Marry 

Repair and decoration - building rules and standards. Maintenance and repair of equipment Repair according to the technical condition of military equipment GOST

Repair work in the apartment is a whole complex of technically complex measures for rough and fine finishing of premises, installation of engineering systems, as well as power supply. Regardless of the type of work - whether it is a complex turnkey repair or, for example, or partial restoration of the operational properties of individual elements - any manipulation of the master falls under the scope of technical norms and standards if (1) such activity affects the safety of buildings and structures (and then in mandatory) or (2) it is based on voluntary application by the parties of building codes or standards. The most important regulations are presented in this section. They set the rules for interior decoration ( SNiP for finishing work 3.04.01-87), devices sanitary systems (SNiP 3.05.01-85), as well as systems electricity supply(SNiP 3.05.06-85). Special mention must be made GOST R 52059-2003, which defines the standard in the provision of repair services for individual orders.

Currently, mandatory technical regulations. In the field of construction - this is the law of the Russian Federation No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009 "Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures." Codes of practice and standards are applied on a voluntary basis except as provided by law. So, on a mandatory basis, in addition to the technical regulations, the codes of rules and standards specified in the List approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1047-r dated 06/21/2010 are also applied (more details below on this page). In connection with the work on updating the codes of practice, this List is subject to change. In addition, Rostekhregulirovanie publishes the List of codes of rules and standards, as a result of which voluntary basis compliance with the technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures is ensured (the list was approved by order of Rostekhregulirovanie dated 06/01/2010 No. 2079; current version dated 05/18/2011).

Please note that SNiP 3.04.01-87 (furnishing of premises), 3.05.01-85 (sanitary and technical work) and GOST R 52059-2003 (rendering services in the field of apartment renovation) are not included in the List of codes of rules and standards, application which on mandatory basis ensures compliance with the technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures, i.e. such SNiPs and standards are advisory nature - the parties have the right to apply these documents only on voluntary basis by fixing the appropriate clause, for example, of the form: "The quality of work under this contract is determined in accordance with GOST R 52059-2003." The specified standard, among other things, contains a reference to the SNiPs listed in this section.

Standards - summary information in tables
This page brings together and presents in the form of tables the main indicators of permissible deviations for repair work on the surface of the floor, walls and ceiling.
see also → .

Renovation is not only a modern finish, but also following the standards and technical rules in force in European countries. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the main standards and tolerances. For the first time in Russian!

The tabular presentation sets out the requirements of the current Russian and European standards, which determine the possible tolerances for plastering work, and also delimit the content of such permissible deviations depending on the type of plaster.

There are a lot of different tables and reference materials published on our website. To make it easier for you to search for such tables, we have collected information about them on a special page.

GOSTs and SNiPs for apartment renovation.


Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated May 28, 2003 No. 162-st. Valid from 01.01.2004
This document unifies the procedure for placing an order for carrying out, its execution by the contractor, as well as the subsequent acceptance of the results of work. The documents contain references to the current norms and standards according to the types of work. The customer and the contractor may provide in the contract, in particular, a provision according to which repairs in the apartment will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this GOST. Format - PDF.

Approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated September 27, 2003 No. 170. Registration in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation: October 15, 2003 No. 5176. Valid from: November 03, 2003.
Sections 4 and 5 of these Rules, adopted by the Gosstroy of Russia, also establish requirements, the content of which must be taken into account when carrying out redevelopment (Section 4) and reorganization (Section 5) of an apartment. Published in full. See also: what is reorganization and redevelopment, as well as information about. Format - PDF.

Approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR of December 11, 1985 No. 215. Put into effect on July 1, 1986.
This set of rules regulates electrical work in the apartment, various stages and procedures associated with laying cables, switching them, installing and connecting various kinds of electrical products. Such a set of rules covers the entire range of measures for arranging power supply in an apartment according to the project. Format - PDF.

Approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR of December 13, 1985 No. 224. Put into effect on July 1, 1986.
This SNiP, as its name implies, determines the procedure for performing work on the installation and wiring of water supply and sewerage systems in an apartment, installation and connection of sanitary appliances (see also:).

→ Project updated set of rules“SNiP 3.05.01-85 by reference in DOC format.

→ ATTENTION! 01.01.2013 comes into force updated SNiP 3.05.01-85. The new set of rules was approved by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 29, 2011 N 635/17. It was named “SP 73.13330.2012. Set of rules. Internal sanitary systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 3.05.01-85. See PDF.

On the features of the application of updated joint ventures during transition period— see sidebar below.

Format - PDF.

Approved by the Decree of the USSR Gosstroy No. 280 dated 12/04/1987. Put into effect on 07/01/1988.
One of the main documents regulating the work on the repair of an apartment in terms of production as rough and fine finishing. This standard prescribes the procedure for carrying out work, as well as tolerances for the installation of plaster and putty layers, gluing or painting the surface of the walls; devices of screeds, soundproofing layers; waterproofing the floor surface; work on the repair of the ceiling surface; facing works of various types. Format - PDF.

Approved by the Decree of the State Construction Committee of the USSR dated May 16, 1988 No. 82. Currently, mandatory
Currently on mandatory Sections 1, 2 (clauses 2.1-2.5, 2.6-2.9), 3-7 apply.

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2010 No. 785, effective from May 20, 2011 updated set of rules 29.13330.2011 “Floors. SNiP 2.03.13-88. Updated text of the rule book.

As of 08/01/2011, the List approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06/21/2010 No. 1047-r (application of sets of rules on a mandatory basis), contains an indication of the old text of SNiP and the table of contents system adopted in it.

The list of Rostekhregudirovaniya (approved by Order No. 2079 dated June 1, 2010, as amended on May 18, 2011; the use of sets of rules on a voluntary basis), although it contains an indication of the new edition of the specified set of rules, however, uses references to the numbering of sections and paragraphs that were provided for the previous edition of SNiP.

