 50 cm.

An additional negative effect during snow drifts occurs due to severe frost, strong wind during snowstorms and icing. The consequences of snow drifts can be quite severe. They are able to paralyze the work of most modes of transport, suspending the transportation of people and goods. Wheeled vehicles cannot normally drive on flat snowy roads if the snowpack is thicker than half the diameter of the wheel. People who find themselves on the ground in isolation due to snow drifts are at risk of frostbite and death, and in the conditions of snowstorms they lose their bearings. With heavy drifts, small settlements can be completely cut off from supply lines. The work of utilities and energy enterprises is becoming more difficult. If drifts are accompanied by severe frosts and winds, power supply, heat supply, and communications systems may fail. The accumulation of snow on the roofs of buildings and structures in excess of excessive loads leads to their collapse.

In snowy areas, the design and construction of buildings, structures and communications, especially roads, should be carried out taking into account the reduction of their snow penetration.

To prevent drifts, snow protection fences are used from structures prepared in advance or in the form of snow walls, shafts, etc. Fences are built in snow-prone directions, especially along railways and important highways. At the same time, they are installed at a distance of at least 20 m from the edge of the road.

A preventive measure is to notify authorities, organizations and the public about the forecast of snowfalls and snowstorms.

For orientation of pedestrians and drivers of vehicles caught in a blizzard, milestones and other signs are installed along the roads. In mountainous and northern regions, stretching of ropes is practiced on dangerous sections of trails, roads, from building to building. Holding on to them, in a storm, people navigate the route.

In anticipation of a snowstorm, at construction and industrial sites, crane booms and other structures that are not protected from the effects of the wind are fastened. Stop working in open areas and heights. Strengthen the mooring of ships in ports. Minimize the exit of vehicles on the routes.

Upon receipt of a threatening forecast, the forces and means intended to combat drifts and carry out emergency recovery work are alerted.

The main measure to combat snow drifts is the clearing of roads and territories. First of all, they clear the railway and highways, runways of airfields, station tracks of railway stations from drifts, and also provide assistance to vehicles caught in a disaster on the way.

In the most severe cases, paralyzing the life of entire settlements, the entire able-bodied population is involved in clearing snow.

Simultaneously with the clearing of drifts, they organize continuous meteorological monitoring, search for and release of people and vehicles from snow captivity, assistance to victims, traffic control and transport wiring, protection and restoration of life support systems, delivery of emergency cargo by special snow-driving vehicles to blockaded settlements, protection of livestock facilities . If necessary, they carry out a partial evacuation of the population and organize special public transport routes in columns, as well as stop the work of educational institutions and institutions.

Blizzards and snow drifts created by them every few decades are possible in the subtropics of Asia, North Africa, and the USA, but are especially common in areas of stable snow cover. Here, the volume of snow transport during the winter through one meter of a blizzard front is usually measured in tens, and in some places in thousands of cubic meters; the thickness of drifts on the roads of Scandinavia, Canada, the north of the USA exceeds 5 m.

In the European part of Russia, the average number of days with a snowstorm is 30-40, the average duration of a snowstorm is 6-9 hours. Dangerous snowstorms make up about 25%, especially dangerous snowstorms, about 10% of their total number. Every year on the territory of the whole country there are on average 5-6 strongest snowstorms that can paralyze railways and roads, cut off communication and power lines, etc.

3. Snow and ice crusts

Snow and ice crusts are formed when snow sticks and water drops freeze on various surfaces. Wet snow sticking, which is the most dangerous for communication lines and power transmission lines, occurs during snowfalls and air temperatures in the range from 0° to +3°C, especially at a temperature of +1 -3°C and wind of 10-20 m/s. The diameter of snow deposits on wires reaches 20 cm, weight is 2-4 kg per 1 m. Wires are torn not so much under the weight of snow as from wind load. On the roadway under such conditions, a slippery snow run-up forms, paralyzing traffic almost in the same way as an icy crust. Such phenomena are characteristic of coastal regions with mild, wet winters (western Europe, Japan, Sakhalin, etc.), but are also common in inland regions at the beginning and end of winter.

When rain falls on frozen ground and when the surface of the snow cover gets wet and then freezes, ice crusts are formed, called icing. It is dangerous for grazing animals, for example, in Chukotka in the early 80s, sleet caused a mass death of deer. The type of ice cover includes the phenomenon of icing of moorings, offshore platforms, ships due to freezing of water splashes during a storm. Icing is especially dangerous for small vessels, the deck and superstructures of which are not raised high above the water. Such a vessel can gain a critical ice load in a matter of hours. Every year, about ten fishing vessels perish in the world from this, hundreds are in a precarious position. Spatter ice on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan reaches a thickness of 3-4 m, greatly interfering with economic activity in the coastal strip.

