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Religious holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world. Orthodox holidays. Presentation - religious holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world Ancient rituals and church holidays

Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world.

Goals: acquaintance with the holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world;

give the concept of ritual;

fostering respect for foreign culture and customs.

Progress: 1. Teacher's word.

A) Every soul is glad for the holiday. Russian proverb. Holiday is the soul of the people. There is hardly a person who does not love the holiday. Probably, it is impossible now to find out how primitive man celebrated his first holiday - perhaps with a successful hunt or victory over the obstinate forces of nature, but we can confidently say that a person always has an inherent desire to celebrate events in his personal and public life.

B) The holiday is the most important element of folk culture. Reflects the life of an individual and the entire nation as a whole.. The holiday has always contributed to the unification of people, helped to overcome the feeling of loneliness.

C) Many holidays are based on ritual - a set of actions established by custom associated with religious or everyday ideas of the life of the people. Rite, ritual, ceremony are synonyms.

D) Holidays: religious, family, social and political.

D) Every nation cherishes its rituals and customs. Greek philosopher Herodotus: “If only all nations could choose their customs and morals. Then everyone would choose their own, because... Every nation is convinced that its customs and way of life are the best.”

D) You are familiar with the rituals of Christmas, Easter, Epiphany. What are they? (Students’ answers)

Let's look at other popular holidays.

2. Speeches by students about various holidays of the world.

A) Chronicle of the 11th century: Prince Vladimir gathered the elders and boyars with the question: “Whose faith is better - Jews, Catholics, Mohammedans or Greeks?” The Stratsi said: “Sir, everyone praises his faith. Send messengers around the world." 10 messengers were sent. They wandered around the world and arrived in the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, and went to the St. Sophia Church, where the patriarch celebrated the liturgy. And they froze from the unprecedented beauty.

B) N.M. Karamzin. "History of Russian Goverment".

“The splendor of the temple, the presence of the entire Greek clergy, the rich official clothes, the decoration of the altars, the beauty of painting, the fragrance of incense, the sweet singing of the choir, the silence of the people, the sacred importance and mystery of the rituals amazed the Russians; It seemed to them that the Almighty himself lived in this temple and connected directly with people ... "

Returning to Kyiv, the ambassadors enthusiastically told the prince: “Every person, having tasted sweet things, has an aversion to bitter things. So we, having seen the faith of the Greeks, do not want anything else.”

Many years have passed since Vladimir baptized Rus', but the splendor of the rituals remained.

Christian worship has a history of 2000 years. These are long-standing traditions and a special order of worship.

C)) A church service is akin to a theatrical performance: Decoration (icons, frescoes, wall paintings, church utensils), vocal and choral music, bell ringing, and most importantly - the Word of prayer addressed to God. Everything is designed to serve aesthetic pleasure, but also the spiritual transformation of man. Traditions of folk culture have a significant impact on church services. Thus, in Central Africa it is accompanied by the sounds of tom-toms, in Ethiopia - ritual dances, in India they bring gifts of flowers, etc.

D) In ​​Orthodox worship, there are 3 main “circles of time”: daily (daily), weekly (weekly, and annual). The church day begins in the evening, when the first star rises in the sky, reminding Christians of the Star of Bethlehem, which illuminated the birth of the Savior. That is why the first The service of the day is called vespers, which consists of reading biblical psalms and hymns, thanking God for the past day. The priest with a censer goes around the temple and fills it with the fragrance of incense. In ancient times, vespers lasted until the morning. (All-night vigil) now - on the eve of major holidays.

In the morning hours there is Matins, dedicated to the meeting of the Messiah. In the temple the lights are turned off and 6 psalms are read. They often sound “hallelujah”, i.e. “praise Jesus.”

The basis of daily worship is the liturgy, during which they ask God for the salvation of the soul, peace, fertility, and weather. At the end, the Lord's Prayer is performed.

The weekly circle is dedicated to saints or events.

