Which side of the pine trunk does the resin come from? Wood resin. When Pine Blooms
Coniferous trees are good because they delight us with their greenery at any time of the year. Their fluffy branches look even more exotic under the white edging of snow. But no plants are immune from diseases.
Coniferous diseases It is found both in forested areas and in private areas with forest trees. But it is not without reason that they say that for every action there is a reaction. And you can fight this problem if you know what they are conifer diseases and how to treat them correctly. Diseases of these tree species can be divided into ailments of their “tops and roots.” Let's look at the most dangerous of them.
Diseases of branches and trunks of coniferous trees
The trunks and branches of coniferous trees (spruces, pines, fir, larches) are affected by various diseases - necrosis, rust, cancer, rot and vascular diseases.
Cancer diseases
Resin cancer (silver grass, seryanka) of pine
Pathogens - Peridermium pini Kleb, Cronartium flaccidum Wint.
The bark on the trunk in the affected areas begins to peel off and fall off, and abundant gumming occurs. The resin hardens on the surface of the bark, which cracks over the entire surface of the lesion. Affected pines can live for decades, but noticeably lag behind healthy trees in growth. Resin cancer cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to stop the process by treating the infected wound with biocidal antiseptic drugs. In areas with a large number of trees, it is advisable to remove infected pines to avoid infection of surrounding trees.
Rust cancer (blister rust) of Weymouth and cedar pine
Pathogen - Cronarium ribicola Ditr.
In the first year, yellow spots actively form on the pine needles; the next year, the bark of the affected branches at the base of the needles swells here and there and acquires an orange-yellow color. The trunks and branches of pine trees in the affected areas become somewhat thicker. In sick pines, diseased branches gradually die off, and the trees themselves often die. There is no treatment for rust cancer. Affected trees must be removed.
Fir rust cancer
Pathogen - Melampsorella cerastii Wint.
In places of infection, muff-like thickenings appear on the fir trunk. Subsequently, a “witch’s broom” (a vertical shoot with short yellow-green needles) grows from the buds of the affected shoots. From the branches, the mycelium penetrates into the trunk, as a result of which a thickening is formed on it, the bark cracks and an open stepped cancer develops. Fir rust cancer cannot be completely cured. Treatment and protection are similar to the treatment of tar cancer.
Larch cancer
Pathogen - Dasyscypha willkommii Hart.
Initially, darker, as if tarred, dents form in the affected areas on the larch trunk. Then they grow, and a cushion forms around them, which subsequently forms a cancerous wound. Excision of larch cancerous wounds is completely impossible. The trunk is stripped down to healthy wood, and the wound is treated with long-acting antiseptics. All dry branches are removed from cancer-affected and healthy surrounding larches.
Ulcerative cancer of pine and spruce
Pathogen - Biatorella difformis (Fries.)
In this case, open stepped wounds or tarred ulcers form on the trunks and branches of the affected pines or spruces. Ulcers most often form in the middle part of the trunk and can reach half or even more of the diameter of the trunk. The wounds have a pronounced gradation and are abundantly covered with resin. More often, canker cancer occurs on heavily moist soils, but recently it has often been found in normally moist forests. Infected trees can be sick for a long time, and cancerous wounds develop slowly. The process accelerates with increasing humidity. There is no treatment for ulcerative cancer. In large plantations, it is advisable to remove infected trees using thinning. On individual trees, the trunk is stripped down to healthy wood, the wound is decontaminated, and the wound is fumigated.
Shoot cancer
Pathogen - Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schlaepfer-Berhard
Redness appears at the base of the needles, then the needles seem to bend, forming an “umbrella”, and easily fall off when touched. The apical shoots die off. Black warty formations form at the base of the needles and on the bark. Treatment is carried out by treating trees with fungicides.
All types of cancerous diseases of coniferous trees that appear as a result of infection of trees by pathogens cannot be completely cured. It is possible to stop the process of damage to the trunk, but such a tree is doomed. If cancerous diseases are detected in an area with a large number of coniferous trees, it is necessary to protect the surrounding healthy trees from the pathogen. The best defense is to remove infected trunks. Another measure in case of impossibility of removal (adjacent forest area with a large number of diseased trees, desire to preserve the affected tree) is treatment of both healthy and diseased trees with biocides, cleaning of affected areas on the trunks, removal of diseased branches.
Necrotic diseases
Necrotic diseases are characterized by tissue death around the circumference of the trunk. As a result, rot of the affected tissues usually begins to develop.
Necrosis of shoots and trunks of coniferous species
Pathogen - Cenangium abietis (Pers.) Rehm.
The first sign of the disease is redness of the bark and needles of the plant, and the dead needles do not fall off for a long time. Small black bumps form on cracks in the bark. Necrosis of shoots and trunks of conifers affects young trees up to 15 years of age. Treatment boils down to removing the affected trees.
Rust diseases
Rust diseases lead to the appearance of rust-colored formations on affected trees, from which fungal spores then spill out.
Rust of pine shoots (pine spinner)
Pathogen - Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr.
Appears on young shoots. On the upper side of the leaves are formed telopustules- dark brown, sometimes almost black, and sometimes bright yellow-orange convex formations. In these places the pine shoot is bent. Young trees are mainly affected. Treatment of trees in which, in addition to the needles, the bark is also affected, is not advisable. Protection is carried out by removing aspen and white poplar plantations in the area (the second host of the pathogenic fungus). If it is impossible to remove aspens and poplars, deciduous trees are treated and the fallen leaves are burned.
Diseases of the roots of coniferous trees
Root diseases of conifers are the most harmful among infectious diseases because they affect the life of the entire tree.
Rot diseases
Pathogen - Root sponge Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.
This disease is characterized by a well-defined focality in the spread of the disease, the presence of tilted trees, and the presence of fruiting bodies in the form of mycelial pads. As a result of the disease, variegated pitted-fibrous rot of the root system develops. A characteristic sign is ulcers on the root. This fungus affects plants of different ages, but causes the greatest damage to plantings between twenty and forty years old; mature spruce trees especially suffer from root fungus. Root sponge is the most common type of disease of pine and spruce in our latitude. There is no treatment for root sponge.