When supercooled fog drops freeze on various objects, ice and frost crusts form, the first - at an air temperature range of 0 to -5 ° C, less often up to -20 ° C, the second - at a temperature of -10-30 ° C, less often up to -40 °C.

The weight of ice crusts can exceed 10 kg/m (up to 35 kg/m in Sakhalin, up to 86 kg/m in the Urals). Such a load is devastating for most wire lines and for many masts. Glaze recurrence is highest where fogs are frequent at air temperatures from 0 to -5°C. On the territory of Russia, it sometimes reaches tens of days a year.

The impact of ice on the economy is most noticeable in Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, in the southern regions of the former USSR and is mainly of a depressing nature. Occasionally emergencies are created. For example, in February 1984, in the Stavropol Territory, ice and wind paralyzed roads and caused accidents on 175 high-voltage lines; their normal work resumed only after 4 days. When there is ice in Moscow, the number of car accidents triples.

4. Rules for the behavior of the population in case of snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

The winter manifestation of the elemental forces of nature is often expressed by snow drifts as a result of snowfalls and snowstorms.

Snowfalls, the duration of which can be from 16 to 24 hours, strongly affect the economic activity of the population, especially in rural areas. The negative impact of this phenomenon is exacerbated by snowstorms (blizzards, snowstorms) in which visibility deteriorates sharply, transport communication is interrupted, as well as intercity. Snowfall with rain at low temperatures and hurricane winds creates conditions for icing of power lines, communications, contact networks, electric transport, roofs of buildings, various types of supports and structures, causing their destruction.

With the announcement of a storm warning - a warning about possible snow drifts - it is necessary to limit movement, especially in rural areas, to create the necessary supply of food, water and fuel at home. In some areas, with the onset of the winter period, it is necessary to stretch ropes along the streets, between houses, helping pedestrians navigate in a strong snowstorm and overcome strong winds.

Snow drifts are especially dangerous for people caught on the way, far from human habitation. Snow-covered roads, loss of visibility cause complete disorientation on the ground. When driving by road, you should not try to overcome snow drifts, you must stop, completely close the blinds of the car, cover the engine from the side of the radiator. If possible, the car should be installed with the engine in the windy direction. Periodically, you need to get out of the car, shovel the snow so as not to be buried under it. In addition, a car not covered with snow is a good guide for the search party. The car engine must be periodically warmed up in order to avoid its "freezing". When warming up the car, it is important to prevent exhaust gases from flowing into the cab (body, interior), for this purpose it is important to ensure that the exhaust pipe does not fill up with snow. If there are several people on the road together (in several cars), it is advisable to get everyone together and use one car as a shelter; water must be drained from the engines of other vehicles. In no case should you leave the shelter-car: in a heavy snowfall (blizzard), landmarks at first glance, seemingly reliable, can be lost after a few tens of meters. In rural areas, with the receipt of a storm warning, it is necessary to prepare the required amount of food and water for animals kept on farms. Cattle kept on remote pastures are urgently driven to the nearest shelters, previously equipped in the folds of the terrain or to stationary camps.

With the formation of ice, the scale of the disaster increases. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and on very rough terrain they completely stop the operation of road transport. The movement of pedestrians is difficult, and the collapse of various structures and objects under load becomes a real danger. Under these conditions, it is necessary to avoid being in dilapidated buildings, under power and communication lines and near their supports, under trees.

In mountainous areas, after heavy snowfalls, the risk of avalanches increases. The population is informed about this danger by various warning signals installed in places of possible avalanches and possible snow falls. These warnings should not be neglected, their recommendations should be strictly followed. To combat snow drifts and icing, civil defense formations and services are involved, as well as the entire able-bodied population of the given region, and, if necessary, neighboring regions. Snow removal works in cities are primarily carried out on the main transport routes, the work of life-supporting energy, heat, and water supply facilities is being restored. Snow is removed from the roadway to the leeward side. They widely use engineering equipment, which is on the equipment of formations, as well as snow-removing equipment of objects. All available transport, loading equipment and the population are involved in the work.

CHAPTER 2. Description of icing in Kamensky, Rybnitsa and Dubossary regions

Over three thousand settlements of Ukraine, especially the Vinitsa region, as well as northern Pridnestrovie, suddenly lost light, heat and communications as a result of the violence of the elements on the night of November 26-27. Trees, poles, wires, wet from prolonged rains, as a result of a sudden cold snap, were instantly overgrown with a thick layer of ice and collapsed from gravity and gusts of wind of 18-20 meters per second. Even some antenna masts of the Pridnestrovian television and radio center "Mayak" did not survive.

