Self-propelled howitzer 2s1. Military equipment "Carnation": history, characteristics, use of self-propelled guns. active rocket projectile
Self-propelled guns, which were created in the Soviet Union in the early 70s, were assigned flower names: Carnation, Acacia, Tulip, Hyacinth, Peony. Carnation began to enter service with self-propelled artillery battalions of tank and motorized rifle regiments in 1970.
Work on the second-generation 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled artillery mount began at OKB-9 of the Uralmash plant in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers No. 609-201 of July 4, 1967. And already in 1969, its prototype entered the field tests. In 1971, the 2S1 self-propelled guns were put into service. The speed of development and manufacture of the installation is easily explained. As a chassis, the designers used the well-known MT-LB tractor, on which they installed the even more famous D-30 howitzer. D-30 in the caterpillar version was subjected to minor design modifications and was given the name D-32 (index 2A31)
2S1 entered service with artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments (tank) regiments equipped with infantry fighting vehicles. The purpose of the "Carnation" is the destruction and suppression of manpower and infantry firepower, the destruction of field-type fortifications, making passages in minefields and wire fences, fighting artillery, mortars and armored vehicles of the enemy.
The usual portable ammunition load is 35 high-explosive fragmentation and five cumulative shells. Ammunition for separate loading - a projectile and a cartridge case with a charge. A wide range of projectiles has been developed - lighting, propaganda, electronic countermeasures, chemical, smoke, with special arrow-shaped striking elements, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation.
In 1967, an attempt was made to create on the basis of the D-32 for the Gvozdika howitzers with cartridge loading - D - 16 and D - 16m. But the series did not go.
Shooting with a cumulative rotating projectile BP-1 is carried out with a special charge Zh-8 weighing 3.1 kg; initial speed 740 m/s; range tabular 2000 m. Normal armor penetration is 180 mm; at an angle of 60° - 150 mm, at an angle of 30° - 80 mm; armor penetration does not depend on distance. When firing a high-explosive projectile, the maximum range is 15,300 m. When using an active-rocket projectile, this figure increases to 21,900 m.
Self-propelled gun - floating, moving through the water is carried out by rewinding the tracks.
The layout of the 2S1 Gvozdika is basically the same as the 152mm SPG 2S3 Akatsiya. In front of the hull is the driver's cab and engine compartment, and behind - the fighting compartment. The tower accommodates three more crew members: gunner, loader and commander. The tower rotates by means of an electric or manual drive 360 degrees. The caterpillars of the self-propelled guns are rubber-metal, the track rollers are with an individual torsion bar suspension. The first and seventh wheels, in addition to torsion bars, also have hydraulic shock absorbers. The body is sealed. With the help of rewinding tracks, the ACS swims at a speed of 4.5 km/h and is able to overcome water obstacles 300 m wide with a wave height of up to 150 mm and a current speed of no more than 0.6 m/s. At the same time, there should be no more than 30 shots on board the installation. "Carnation" is air transportable, that is, it can be transported on An-12, Il-76, An-124 aircraft. To reduce the height of the ACS, the track rollers from the second to the seventh during transportation can be lifted and fixed with the help of special devices. The self-propelled gun has bulletproof armor, which "holds" a 7.62-mm B-32 rifle bullet from a distance of 300 m. Three fuel tanks connected in series with a total capacity of 550 liters are placed in the walls of both sides of the hull. The 2S1 uses a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel YaMZ-238V of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant as an engine. The gearbox has 11 forward speeds and two reverse.
Onboard ammunition is located as follows: 16 shells in a vertical position along the side walls of the hull and 24 - along the side and rear walls of the tower. To facilitate the loading of the howitzer, an electromechanical ramming mechanism was used. When firing projectiles stored on the ground, they are fed into the fighting compartment using a transport device through a large rear door. The gun is aimed using the PG-2 sight and the direct-fire optical sight OP5-37. The howitzer barrel has elevation angles from -3 to +70 degrees. The maximum firing range is 15.200 m, the minimum is 4070 m. The rate of fire of the howitzer is not very high. When firing shells from the "ground" - 4-5 rounds per minute, with onboard ammunition 1 - 2.
2S1 "Carnation" at one time entered service with all the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (except Romania). After the unification of Germany, 374 2S1 received the Bundeswehr. "Carnation" is in service with the armies of the CIS today, including in the Belarusian army.