Please note that the updated version of the set of rules provides for the manufacture of floors (construction and installation work) in accordance with SNiP 3.04.01. At the moment, the specified paragraph 1.4 is not applied on a mandatory basis.

Format - PDF (zip-archive).

SNiPs applied on a mandatory basis

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 21, 2010 No. 1047-r established that the following previously adopted standards and codes of practice or parts thereof are currently applied on mandatory basis (extraction from the list):

  • GOST 27751-88 "Reliability of building structures and foundations".
  • GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters”, section 3.
  • SNiP II-25-80 "Wooden structures".
  • SNiP 2.01.07-85 “Loads and impacts. General Provisions, Sections 1-4, Annexes 1-11.
  • SNiP 2.04.01-85 "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings", sections 2, 7-9, 10 (clauses 10.4-10.10, 10.12-10.20), 12 (clauses 12.1-12.20, 12.24-12.27), 13 (clauses 13.2- 13.10, 13.12-13.19), 14.
  • SNiP 2.03.13-88 "", sections 1, 2 (clauses 2.1-2.5, 2.6-2.9), 3-7.
  • SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", "sections 4-6, 7 (clauses 7.1-7.51, 7.53-7.73, 7.76, 7.79-7.81), 8-13; Appendix K.
  • SNiP 23-03-2003 Noise Protection Section 4-13.
  • SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings", sections 4-12, appendices C, D, D.
  • SNiP 31-01-2003 "Residential multi-apartment buildings", sections 4. (clauses 4.1, 4.4-4.9, 4.16, 4.17), 5, 6, 8 (clauses 8.1-8.11, 8.13, 8.14), 9-11.
  • SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation, air conditioning", sections 4-6 (clauses 6.1.1-6.4.4, 6.4.6, 6.4.7, 6.5.4, 6.5.5, 6.5.7-6.5 .14, 6.6.2-6.6.26), 7 (clauses 7.1.1-7.1.5, 7.1.8-7.1.13, 7.2.1-7.2.4, paragraphs one and two of clause 7.2.10, clauses 7.2 .13, 7.2.14, 7.2.17, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.5, 7.5.1, 7.5.3-7.5.11, 7.6.4, 7.6.5 , 7.7.1-7.7.3, 7.8.2, 7.8.6, 7.8.7, 7.9.13, 7.9.15, 7.9.16, 7.10.7, 7.10.8, 7.11.18), 9-11, 12 (clauses 12.7-12.9, 12.11-12.21), 13 (clauses 13.1, 13.3-13.5, 13.8, 13.9) → updated; see sidebar.
  • SNiP 52-01-2003 "Concrete and reinforced concrete structures", sections 3-8.

The situation when existing sets of rules are updated and replaced by updated editions is commonly called transition period, during which the old SNiPs and SPs included in the lists of mandatory or voluntary use continue to be valid until changes are made to these lists (see).

Interpretation of some terms

The quality of the repair work: The Law "On Technical Regulation" limits the effect of previously adopted SNiPs. The old building rules should be replaced by new technical regulations (mandatory), as well as standards and codes of practice (applied on a voluntary basis).

GOST 15.601-98

UDC 658.58:002:006.354 Group Т51

INTERSTATE STANDARD

System for the development and production of products

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT

Key points

System of product development and launching into manufacture.

industrial products maintenance. Principal positions

Introduction date 1999-07-01

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization (VNIIstandart) of the State Standard of Russia, the concern "Rosenergoatom"

INTRODUCED by Gosstandart of Russia

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 13-98 dated May 28, 1998)

State name

Name of the national standardization body

Republic of Armenia

Armstate standard

Republic of Belarus

State Standard of Belarus

The Republic of Kazakhstan

State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstandart

The Republic of Moldova

Moldovastandard

the Russian Federation

Gosstandart of Russia

The Republic of Tajikistan

Tajik State Standard

Turkmenistan

Main State Inspectorate of Turkmenistan

State Standard of Ukraine

3 INTRODUCED directly as the state standard of the Russian Federation by the Decree of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology dated February 15, 1999 No. 41 interstate standard GOST 15.601-98 from July 1, 1999

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1 area of ​​use

This standard establishes the requirements for the maintenance (TO) and repair of equipment and the conditions for their implementation.

The standard applies to national economic products.

GOST 14.205-83 Manufacturability of product design. Terms and Definitions

GOST 15.000-82* System for the development and production of products. General provisions

___________________

* GOST R 15.000-94 applies on the territory of the Russian Federation.

GOST 27.002-89 Reliability in engineering. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions

GOST 18322-78 Maintenance and repair system for equipment. Terms and Definitions

GOST 21623-76 Maintenance and repair system for equipment. Indicators for assessing maintainability. Terms and Definitions

GOST 23660-79 Maintenance and repair system for equipment. Ensure maintainability in product development

3 Definitions

This standard uses terms with the corresponding definitions in the field of maintenance and repair - according to GOST 18322, as well as the following:

Maintainability - according to GOST 27.002.

Manufacturability of the product design - according to GOST 14.205.

National economic products - products developed and manufactured to meet the needs of the national economy, population and exports.

Special means of maintenance and repair - means of technological equipment for maintenance and repair, designed for processing (disassembly, machining, welding, assembly, etc.), control and movement of identical components of products of the same type (brand).

Specialized maintenance and repair facilities are maintenance and repair technological equipment designed to perform certain processing operations (disassembly, machining, welding, assembly, etc.), control and movement on the components of various types of products.

4 General provisions

4.1 Maintenance and repair are types of work (types of impact on the product) in a typical product life cycle. Types of work - according to GOST 15.000.

4.2 A prerequisite for performing maintenance and repair is the availability of a Maintenance and Repair System for Equipment (STOIRT), which includes:

products - objects of maintenance and repair;

means of maintenance and repair;

maintenance and repair performers (organizations, specialists);

documentation (design, including operational and repair, regulatory, organizational, technological, etc.) that establishes the requirements for the components of the STOIRT and the links between them.