Pathogen - Tinder fungus Sewing worker Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat.
The affected wood becomes brown, with pronounced cracks and the presence of a white film in them. In addition, it emits a strong turpentine odor.
Hidden trunk rot is dangerous because a heavily affected tree becomes wind-thrown. Another danger is the weakening of the tree and, as a result, its colonization by stem and other pests. This is exactly what is happening in the spruce forests of the Moscow region. In the Moscow region there are currently a large number of overmature spruce forests (more than 60 years old). The lack of necessary measures to care for the forest (thinning, clearing debris, windbreaks, etc.) has led to the widespread spread of root sponge. In some spruce forests, damage by root sponge approaches 100%. Weakened trees are actively colonized by the bark beetle, which leads to the formation of foci of this pest. There is a massive death of trees. Within 2-4 weeks, seemingly healthy and vigorous spruce trees die. Thus, the disease, which was not fatal in itself, gave impetus to the lightning death of entire tracts of spruce forests. Timely treatment of root fungus, which boils down to cutting down diseased trees and clearing the forest, would protect our spruce forests from the dominance of the bark beetle. This is just one example of a lack of proper tree care. Proper treatment of tree diseases, incl. and conifers, even if it concerns one affected tree, it can protect not just one tree, but entire forest areas from death.
They do not lose their attractiveness and decorative value throughout the year, and, as a rule, live longer than many deciduous species. They are an excellent material for creating compositions due to the varied shape of the crown and the color of the needles. The most widely used coniferous shrubs in professional and amateur landscaping are junipers, yew, and thuja; from wood - pine, larch, spruce. Therefore, information about their main diseases seems relevant. The issue of treating conifers is especially acute in the spring, when it is necessary to deal with burning, winter drying and infectious diseases on plants weakened after winter.
First of all it should be mentioned non-communicable diseases, caused by the negative impact of unfavorable environmental conditions on the growth and development of coniferous plants. Although conifers are demanding of increased soil and air humidity, excess moisture associated with natural waterlogging, rising groundwater levels, spring floods and heavy autumn precipitation leads to yellowing and necrotization of needles. The same symptoms very often appear due to lack of moisture in the soil and low air humidity.
Thuja, spruce, and yew trees are very sensitive to drying out roots, so immediately after planting, it is recommended to mulch their trunk circles with peat and grass cut from lawns, if possible, maintain mulching throughout the entire period of their growth, and water regularly. The most drought-resistant trees are pines, thujas and junipers. In the first year after planting, it is advisable to spray young plants with water in the evening and shade them during the hot period. The overwhelming majority of conifers are shade-tolerant; when grown in open sunny places, they may lag in growth, their needles may turn yellow and even die. On the other hand, many of them do not tolerate strong shading, especially light-loving pine and larch trees. To protect the bark from sunburn, it can be whitened with lime or a special whitewash in early spring or late autumn.
The condition and appearance of plants largely depend on the supply of nutrients and the balance of their ratios. A lack of iron in the soil leads to yellowing and even whitening of needles on individual shoots; with a lack of phosphorus, young needles acquire a red-violet hue; With nitrogen deficiency, plants grow noticeably worse and become chlorotic. The best growth and development of plants occurs on drained and well-cultivated soils provided with nutrients. Slightly acidic or neutral soil is preferred. It is recommended to fertilize with special fertilizers intended for coniferous plants. In summer cottages, conifers may suffer from frequent visits from dogs and cats, which cause an excessive concentration of salts in the soil. In such cases, shoots with red needles appear on thuja and juniper, which subsequently dry out.
Low temperatures in winter and spring frosts cause the crown and roots to freeze, while the needles become dry, acquire a reddish color, die, and the bark cracks. The most winter-hardy are spruce, pines, firs, thujas, and junipers. The branches of coniferous plants can break off due to frost and snowflakes in winter.
Many coniferous species are sensitive to air pollution from harmful industrial and automobile gaseous impurities. This is manifested, first of all, by yellowing, starting from the ends of the needles and their falling off (death).
Conifers are rarely severely affected infectious diseases, although in some cases they can suffer greatly from them. Young plants are generally less resistant to a complex of non-infectious and infectious diseases; with age, their resistance increases.
Types of soil-dwelling fungi of the genera Pytium(pythium) And Rhizoctonia(rhizoctonia) lead roots of seedlings to rot and die, often cause significant losses of young plants in schools and containers.
The causative agents of tracheomycosis wilt are most often anamorphic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, which are classified as soil pathogens. The affected roots turn brown, the mycelium penetrates the vascular system and fills it with its biomass, which causes the access of nutrients to cease, and the affected plants, starting from the upper shoots, wither. The needles turn yellow, red and fall off, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. Seedlings and young plants are most affected. The infection persists in plants, plant debris and spreads through contaminated planting material or contaminated soil. The development of the disease is promoted by: stagnation of water in low areas, lack of sunlight.
As a protective measure, it is necessary to use healthy planting material. Promptly remove all dried plants with roots, as well as affected plant debris. For preventive purposes, young plants with an open root system are briefly soaked in a solution of one of the preparations: Baktofit, Vitaros, Maxim. At the first symptoms, the soil is spilled with a solution of one of the biological products: Fitosporin-M, Alirin-B, Gamair. For prevention purposes, the soil is spilled with Fundazol.
Gray mold (rot) affects the above-ground parts of young plants, especially in unventilated areas with very dense plantings and insufficient lighting. Affected shoots become gray-brown, as if covered with a layer of dust.
In addition to these diseases, which are widespread on deciduous trees, there are diseases characteristic only of conifers. First of all, they include Schutte, the causative agents of which are some species of ascomycete fungi.
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Common Schutte pine |
Real Schutte Lophodermium seditiosum- one of the main reasons for premature needle drop in pine trees. Young plants are mainly affected, incl. in the open ground of nurseries, and weakened trees, which can lead to their death due to severe falling of needles. During spring and early summer the needles turn brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are noticeable on the needles, gradually growing and turning brown; later, dotted black fruiting bodies - apothecia - are formed on the dead, crumbling needles, which preserve the fungus.