TTX 2S1 "Carnation"
Combat weight, t 15700
Crew, pers. 4
Length, mm 7260
Width, mm 2850
Height, mm 2725
Clearance, mm 400
(base chassis MT-LB)
Armor, mm: bulletproof
forehead 15 mm
case 15 mm
Maximum speed, km/h: 61.5
Maximum speed afloat, km/h: 4.5
Power reserve, km: 500
Wall height, m 0.7
Ditch width, m 3.0
The depth of the ford, m floats.
Power point
YaMZ-238 engine
Power, hp 300 HP
diesel, 8-cylinder, V-shaped, liquid-cooled
armament
122 mm howitzer D-32
ammunition load
shots - 40
rate of fire 4-5 rds / min
Max. firing range 15200 m
cf. communications r / st. R-123M
The self-propelled artillery mount (SAU) or, in colloquial language, simply self-propelled guns appeared along with the first tanks. According to the modern classification, the first French tanks "Schneider" and "Saint-Chamon" are not tanks. These are ordinary field guns mounted on self-propelled chassis and protected by thin armor. The difference between a tank and self-propelled guns is that the tank is equipped with its own gun, designed specifically for this tank. In addition, self-propelled guns, as a rule, are not equipped with additional weapons (machine guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns, etc.).
The first self-propelled guns appeared before the First World War, but they did not receive full-scale distribution. The real heyday of self-propelled guns came during the Second World War. But we will talk about the self-propelled guns "Gvozdika", which was put into service in 1970 and has not yet been removed from combat duty.
History of creation
Assault and anti-tank self-propelled guns appeared in service with the USSR army in the 1940s. It cannot be said that they made a decisive contribution to the victory (the tanks still have the championship), but they were very effective in supporting infantry and advancing tanks. With the beginning of the Cold War, a potential enemy had perfect artillery systems of 105 mm caliber, which in many respects surpassed Soviet self-propelled guns.
But the doctrine of the USSR was aimed at the use of missiles and self-propelled guns were not developed. After Khrushchev left office, the doctrine appeared among sober minds that a global nuclear war was impossible. The possibility of destroying not only the enemy, but also oneself is too great. But the use of destructive weapons for tactical purposes is quite likely. In this sense, the use of self-propelled guns was one of the best ways to deliver a tactical nuclear charge to the right place.
Based on this statement, the development of a new self-propelled gun, called the self-propelled guns 2S1 "Carnation", was taken up, given the possibility of using such charges.
By the decision of the Communist Party and the decree of the government of the Union, since 1967, the development of an artillery system of 122 mm caliber began.
This decision was based on the research base of VNII-100. It was these studies that determined the basic characteristics of the future self-propelled howitzer.
The research institute proposed three chassis options: "BMP-1, MT-LB tractor and" Object-124 ". They chose a tractor, on the basis of which the Gvozdika self-propelled gun was designed. The tractor plant in Kharkov was instructed to develop a new system.
1969 the beginning of testing four prototypes 122 mm "Carnations" and 152 mm 2S3. The choice was stopped at the Gvozdika. In 1970, the government of the USSR, after annual tests and necessary improvements, adopted the Gvozdika self-propelled gun.
The new self-propelled gun began to enter the military units, and the crews gradually master this system. Serial production was finally mastered in 1971. It was produced in Poland (since 1971) and in Bulgaria (since 1979). In 1991, the self-propelled gun was no longer produced. In total, about ten thousand cars have been produced since 1970.
Design
The layout of the hull of this artillery system was made according to the tower scheme. Everything is welded from sheets of rolled steel. The hull itself is absolutely hermetic, and the thickness of the armor plates is 20 mm. This is a fairly reliable protection against shrapnel and bullets, but not against projectiles. The engine compartment is located on the right side, here is the place of the driver-mechanic.
The fighting compartment is located in the middle and aft. A turret is placed on the hull, and a gun is in it. In the tower on the right side of the charges and loader. On the left is a gunner and a sight for precise aiming. The place of the commander behind the gunner. The commander has his own rotating turret with a hatch for visual control. In the niche of the tower itself, cumulative shells and charges for them are placed. The rest of the ammunition is at the stern.
The 2S1 self-propelled guns have a special hatch through which it is possible to receive shells directly from the ground.
Chassis. Based on modified MT-LB chassis. It was well reworked by installing a pair of road wheels in addition. But the number of rubberized rollers has increased to seven pairs. There are steering wheels in the back, driving wheels in the front. The caterpillar is assembled from links (tracks). The links are quite small (350 * 111), connected by metal fingers.
