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The largest man-made disasters. "Basic characteristics and classification of emergency situations"

Large-scale emergencies are local, federal, regional, territorial and local emergencies. To eliminate such situations, the help of higher commissions for emergency situations is needed.

Consider the statistics of large-scale emergencies that occurred during the period 2000-2011. field in detail.

In 2000 the following events took place:

In the Volzhsky region, on April 4, there was a subsidence of soil, an area of ​​up to 300m2, a depth of up to 10m, on the 24th kilometer of the Pomary-Ilet railway. At the same time, the movement of trains was blocked for 8 hours, the material damage was 400 thousand rubles.

which was accompanied by rain with large hail, the roofs of buildings of agricultural enterprises and buildings were damaged.

In the Orsha region, on July 27, due to heavy rain with hail and squally wind, crops of agricultural crops with an area of ​​1829 hectares were destroyed, material damage amounted to 1 million rubles.

In the Zvenigovsky district (children's health camp on Lake Tair),

On July 27, due to a power outage, hot water supply was stopped, and a mass illness of children with an acute intestinal infection occurred. 79 children and 1 adult were affected.

In the Zvenigovsky district, on August 1, due to hail with rain, crops of agricultural crops were damaged, with an area of ​​2118 hectares.

sick with classical plague, 213 heads were infected, 57 heads were slaughtered, and 68 heads were buried.

In 2001:

In the Gornomariysky district (on the Volga river near the village of Mumarikha), on April 25, due to a violation of the operating rules with the tanker Volga-Neft-39

and the boat BTT-23, there was a collision. 2 crew members of the boat drowned, and the boat itself.

In Novotoryalsky district, on May 18, due to a hurricane wind, outbuildings were destroyed, roofs were demolished, and power lines were cut off. The damage amounted to 480 thousand rubles.

In 2002:

In the Zvenigovsky district, on June 11, due to hot and dry weather, a large forest fire. The area of ​​the fire was 240 hectares.

On July 25, due to hot and dry weather, a forest fire broke out in the Medvedevsky district. The area of ​​the fire was 600 hectares.

In 2003:

In 13 districts of the republic, on June 3, due to adverse weather conditions (frosts, autumn drought, spring frosts, late vegetation)

agricultural crops died out. The area of ​​loss amounted to 47.4 thousand hectares. Material damage 111.6 million rubles.

In 2004:

50 transformer substations were disconnected, the power supply was disrupted in 51 settlements, 245 m of the gas pipeline, 10 high-voltage pylons and 24 10 kV power lines were damaged.

In the city of Yoshkar-Ola, on December 9, a fire broke out in the paint and varnish shop of PE "Saltanov" (FGUP "Hladokombinat"). 15 people died. 11 people were injured.

In 2005:

In the Morkinsky district, on July 22, due to heavy rain. Holes up to 1.5 m deep were formed on the roads of the village of Maly Shoryal. 3 dams of fire-fighting ponds were destroyed. Material damage amounted to 1.2 million rubles.

In the Zvenigovsky district, on August 29, a fire broke out due to smoking while intoxicated. 2 children born in 2000 and 2002 died, 3 people were injured, including 2 children.

On November 10, in the Gornomariysky district, due to a gross violation of traffic rules, a major traffic accident occurred. There was a head-on collision between a ZIL-131 car and a Gazelle, 6 people died, 11 people were hospitalized.

In 2006:

In the Zvenigovsky district, on June 7, due to hot and dry weather, a forest fire broke out. The fire area was 157.4 hectares.

In Yoshkar-Ola, on July 23, in violation of the speed limit, a VAZ-21102 car drove into the oncoming lane and collided with an International car with a trailer. 5 people died, 1 person was taken to intensive care with severe injuries.

In 2007:

In the Zvenigovsky district, on January 27, in violation of traffic rules, a head-on collision of GAZ-3307 and VAZ-21093 cars occurred. 5 people died.

In Orsha district, on April 23, due to soil erosion, there was a subsidence of the well of the sewage pumping station. Because of what the sewer collector failed, which provides 80% of domestic wastewater in the village of Orshanka with a population of more than 6 thousand people.

In the Medvedevsky district, on June 15, due to strong hurricane winds. There was a destruction of the roof of 4 residential buildings, partial destruction of the roof of 22 residential buildings and 9 country houses. The power supply to the village of Yuzh-Saparovo was interrupted.


Figure 1. - Statistics of large-scale emergencies

In the Volzhsky district, on October 9, due to a gross violation of traffic rules, a major traffic accident occurred. Collision between a DEFA-1045 truck and a PAZ 672 regular bus. 29 people were injured, the driver of the DEFA-1045 car died.