4.3 When developing a product, the issue of its Maintenance and Repair System (STOIR) is resolved as follows:

a STOIR is created for the product;

for the product, the existing STOIR is being modernized;

the product is developed under the existing STOIR.

4.4 The requirements for the MTOIR of a product are generally included in the following documents:

initial requirements of the customer;

terms of reference for the development of a product or a document replacing it;

explanatory notes to the technical proposal, draft and technical designs;

operational and repair documentation.

4.5 The requirements for the MTOIR of the product, established in the operational and repair design documentation, must be sufficient for its organization and functioning.

5 Products as objects of maintenance and repair

5.1 Products as maintenance and repair objects are most fully characterized by the "maintainability" property.

5.2 The maintainability of the product is determined by the following factors:

the need for product maintenance and repair;

manufacturability of the product design during maintenance and repair;

requirements for maintenance and repair performers.

Determination of the manufacturability of the product design - according to GOST 14.205.

The procedure for testing products for maintainability according to the listed factors is in accordance with GOST 23660.

5.3 The need for maintenance and repair of the product depends on the durability, reliability and persistence of its components and connections.

5.4 Manufacturability of the design of the product and its individual components depends on:

testability, accessibility and ease of removal of the product and its components;

interchangeability and recoverability of the component parts of the product;

unification of the components of the product and tools used in the maintenance and repair of the product.

5.5 Requirements for maintenance and repair performers depend on:

definability and clarity of designations of places for performing maintenance and repair operations;

ensuring single-variant assembly;

the presence of the necessary markings;

clarity and conciseness of instructions in the operational and repair documentation;

restrictions on the requirements for professional training and qualification of maintenance and repair performers.

5.6 The maintainability of the product is ensured in the process of its development as an object of maintenance and repair.

5.7 Development of the product as an object of maintenance and repair includes:

development of failure criteria and limit states of the product and its components in accordance with the requirements for their reliability;

ensuring the specified maintainability of the product.

5.8 The maintainability program should be an integral part of the product reliability program.

5.9 Maintainability indicators - according to GOST 27.002 and GOST 21623.

General rules and procedure for ensuring maintainability in the development of products - according to GOST 23660.

6 Information support of the STOIR of products

6.1 Information support of the product MTOIR is a set of documents that establish requirements for the components of the MTOIR and the links between them at the stages of development and operation of the product.

6.2 Information support of the STOIR of the product is intended for:

formation of the organizational structure of maintenance and repair services;

ensuring timely maintenance and repair of products with a given quality;

long-term and current planning of maintenance and repair.

6.3 Information support of the STOIR of the product includes documents of the following types:

design, including operational and repair;

technical conditions for repairs;

organizational and technical documents;

technological documents;

data for monitoring the effectiveness of the functioning of the STOIR of the product.

6.4 The documents included in the kit are developed on the basis of the relevant requirements of the following interstate standards:

included in the "Unified system of design documentation";

included in the complex "System of maintenance and repair of equipment";

establishing requirements for the STOIR of certain types of equipment;

included in the complex "Technical diagnostics";

included in the "Unified system of technological documentation";

establishing requirements for safety, environmental friendliness and compatibility of products.

6.5 For each type of product, an appropriate set of documents must be developed, containing without fail:

the structure of the repair cycle (types and frequency of maintenance and repairs) and the number of repair cycles for the life of the product;

scope of scheduled maintenance and repairs;

criteria for setting the product for maintenance and repair;

typical failures of the product and methods for restoring its performance;

allowable changes in the technical characteristics of the product after repair;

nomenclature and quantity of spare parts for maintenance and repair;

a system for collecting and processing information about failures, damages, duration, labor intensity and cost of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and repairs.

7 Logistics for maintenance and repair

7.1 Logistics support for maintenance and repair (MTO) includes the provision of maintenance and repair with spare parts, materials and means for maintenance and repair.

7.2 At the stage of development and manufacture of the product, in relation to the program of its release, the following tasks of the MTO should be solved:

preliminary determination of the range and quantity of spare parts and materials necessary to perform all types of maintenance and repair of products, taking into account the mode and conditions of their operation;

development of a program for the production of spare parts;

determination of the range of means of maintenance and repair of products, including special and specialized ones;

development of special and specialized means of maintenance and repair;

preliminary determination of the required number of special maintenance and repair tools, taking into account the product release program;

organization of the manufacture of special maintenance and repair facilities in relation to the fleet of products.

7.3 At the stage of product operation, the following tasks should be solved:

organization of maintenance and repair points, including their equipping with maintenance and repair facilities;

production of spare parts and special means of maintenance and repair of products;

providing maintenance and repair points with spare parts and materials;

organization, if necessary, of production for the restoration of the component parts of the product;

operational planning of MTO.

7.4 Operational planning of MTO is based on constant accounting of changing inventories. When planning MTO, take into account:

composition and number of product fleet;

operating conditions of products;

indicators of reliability of components of products;

dislocation of points with inventories;

organizing the provision of spare parts and materials;

replenishment mode.

7.5 The quality of MTO is determined by:

quality of spare parts, materials and means of maintenance and repair;

reasonableness of reserve norms;

compliance of actual reserves with norms;

efficiency and flexibility of the MTO system, including the organization of storage of stocks;

taking into account the movement of stocks.

8 Functioning of the STOIR of products

8.1 The readiness of the STOIR of the product for operation is determined by the availability of funds, performers, maintenance and repair documentation, and the conditions necessary for their effective interaction.

8.2 The functioning of the STOIR of the product involves the following:

scheduled maintenance and repairs on time with a given quality at optimal labor and cost;

unscheduled repairs with the corresponding quality and costs of labor, money and time.

8.3 In the course of the functioning of the STOIR of the product, the following tasks must be solved:

providing conditions for timely and appropriate quality of maintenance and repair;

maintenance and repair planning;

performing maintenance and repairs;

monitoring the timeliness and quality of maintenance and repair, including the systematization and analysis of operational data on the reliability and efficiency of the use of products.