With a track width of 350 mm and a weight of 15.7 tons, the machine feels confident on any ground. The Gvozdika artillery system has individual torsion bar suspension. Hydraulic shock absorbers are installed on the seventh and first road wheels.
Engine and transmission. The machine is equipped with a YaMZ-238N engine with a power of 300 hp. Runs on diesel fuel. The engine is V-shaped, 8-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled. Supercharged gas turbine. As for the transmission, it is dual-flow and mechanical. There are two turning mechanisms and they are planetary friction. Six forward gears with one reverse.
Armament. The 122 mm rifled howitzer is the basis of the mount's firepower.
The muzzle brake, the ejector, the breech and the pipe are connected into a barrel, more than 4 meters long. There are 34 grooves inside the barrel. A vertical wedge breech is used in this gun. There is a semi-automatic re-cocking mechanism.
To prevent the projectile from falling out in cases where the barrel is at high elevation angles, a special tray with a retention device is installed.
The recoil device has a special hydraulic brake, its type is spindle. There is also a pneumatic knurler with air or nitrogen filling. A compensator is installed on the rollback brake.
Means of observation and communication. TKN-3B, sight, which is located on the commander's seat. The sight OU-3GA2 is installed in order to carry out night observation of the area. TNPO-170A, a periscope, prismatic type sight, and 1OP40 panoramic type, both are located in the gunner's position. OP5-37, for firing from cover. MK-4 rotating type is located on the right side of the tower. The mechanic has a device TNPO-170A for observation during the day and for night observation TVN-2B.
In the place of the driver-mechanic, a glass with an armored cover was arranged for direct observation of the terrain. R-123M radio station with the help of which external communication is carried out. It operates on VHF waves, the range is up to 28 km. The R-124 apparatus was installed in the self-propelled gun for communication between the crew.
TTX "Carnations" and foreign analogues
The performance characteristics of the installation are most of all evaluated in comparison with other self-propelled guns of a similar type.
| performance characteristics | SAU 2S1 "Carnation" | M-108 (USA) | Type-86 (Japan) | AMX-105V (France) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of issue | 1970 | 1962 | 1974 | 1960 |
| Weight, t | 15,7 | 21 | 16,5 | 17 |
| Crew, people | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| Caliber, mm | 122 | 105 | 122 | 105 |
| Ammunition, vysFiring range, kmtrel | 40 | 86 | 40 | 37 |
| Firing range, km | 15 | 11,5 | 15 | 15 |
| Speed, km/h | 60 | 56 | 60 | 60 |
As can be seen from the performance characteristics of the Gvozdika, it was in no way inferior to its foreign counterparts. As can be seen from the table, the Japan Self-Defense Forces had a similar machine only 4 years later.
Modifications "Carnations" and cars based on
Based on the machine, the following variants have been created:
- 2S15 "Norov", with a 100 mm gun, was intended to fight tanks, but when a prototype was created in 1983, and the need for this type of self-propelled guns disappeared;
- 2S17 "Nona-SV", a self-propelled gun with a 120 mm gun, did not reach mass production;
- 2S8 "Astra", this is a self-propelled mortar, its development was carried out in the 1970s, but all work on this mortar was closed in 1977, as they switched to the creation of the 2S17 "Nona-SV" artillery system
Of the modifications of this system, the following installations are best known:
- Raad-1, self-propelled gun, developed in Iran, this version uses an infantry fighting vehicle chassis, gun caliber 122 mm;
- 2S34 "Khosta" was created in 2003 in Russia, a 2A80-1 howitzer and a PKT machine gun in the commander's cupola were installed on it, adopted by the RF Armed Forces in 2008;
- 2S31 "Vena", 120-mm self-propelled artillery gun, sea trials in 2007, adopted by the RF Armed Forces;
- Rak-120, a 2009 Polish self-propelled variant that uses a 120mm mortar instead of a howitzer;
- Model 89, this is the Romanian version of the Carnation;
- 2C1T Goździk, a Polish adaptation of a classic Soviet self-propelled gun that uses an automatic fire control system.
In 2015, Ukraine planned to improve the Gvozdika by installing a Volvo engine, as well as more advanced control and communication systems.
Combat use
The self-propelled gun went through several local conflicts, the first of them is Afghanistan. In this war, as a rule, self-propelled guns were used to suppress enemy fire by direct fire, which significantly reduced losses in troops. The most successful operations using the installation were carried out during the capture of Shingar, Khaki-Safed, and also in 1986, during the offensive against Kandahar.
In Chechnya, in both military companies, during military operations, the Gvozdika was actively used and successfully coped with the assigned tasks.