Monday – to angels and heavenly powers;

Tuesday – John the Baptist;

Wednesday – Cross and repentance;
Thursday - to the apostles and saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant;

Friday – the Cross and the events of Golgotha;

Saturday – Mother of God;

Sunday - the Resurrection of Christ.

Orthodox calendar: Nativity of the Virgin Mary (Sept. 21), Exaltation of the Cross (Sept. 27), Nativity of Christ (Jan. 7), Epiphany, etc. If you bear the name of a saint, then there is also your holiday - name day.

H) A few words about the traditions of Muslims (student’s message).

There is a city in Saudi Arabia whose name every Muslim knows - Mecca.

On the square near the Great Mosque is the main shrine of Islam - the Kaaba - a building made of gray stone in the shape of a cube, covered with black brocade embroidered with gold. Inside is a sacred Muslim relic - a black stone. According to legend, he was white, but turned black from human vices and sins. Counts. Like a man who saw heaven through this stone. The gckt of death will get there. That is why every Muslim strives to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his life.

4) Study reading.

I. Bunin. Black stone of the Kaaba.

He was once a precious jasper,

He was of indescribable whiteness,

Like the color of the gardens of blessed Jannat,

Like mountain snow in the days of sun and spring.

But centuries passed - from all over the universe

Prayers rushed to him, and like a river

Flowed into the temple, distant and sacred,

Hearts burdened with longing...

For 14 centuries, Muslims have been performing Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca. 70 days after the end of Lent, which falls on St. During the month of Ramadan, people from all over the world come here, carrying the weak on stretchers. 2 million people perform the same ritual. Tent city, places are limited. A Muslim who has completed the Hajj receives the right to wear a white turban.

Section test:

"Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world"

1. Do you agree with the statement: “A holiday is the most important element of traditional folk culture. Reflecting the life of an individual and society as a whole, the holiday contributed to the formation of a spiritual way of life, united people, helped them overcome the feeling of loneliness, uniting all segments of the population: from the poor and rich to the old and small.”

a) yes b) no

2. Match the terms and their meanings. Among the holidays and rituals there are:

1) religious

2) family and household

3) calendar

4) socio-political

a) reflect significant events and main stages of life, from birth to death;

b) associated with certain human beliefs

c) are related to human labor activity and his relationship to nature;

d) are dedicated to the most important historical events and phenomena of social life.

3. By winter, the harvest was over, and in their free time people had fun, taking part in numerous holidays. Which of the following are celebrated in winter?

a) Christmas; b) trinity; c) Baptism; d) Candlemas; d) Cover.

4. What holiday is popularly called the Blessing of Water, when water is blessed in churches; believers bathe in the ice hole, washing away all sins:

a) Baptism; b) Maslenitsa; d) Trinity.

5. The first holiday reminiscent of spring after the winter cold, because, according to the belief of our ancestors, it is on this day that winter meets Spring:

a) Maslenitsa b) Meeting c) Trinity

6. According to tradition, this holiday lasts a week, each day has its own name. People made a doll from straw, dressed it in women's clothes and solemnly, with songs, carried it around the village. Its burning symbolizes the difficulties and troubles that have flown away. What is it about?

a) Trinity; b) Ivan Kupala holiday; c) Maslenitsa.

7. This holiday got its name in memory of the good news that the Archangel Gabriel brought to the Virgin Mary. He announced that she would have a son, who would be named Jesus:

a) Christmas; b) Baptism; c) Annunciation

8. The holiday began with a visit to church. They prepared for dinner solemnly: everything was festive at home, they decorated the Christmas tree and prepared gifts. The obligatory ritual food was placed on the table: sochnik, kutia, pancakes. What is it about?

a) Christmas; b) Baptism; c) Veil

9. This holiday is dedicated to one of the first beautifully flowering trees in spring. The branches consecrated in the temple, according to believers, have magical and healing powers.