8.4 The organizational structure of the STOIR of the product is determined by:

conditions for performing maintenance and repair - the place of operation of the product, the place of operation of the product with the performance of part of the work at specialized enterprises, a specialized enterprise;

executors - operational personnel, specialized personnel of the operating organization, branded maintenance (branded repairs), combined composition of performers;

repair method - not impersonal; impersonal, including aggregate;

maintenance and repair strategy - regulated maintenance, maintenance with periodic monitoring of parameters, maintenance with continuous monitoring of parameters, regulated repairs, repairs according to technical condition.

8.5 The MER of the product should be adjusted in accordance with the operational data on the reliability of the products and the changing conditions of their operation.

8.6 The quality of maintenance and repair of products is determined by:

property of the product as an object of maintenance and repair - manufacturability of the product during maintenance and repair and requirements for maintenance and repair performers;

conditions for performing maintenance and repair - the availability of the necessary production facilities and technological equipment, the sufficiency of stocks of materials and spare parts, the use of advanced methods for monitoring (diagnosing) the technical condition of products, the qualifications of maintenance and repair performers, compliance with production and technological discipline.

8.7 The quality of the product after maintenance and repair is determined by:

technical condition of the product received for maintenance or repair;

quality of spare parts (new and remanufactured) and materials used in maintenance and repair;

maintenance and repair quality.

8.8 The effectiveness of the MATO of a product determines its ability to maintain and restore the specified properties of these products and provide a given level of their technical readiness at optimal time, labor and cost. Performance indicators - according to GOST 18322.

8.9 The effectiveness of the product MRO can be improved by:

improving the design of the product as an object of maintenance and repair;

improving the strategy for maintenance and repair of the product in accordance with operational data on its reliability;

development of operational and repair documentation;

improving the organization of maintenance and repair, including logistics;

improvement of technological processes of maintenance and repair;

optimization of the composition of maintenance and repair performers.

Term

Definition 1. Maintenance
Ndp. Preventive Maintenance
technical careA set of operations or an operation to maintain the operability or malfunction of the product when used for its intended purpose, waiting, storing and transporting. 2. RepairA set of operations to restore the serviceability or operability of a product and restore the resources of products or their components. 3. The system of maintenance and repair of equipmentA set of interrelated tools, maintenance and repair documentation and performers necessary to maintain and restore the quality of the product included in this system 4. Method of maintenance (repair)
Ndp. Maintenance method (repair)A set of technological and organizational rules for performing maintenance (repair) operations 5. Frequency of maintenance (repair)The time interval or operating time between this type of maintenance (repair) and the next one of the same type or another of greater complexity Note. The type of maintenance (repair) is understood as maintenance (repair) allocated (allocated) according to one of the signs:
stage of existence, frequency, scope of work, operating conditions, regulation, etc. (as amended by Change No. 1) 6. Maintenance cycleThe smallest repeating time interval or operating time of the product, during which all established types of periodic maintenance are performed in a certain sequence in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation (as amended by Changes N 1, N 2) 7. Repair cycleThe smallest repeating time interval or operating time of a product, during which all established types of repairs are performed in a certain sequence in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation. (as amended by Changes N 1, N 2) 8. Spare partA component part of a product intended to replace the same part that was in operation in order to maintain or restore the serviceability or performance of the product. 9. Spare parts kitSpare parts, tools, accessories and materials necessary for the maintenance and repair of products and completed depending on the purpose and features of use. Note. Accessories may include controls, fixtures, covers, tow lines, etc. 10. Means of maintenance (repair)Technological equipment and facilities intended for maintenance (repair) 11. Technical conditionAccording to GOST 19919-74 12. Duration of maintenance (repair)Calendar time for one maintenance (repair) of this type 13. The complexity of maintenance (repair)Labor costs for one maintenance (repair) of this type 14. Cost of maintenance (repair)The cost of one maintenance (repair) of this type 15. Total duration of maintenance (repairs)Calendar time for all technical maintenance (repairs) of the product for a given operating time or time interval 16. Total labor intensity of maintenance (repairs).Labor costs for carrying out all technical maintenance (repairs) of the product for a given operating time or time interval 17. Total cost of technical services (repairs)The cost of all technical maintenance (repairs) for a given operating time or time interval MAINTENANCE Types of maintenance
TermDefinition
18. Maintenance when usingMaintenance during preparation for intended use, intended use, as well as immediately after its completion
19. Waiting maintenance-
20. Storage maintenanceMaintenance during preparation for storage, storage, as well as immediately after its completion.
21. Transport maintenanceMaintenance during preparation for transportation, transportation, as well as immediately after its completion.
22. Periodic maintenanceMaintenance performed after the MTBF or time interval specified in the operational documentation.
23. Seasonal maintenanceMaintenance performed to prepare the product for use in autumn/winter or spring/summer conditions.
24. Maintenance under special conditionsNote.
Examples of special conditions are natural or other conditions specified in industry documentation, characterized by extreme values ​​of parameters.
(as amended by Change No. 2)
25. Scheduled maintenanceMaintenance provided for in the regulatory and technical or operational documentation and performed at the intervals and to the extent established therein, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance.
(as amended by Change No. 2)
26. Maintenance with periodical controlMaintenance, in which the control of the technical condition is carried out with the frequency and scope established in the normative-technical or operational documentation, and the scope of other operations is determined by the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance.
(as amended by Change No. 2)
27. Maintenance with continuous monitoringMaintenance provided for in the regulatory and technical or operational documentation and performed based on the results of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the product.
(as amended by Change No. 2)
27a. Number maintenanceMaintenance, in which a certain amount of work is assigned a certain serial number
(as amended by Change No. 2)
27b. Scheduled maintenance.Maintenance, the setting for which is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation
(as amended by Change No. 2)
27th century Scheduled maintenanceMaintenance, setting up for which is carried out without prior appointment due to technical condition
(as amended by Change No. 2)
INDEX