The self-propelled gun was used in the Transnistrian conflict, in Yugoslavia, in the southeast of Ukraine, and by both warring parties. During the Iran-Iraq war, 2S1 and 2S3 were used by the Iraqi army.
During the Libyan civil war of 2010-2011, government troops actively used the installation against the rebels.
The war in Syria revealed the use of this installation by almost all warring parties, both government forces and various terrorist groups, including ISIS. The installation is used by the Houthis in Yemen in the fight against the interventionists who invaded the country.
With all its weight and size, the self-propelled gun is capable of swimming, however, the developers guarantee to overcome a water barrier 300 m wide with a wave of no more than 15 cm, while the machine develops a speed of up to 4.5 km / h. All this is due to the hermetic housing and caterpillars, which in this version of the movement act as blades.
A howitzer for firing uses a wide variety of projectiles, in addition to cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, chemical, electronic countermeasures and arrow-shaped projectiles can also be used. And even lighting and propaganda.
Relatively light weight makes it possible to transport self-propelled guns on Il-74, An-12 aircraft.
And also on amphibious assault ships. "Carnation" was in service with all the armies of the countries that were part of the Warsaw Pact. In many of them, she is still in service.
For this artillery system, a special laser-guided projectile "Kitolov-2" was developed, which is capable of hitting a target with high accuracy using a homing head. The projectile is highly accurate, only the target should be illuminated by a laser beam from the gun mount itself or by a fire spotter.
The Croats developed a “super charge” charge, thanks to which the Gvozdika shells flew 17.1 km.
In 1997, a high-explosive fragmentation projectile was developed and tested for Gvozdika. The firing range has increased to almost 22 km.
Video
A self-propelled artillery mount (SAU) is a type of combat vehicle, which is an artillery piece mounted on a wheeled or tracked self-propelled platform. Self-propelled units are used to support tanks or infantry in defense or attack.
The "finest hour" of self-propelled artillery installations was World War II. After its completion, they were replaced by more efficient and versatile (albeit more expensive) tanks. The second birth of ACS falls on the 60-70s of the last century. However, both in their design and in the concept of using the machines of this time, they were already radically different from the self-propelled guns of the war.
During the war, self-propelled guns solved almost the same tasks as tanks: they destroyed enemy armored vehicles, went on attacks together with infantry units, fired at enemy fortifications with direct fire. The most actively used self-propelled guns were the Nazis. In the German classification of self-propelled guns, there were special tank destroyers and several types of assault guns. Even self-propelled anti-aircraft guns created on the basis of tanks were used. However, further development of the concept of the main battle tank (MBT) led to the disappearance of tank destroyers and assault guns.
In the mid-60s, the development of a "flower" series of self-propelled artillery mounts began in the USSR. The deadly machines were named after beautiful garden plants. One of these "colors of war" was the 122-mm self-propelled guns 2S1 "Carnation".
This combat vehicle was in service with the Soviet army for many years, it was actively exported, today the Gvozdika self-propelled guns are used by the Russian armed forces, as well as in several dozen other armies of the world. In addition to the USSR, the 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun was produced under license in Poland and Bulgaria.
In the early 80s, the American military department issued a Soviet Big 7 poster. It showed the most dangerous types of weapons of the Soviet ground forces. Among the depicted samples was the Gvozdika self-propelled gun.
During its operation, this artillery mount has gone through several upgrades; on its basis, many specialized combat vehicles have been developed, some of which also went into series.
SAU 2S1 "Gvozdika" took part in a large number of conflicts, during which it showed its high reliability and efficiency.
History of creation
After the end of the war, it became clear that the previous concept of using self-propelled artillery as assault guns and tank destroyers was outdated. At the same time, another trend emerged: self-propelled artillery began to displace towed artillery. Self-propelled guns were more rapid-fire and maneuverable, had a significant range of fire, good protection, could more successfully support their own troops in defense and carry out an artillery attack.
Already in the fifties, active work began on new models of this military equipment in many countries. In the USSR, for a long time, more resources were allocated to the development of rocket weapons, often to the detriment of aviation and cannon artillery. However, later Soviet strategists nevertheless came to the conclusion that a large-scale war was unlikely, as it would lead to mutual nuclear destruction and began to prepare for local conflicts. They began to actively engage in the creation of new types of self-propelled artillery guns after the resignation of Secretary General Khrushchev.
In 1965, exercises were held that clearly showed the significant lag of Soviet self-propelled artillery from Western counterparts. In 1967, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree on the start of work on the creation of a 122-mm self-propelled artillery mount, which was later called 2S1 "Carnation".