a) Palm Sunday; b) Trinity

10. Easter is a holiday of holidays for which they prepare all year. What is its symbol?

a) red egg; b) Easter cake; c) candle

11. For this holiday, wreaths were woven from flowers and birch branches. It was believed that happiness would definitely come to those who made them. What holiday are we talking about?

a) Annunciation; b) Cover; c) Trinity

12. The first holiday - they stand on the water, the second - they eat apples, the third - they eat nuts and look at canvases.

a) Spas; b) Christmas; c) Easter

13. Girls’ get-togethers began with this autumn holiday. They lasted in Rus' for two weeks, and everyone got ready to go to work. What they were doing?

a) spun, embroidered

b) fermented cabbage

c) danced and sang

14. Name the holiday that is considered the patron saint of weddings.

a) Cover; b) Christmas; c) Easter.

15. Match the name of the holiday and the time it takes place.

a) Christmas 1) autumn

b) Pokrov 2) summer

c) Trinity 3) winter

d) Easter 4) spring

Answers to the test

1-a

2-1)b, 2) a, 3) c, 4) d

3) a

4-a

5 B

6-v

7-v

8-a

9-a

10-a

11-v

12-a

13-b

14-a

15-a-3

b-1

at 2

If we talk about different holidays, traditions, customs and rituals of the world, we should remember that they are all deeply rooted in the past, carrying with them messages from ancestors and other generations. They also fully reflect the culture, religion and spiritual heritage of a particular people.



Throughout human civilization, these rituals were not only passed on from generation to generation, but also improved, modified, supplemented, and some elements were abolished. But, in general, the essence and purpose of each ritual fully reflects their importance and necessity to this day. Many rituals and holidays have reached us unchanged.


Among the Slavs


Perhaps it’s worth starting with the traditions and customs of the Slavic peoples. They have passed through centuries, time, changed a little, something was lost; but, one way or another, such traditions are preserved even now, rituals are still carried out. The most ancient of all Slavic rituals are associated precisely with paganism.


After all, at some time it became very necessary for people; supposedly, it could explain the essence of human existence on earth, his purpose, and so on. For many religions that appeared after it, it became the main basis.



From the history


Prince Vladimir also established the pre-Christian pantheon of Slavic gods, which included male and female gods, and many rituals of that time were associated with their name. The deity Makosh was very well known in those days. It was considered the mother of good harvest and abundance.


The most ancient rite of the Slavs is associated with this deity. This was celebrated at the end of October and beginning of November, every year in the fall. It was these gatherings that kicked off preparations for winter. Celebrations were held in honor of Mokosh. All Slavic peoples paid tribute to this deity and tried to appease him.


Gifts were also given, there were even sacrifices. All this was done so that next year Makosha could help with a good harvest and a generally favorable outcome of summer gardening.


Basically, all festive Slavic rituals of that time were aimed exclusively at agriculture. After all, the peasants were dependent on their land, and the harvest was very important for existence and life.



Ancient rituals and traditions


Traditions such as visiting the graves of deceased relatives on great church holidays - Radonitsa, Trinity, St. Demetrius Saturday - have been preserved to this day. It was from these customs that it was necessary to remember relatives at the graves, leave them food and drinks, and light candles. The ancient customs also include the currently relevant Holy Thursday and Christmastide.


On Christmastide, deceased relatives are remembered at home. But as for Thursday, you need to have a “clean” day, clean the apartment well, wash yourself thoroughly, you can go to the bathhouse. This is explained by the fact that in this way the souls of the deceased are washed and warmed.


The ancient Russian rite of Maslenitsa is also relevant in our time. It also has its roots deep in the history of the Slavic peoples. At that time, the cult of ancestors and the idea of ​​fertility were very widely developed. And Maslenitsa is very well connected with commemoration. That’s why even now they cook pancakes, take them to the graves of the departed, and commemorate them there, at home.


Sometimes fist fights were held on Maslenitsa, which were held right on the street; Other public outdoor competitions were also popular. If we talk about ancient Christian rituals, then we should definitely mention the rite of remembrance of the deceased.