(as amended by Change No. 2)

Product fleet readiness61
Spare parts kit9
Availability factor59
Technical utilization factor60
Aggregate repair method45
The repair method is not impersonal44
Anonymized repair method43
In-line repair method46
Repair method by a specialized organization48
Repair method by the operating organization47
proprietary repair method49
Maintenance method (repair)4
Maintenance method decentralized30
Inline maintenance method28
Maintenance method by a specialized organization34
Maintenance method by specialized personnel32
Proprietary maintenance method35
Maintenance method centralized29
Maintenance method by operating personnel31
Method of maintenance by the operating organization33
Service under special technical conditions24
Service with continuous technical control27
Maintenance with periodic technical control26
Maintenance when using technical18
Service while waiting technical19
Service during transportation technical21
Maintenance during storage technical20
preventive maintenance1
Maintenance service1
Unscheduled technical maintenance27c
Technical number service27a
Periodic technical maintenance22
Maintenance scheduled27b
Service maintenance during use18
Technical regulated service25
Technical maintenance seasonal23
Corporate service35
Frequency of maintenance (repair)5
Duration of maintenance (repair)12
Duration of maintenance (repairs) total15
Duration of maintenance (repairs) total average53
Duration of maintenance (repairs) total specific56
Duration of maintenance (repair) average50
Repair2
Overhaul36
Minor repair38
Repair cute40
Unscheduled repair43
Repair impersonal39
Scheduled repair42
Repair but technical condition41
Repair regulated37
Medium repair38
Current repair49
Branded repair3
System of maintenance and repair of equipment11
Technical condition4
Maintenance (repair) method10
Means of maintenance (repair)17
Total cost of technical services (repairs)55
The cost of technical services (repairs) is the total average58
The cost of technical services (repairs) total specific58
The cost of technical services (repairs) specific11
Cost of maintenance (repair)52
Average maintenance (repair) cost16
Labor intensity of technical services (repairs) total54
Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) total average57
Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) total specific57
Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) specific13
The complexity of maintenance (repair) is average51
Technical care1
Repair cycle.7
Maintenance cycle6
spare part8
Appendix

ATTACHMENT 1
Reference

EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS

Maintenance contains operations regulated in the design documentation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the product during its service life.

Under the operation of maintenance and in accordance with GOST 13.1109-82, they understand the completed part of the maintenance of an integral part of the product, performed at one workplace by a performer of a certain specialty.

Transportation is understood as the operation of moving cargo along a certain route from the place of loading to the place of unloading or reloading. The transportation of self-propelled products does not include their movement under their own power.

Waiting is understood as being in a state of readiness for use but for its intended purpose.

On the website "Zakonbase" you will find "SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. GOST 18322-78" (approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the USSR dated 11/15/78 N 2986) (as amended on 12/01/88) in a fresh and full version in which all changes and amendments have been made. This guarantees the relevance and reliability of the information.

At the same time, you can download the "SYSTEM OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. GOST 18322-78" (approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the USSR of 11.15.78 N 2986) (as amended of 01.12.88) can be completely free of charge, both in full and separate chapters.

When repairing houses and apartments, technically complex complex measures are carried out, which include rough and finish finishing, calculation and installation of communications and electrical networks. Whatever the scope of work, every step of the builders is regulated by building standards and regulations. They apply both in the case of complex repairs, and partial.

Principles of operation of building codes

If construction work affects the safety of buildings, building structures and structures, they must be strictly observed.
In particular cases of repair work, construction standards and norms are applied on a recommendation basis, with the relevant agreements of the parties.

The most important building regulations for execution:

SNiP for finishing work 3.04.01-87 - concerns the decoration of the premises;
SNiP 3.05.01-85– installation of sanitary systems;
SNiP 3.05.06-85– arrangement of power supply systems;
GOST R 52059-2003- Provision of repair services on an individual basis.

The main technical regulations that must be adopted for use in the implementation of repair and construction work, except when otherwise provided by law:

law RF No. 384-FZ dated December 30, 2009 "Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures";

List of codes of rules and standards, approved by the order of the Government RF No. 1047-r dated 06/21/2010 (subject to change due to work to bring it up to date);

List of codes of practice and standards № 2079 , approved by Rostekhregulirovanie on 06/01/2010, and concerning compliance on a voluntary basis with technical regulations on the safety of building structures.

You can learn more about the codes of practice and standards for the provision of repair services below.

Please note that the SNiPs listed above, which regulate the production of finishing work, installation of sanitary systems, as well as GOST, which regulate the provision of apartment renovation services, are not included in the List of codes of rules and standards for compliance with technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures. Therefore, it can be concluded that they are not mandatory, but have the character of a recommendation. Such documents are used if they are indicated in the contract for the production of repair work, as a tool for assessing the quality of the services provided.

The SNiPs listed above are mentioned in GOST R 52059-2003. Therefore, the consolidation of building codes and rules as a standard for assessing the quality of repair work performed in the contract can be carried out in the following form: "The definition of the quality of work performed under this contract is determined in accordance with GOST R 52059-2003."

Deviations in the production of repair and construction work, which are permissible in accordance with.

Documents regulating the provision of apartment renovation services

GOST R 52059-2003“Services for the repair and construction of housing and other buildings. General technical conditions".

This document, approved and put into effect in accordance with the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated May 28, 2003 No. 162-st, regulates the relationship between the customer and the contractor when ordering repair services. The document contains references to the current regulatory documents for certain types of repair work.

SNiP 3.05.06-85"Electrical devices" dated 12/11/1985

The document regulates the conduct of electrical work: laying cables, connecting electrical appliances.

SNiP 3.05.01-85"Internal sanitary systems" dated 12/13/1985

This set of rules regulates the installation and wiring of sewerage systems, water supply, and the connection of plumbing fixtures.
Please note: the updated SNiP 3.05.01-85 entered into force on January 1, 2013 under the name “SP 73.133330.2012. Set of rules. Internal sanitary systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 3.05.01-85.