Initially, there were three chassis options for the new self-propelled gun: it was proposed to create it on the basis of the BMP-1, the MTLB tracked carrier, and also on the basis of the SU-100P chassis. The main armament of the new self-propelled guns was to be the 122 mm D-30 howitzer.
The variant with the SU-100P was excluded almost immediately, after modernization, it was decided to use the MTLB tractor as the base for the new self-propelled gun. Initially, this tractor had insufficient stability and did not suit the designers in terms of permissible loads on the undercarriage. Therefore, the MTLB base had to be lengthened and one additional track roller was introduced from each side.
2S1 "Carnation" was supposed to replace the 122-mm howitzers D-30 and M-30 in artillery units of motorized rifle regiments. In 1969, four samples were ready for field testing.
The Kharkov Tractor Plant (KhTZ) was appointed as the lead developer of the installation. Howitzer for self-propelled guns was designed in OKB-9.
The tests carried out showed a high level of gas pollution in the combat compartment of the self-propelled gun during firing. Later this problem was solved. Work was also carried out on the creation of guns with cap loading, but they ended to no avail. This type of loading did not give any significant advantages, either in range or in accuracy.
In 1970, the ACS 2S1 "Gvozdika" was put into service. As early as next year, mass production of the artillery mount began, only in 1991 it was completed. In 1972, a parachute system was developed for landing the Gvozdika from the air, but the self-propelled guns were never adopted by the Airborne Forces.
In 1971, the car began to be manufactured under license in Poland. In 1979, licensed production was launched in Bulgaria. Bulgarian self-propelled guns were inferior to Soviet models in their technical characteristics.
Design description
The body of the self-propelled artillery mount has a classic scheme for these machines: in the front of the vehicle there is a power compartment and a control compartment, and in the middle and rear parts there is a fighting compartment. The hull is welded from rolled armor plates, it provides protection against bullets and shrapnel, is completely sealed and allows the ACS to overcome water obstacles by swimming. Armor "Carnation" "holds" a bullet caliber 7.62 mm at a range of three hundred meters. The 122-mm gun is mounted in a rotating turret with space for the crew.
The small weight of the self-propelled guns allows it to be transported using transport aircraft.
The power compartment of the artillery mount is located in the bow of the vehicle on the right, on the left side of it is the driver's seat, instruments and controls. On the left side of the turret there is a place for the loader and sighting devices, behind it is the place for the commander of the vehicle. The place of the installation commander is equipped with a turret. The loader is located on the right side of the tower.
The turret of the self-propelled guns 2S1 "Carnation" is a 122-mm gun 2A31. In terms of its characteristics and the ammunition used, it is completely identical to the 122-mm D-30 howitzer. The gun consists of a tube, a two-chamber muzzle brake, an ejector and a breech. For sending ammunition, an electromechanical rammer is used. The vertical aiming angles of the gun are from -3 to + 70 °. Shooting can be carried out with shells from the ground; a large aft door is used to supply them. In this case, the rate of fire of the self-propelled guns 2S1 "Gvozdika" is from four to five shots per minute, when firing "from the side" it decreases to two shots per minute.
The firing range of the self-propelled unit is from 4070 to 15200 meters.
Ammunition ACS 2S1 "Gvozdika" is forty shots, some of the shells are along the side walls of the hull, and some are located along the rear and side walls of the tower. The self-propelled unit can use a wide range of ammunition: high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative, chemical, propaganda, smoke, lighting. Projectiles can be equipped with various types of fuses. Especially for the 2S1 Gvozdika artillery mount, Kitolov corrected ammunition was developed.
In 1997, an active-reactive 122-mm projectile was developed specifically for this machine, which allows increasing the firing range to 21.9 km.
The fire control system of the self-propelled guns consists of a combined sighting device TKN-3B, which can be used at any time of the day, as well as two periscope sights TNPO-170A. All of them are installed in the commander's cupola. The gunner has a 1OP40 panoramic sight (used for firing from closed positions) and an OP5-37 sight, which is used during direct fire. The places of the driver and loader are equipped with observation devices.
The machine is equipped with a YaMZ-238N V-shaped diesel engine with eight cylinders. Its maximum power is 300 hp. from. The transmission is mechanical, has six gears forward and one reverse. Fuel tanks are located in the walls of the sides of the car, their total volume is 550 liters, which is enough to overcome 500 km on the highway.