Common Schutte pine, which has similar symptoms and development cycle causes Lophodermium pinastri. In the fall or more often in the spring of next year, the needles turn yellow or become reddish-brown and die. Then the fruiting bodies of the fungus form on it in the form of small black streaks or dots, turning black and enlarging by autumn. Thin dark transverse lines appear on the needles. Moderately warm weather, drizzling rains and dew contribute to the dispersal of spores and infection of needles. Weakened plants in nurseries and crops up to 3 years of age and self-seeded pine are more often affected and killed.
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Caused by a fungus Phlacidium infestans, which mainly affects pine species. It is especially harmful in snowy areas, where it sometimes completely destroys the regeneration of Scots pine.
It develops under snow cover and develops relatively quickly even at temperatures around 0 degrees. The mycelium grows from needle to needle and often further to neighboring plants. After the snow melts, dead needles and often shoots turn brown and die. Diseased plants are covered with grayish mycelium films that quickly disappear. During the summer, the needles die off and become reddish-red, later light gray. It crumbles, but almost never falls off. In lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta) dead needles are more reddish than those of Scots pine. By autumn, apothecia become visible, like small dark dots scattered across the needles. Ascospores from them are spread by air currents to living pine needles just before they are usually covered with snow. The development of the fungus is favored by drizzling rains, falling and melting snow in the fall, mild, snowy winters, and a long spring.
Brown shutte, or brown snow mold of conifers affects pines, fir, spruce, cedars, junipers, caused by a fungus Nerpotrichia nigra. It is found more often in nurseries, young stands, self-seeding and young growth. This disease appears in early spring after the snow melts, and the primary infection of needles with sacspores occurs in the fall. The disease develops under snow at temperatures not lower than 0.5°C. The lesion is discovered after the snow melts: a black-gray cobwebby coating of mycelium is noticeable on the brown dead needles, and then the pinpoint fruiting bodies of the causative fungus. The needles do not fall off for a long time, thin branches die off. The development of the disease is facilitated by high humidity, the presence of depressions in crop areas, and dense plants.
Signs of defeat juniper schutte(the causative agent is a fungus Lophodermium juniperinum)appear at the beginning of summer on last year’s needles, which acquire a dirty yellow or brown color and do not fall off for a long time. From the end of summer, round black fruiting bodies up to 1.5 mm in size are visible on the surface of the needles, in which marsupial sporulation of the fungus persists in winter. The disease develops intensively on weakened plants, in humid conditions, and can lead to plant death.
Protective measures against Schutte include the selection of planting material that is resistant in origin, giving plants as much resistance as possible, timely thinning, and the use of fungicidal sprays. Shaded plants are most susceptible to the disease. The harmfulness of the shutte increases with high snow cover and prolonged melting. In forests and parks, instead of natural regeneration, planting of plants of the required origin is recommended. Planted plants are more evenly distributed over the area, making it more difficult for mycelium to infect one plant from another, in addition, they quickly reach a height above the critical level. In areas where schutte damages Scots pine, you can use lodgepole pine or Norway spruce, which is rarely affected. Only healthy planting material should be used. It is recommended to remove fallen diseased needles and trim dried branches in a timely manner.
Fungicidal treatments are necessarily used in nurseries. Spraying with copper and sulfur containing preparations (for example, Bordeaux mixture, Abiga-Peak or HOM, lime-sulfur decoction) in early spring and autumn effectively reduces the development of diseases. If the disease manifests itself to a severe degree in the summer, spraying is repeated.
Of particular importance for conifers are rust diseases, caused by fungi of the Basidiomycota department, class Uredinomycetes, infecting needles and the bark of shoots, virtually all of their pathogens are different hosts, and pass from conifers to other plants, causing their damage. Here is a description of some of them.
Rust of cones, spruce spinner. On the inside of the scales of spruce, which is an intermediate host of the rust fungus Puccinia strumareolatum, round dusty dark brown aeciopustules appear. The cones are wide open and hang for several years. The seeds are not germinating. Sometimes the shoots become bent; the disease in this form is called spruce spinner. The main host is bird cherry, on the leaves of which small round light purple uredinio-, then black, telopustules appear.
Causes rust fungus Melampsora pinitorqua. The aetial stage develops on the pine tree, as a result of which its shoots bend in an S-shape and the tip of the shoot dies. Aspen is the main host. In summer, small yellow urediniopustules form on the underside of the leaves, spores from which cause massive infection of the leaves. Then, by autumn, black telopustules form, in the form of which the fungus overwinters on plant debris.
Rust of pine needles cause several species of the genus Coleosporium. Affects mainly two-void species of the genus Pinus, is found throughout their range, mainly in nurseries and young stands. The aeciostage of the fungus develops on pine needles in spring. Yellow bubble-shaped aeciopustules are located in disorder on both sides of the needles; uredo- and teliospores are formed on coltsfoot, ragwort, thistle, bellflower and other herbaceous plants. When the disease spreads strongly, the needles turn yellow and fall off prematurely, and the plants lose their decorative properties.
Various host mushroom Cronarium ribicola causes pine spinner(five-needled pines) , or columnar rust of currants. First, the needles become infected, and gradually the fungus spreads into the bark and wood of the branches and trunks. In the affected areas, there is a release of resin and aeciopustules protrude from the ruptures in the cortex in the form of yellow-orange bubbles. Under the influence of the mycelium, a thickening is formed, which over time turns into open wounds, the overlying part of the shoot dries out or becomes bent. The intermediate host is currants; gooseberries can rarely be affected; numerous pustules in the form of small columns, orange, then brown, form on the underside of their leaves.