In 2008:

In Kuzhenersky district, on July 21, due to heavy rain, which was accompanied by strong winds. Damaged roofs of multi-storey residential buildings, baths, damaged power lines, gas pipeline. felled up to 100 m3 of forest.

In 2009:

In the Volzhsky district, on May 22, there was a traffic accident. 2 people died, 15 people were injured.

In the Zvenigovsky district, on June 15, due to a forest fire. The forest area of ​​216.1 ha was damaged. The material damage amounted to 2 million 780.67102 thousand rubles.


Figure 2 - Average long-term distribution of emergencies

Based on the analysis of large-scale emergencies that have occurred over the past ten years on the territory of the Russian Federation, one can see that they have happened and are still happening.

The largest man-made emergencies in terms of their consequences were fires, each of which killed more than two people. one

In order to minimize large-scale emergencies, you need to apply the following:

1. Change or supplement the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation;

2. Change the regulatory legal acts of the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the territory where the state of emergency has been introduced in accordance with paragraph "b" of Article 3 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State of Emergency";

3. Apply the principles of organizing the management of economic support: centralized management, complexity, planning and control, mutual agreement and timeliness;

4. Analyze legal regulation and organization of management based on the creation of sectoral models of economic support for large-scale emergencies of a certain type and a single list of means of eliminating emergencies;

5. Development in the economic provision of the legal framework for the elimination of large-scale emergencies, etc.

6. Management bodies for the liquidation of large-scale emergencies: are state authorities; territorial authorities.

7. Building the stages of formation of legal and organizational foundations for the elimination of large-scale emergencies:

- 1st before the creation of the authorities of the territory where the state of emergency has been introduced;

- 2nd - after the creation of these bodies;

- 3rd during the planned work;

- 4th - when moving to the abolition of measures and temporary restrictions.

As a result of the implemented set of measures, the number of large-scale emergencies last year decreased by 13.5%, and the loss of life decreased by 14.9%. one

2 Impact assessment and conclusions

The tragedy in the Barents Sea was the first serious test for President Putin. On August 12, 2000, the Kursk nuclear submarine sank as a result of an explosion in the torpedo room in the Barents Sea. All crew members were killed - 118 people. President Vladimir Putin interrupted the vacation he spent in Sochi.
The tragedy clearly showed that the rescue forces and assets of the Northern Fleet are not combat-ready, and the authorities and the military leadership of the country are not able to organize a rescue operation. They decided not to resort to the help of foreign specialists, but they could not cope on their own. Meanwhile, according to submarine officers, the sailors who were in the last compartments were alive after the explosion for quite a long time and they could have been saved. However, the Prosecutor General's Office came to the opposite conclusion.

Of the initial versions of the death of the submarine, considered by the government commission: a collision with another submarine, an explosion on a sea mine and an emergency situation in the first compartment, they eventually settled on the third. The investigation concluded that a torpedo explosion in the first compartment led to the tragedy. It is noteworthy that a year later, when the Kursk was raised, it was the first compartment that was left at the bottom.

The energy infrastructure, mostly inherited from Soviet times, began to crumble at an alarming rate.

It so happened that the main problems came at the end of the decade. You can’t remember all the terrible things that happened in 10 years, but the strange coincidence is frightening: all the most important accidents occurred just before the end - in the last years of the fat 2000s.

Let us recall, for example, the accident at the Chagino substation that occurred in May 2005. Then Russia, and above all Moscow, the Moscow region and other nearby regions, first got acquainted with the English definition of “blackout”. The lights went out, the TVs went down, the refrigerators leaked, and life practically stopped, information was only on the radio ... The amount of damage then amounted to 2.5 billion rubles, but this was purely theoretical, but no one actually calculated the damage.

On August 17, 2009, an accident occurred at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Results - 75 dead, damage, according to preliminary estimates, - 30-40 billion rubles.

In Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Region, an accident occurred at the Raspadskaya coal mine, the largest in Russia. The first explosion occurred on May 8, 2010 at 23.55 local time, the second - on May 9, after rescuers descended into the mine. Explosions destroyed several ground structures of the mine. As a result, 91 people died - miners and rescuers. According to the Siberian Regional Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 142 victims applied for medical help. According to preliminary estimates, the cost of restoring the mine will be about $280 million, which includes compensatory social payments, the cost of extinguishing the fire and pumping out water, the cost of design and repair work, the purchase of fixed assets, and the preparation of coal seams for mining. But this data is likely to be updated.