According to preliminary estimates, about 25% of all forests of the PMR, which had been grown for decades, perished. The raging elements spared the city of Dubossary itself. Literally a few meters from the head station, which feeds the entire city, it froze, otherwise Dubossary would have lost heat and light for a long time.

Otherwise, the picture is regional. 370 towers of high-voltage power lines and 80 low-voltage ones were destroyed. Damaged 12 transformers. According to preliminary data, the damage inflicted only on the enterprises of regional power networks amounted to 826 billion rubles. The material losses of Telecom TG are estimated at 72.7 billion rubles. Total - almost 900 billion rubles.

Kamensky district, as the northernmost, suffered the most from the natural disaster. The elements damaged about 2.5 thousand hectares of the state forest fund. This makes up 50% to 70% of forested areas. More than 150 km have been put out of action. power lines, 2880 electrical pylons were blocked. Gardens were badly damaged. For several days, the regional center was left without heat and light. A day and a half without water.

In the Mayak village of the Grigoriopol region, the elements swept away the concrete poles of power lines like matches. The radio antenna, which propped up the clouds in cloudy weather, collapsed. For its repair, approximately 400 thousand USD will be needed.

The village of Mayak, the villages of Gyrton, Glinnoe, Kamarovo, Kolosovo, Makarovka, Kotovka, Pobeda, Krasnaya, Bessarabia, Frunzovka, Veseloye, Kipka were left without electricity.

A heavy anticyclone left the elements on the outskirts of Tiraspol.

CONCLUSION

There are serious reasons to believe that the scale of the impact of disasters and catastrophes on the social, economic, political and other processes of modern society and their drama have already exceeded the level that allowed them to be treated as local failures in the measured functioning of state and public structures. That threshold of systemic adaptation, which allows the system (in this case, society) to absorb deviations from the permissible parameters of life and at the same time maintain its qualitative content, apparently, was passed in the 20th century.

Before the individual and society in the XXI century. a new goal is emerging more and more clearly - global security. Achieving this goal requires a change in a person's worldview, value system, individual and social culture. New postulates are needed in the preservation of civilization, ensuring its sustainable development, fundamentally new approaches to achieving integrated security. At the same time, it is very important that there should not be dominant problems in ensuring security, since their consistent solution cannot lead to success. Security problems can only be solved comprehensively.

The surface of the Earth will continuously change under the influence of natural processes. Landslides will occur on unstable mountain slopes, high and low water in the rivers will continue to alternate, and storm surges will flood the sea coasts from time to time, and there will be fires. Man is powerless to prevent the natural processes themselves, but it is in his power to avoid casualties and damage.

It is not enough to know the patterns of development of catastrophic processes, to predict crises, to create disaster prevention mechanisms. It is necessary to ensure that these measures are understood by people, that they are in demand, that they pass into everyday life, being reflected in politics, production, and the psychological attitudes of a person. Otherwise, the state and society will face the “Cassandra effect”, which is almost always mentioned by eyewitnesses of major disasters: many people do not follow warnings, ignore danger warnings, do not take steps to save (or make erroneous actions).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Kryuchek N.A., Latchuk V.N., Mironov S.K. Security and protection of the population in emergency situations. M.: NTs EIAS, 2000

.S.P. Khromov "Meteorology and climatology": - St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983

.Shilov I.A. Ecology Moscow: Higher school, 2000.

.Newspaper "Pridnestrovie". Issue from 30.10.00 - 30.12.00

Similar jobs to - Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards

Meteorological emergencies are dangerous natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or their combinations, which have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the natural environment.

Meteorological emergencies include:

  • meteorological phenomena associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere;
  • meteorological phenomena associated with high and low temperatures;
  • meteorological phenomena associated with precipitation;
  • meteorological phenomena associated with the deposition of ice and sticking of wet snow on electrical wires;
  • meteorological phenomena associated with the formation of ice on the roads;
  • fog.

Meteorological phenomena associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere include:

  • strong wind- movement of air relative to the earth's surface with a speed or horizontal component of more than 14 m/s;
  • vortex- atmospheric formation with rotational movement of air around a vertical or inclined axis;
  • Hurricane- wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which exceeds 32 m/s. Hurricane Katrina began forming on August 23, 2005 in the Bahamas. The wind speed during the hurricane reached 280 km/h. On August 27, 2005, the hurricane passed over the coast of Florida near Miami and turned towards the Gulf of Mexico. The most severe damage was caused to New Orleans in Louisiana, where about 80% of the city's area was under water. The disaster killed 1,836 people;
  • cyclone- an atmospheric disturbance with low air pressure and hurricane wind speeds that occurs in tropical latitudes and causes great destruction and loss of life. The local name for a tropical cyclone is typhoon;
  • storm - prolonged very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s, causing severe waves at sea and destruction on land;
  • tornado - a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has a great destructive force (Fig. 8.8). A tornado is the most dangerous natural phenomenon associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere;
  • flurry - a sharp short-term wind force up to 20–30 m/s and higher, accompanied by a change in its direction and associated with convective processes;
  • dust storm- the transfer of large amounts of dust or sand by strong winds, accompanied by a deterioration in visibility, blowing the topsoil along with seeds and young plants, falling asleep crops and highways. In case of a dust storm, you should cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, a piece of cloth, and your eyes with glasses.