Mushrooms of the genus Gymnosporangium (G. comfusum, G. juniperinu, G. sabinae), pathogens juniper rust affects cotoneaster, hawthorn, apple, pear, and quince, which are intermediate hosts. In the spring, the disease develops on their foliage, causing the formation of yellowish growths (pustules) on the underside of the leaves, and round orange spots with black dots are noticeable on the top (aecial stage). From the end of summer, the disease passes to the main host plant - juniper (teliostage). In autumn and early spring, yellow-orange gelatinous masses of sporulation of the causative fungus appear on its needles and branches. Fusiform thickenings appear on the affected parts of the branches, and individual skeletal branches begin to die. Swellings and swellings form on the trunks, most often the root collar, on which the bark dries out and shallow wounds open. Over time, the affected branches dry out, the needles turn brown and fall off. The infection persists in the affected juniper bark. The disease is chronic, practically incurable.
Rust of birch, larch - Melampsoridium betulinum. Small yellow pustules and yellowing appear on the underside of birch and alder leaves in spring, and shoot growth decreases. Larch, which is the main host, has needles that turn yellow in summer.
As protective measures against rust diseases It is possible to recommend spatial isolation from affected plants that have a common pathogen. So, you should not grow poplar and aspen next to pines; five-coniferous pines should be isolated from black currant plantings. Cutting out affected shoots and increasing resistance through the use of microfertilizers and immunostimulants will reduce the harmfulness of rusts.
Pathogens drying of juniper branches there may be several mushrooms: Cytospora pini, Diplodia juniperi, Hendersonia notha, Phoma juniperi, Phomopsis juniperovora, Rhabdospora sabinae. Drying of the bark and the formation of numerous fruiting bodies of brown and black color are observed. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the branches of the bushes dry out. The infection persists in the bark of affected branches and unharvested plant debris. The spread is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of infected planting material.
Thuja can also often appear drying out, drying of shoots and branches, caused more often by the same fungal pathogens. A typical manifestation is yellowing and falling of leaves from the ends of the shoot, browning of young growth of branches; In humid conditions, sporulation of fungi is noticeable on the affected parts.
The causative agent is a fungus Pestalotiopsis funerea causes necrotic disease of the branch bark and browning of the needles. On the affected tissues, olive-black sporulation of the fungus forms in the form of separate pads. When branches dry out strongly in hot weather, the pads dry out and take on the appearance of scabs. When there is an abundance of moisture, grayish-black mycelium develops on the affected needles and stem bark. Affected branches and needles turn yellow and dry out. The infection persists in the affected plant debris and in the bark of drying branches.
Sometimes it appears on juniper plants biatorella cancer. Its causative agent is a fungus Biatorella difformis, is the conidial stage of the marsupial fungus Biatoridina pinastri. With mechanical damage to branches, over time, pathogenic microorganisms begin to develop in the bark and wood, causing bark necrosis. The fungus spreads in the bark tissues, the bark turns brown, dries out, and cracks. The wood gradually dies and longitudinal ulcers form. Over time, rounded fruiting bodies form. Damage and death of the bark leads to the needles turning yellow and drying out. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches.
Pathogen nectria canker of juniper is a marsupial mushroom Nectria cucurbitula, with conidial stage Zythia cucurbitula. Numerous brick-red sporulation pads up to 2 mm in diameter form on the surface of the affected bark; over time, they darken and dry out. The development of the fungus causes the death of the bark and phloem of individual branches. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the affected branches and entire bushes dry out. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches and plant debris. The spread of infection is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of contaminated planting material.
In recent years, on many crops, incl. conifers, fungi of the genus have become more active Alternaria. Pathogen Juniper Alternaria is a mushroom Alternaria tenuis. A velvety black coating appears on the affected needles, which turn brown, and on the branches. The disease manifests itself when plantings are dense on the branches of the lower tier. The infection persists in the affected needles and bark of branches and in plant debris.
To combat drying out and Alternaria, you can use preventive spraying of plants in spring and autumn with Bordeaux mixture, Abiga-Peak, and copper oxychloride. If necessary, in the summer, spraying is repeated every 2 weeks. The use of healthy planting material, timely pruning of affected branches, disinfection of individual wounds and all cuts with a solution of copper sulfate and coating with oil paint on natural drying oil significantly reduces the prevalence of diseases.
Larch cancer causes marsupial fungus Lachnellulawillkommii. Its mycelium spreads in the bark and wood of larch branches during its spring and autumn growth dormancy. The following summer, new bark and wood grows around the wound. As preventive protective measures, it is recommended to plant resistant species of larches, grow them in favorable conditions, do not thicken them, and avoid frost damage.
Some types of fungi can settle on the stems of conifers tinder fungi, forming rather large fruiting bodies, annual and perennial, on the bark, causing cracking of the bark, as well as rot of the roots and wood. For example, pine wood affected by root sponge is first purple, then white spots appear on it, which turn into voids. The wood becomes cellular and sieve-like.
Rot of thuja trunks is often caused by tinder fungi: pine sponge Porodaedale pini, causing variegated red trunk rot and the Schweinitz tinder fungus - Phaeolus schweinitzii, which is the causative agent of brown central fissured root rot. In both cases, fruiting bodies of the fungus form on the rotted wood. In the first case, they are perennial, woody, the upper part is dark brown, up to 17 cm in diameter; in the second mushroom, the fruiting bodies are annual in the form of flat caps, often on stalks, located in groups. Affected plants gradually die, and unharvested dried plants and their parts are a source of infection.
It is necessary to promptly cut out diseased, damaged, dried branches, and cut off the fruiting bodies of tinder fungi. Wound damage is cleaned and treated with putty or drying oil-based paint. Use healthy planting material. You can carry out preventive spraying of plants in spring and autumn with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes. Be sure to remove stumps.
What from spruce. Those who have chosen a beam with a profile are hesitant because of the large pine knots that are noticeable in the interior. Therefore, they look towards a white, homogeneous spruce with small knots. Pine is more variegated. Due to the increased resin content in the tree.