SNiP 3.04.01-87"Insulating and finishing coatings" dated December 4, 1987

One of the basic documents regulating the rough and fine finishing of apartments. It contains standards regarding the procedure for carrying out and accepting work, permissible errors when applying plaster and putty coatings, wallpapering and painting walls, floor screeds, soundproof structures, waterproofing coatings, various types of cladding, etc.

SNiP 2.03.13-88"Floors" from 05/16/1988

It operates on a mandatory basis (section 1, 3-7, paragraphs 2.1-2.9 of section 2). Updated set of rules 29.13330.21 “Floors. SNiP 2.03.13-88" effective from 20.05.2011The document contains information about the rules of the device, flooring, laying flooring.

SNiP 60.13330.12 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", in a new edition, which entered into force on January 1, 2013.

© The material was prepared specifically for the company RemStroyGroup Management. With full or partial use of materials, active reference is required.

GOST 18322-78

Group T00

INTERSTATE STANDARD

TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR SYSTEM

Terms and Definitions

Equipment maintenance and repair system. Terms and definitions

MKS 01.040.03
03.080.10

Introduction date 1980-01-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated 11/15/78 N 2986

3. REPLACE GOST 18322-73

4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

Application number

Item 11 of the table

Attachment 1

5. EDITION (December 2007) with Amendments No. 1, 2, approved in April 1986, December 1988 (IUS 7-86, 4-89)


This standard establishes the terms and definitions of basic concepts used in science, technology and production in the field of types, methods and indicators of maintenance and repair of products.

The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific and technical, educational and reference literature.

This standard complies with ST SEV 5151-85 in the part given in Appendix 3.

There is one standardized term for each concept. The use of terms - synonyms of the standardized term is prohibited. Synonymous terms that are not acceptable for use are given in the standard as reference and are designated “Ndp”.

For individual standardized terms, short forms are given as reference, which are allowed to be used in cases that exclude the possibility of their different interpretation. The established definitions can, if necessary, be changed in the form of presentation, without violating the boundaries of concepts.

In cases where the necessary and sufficient features of the concept are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is put in the “Definition” column.

The standard provides an alphabetical index of the terms it contains.

Appendix 1 provides explanations for some of the established terms, Appendix 2 provides a classification of types and methods of maintenance and repairs.

Standardized terms are printed in bold, their short form is in light, and invalid synonyms are in italics.

Term

Definition

GENERAL CONCEPTS

GENERAL CONCEPTS

1.Maintenance

A set of operations or an operation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the product when used for its intended purpose, waiting, storing and transporting

Ndp. Preventive Maintenance

technical care

A set of interrelated tools, maintenance and repair documentation and performers necessary to maintain and restore the quality of products included in this system

A set of technological and organizational rules for performing maintenance (repair) operations

Ndp. Maintenance method (repair)

The time interval or operating time between this type of maintenance (repair) and the next one of the same type or another of greater complexity

Note. The type of maintenance (repair) is understood as maintenance (repair) allocated (allocated) according to one of the signs:

stage of existence, periodicity, scope of work, operating conditions, regulation, etc.

6.

The smallest repeating time interval or operating time of the product, during which all established types of periodic maintenance are performed in a certain sequence in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation

7. Repair cycle

The smallest repeating time interval or operating time of the product, during which all established types of repairs are performed in a certain sequence in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation

8. Replacement part

A component part of a product intended to replace the same part that was in operation in order to maintain or restore the serviceability or performance of the product

9. Spare parts kit

Spare parts, tools, accessories and materials necessary for the maintenance and repair of products and assembled depending on the purpose and features of use.

Note. Accessories may include controls, fixtures, covers, tow lines, etc.

Technological equipment and facilities intended for maintenance (repair)

11. Technical condition

12.

Calendar time for one maintenance (repair) of this type

13.

Labor costs for one maintenance (repair) of this type

14.

The cost of one maintenance (repair) of this type

15. Total duration of technical services (repairs)

Calendar time for all technical maintenance (repairs) of the product for a given operating time or time interval

16. Total labor intensity of technical services (repairs)

Labor costs for carrying out all technical maintenance (repairs) of the product for a given operating time or time interval

17. The total cost of technical services (repairs)

The cost of all technical services (repairs) for a given operating time or time interval

MAINTENANCE



18. Maintenance
using

Maintenance during preparation for intended use, intended use, as well as immediately after its completion

19. Maintenance
while waiting

20.Storage maintenance

Maintenance during preparation for storage, storage, as well as immediately after its completion

21. Transportation maintenance

Maintenance during preparation for transportation, transportation, as well as immediately after its completion

22. Periodic maintenance

Maintenance performed at operating time values ​​or time intervals specified in the operational documentation

23. Seasonal maintenance

Maintenance performed to prepare the product for use in autumn/winter or spring/summer conditions

24. Maintenance under special conditions

Note. Examples of special conditions are natural or other conditions specified in industry documentation, characterized by extreme values ​​of parameters

25. Scheduled Maintenance

Maintenance provided for in the normative-technical or operational documentation and performed at the intervals and to the extent established therein, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance

26. Maintenance with periodical control

Maintenance, in which the control of the technical condition is carried out with the frequency and volume established in the normative-technical or operational documentation, and the scope of other operations is determined by the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of maintenance

27. Maintenance with continuous monitoring

Maintenance provided for in the regulatory and technical or operational documentation and performed based on the results of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the product

27a. Number maintenance

Maintenance, in which a certain sequence number is assigned to a certain amount of work

27b. Scheduled maintenance

Maintenance, the setting for which is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical or operational documentation

27th century Unscheduled maintenance

Maintenance, setting up for which is carried out without prior appointment due to technical condition

Note. The terms of the types of maintenance according to the characteristics of the methods used should be formed in accordance with the terms of the maintenance methods, for example, “Inline maintenance”, “Centralized maintenance”, etc.