Also the rite of Baptism, Wedding. And the ceremony of marriage itself also came to us from ancient times. Many even prefer to follow those traditions rather than modern ones.

Slide 1

Slide 2

Christmas Eve The significance of the holy night of the birth of the Divine Infant Christ is so great that even the course of new history and our reckoning today begin precisely from the Nativity of Christ. In Rus', this holiday was especially loved. Christmas Eve is the final day of the Nativity Fast. Traditionally, on this day one could only eat so-called sochivo - soaked wheat grains with honey and fruit. This tradition gave the holiday its name. Evening of January 6 - Christmas Eve, Christmas Eve. People also call it “kolyada”.

Slide 3

Nativity of Christ The Nativity of Christ ends the forty-day Nativity fast (St. Pentecost), on the eve of the holiday a strict fast is observed. After Christmas comes Christmastide - holy days or 12 days during which the holiday is celebrated. January 7 On this day, an unprecedented event took place in the small town of Bethlehem - the Infant of God, the Son of God, Jesus Christ was born into the world.

Slide 4

Epiphany Christmas Eve January 18 On this day we fasted and ate juices, i.e. lean porridge, vegetable pancakes, honey pancakes, baked juices with berries. Kutia was prepared from rice, honey and raisins. In general, everything vegetable is suitable for food, porridge, tea, compote, bread. But everything is very modest. On the day of the holiday and on the day of Epiphany Eve, the Great Blessing of Water is performed. In the courtyards of churches there are long lines for holy water. If for some serious reason a person cannot go to service or lives a thousand kilometers from the nearest church, he can resort to the healing power of simple water taken from an ordinary reservoir on Epiphany night.

Slide 5

Epiphany (Holy Epiphany) January 19 On this day, John the Baptist baptized Jesus Christ in the Jordan. “And it came to pass in those days that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. And when he came out of the water, John immediately saw the heavens opening and the Spirit like a dove descending on Him. And a voice came from heaven: “You are my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased” (Mark 1:9-11).

Slide 6

Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday) The name comes from the fact that on this holiday believers come with branches, usually of willow plants - willow, willow, willow or other trees that are the first to bloom in the spring, in commemoration of those branches that were cut Jews who met Jesus in Jerusalem. Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem

Slide 7

Easter After Saturday, at night, on the third day after His suffering and death, the Lord Jesus Christ came to life by the power of His Divinity, that is, He rose from the dead. His human body was transformed. He came out of the tomb without rolling away the stone, without breaking the Sanhedrin seal, and invisible to the guards. The Resurrection of Christ is the greatest Christian holiday. This holiday is also called Easter, that is, the Day on which our transition from death to life and from earth to Heaven took place. The Easter service begins at midnight from Saturday to Sunday; she is all filled with spiritual joy and jubilation. All of it is a solemn hymn to the Bright Resurrection of Christ, the reconciliation of God and man, the victory of life over death.

Slide 8

Maundy Thursday Preparations for Easter begin on Maundy Thursday. Believers need to come to churches, confess and receive communion. They clean the house, bake Easter cakes, and paint eggs. On Maundy Thursday, it is customary to get up before sunrise and take a bath - symbolically to cleanse yourself of sins and vanity. On this day, they remember the most important gospel event: the Last Supper, at which Jesus Christ washed the feet of his disciples, thereby showing an example of brotherly love and humility.