Pine tree resin, if it begins to melt out when the solid wood dries, will continue to come out in places through capillaries and resin pockets for another couple of years. The more beautiful boron pine, grown in favorable conditions, which for some reason is praised by most OCB manufacturers, is impregnated with resin no more than spruce. In fact, longevity should be associated with pitch pine grown in unfavorable conditions, which has an amber (red) core from the resin. To protect against external factors, such a tree is richly impregnated with resin while standing. But not everyone will like it in appearance (OTSB in the photo). The resin will begin to come out abundantly when cutting wood (cuts for casing), in cuts under a frame partition.
The difference between the beautiful hog pine and the pitch pine is that the latter has the resin mostly concentrated in the core. The outer part (sapwood) of coniferous construction species is already strong. It is clearly visible from old abandoned wooden houses that it is the core that is destroyed first. The resin core significantly increases the service life of a wooden structure. If the resin does not melt out forcibly. For this reason, profiled timber dried in a chamber is inferior in durability to that of natural moisture. We must understand After manufacturing, the timber remains with a continuous, weaker core part of the tree trunk, sapwood is practically absent.
With a more gentle, time-extended atmospheric drying (called natural), you will more often see resin on the surface of upland pine. It is mainly concentrated in the outer sapwood part of the log (this is shown in the upper left photo). With modern protective compounds, resin is not really needed for the outer layers of solid wood. In addition, it comes out abundantly in the sun, often through an expensive finishing coating and stinks of turpentine in the bathhouse. Pine knots also ooze. Resin takes a long time to turn white (glaze) and crumble on its own. Acetone diluted with water in proportions of 1/4 will speed up the removal process.
Wilting (drying out)
- shoots become sluggish and then die. Fungal organisms penetrate the vessels of stems and roots and clog them, while releasing poisons (toxins).
Dried brown tufts of needles appear at the ends of pine shoots. In autumn, black shiny dots appear on the needles - pycnidia (spore containers). Droplets of resin are visible on infected shoots. The shoots die, and the entire pine tree may dry out.
Wilting needles and branches on a blue spruce |
Fungal infection Acanthostigma |
Infection with this fungus occurs in the spring. Usually in mid-summer the needles turn yellowish-pink. Then the shoot curls and dries out. Streaks of resin appear on the bark of the shoot. The entire spruce may die.
Drying of needles and shoots of Skyrocket juniper |
Juniper blight |
In June, the needles turn pale, lose their rich color, turn yellow, then become covered with brown spots and dry out along with the ends of the shoots. Dark dots—pycnidia with spores—appear between the needle scales. Fungi cause the death of needles and shoots; juniper often dies.
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Drying of shoots of thuja occidentalis Brabant- mushrooms Macrophoma mirbelli And Pestalotia funerea.
The needles and shoots of the thuja become covered with brown spots, and the ends of the shoots dry out. Over time, dark spots appear on the needles - mushroom sporulation, dead needles turn gray.
Protection measures: preventive spraying in early spring with Kurzat (0.7% solution), during treatment, spraying alternately with Strobi (0.04%), Fundazol (0.2% solution), Bayleton (0.15%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01% ). It is also possible to spill the soil under the plant with Fundazol (0.3%) and Zircon (0.01%). Pruning and burning infected parts of the plant.
Fusarium wilt, tracheomycosis wilt
Pathogen- mushroom Fusariumoxysporum on juniper shoots it gave a heavy coating in a humid chamber.
With this disease, the needles of young coniferous plants turn yellow, redden and fall off, the crown thins out, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. The pathogen penetrates from the soil into the roots, which turn brown, partially rot, and then the fungus penetrates the blood vessels. A dark ring is clearly visible on a cross section of the affected branch. Treatment is problematic.
Diseases of needles and shutte – the needles on coniferous trees turn yellow, turn brown or grayish, and fall off. Dark pads of different shapes form on the needles - round or elongated. These are containers for fungal spores. The shoots die, and the entire tree may die. Examples:
Death of pine needles- mushroom Sclerophoma pithya.
Dried needles take on a grayish color. Black, round dots (pycnidia of a fungus with spores) form on the needles. Infection usually occurs in August. The disease appears immediately or the following year.
- mushroom Leptothyrium pseudotsugae.
The needles at the ends of the shoots turn yellow and then dry out. Small dark dots (pycnidia of a fungus with spores) form on it. The development of the fungus causes the shoots to die off, often the entire plant dies.
Schutte:
– also a disease of pine needles caused by fungi. Signs: change in needle color, appearance of black spots, premature death, needles falling off immediately or vice versa, long stay on the branches. Different types of shutte infect pine, cedar, spruce, fir, juniper, and larch.
Young pine plants are affected. During spring and early summer the needles turn brown and fall off. Already at the end of October, small yellowish spots appear on the needles or at the ends of the needles. Immediately after the snow melts in the spring, the needles die and turn red (turn brown). In early May, black dots (pycnidia with fungal spores) appear on the needles. During the summer, the needles fall off, the pine weakens and may die.
Common Schutte pine- mushroom Lophodermiumpinastri.
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Common Pine Schutte - Mushroom Lophodermium pinastri— initial phase (left) and dead needles (right)
In the fall or more often in the spring of next year, the needles turn yellow or turn brown and die. The fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed on the needles in the form of small black streaks or dots. Infection is favored by warm and humid weather. Weakened and young pines get sick and die more often.
Real pine shutte – mushroom Lophodermium seditiosum.
From spring to July, the needles turn brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are visible on living needles, and dotted black fruiting bodies are visible on dead needles. Young pines and weakened trees are mainly affected.
Juniper Schutte- mushroom Lophodermiumjuniperinum
The disease appears in early summer on last year's needles, which turn yellow or brown. At the end of summer, round black fruiting bodies up to 1.5 mm in size appear on the needles. The most affected are weakened plants, which can die in humid conditions.
- mushroom Meria Laricis
In May, brown spots appear on the tips of young needles, which quickly grow. Soon all the needles curl slightly and turn brown. The sporulation of the fungus on the needles is very small, they can only be seen through a magnifying glass as tiny black grains of sand. Diseased larch branches dry out and the entire plant may die.