28. Inline maintenance method

The method of performing maintenance at specialized workplaces with a certain technological sequence and rhythm

29. Centralized method
Maintenance

The method of performing maintenance by the personnel and means of one unit of an organization or enterprise

30. Decentralized maintenance method

The method of performing maintenance by personnel and facilities of several departments of an organization or enterprise

The method of performing maintenance by personnel working on this product when using it for its intended purpose

Method of performing maintenance by personnel specialized in performing maintenance operations

33.

Method of performing maintenance by an organization specialized in maintenance operations

35. Proprietary maintenance method

Factory Maintenance Method

Brand service

REPAIR

Repair types

36. Overhaul

Repair performed to restore serviceability and full or close to full restoration of the life of the product with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts, including basic

Note. The value close to the full resource is set in the regulatory and technical documentation

37. Medium repair

Repair performed to restore serviceability and partial restoration of the service life of products with the replacement or restoration of components of a limited range and control of the technical condition of the components, carried out to the extent established in the regulatory and technical documentation.

Note. The value of a partially recoverable resource is set in the regulatory and technical documentation

38. Maintenance

Repair performed to ensure or restore the operability of the product and consisting in the replacement and (or) restoration of individual parts

Ndp. Small repair

Minor repairs

40. Unscheduled repairs

Repair, setting of products for which is carried out without prior appointment

41. Scheduled repair

Scheduled repairs performed at intervals and to the extent specified in the operational documentation, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of repairs

Repair, in which the control of the technical condition is carried out at intervals and to the extent established in the regulatory and technical documentation, and the volume and time of the start of the repair is determined by the technical condition of the product

Note. The terms of the types of repairs according to the characteristics of the methods used should be formed in accordance with the terms of the repair methods, for example, “Inline repair”, “Impersonal repair”, etc.

Repair Methods

43. Impersonal repair method

A method of repair that does not preserve the affiliation of the restored components to a particular instance of the product

Impersonal repair

44. Non-impersonal repair method

A repair method that preserves the affiliation of the restored components to a particular instance of the product

45. Aggregate repair method

An impersonal repair method in which faulty units are replaced with new or pre-repaired units

Note. The unit is understood as an assembly unit that has the properties of complete interchangeability, independent assembly and independent performance of a certain function in products for various purposes, for example, an electric motor, gearbox, pump, etc.

46. In-line repair method

A method of repair performed at specialized workplaces with a certain technological sequence and rhythm

47.

48.

Method of performing repairs by an organization specialized in repair operations

49. Proprietary repair method

Factory Repair Method

Corporate repair

INDICATORS OF THE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR SYSTEM

50. Average duration of maintenance (repair)

Mathematical expectation of the duration of one maintenance (repair) of this type for a certain period of operation or operating time

51. Average labor intensity of maintenance (repair)

Mathematical expectation of the complexity of one maintenance (repair) of this type for a certain period of operation or operating time

52. Average cost of maintenance (repair)

Mathematical expectation of the cost of one maintenance (repair) of this type for a certain period of operation or operating time

53. Average total duration of maintenance (repairs)

Mathematical expectation of the total duration of maintenance (repairs) for a certain period of operation or operating time

54. Average total labor intensity of technical services (repairs)

Mathematical expectation of the total labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) for a certain period of operation or operating time

55. Average total cost of technical services (repairs)

Mathematical expectation of the total cost of maintenance (repairs) for a certain period of operation or operating time

56. Specific total duration of maintenance (repairs)

The ratio of the average total duration of maintenance (repairs) to a given operating time

57. Specific total labor intensity of maintenance (repairs)

The ratio of the average total labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) to a given operating time

58. Specific total cost of technical services (repairs)

The ratio of the average total cost of technical services (repairs) to a given operating time

59. Availability factor

The probability that the product will be in working condition at any time, except for the planned periods during which the product is not intended to be used for its intended purpose

60. Technical coefficient
use

The ratio of the mathematical expectation of the total time the product is in working condition for a certain period to the mathematical expectation of the total time the product is in working condition and downtime due to maintenance and repair for the same period

61. Product fleet readiness

The ratio of the number of operable products to the total number of products in the fleet at the considered point in time

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1, 2)

INDEX

Product fleet readiness

Spare parts kit

Availability factor

Technical utilization factor

Aggregate repair method

The repair method is not impersonal

Repair method impersonal

In-line repair method

Repair method by a specialized organization


Branded repair method th

Repair method by the operating organization

Maintenance method decentralized

Inline maintenance method

Maintenance method (repair)

Maintenance method by a specialized organization

Maintenance method by specialized personnel

Proprietary maintenance method

Maintenance method centralized

Maintenance method by operating personnel

Method of maintenance by the operating organization

Service under special technical conditions

Maintenance when using technical


Service while waiting technical


Service during transportation technical

Maintenance during storage technical


preventive maintenance

Service with continuous technical control

Maintenance with periodic technical control

Maintenance service

Unscheduled technical maintenance

Technical number service

Periodic technical maintenance

Maintenance scheduled

Service maintenance during use

Technical regulated service

Technical maintenance seasonal

Corporate service

Frequency of maintenance (repair)

Duration of maintenance (repair)

Duration of maintenance (repairs) total

Duration of maintenance (repairs) total average

Duration of maintenance (repairs) total specific

Duration of maintenance (repair) average

Repair

Overhaul

Repair small

Minor repair

Unscheduled repair

Repair impersonal

Scheduled repair

Repair according to technical condition

Repair regulated

Medium repair

Current repair

Branded repair

System of maintenance and repair of equipment

Technical condition

Maintenance (repair) method

Means of maintenance (repair)

Total cost of technical services (repairs)

The cost of technical services (repairs) is the total average

The cost of technical services (repairs) total specific

The cost of technical services (repairs) specific

Cost of maintenance (repair)

Average maintenance (repair) cost

Labor intensity of technical services (repairs) total

Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) total average

Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) total specific

Labor intensity of maintenance (repairs) specific

The complexity of maintenance (repair)

The complexity of maintenance (repair) is average

Technical care

Repair cycle

Maintenance cycle

spare part

(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).