The undercarriage of the self-propelled unit is a modified chassis of the MTLB tractor. Two additional track rollers were introduced into it. The guide wheels are located at the rear of the unit, and the drive wheels are at the front. The width of the self-propelled gun tracks is 400 mm, if necessary, tracks with a width of 600 mm can be installed on the vehicle, which significantly increases the cross-country ability of the self-propelled guns.
Self-propelled guns "Gvozdika" is able to overcome water obstacles. The movement in the water is due to the rewinding of the tracks, the maximum speed of the machine is 4.5 km / h.
Self-propelled unit modifications
Since the launch of the ACS into mass production, several modifications of the machine have been created:
- 2S1M1 - Russian modification with a new fire control system 1V168-1.
- 2S34 "Khosta" - Russian modification, developed in 2003. It has a 2A80-1 howitzer and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun on the commander's cupola. In 2008, it was adopted by the RF Armed Forces.
- 2C1T Goździk. Polish modification of a self-propelled gun with an improved TOPAZ fire control system.
- Rak-120. Another Polish modification, which was created in 2008-2009. The 122 mm gun was replaced by a 120 mm mortar with an automatic loader. Ammunition - 60 shots.
- Model 89 is a Romanian modification created in the 80s. The vehicle used the BMP MLI-84 chassis.
- Raad-1 is an Iranian 122mm self-propelled howitzer mounted on the Boragh infantry fighting vehicle chassis.
The modernization of 2S1 "Carnations" was also started in Ukraine. In 2019, KhTZ received three self-propelled guns. They planned to install a Swedish Volvo engine, new electrical equipment, modern Ukrainian-made communication and navigation systems.
In addition to modifications, over the years, several special vehicles were created on the basis of the Gvozdika self-propelled guns: the 2S8 Astra self-propelled mortar, the 2S15 Norov self-propelled anti-tank gun, the 2S17 Nona-SV self-propelled gun, the caterpillar version of the Grad MLRS and the multi-purpose tractor 2S1-N.
The creation of various machines based on the Gvozdika self-propelled guns was also carried out in other countries:
- The BMP-23 is an infantry fighting vehicle built in Bulgaria. It was equipped with a 23-mm 2A14 gun and the Malyutka ATGM.
- LPG - artillery fire control vehicle. It can also be used as an ambulance.
- KhTZ-26N - Ukrainian snow and swamp vehicle based on the chassis of the self-propelled guns "Gvozdika".
- TGM-126-1 - Ukrainian transport vehicle on the 2S1 chassis.
Organizational structure
This self-propelled howitzer entered service with artillery battalions of tank and motorized rifle regiments. The division consisted of three batteries, each of which had six self-propelled guns. In total, the division included sixteen self-propelled guns.
Combat use of self-propelled guns "Gvozdika"
The first serious conflict in which Gvozdika took part was the war in Afghanistan. Usually, the 2S1 batteries followed the assault units and fired at direct fire. Less commonly, installations were used for firing from closed positions. In general, the "Carnations" performed quite well in difficult Afghan conditions.
Self-propelled installations "Gvozdika" participated in almost all conflicts that took place on the territory of the former USSR after its collapse.
"Carnations" were used by the troops of the unrecognized Transnistrian Republic against the armed forces of Moldova. These installations were also used during the Civil War in Tajikistan.
Russian federal troops used 2S1 in the first and second Chechen campaigns. During the first war, several self-propelled guns with ammunition were captured by Chechen separatists.
"Carnations" were used during the Georgian-Ossetian conflicts. These machines are actively used in the east of Ukraine by both government troops and separatists.
Self-propelled guns "Carnations" was used during the Yugoslav wars by all participants in the confrontation.
Back in the 80s, the Gvozdiki self-propelled guns were delivered to Iraq and took part in the Iran-Iraq conflict. The Iraqi army then used them against coalition forces in 1991. It should be noted that Soviet artillery (both rocket and cannon) showed itself in that war not from the best side.
In 2010-2011 during the Libyan Civil War, Carnations were used by government forces against insurgents. Currently, these machines are actively used by almost all warring parties in the Syrian conflict. They were supplied in large quantities to the Syrian government forces and often fell into the hands of the rebels as trophies. They are used by both the al-Nusra Front and ISIS banned in Russia
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.
Floating self-propelled guns 2C1 "Carnation"
1*
Scheme ACS 2S1 "Carnation."