Protection measures: high-quality plant care, regular fertilizing with mineral fertilizers. In snowy winters, scatter peat crumbs to accelerate snow melting. Spraying in late autumn and immediately after the snow melts with Kurzat (0.7%) or copper oxychloride (0.5%). In spring, spraying every 10-12 days with Fundazol (0.2%), Bayleton (0.15%), Strobi (0.04%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%). Spill of soil under the plant Terminator (0.05%) with Zircon (0.01%). Mandatory collection of infected pine needles; burning pine needles and dead plants.
Rust:
– in spring the needles turn pale or yellow and fall off. The decorative appearance of coniferous plants suffers (mainly pine trees are affected, spruce trees are rarely affected). On five-coniferous pines (cedar, Weymouth pine), rust leads to cancerous tumors on the branches or trunk and often to death.
Needle rust on Scots pine- mushroom Coleosporium tussilaginis.
In May, yellow flakes-pustules (spore containers) appear on Scots pine needles. The needles turn yellow and fall off prematurely, the pines “go bald” and lose their decorative properties. Then the fungus moves to the next host - the coltsfoot - and develops on it. In late autumn, the fungus “returns”, infecting the pine tree.
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Blister rust on pine |
In autumn, the tips of the needles turn brown. In spring, the needles turn pale, dry out, thickenings appear on the branches or trunk, then cancerous ulcers from which resin leaks. Yellow-orange bubbles protrude from breaks in the bark, and when touched, spray fungal spores in the form of a “smoke.” If the trunk is damaged, the plant quickly dies. The second host of the fungus is black currant, which the fungus infects in the summer. At the end of summer or autumn, cedar trees become infected through spores formed on currant leaves.
Protection measures: spraying in October and spring after snow melts with Tilt (0.25% solution) with Epin (0.01%). Watering under the root with Fundazol (0.3%) with Zircon (0.01%).
On cedar and Weymouth pine, at the first signs of wilting of the needles (discoloration, paleness), pruning these branches. When orange bubbles appear on the branches, prune the branches; on the trunk - urgent digging and burning of the plant. Mandatory treatment of black currants in June and August with Topaz (0.05%), Strobi (0.03%). Burning affected currant leaves. If possible, plant currants as far as possible from cedar trees. Destruction of weeds - coltsfoot, sow thistle.
Pine resin cancer, or seryanka cancer
Affected trunk (left) and branch (right) of a pine tree
This fairly common disease is caused by rust fungi. Cronariumflaccidium And Peridermiumpini. The development of the first fungus involves the intermediate hosts swamp bluegrass and impatiens. The second mushroom spreads only from pine to pine.
The mycelium penetrates through the thin bark at the top of the tree into the wood cells and resin passages, destroying them. The affected part of the tree is abundantly saturated with resin and acquires a grayish-black color. When the resin canker completely rings the trunk, all living branches above the canker die.
Non-infectious diseases of conifers:
Sunburn. If winter begins with severe frosts and snow does not fall immediately, the soil freezes deeply under the plants. And if later in the winter there is little thaw, then the snow lies dazzlingly white. Then already in January-February, in frosty sunny weather, sunburn begins. In the cold and the sun, the needles lose moisture, and the plant cannot replenish it at the expense of the roots - the root system is frozen. By spring, the plants already have red needles, especially on the south side.
Particularly affected are non-frost-resistant plants, as well as plants in the first year after planting that have not had time to develop a root system.
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On the Juniper Strict |
Sunburn of Black Pine |
Protection measures:
— moisture-recharging watering in dry autumn, mulching for the winter with a 10 cm layer of peat under the plant,
Covering the most “burnt” plants with covering material in the fall (Konica spruce, Chinese juniper Stricta, Blue Alps, Meyeri junipers, columnar junipers in general, thuja Smaragd, Brabant, yellow pine Panderosa). During unfavorable winters (for example, the winter of 2009-2010), even blue spruce and Austrian black pine suffered from burns in some places. The current winter is also unfavorable for plants - burns began already in early February!
Shading large plants with netting,
- scattering peat chips or ash to reduce the reflection of sunlight and accelerate snow melting,
- in the spring, it is important to open the plants in time - immediately after the snow melts, and start watering so that the root system defrosts and begins to supply moisture to the needles.
- application of potassium-phosphorus fertilizers in late August - early September.
— spraying plants with Epin (0.01%), watering the roots with Zircon (0.01%).
Dog urine exposure on coniferous plants. It is necessary to immediately wash it off the needles with a large amount of water, then water the plant at the root with 10 liters of water with Zircon (0.01%).
Lack of watering– shedding of needles due to drought, especially on sandy soils. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the plants, and do not forget to start watering the plants planted last year in time in the spring. In the hot summer of 2010, watering was especially important for all plants!
Mechanical damage to roots and trunk. Coniferous plants need to be dug up with a fairly large lump to preserve the bulk of the root system. In addition, beneficial fungal organisms (mycorrhiza) often live in coma soil, without which the plant cannot effectively absorb nutrients. This primarily applies to pine, cedar, and junipers. If the roots are severely cut, the soil has crumbled from the roots, or the trunk is severely damaged around the circumference, the plant has little chance of taking root.
Pests:
Coniferous plants, like deciduous plants, are also affected by various pests.
Sucking insects that damage needles: aphids, false scale insects, scale insects, mites, hermes.
Pine aphid (Cinara pini) damages young, well-growing pines. The larvae suck out the juices at the base of the buds, and later between the needles of young shoots. |
Fir hairy aphid(Mindarus abietinus) at the aphid stage — the founder sucks on the shoots between the needles, and before fledging moves to the needles. |
Various coniferous ornamental plants damage other species: spruce false shield -Physokermes piceae damages spruce;
Spruce moth
At the end of May, brown “balls” measuring approximately 3-5 mm are glued to the shoots. These are female spruce moths. Females lay up to 2000 eggs under the shield in June, from which larvae hatch a month later, also sucking needles. The needles turn yellow and fall off.