Slide 9

Good Friday At Matins, in the middle of the temple, twelve Gospel readings are read, telling about the sufferings of the Savior, beginning with His last conversation with His disciples at the Last Supper and ending with His burial in the garden of Joseph of Arimathea and the placing of military guards at His tomb. Vespers is celebrated at the third hour of the day, at the hour of the death of Jesus Christ on the Cross, in remembrance of the removal of the body of Christ from the Cross and His burial. At Vespers, the clergy lift the Shroud (i.e., the image of Christ lying in the tomb) from the Throne and take it out of the altar to the middle of the temple. Then the clergy and all worshipers bow before the Shroud. In the evening there is a second service with a religious procession. The shroud is in the middle of the temple for three (incomplete) days, reminiscent of the three-day stay of Jesus Christ in the tomb. This is a day of strict fasting when you cannot eat anything. Those for whom this is difficult do not eat or drink anything until the shroud is taken out, and after it is taken out they eat only bread and water. The Good Friday service is dedicated to the remembrance of the Savior's death on the cross, the removal of His body from the Cross and His burial.

Slide 10

Radonitsa It is on Radonitsa that there is a custom of celebrating Easter at the graves of the departed, where colored eggs and other Easter dishes are brought, where a funeral meal is served and part of what is prepared is given to the poor for the commemoration of the soul. On the first Tuesday after Easter, the Orthodox Church established the commemoration of the dead, the first after Easter. Radonitsa

Slide 11

Trinity (Holy Trinity Day, Pentecost) Orthodox Christians on this day decorate houses and churches with green branches and flowers. This custom comes from the Old Testament Church, when houses and synagogues were decorated with greenery on Pentecost in memory of how everything bloomed and turned green at Mount Sinai on the day when Moses received the tablets of the law. The Zion Upper Room, where the Holy Spirit descended on the apostles, at that time, according to general custom, was also decorated with tree branches and flowers. After the ascension of Jesus Christ, the tenth day came: it was the fiftieth day after the Resurrection of Christ. Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos October 14 This is the main autumn holiday, the history of which dates back to 910, when in one of the temples of Jerusalem, during a service, the holy fool Andrei and his disciple Epiphanius saw the Mother of God hovering in the air, who spread her wide white veil over the worshipers - the veil. The more snow there is on the Intercession, the more weddings there will be this year. The Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos is celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church on October 14 in the new style.

Holidays and rituals peoples of the world

1. Every soul is glad for the holiday

2. Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world

3. Ah, carnival! Amazing world...


1. Every soul is glad for the holiday

  • Holiday is...
  • Ritual...
  • Custom...
  • Types of holidays...

Every soul is happy for the holiday

  • Holiday has long been an integral part of spiritual life.
  • The holiday is the most important element of traditional folk culture.
  • Reflecting the life of an individual or society as a whole, the holiday contributed to the formation of a spiritual way of life and became the most important cultural property of the people.
  • The holiday has always contributed to the unification of people, helped them overcome the feeling of loneliness, isolation from society, and united all segments of the population: from the poor and rich to the old and small.

Every soul is happy for the holiday

Many holidays are based on

ritual – i.e. ...

  • Ritual is a set of established

custom of actions associated with religious or everyday traditions of people's life.


Every soul is happy for the holiday

  • Custom is a historically emerged stereotypical rule of behavior that is reproduced in a social group or society and becomes habitual for its members. A custom is based on a detailed pattern of actions in a specific situation, for example, how to treat family members, how to resolve conflicts, how to build business relationships, etc. Outdated customs are most often replaced over time by new ones that are more in line with modern requirements.

Every soul is happy for the holiday

Types of holidays :

  • Religious
  • Family and household
  • Calendar
  • Socio-political

  • Christianity / Orthodoxy)
  • Islam
  • Buddhism

Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world

Christianity / Orthodoxy)

  • Historical reference
  • Christian worship:

weekly;


  • A church service is akin to a theatrical performance, and

that's why she is synthesis many arts, ideal

harmony and beauty.

  • The interior decoration of the temple plays a huge role:

icons, fresco paintings on walls, objects

church utensils; vocal and choral music,

bell ringing, and most importantly - the Word of prayer,

addressed to God.

  • Everything is designed to serve not only aesthetic

pleasure, but also moral, spiritual

human transformation.


Christian worship

In Orthodox worship, there are three main “circles of time”:

  • Day (daily);
  • Weekly (weekly);
  • Annual.