Howitzer D-32 caliber 122 mm
SAU 2C1
Shooting modes:
D-30 howitzer shots
| Name | Projectile index | Projectile weight, kg | BB weight, kg | Explosives | Notes |
| high-explosive fragmentation | OF-462 OF-426ZH OF-7 OF-8 | 21,7 | 3,67 | RGM, V-90 | |
| 21,7 | |||||
| Cumulative | ZBK-13 BP-1 ZBK-6 | 18,2 | rotating non-rotating | ||
| 14,08 | GKN, GPV-Z | ||||
| GT1V-2 | |||||
| smoke | D4 | 21,76 | -; | RGM | |
| Chemical | XSO-463B | 21,7 | substance R-35 | RGM-2 | |
| Lighting | S-463 | 22,0 | . .; | T-7 | |
| Campaign | A1D | 21,5 | T-7 | ||
| Ш1 | 21,76 | 2,075 | DTM-75 | _ |
| Charge type | Full | Reduced | № 1 | № 2 | № 3 | № 4 |
| Charge weight, kg | 3,8 | |||||
| Initial speed, m/s | 690 | 565 | 463 | 417 | 335 | 276 |
| Range, m | 15300 | 12800 | 11600 | 9800 | 8400 | 6400 |
Notes:
122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 "GVOZDIKA"
Floating self-propelled guns 2C1 "Carnation"
The development of the ACS 2S1 "Gvozdika" was started by Decree No. 609-201 of 4.07.1967. The artillery unit was developed at OKB-9 ("Uralmash"), and the chassis - at the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
The artillery part of the self-propelled guns was developed on the basis of the 122 mm D-30 towed howitzer. The internal structure of the barrel, ballistics and ammunition are the same with the D-30. The new howitzer received the factory index D-32 and the GRAU index - 2A31.
The barrel of the D-32 howitzer consisted of a monoblock tube, a breech, a clutch, an ejection device and a two-chamber muzzle brake. The shutter is vertical wedge with semi-automatic mechanical (copy) type. The lifting mechanism is sectoral, had only a manual drive.
Rollback brake hydraulic spindle type, knurler pneumatic. The recoil brake and knurler cylinders are fixed in the breech and roll back along with the barrel.
The barrel is balanced by a push-type pneumatic balancing mechanism.
The ramming mechanism is of an electromechanical type, designed for separate ramming of the projectile and the loaded cartridge case into the barrel chamber after placing them on the rammer tray.
The PG-2 periscope sight (index 10P40) is designed both for shooting from closed positions and for direct fire. PG-2 consists of a panorama, a mechanical sight with a matching unit, a direct-fire optical sight OP5-37, a parallelogram drive and an electric unit.
Chassis SATs 2S1 developed on the basis of MT-LB.
In the self-propelled guns, the control compartment and engine-transmission compartments are located in the front of the hull, and the fighting compartment is in the middle and aft parts of the hull, as well as in the turret.
The armor of the self-propelled guns is bulletproof, it must “hold” a 7.62-mm rifle bullet at a distance of 300 m.
ACS mechanical transmission, torsion bar suspension. Caterpillars have rubber-metal hinges.
1* In 1969, OKB-9 developed a project to install the Aktsiya, Gvozdika and Tulip products on a single unified chassis based on the BMP-1, where the products could have better characteristics than those created on the basis of the MT-LB and about . 123.
Scheme ACS 2S1 "Carnation."
Howitzer D-32 caliber 122 mm
SAU 2C1
SAU 2S1 has a hermetic hull and overcomes water obstacles by swimming. Afloat, the tracks of the caterpillars act as blades. The caterpillars are rewound in the water, due to which the speed of movement afloat reaches 4.5 km / h.
Self-propelled guns "Gvozdika" can be transported by An-12 aircraft.
The first four 2S1 prototypes were handed over for field tests in August 1969. The 2S1 was put into service in 1971, and mass production began in 1972.
Shooting modes:
Rate of fire for direct fire, rds/min. 4-5
Rate of fire when firing from closed positions:
when firing shots from the ground without reloading charges, rds / min. 4-5
when using shots from the ammunition rack and at different elevation angles, rds / min. 1.5-2
The portable ammunition load of the 2S1 self-propelled guns is usually 35 high-explosive fragmentation and 5 cumulative shells. The self-propelled howitzer can fire all types of ammunition from the D-30 towed howitzer.
Shooting with a cumulative rotating projectile BP-1 is carried out with a special charge Zh-8 weighing 3.1 kg; initial speed 740 m/s; range tabular 2000 m.
Normal armor penetration is 180 mm; at an angle of 60 ° - 150 mm, at an angle of 30 ° - 80 mm, armor penetration does not depend on the distance.