APPENDIX 1 (informative). EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS

ATTACHMENT 1
Reference


To the term "Maintenance"

Maintenance contains operations regulated in the design documentation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the product during its service life.

The maintenance operation in accordance with GOST 3.1109 is understood as the completed part of the maintenance of an integral part of the product, performed at one workplace by a performer of a certain specialty.

Transportation is understood as the operation of moving cargo along a certain route from the place of loading to the place of unloading or reloading. The transportation of self-propelled products does not include their movement on their own.

Waiting is understood as being in a state of readiness for its intended use.

Maintenance may include washing the product, checking its technical condition, cleaning, lubricating, fixing bolted connections, replacing some of the product components (for example, filter elements), adjusting, etc.

To the term "repair"

The repair operation in accordance with GOST 3.1109 is understood as the completed part of the repair performed at one workplace by performers of a certain specialty.

Repair may include disassembly, troubleshooting, control of the technical condition of the product, restoration of parts, assembly, etc. The content of some repair operations may coincide with the content of some maintenance operations.

Repair of products can be carried out by replacing or restoring individual parts and assembly units.

Repair of any kind, as a rule, must be accompanied by the issuance of certain guarantees for the subsequent service life or operating time of the product.

To the term "System of maintenance and repair of equipment"

In a particular case, the system of maintenance and repair of equipment may include materials, blanks, spare parts, etc., i.e. it is characterized by logistical support, which can be defined as the ability of a service organization to provide the necessary resources for maintenance and repair of an object under a given strategy and under given conditions. The specified conditions apply both to the object itself and to the conditions of its operation, maintenance and repair.

To the terms "Maintenance cycle" and "Repair cycle"

In a particular case, the beginning of the maintenance cycle (repair cycle) may be the beginning of the use of the product.

To the term "Periodic maintenance"

Periodic maintenance may differ in the content of operations. In this case, maintenance is numbered in ascending order, for example, shift maintenance, TO-1, TO-2, TO-3, etc.

To the term "Seasonal maintenance"

Seasonal maintenance includes the operations of replacing seasonal grades of operating materials with flushing of the relevant systems, installing and removing insulation and engine preheating devices, etc.

Seasonal maintenance is carried out only for products used in significant environmental changes during the year.

To the term "Scheduled maintenance"

The maintenance schedule can be rigid and with a tolerance. The type of regulation should be established in the operational documentation.

To the term "Method of maintenance by specialized personnel"

Maintenance personnel may be specialized by type of object, brand of object, type of operation, and type of maintenance.

To the terms "Major repairs", "Medium repairs", "Current repairs"

Capital, medium and current repairs can be planned and unplanned.

Under the base part is understood the main part of the product, intended for its layout and installation of other components.

To the term "Unscheduled repairs"

Unscheduled repairs are carried out in order to eliminate the consequences of failures or incidents.

To the term "Unit repair"

Replacement of units can be performed after a product failure or according to a plan. The list of units to be replaced, the procedure for carrying out replacements and instructions for organizing unit repairs are established in industry-specific regulatory and technical documents.

The opposite of the aggregate method is the detailed method, in which individual parts that have failed are replaced or restored.

To the indicators of the maintenance and repair system

Indicators of the maintenance and repair system allow you to evaluate the time, labor and money spent on maintenance and repairs and contain costs due to the design and technical condition of the product (operating costs), and costs due to the organization, technology for performing maintenance and repairs, logistics provision, qualification of personnel, environmental conditions, etc.

The indicators of the maintenance and repair system, paragraphs 57-65, evaluate the total time, labor and funds spent on maintenance and repairs and contain costs due to the design and technical condition of the product (operating costs), and costs due to the organization, technology for performing maintenance and repairs, logistics, staff qualifications, environmental conditions, etc.

Calculation of indicators of the system of maintenance and repair of equipment is similar to the calculation of the corresponding indicators of maintainability in accordance with GOST 21623. In this case, instead of operating costs, the total costs of time, labor and funds are taken into account.

APPENDIX 1. (Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

APPENDIX 2 (informative). TYPES AND METHODS OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS

APPENDIX 2
Reference

Classification sign

Types of maintenance

Operational phase

Maintenance in use

Storage maintenance

Moving maintenance

Standby maintenance

Frequency of execution

Periodic maintenance

Seasonal maintenance

Operating conditions

Maintenance under special conditions

Implementation regulation

Scheduled Maintenance

Maintenance with periodical control

Maintenance with continuous monitoring

Organization of execution

Line maintenance

Centralized maintenance

Decentralized Maintenance

Maintenance by operating personnel

Maintenance by specialized personnel

Maintenance by the operating company

Maintenance by a specialized organization

Factory maintenance

Maintenance Methods

Organization of execution

Inline maintenance method

Centralized maintenance method

Decentralized maintenance method

Operational maintenance method
staff

Maintenance method specialized
staff

Operating method maintenance
organization

Maintenance method specialized
organization

Maintenance method
manufacturer

Repair types

Resource recovery rate

Overhaul

Medium repair

Maintenance

Planning

Scheduled repairs

Unscheduled repairs

Implementation regulation

Scheduled repair

Repair according to technical condition

Impersonal repair

Unidentified repair

Organization of execution

Aggregate repair

Line repair

Repair by the operating organization

Repair by a specialized organization

Factory repair

Repair Methods

Retention of ownership of repaired parts

Impersonal repair method

Non-impersonal repair method

Organization of execution

Aggregate repair method

In-line repair method

Repair method by the operating organization

Factory repair method

APPENDIX 3 (informative)

APPENDIX 3
Reference

Positions 1, 2, 5-8, 10, 37, 38, 42 of this standard correspond to positions 2, 3, 7-9, 16, 6, 14, 15, 12 of ST SEV 5151-85 with the replacement of the term “product” with the term "an object".

APPENDIX 3. (Introduced additionally, Rev. N 1).



Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2007