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harms thuja thuja false scale(Parthenolecanium fletcheri) |
on yew - yew false scale(Parthenolecanium pomeranicum) |
in the Caucasus and Crimea cypress scale insect(Carulaspisjuniperi)— damages cypress, juniper, thuja, pine:
Control measures with them are similar, as on deciduous plants and roses (see). It should be sprayed with Bi-58 (0.2%), Clipper (0.02%).
Ticks
Spruce spider mite– damages spruce, pine, fir, juniper, thuja. The eggs overwinter at the base of the needles on last year's growths. In May, larvae emerge from them, suck the juice from the needles and after 3 weeks turn into adult ticks. Up to 6 generations of ticks develop in a year, especially in dry, hot weather. The affected needles become covered with pale spots, the finest cobwebs, then turn brown and crumble. Mites can seriously weaken coniferous plants and ruin their appearance.
Protective measures. Spraying conifers with FOS group preparations: Bi-58, Fufanon, Fosban, Actellik, specific acaricides (see Section “Mites” on Deciduous plants).
And there are sucking pests that lead a secretive lifestyle, these are primarily Hermes. Fighting them is very difficult.
Hermes
These are tiny (0.5-1mm) sucking insects, whose bodies are covered with wax fluff.
Different types of hermes are harmful to spruce, fir, larch, pine, and cedar.
The biggest problem is pine hermes on cedar.
Spruce-larch hermes(Sacciphantes viridis)(on various types of spruce and larch)
Spruce-fir hermes(Aphrastia pectinatae)(on spruce and fir)
General view |
Cocoon with egg-laying magnified under a microscope |
Pine hermes(Pineus pini) And hermes weymouth pine(P. strobe)(on a pine tree)
In May, a white “fluff” appears between the base of the needles on cedar branches, sometimes very abundantly. These are clutches of eggs of the pine hermes, which also harms pine trees. Hermes larvae suck the juice from the needles and shoots, the needles fall off. The decorative appearance of cedars suffers, they become “bald” and are also affected by fungal infections. The eggs and larvae of the pine hermes are protected by a wax fluff, and it is difficult to destroy them with chemicals.
Protection measures: in early May, proactive spraying with BI-58 (0.25%), Decis (0.02%) should be carried out. It is possible to use mineral oil, which has a suffocating effect. Under the root, you can irrigate with BI-58 (0.3%), Confidor (0.15%) and Zircon (0.01%) for systemic plant protection. Treatments should be repeated until the “gun” completely disappears.
Needle-eating insects: caterpillars of cutworm and silkworm butterflies, sawfly larvae.
pine sawfly
Red pine sawfly |
Common pine sawfly |
Females lay eggs in needles on the current year's shoots. False caterpillars gnaw the needles, completely exposing the branches. The red pine sawfly damages pine trees, as well as cedar.
Spruce sawfly
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Similarly harmful Spruce sawfly — Pristiphora abietina: first, the female ovipositor damages the needles when laying eggs, and then the larvae cause more serious damage on the shoots.
Pests of shoots and trunks: beetles: bark beetles, weevils, longhorned beetles; caterpillars of shoot moths, shoot moths;
Bark beetles
These are small brown or black beetles, usually 2-6 mm in size, that attack pines, spruces, cedars, and larches. They gnaw holes of various shapes under the bark (less often in wood), laying eggs. Numerous larvae hatch from the eggs and gnaw their passages. As a result, infected trees die within a month.
Bark beetles are dangerous for large seedlings over 2.5 m in size and for mature trees on your site, especially if it is located near a forest or infected tree plantings from last year. The attack (flight) usually occurs in the spring, but in years of mass outbreaks of reproduction there may be a second invasion in the summer (for example, in 1999, in the Moscow region, the typograph bark beetle had two flights on spruce - in May and July).
Bark beetle typographer(Ipstypographus) (for spruce and other conifers) |
Engraver – (Pityogeneschalcographus) - found on spruce, fir, pine, cedar. Here - on the fir |
Engraver – (Pityogeneschalcographus) . Here - on the cedar |
Greater pine beetle(Blastophaguspiniperda) (on a pine tree).
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The large pine beetle attacks pine trees in late April and early May, always gnawing upward vertical passages. Boring flour partially spills out of the passages, which collects at the base of the branches, under the tree trunk.
Protection measures:
At the end of April 2005, I had to defend twelve 5-6-meter pine trees, which I planted as winter plantings in Valentinovka, in a cottage village near Losiny Ostrov. A massive flight of the bark beetle (a large pine beetle) began from the nearby forest, although the snow in the forest had not yet completely melted. There were so many beetles that they landed on the shoulders of all the people in the area. Right before our eyes, they were embedded under the bark, especially in the places where branches were attached, where the bark was thicker.
The search for and fight against this bark beetle was made easier by the fact that the large pine beetle always gnaws vertical passages under the bark upward from the entrance hole, from which resin flows out and drill flour spills out. I had to manually open all passages with a knife and pick out bugs. But first I made full spraying of pine trees drugs BI-58 (0.25%) and Decis (0.02%). I repeated the treatments three more times weekly, also using Confidor (0.1%), Karate (0.02%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%) - Zircon reduces the negative effects of chemicals on plants.
If I had arrived at the site a couple of days later, it would have been too late. And so all the trees were saved. During the summer I intensively cared for the pines, and they all took root, giving an average growth of 25 cm by the end of the year. I observed these pines for another two years, carrying out preventive sprayings in early spring.
The fight against the typograph bark beetle on spruce also comes down to preventive spraying of trunks and crowns in early spring. In addition, all trees in the area that were infected and died last year should be burned along with roots and fallen needles.
In May 2004, I encountered an attack by the bark beetle on 9 7-meter tall spruce trees in the Mitropolye cottage village along the Yaroslavskoye Highway. At the same time, in a cottage village near Timoshkino (Novo-Rizhskoe direction), bark beetles attacked 5 7-8-meter spruce trees. I planted all the spruces as winter plantings in February-March.