Rice. 8.8.

Meteorological phenomena associated with high and low temperatures include:

  • hard frost- this is a meteorological phenomenon, when the expected and observed negative anomalies of average daily air temperatures in November - March are from -10 to -25 ° C for at least 5 days and more or the minimum air temperature is close to extreme values;
  • heatwave is a meteorological phenomenon when the expected and observed positive anomalies of average daily air temperatures in May-August for at least 5 days are +27°C or more, or the maximum air temperature is close to extreme values.

In the summer, a dangerous agrometeorological phenomenon can occur - drought. Drought- this is a complex of meteorological factors in the form of a prolonged absence of precipitation, combined with high temperature and a decrease in air humidity, leading to a violation of the water balance of plants and causing their inhibition or death.

Severe frost and heat are dangerous for the life and health of people, adversely affect their ability to work, and damage agriculture and industry. Also during such periods, the fire hazard increases. Long-term and extreme low temperatures pose a particular danger to public utilities due to freezing of water supply pipes on the streets and in buildings, which leads to a lack of water supply and water heating in people's homes.

High and low temperatures can be accompanied by strong winds. In winter, blizzards are dangerous. heavy blizzard- this is the transfer of snow above the ground by wind at a speed of more than 15 m / s and visibility of less than 500 m. A snowstorm is possible in combination with snowfall, which leads to a deterioration in visibility and skidding of transport routes.

In winter, the effect of the cooling force of the wind on the human body should be taken into account (Table 8.3).

In strong snowstorms and low temperatures, it is undesirable to move outside settlements. You can lose your bearings and freeze. The car can only move on major roads and highways. When leaving the car, do not leave it out of sight.

Table 8.3

The influence of the cooling force of the wind on the human body

Wind force, m/s

Temperature, °C

temperate zone

Growing danger zone

Dangerous zone

Meteorological phenomena associated with precipitation include the following.

Grad - atmospheric precipitation falling in the warm season in the form of particles of dense ice with a diameter of 5 mm to 15 cm, usually together with heavy rain during a thunderstorm. Large hail is considered to be ice particles with a diameter of more than 20 mm. Strong hail is dangerous to human life and health, it can destroy crops, damage the roofs of buildings and vehicles.

Downpour (heavy rain)- this is short-term precipitation of great intensity, usually in the form of rain (rain with snow). Heavy rain is considered to be precipitation of 50 mm or more in 12 hours or 30 mm or more in 1 hour. Long-term heavy showers are precipitation of 100 mm or more in 2 days. Heavy rains can cause floods, flooding of streets, mudflows, and impede traffic.

Heavy snowfall - this is a prolonged intensive snowfall (20 mm of precipitation or more in 12 hours), leading to a significant deterioration in visibility and difficulty in traffic.

Meteorological phenomena associated with the formation of ice and sticking of wet snow to electrical wires pose a danger to power supply, which can lead to wire breaks and disruption of power supply to settlements and regions. Such cases happen in Russia, in particular, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in the Stavropol Territory, etc. Broken wires pose a danger to human life.

Ice- this is a layer of dense ice that forms on the earth's surface and on objects when supercooled drops of rain or fog (melted and then refrozen snow) freeze. Ice is dangerous for pedestrians and vehicles.

If the weather forecast indicates ice or icy conditions, measures should be taken to reduce the likelihood of injury, prepare low-slip shoes, attach metal heels or foam rubber to the heels, and stick adhesive tape on dry soles, you can rub the soles of shoes with sandpaper.

You should move carefully, slowly, stepping on the entire sole. In this case, the legs should be slightly relaxed, hands free. If you slip, you should

crouch to reduce the height of the fall. At the time of the fall, it is necessary to group up, and, rolling, soften the blow to the ground.

Fog - meteorological phenomenon, the accumulation of condensation products in the form of drops or crystals suspended in the air directly above the surface of the earth, accompanied by a significant deterioration in visibility. Heavy fog is fog with a visibility of less than 100 m. Due to heavy fog, car accidents can occur, and airplanes cannot land at airports.