The initial speed of the cumulative projectile 35K-13 is 726 m/s.
An interesting Sh1 projectile with arrow-shaped striking elements. It is designed for the M-30, but it can also be fired from the D-32. The arrow-shaped elements scatter in a cone with an angle of 24°.
D-30 howitzer shots
| Name | Projectile index | Projectile weight, kg | BB weight, kg | Explosives | Notes |
| high-explosive fragmentation | OF-462 OF-426ZH OF-7 OF-8 | 21,7 | 3,67 | RGM, V-90 | |
| 21,7 | |||||
| Cumulative | ZBK-13 BP-1 ZBK-6 | 18,2 | rotating non-rotating | ||
| 14,08 | GKN, GPV-Z | ||||
| GT1V-2 | |||||
| smoke | D4 | 21,76 | -; | RGM | |
| Chemical | XSO-463B | 21,7 | substance R-35 | RGM-2 | |
| Lighting | S-463 | 22,0 | . .; | T-7 | Parachute, burning time 30 sec. |
| Campaign | A1D | 21,5 | T-7 | ||
| Projectile with arrow-shaped elements | Ш1 | 21,76 | 2,075 | DTM-75 | _ |
Table of firing shells OF-462, OF-462Zh, OF24, OF-24Zh, D4, D4M
| Charge type | Full | Reduced | № 1 | № 2 | № 3 | № 4 |
| Charge weight, kg | 3,8 | |||||
| Initial speed, m/s | 690 | 565 | 463 | 417 | 335 | 276 |
| Range, m | 15300 | 12800 | 11600 | 9800 | 8400 | 6400 |
|
In the period after the end of World War II, the Soviet Union paid special attention to the development of towed artillery, while NATO countries developed mainly self-propelled artillery. Although its creation and operation is quite expensive, it has a number of advantages over towed artillery, mobility on rough terrain, full armor protection for crew and ammunition, the ability to install a PX6 protection system, and the ability to quickly deploy in position. The Soviet Union continued to design specialized anti-tank guns, until in 1974 a 122-mm self-propelled howitzer was demonstrated for the first time at a parade in Poland, which had been in service with the USSR and Poland since 1972. In the NATO classification, it received the designation M1974, and in the Soviet Union - "Carnation" index 2C1. This artillery system was used in Algeria, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany and other countries. The howitzer was produced under license in Bulgaria and Poland. It is in service in the former Soviet republics. In the Soviet Army "Carnation" were in service in the amount of 36 howitzers in each motorized rifle and 72 howitzers in each tank division.
The Gvozdika self-propelled gun is structurally similar to the M109 self-propelled howitzer, which was in service with the United States. The engine, transmission and driver's seat are at the front of the hull, while the fully enclosed turret is at the rear. The machine has an adjustable suspension, consisting of seven road wheels, located in front of the drive wheel and located behind the idler wheel, support wheels are not installed on the machine. When driving in snowy or swampy terrain, the standard 400 mm wide tracks can be replaced with 670 mm wide tracks to reduce machine pressure on the ground. The standard equipment of the vehicle includes the PX6 protection system, as well as a full set of night vision devices for the commander and driver. Self-propelled howitzer "Gvozdika" is an amphibious vehicle, the speed of movement in water is 4.5 km/h.
An upgraded version of the standard 122-mm D-30 towed howitzer is installed in the Gvozdika self-propelled gun turret. The vertical guidance angle of the gun is +70°, the declination is -3°, the turret travels 360° horizontally. The turret and gun have electric drives with manual control. The gun is equipped with a two-chamber muzzle brake, a bore purging system and a semi-automatic vertical slide breech, the gun mounting bar in the stowed position is located on the body.
The howitzer can fire using a high-explosive projectile weighing 21.72 kg at a distance of 15300 m, it is also possible to use chemical, lighting, smoke and cumulative projectiles. The latter hit tanks, burning through tank armor to a depth of 460 mm at 0° deflection at a distance of 1,000 m. At ranges of up to 21,900 m, high-explosive APC shells can be used. 2S1 "Carnation" can also use laser-guided artillery ammunition "Kitolov-2" at a distance of 12,000 m. The usual ammunition load consists of 40 shells: 32 high-explosive, six smoke and two cumulative. It is believed that the gun piercer provides an increased rate of fire (5 rounds per minute), and also allows you to load the gun at any angle of vertical guidance. The 2S1 Gvozdika howitzer chassis is similar to the MT-L6 chassis and is used for a large number of command and control and reconnaissance vehicles, chemical reconnaissance and minelayers.