We also had to completely spray all the trees with chemicals. Also, I used injections into the entrance holes of beetles- the same drugs, but in a stronger concentration. The typograph bark beetle, unlike the large pine beetle, cleans its passages by throwing out all the sawdust - drill flour. Therefore, there is no need to open its passages with a knife: the solution of drugs under pressure penetrates well to the beetle itself. Thus, in both areas I managed to destroy the pests and all the trees took root. Of course, the main role in the successful fight was played by the fact that I expected an invasion of bark beetles from the forests located right along the border of both areas, and carried out preventive spraying.
In principle, it is possible to water large seedlings at the root with solutions of systemic insecticides, the same BI-58 and Confidor. Moreover, the beetles overwinter in the litter of pine needles under trees or under the bark at the very roots. But in all cases, the success of the fight depends on prevention and constant monitoring, especially in the spring, of the condition of the trees.
Escape moths
Drying of shoots and yellowing of Siberian fir needles- fir shoot moth.
The larvae of this moth gnaw a channel inside the shoot, and it dries out. In addition, larvae were found in the canal during the analysis of spores of a harmful fungus Verticillium albo-atrum.
Protection measures: spraying with Bi-58 (0.2%), Aktara (0.04%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%). Trimming and burning dried shoots.
Runaways:
For example, it harms pine trees overwintering shooter(Rhyacioniabuoliana)
Escape damage |
Shooter pupa |
Shooter larva |
These are small brown-gray butterflies with a wingspan of about 20 mm. The caterpillars are brown and gnaw out the buds and core of growing shoots. This leads to curvature of shoots and stems, their breaking off, and multi-vertex. Caterpillars of overwintering shoots feed in the lower part of growing shoots. The resin shooter causes the formation of a resinous influx, covering the place where the caterpillar penetrates the shoot.
Protection measures: the same as from Shoot moths
Evergreen Pine is a symbol of immortality and vitality. Even in winter, when nature sleeps, this beautiful green tree reminds us that spring will soon come.
In the old days Pine branch was considered magical. The Western Slavs kept the branch for a whole year and only replaced it with a new one on New Year's holidays. She protected the peace and well-being of the hut and was a kind of amulet against evil forces. And now in villages you can find the “spruce branches” of Pine standing in a vase as a decoration.
Name Pines
Origin Pine names. One of the two versions derives the Latin name of the tree from the Celtic word pin, which means rock, mountain, that is, growing on rocks, the other from the Latin words pix, picis, which means resin, that is, a resinous tree.
In Russia it is common " Scots pine" Most often it is found in the northern part of the country and Siberia. Pines form both forests mixed with other species and pure forests, popularly called “pine forest.” The soil for Pine is varied - from arid and rocky places to swampy areas.
Pine loves sunlight very much, so in the forest among its fellows the trunk stretches upward, from which it takes the shape of a mast. It’s not for nothing that they were previously used in shipbuilding.
On the plain Pine looks completely different. Spreading its branches, it takes on bizarre shapes and curvatures, dense crowns and zigzags. The trunk becomes stocky and powerful, like a hero.
Pine Needles have a green color with a bluish tint.
Pine Bark– reddish-brown and coppery.
Pine Wood– yellowish tint due to the high resin content in it. It is not for nothing that when building a log house, the lower crown always consisted of pine logs to avoid rapid rotting. That is why some buildings from the times of ancient Novgorod have been preserved.
When Pine Blooms
Pine blossoms in May or June depending on the weather. A tree is considered ripe at the age of 80-100 years.
In April, on quiet sunny days, standing next to this fabulous idol, you can hear a subtle clicking pine seeds. The cones dried up and began to open, releasing the ripened winged seeds. These seeds will give birth to new trees.
By the way, pine cones are excellent fuel for Russian samovars and a favorite delicacy protein and birds.
Medicinal properties of Pine
Pine is used as an expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic. Pine has analgesic properties and kills pathogenic microbes in the body.
Sap- thick light yellow liquid flows from damaged branches and trunks of Pine. Possessing antibacterial properties, it prevents the penetration of harmful microorganisms into the trunk.
If you don’t have a first aid kit with you in the forest for injuries and scratches, instead of a plaster, you can apply clean Zhivitsa to the wound. It is also capable of relieving toothache, which is why medicinal chewing gum is made from the resin in some regions.
Has an antibacterial effect smoke of burning resin. Smoke is used to “fumigate” rooms, cellars and pickling barrels.
For pain in the joints and muscles, another component of the resin is used for rubbing - turpentine.
Pine- that rare tree that goes into business completely from the top to the roots.
Pine Bark cuts well. It can be used to make floats and crafts.
In folk medicine Pine is used most often in the form of decoctions, tinctures and tea. Infusion and decoction of the plant's buds are used for inflammation, cough, bronchitis, dropsy and liver diseases.
From pine needles an infusion and decoction are prepared that are used as a prophylaxis against vitamin deficiency.
From Pine pollen You can make tea that helps with gout and rheumatism. Pollen mixed with honey is used after undergoing a serious operation or illness.
In the Caucasus, young pine cones and flowers are used to make delicious jam.
Amber- lain in the ground for millions of years Pine resin. Thanks to the resin, scientists had the chance to study insects from prehistoric times frozen in Amber.
By the shape of the crown and branches of the Pine tree, geologists can determine the composition of the soil.
During the war, in the villages of the Pines, they removed the thin bark and scraped off the “pulp” - the living layer of the tree. It was dried and mixed with flour.
Thin and long Pine roots were used to make dense “root” dishes in which starch, sand or salt were stored.
Another use of the roots is as fuel in lamps. In the old days, when fishing on a sharp night, only Pine roots were used in the lamp to avoid unnecessary crackling of firewood, which could scare away the fish.
In 1669, near Moscow in the village of Kolomenskoye, the first wooden royal palace. The material was Pine logs, and the carpenters did not use a single nail. There was a whole a thousand windows and 270 rooms. Unfortunately, to this day the building has survived only in memories and drawings.
Photo credits: Diverso17, GraAl , ALICE :) , VasiLina (Yandex.Photos)