Christian worship

Church day begin with evenings :

  • The first service of the day is called evening which consists of reading biblical psalms and hymns thanking God for the past day

Christian worship

  • IN morning hours performed Matins , dedicated to the meeting of the Messiah. In the temple the lights are turned off and six psalms are read, in which the word “hallelujah” is often heard, that is, “praise the Lord.”

Christian worship

Basis afternoon service

  • Proskomedia;
  • Liturgy of the Catechumens;
  • Liturgy of the Faithful.

Christian worship

Basis afternoon service is a liturgy consisting of three parts:

  • Proskomedia (they prepare the Holy Gifts - bread / prosphora / and wine for the celebration of the Eucharist, i.e. the communion of a person to eternal life.
  • IN Liturgy of the Catechumens Believers ask God for salvation of souls, peace, favorable weather, and fertility of the earth.
  • During liturgy of the faithful the deacon and priest bring the Holy Gifts to the altar.

The prayers reflect the main gospel events associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ. At the end of the service, the Lord's Prayer is performed.



Christian worship

Weekly circle services are marked by the memory of a saint or some sacred event.

  • Monday is dedicated to angels and heavenly powers;
  • Tuesday – John the Baptist and the Prophets;
  • Wednesday – Cross and repentance with remembrance of the sin of Judas;
  • Thursday - Apostles and saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant;
  • Friday – the Cross and the events of Golgotha;
  • Saturday – Theotokos and all the saints and departed;
  • Sunday - the Resurrection of Christ.

Christian worship

Orthodox church year also marked by many holidays, but the main ones among them are twelve, the so-called “twelves”

№ p/p

Name of the holiday

Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (one week before Easter)

Resurrection of Christ – Easter

Ascension (on the fortieth day after Easter)

Pentecost or Trinity (fiftieth day after Easter)


Homework:

Prepare a presentation about one of the holidays:

  • What event is being celebrated/history/;
  • How the holiday is celebrated by the church;
  • Icons of this holiday;
  • Find an artistic painting illustrating this holiday /if there is one/.

2. Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world

  • Islam







Pilgrims' crossing

through the Mina Valley to Mount Arafat











2. Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world

  • Buddhism /Mongolia/

White month (Tsagan-sara)

The Mongolian New Year's holiday, according to the eastern calendar, falls at the beginning of the white month (according to the European calendar, this day falls in the month of February). The date of the holiday is calculated annually according to the lunar calendar. This holiday has been celebrated in Mongolia since the 12th century. In the old days, this holiday was celebrated in the fall and was associated with dairy food - in the fall the cattle produced little milk, the family began to eat cottage cheese. The celebration of the white month belongs to the most ancient folk customs. Evidence of its celebration was left in his notes by Marco Polo, who was present at the celebration of the white month at the Beijing court in the 13th century.



Nadom (Naadam – Mong.)

Naadam literally from Mongolian - “Three Games of Men”, in Russian - Nadom, a traditional sports competition in three national sports: wrestling, archery, horse racing. The history of Nadom goes back to ancient times. Since ancient times, competitions among the most dexterous and strongest were held at the beginning of summer, when cattle were driven to abundant summer pastures, and cattle breeders could afford a break. Often at such competitions, sharp shooters were selected for military squads. Since 1912, the venue for Nadom was the foot of the sacred mountain Bogdo-Ula, located near modern Ulaanbaatar. The main types of competitions are still Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery.




Mystery Tsam

Tsam - a religious ceremony held annually in mid-July at the Erdene Zuu Monastery. This is a costume performance where the monks wear papier-mâché masks while performing dances. They are based on deep symbolism, however, in order to attend the Tsam ceremony, it is not necessary to know all the intricacies and theory of Buddhist teachings. The masks, attributes and decorations that are created for this ceremony are masterpieces of decorative and applied art of Mongolia.


2. Holidays and rituals of the peoples of the world

  • /Thailand/