The summer of the past was generally a test for the whole country. Unprecedented heat led to the fact that 22 subjects of Russia were engulfed in fire, in seven regions a state of emergency (ES) was declared by presidential decree. There were about 30 thousand forest and peat fires on a total area of ​​more than 1.6 million hectares. More than 50 people became victims of the disaster. More than 3.5 thousand residents of the country from different regions were left homeless.

But even on New Year's Eve, the problems did not end. Starting from December 26, 2010, due to snowfall, massive icing of wires and falling trees on power lines in Central Russia, about 4.4 thousand settlements were de-energized, in which 900 thousand people live. A significant part of them met both the New Year and Christmas holidays without electricity. The energy collapse has affected the country's largest airport, Domodedovo. About 30 thousand people turned out to be hostages of both the elements and the sloppiness of officials of various levels.

Catastrophes often occur due to an absurd coincidence of events and lead to irreparable consequences. Recently, environmental disasters have most often occurred, leaving huge scars on the body of our planet. We have prepared a selection of the largest disasters that have cost mankind record amounts. So, to your attention are the 10 largest and most expensive man-made disasters, most of which occurred during the last century.

In the first place is the most global man-made environmental disaster - the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This catastrophe cost the world 200 billion dollars, despite the fact that the liquidation work is not even half completed. On April 26, 1986, the worst nuclear accident in history occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former USSR. More than 135,000 people who lived within a 30 kilometers (19 miles) radius of the destroyed reactor - and 35,000 livestock - were evacuated; around the station, located near the Ukrainian-Belarusian border, an exclusion zone of unprecedented size was created. In this forbidden territory, nature itself had to cope with the high levels of radiation caused by the disaster. As a result, the exclusion zone essentially turned into a giant laboratory where an experiment was set up - what happens to plants and animals in conditions of catastrophic nuclear contamination of the area? Immediately after the disaster, when everyone was worried about the dire consequences of radioactive fallout for human health, few people thought about what would happen to the wildlife inside the zone - and even more so about monitoring what was happening.

The Chernobyl disaster will long remain the largest and costliest environmental disaster. In second place is the explosion of the US shuttle Columbia, which cost $13 billion, which is 20 times less in cost and millions of times less in environmental impact.

The Columbia shuttle was the first operational reusable orbiter. It was made in 1979 and transferred to NASA's Kennedy Space Center. The shuttle Columbia was named after the sailboat that Captain Robert Gray explored the inland waters of British Columbia in May 1792. The space shuttle Columbia died in a crash on February 1, 2003, while entering the Earth's atmosphere, before landing. This was Columbia's 28th space voyage. The information from Columbia's hard drive was recovered, the causes of the crash were identified, which made it possible to avoid such disasters in the future.

In third place is again an ecological disaster. On November 13, 2002, the oil tanker Prestige exploded, spilling 77,000 tons of fuel into the ocean, making it the largest oil spill in European history. Losses in the course of work to eliminate the oil slick amounted to 12 billion dollars.

Fourth place - the death of the shuttle Challenger. Nothing foreshadowed the tragedy during the launch of the Challenger space shuttle on January 28, 1986, but 73 seconds after launch, it exploded. This accident cost American taxpayers $5.5 billion.

In fifth place The explosion on the Piper Alpha oil platform - occurred on July 6, 1988, which is recognized as the most terrible disaster in the history of the oil industry. The accident cost $3.4 billion.


Piper Alpha is the world's only burned-out oil platform. As a result of a gas leak and subsequent explosion, as well as as a result of ill-considered and indecisive actions of the personnel, 167 people out of 226 who were on the platform at that moment died, only 59 survived. Immediately after the explosion, oil and gas production was stopped on the platform, however, due to the fact that the pipelines of the platform were connected to the general network, through which hydrocarbons flowed from other platforms, and for a long time there was no production and supply of oil and gas to the pipeline. decided to stop (waiting for permission from the top management of the company), a huge amount of hydrocarbons continued to flow through pipelines, which supported the fire.

Ecology is in sixth place again. The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred on March 24, 1989. This is the largest oil spill in human history. More than 11 million gallons of oil entered the water. $2.5 billion was spent to eliminate the consequences of this ecological catastrophe.



Seventh place - the explosion of a B-2 stealth bomber. The crash occurred on February 23, 2008, and cost US taxpayers a million and a half dollars. Fortunately, no one was hurt, only financial costs followed.

Eighth place - Metrolink passenger train crash. The train collision that occurred on September 12, 2008 in California is more about negligence. Two trains collide, 25 dead, MetroLink loses $500 million

In ninth place, the collision of a fuel tanker and a passenger car took place on August 26, 2004 on the Wiehltal bridge in Germany. This catastrophe, which occurred on August 26, 2004, can be attributed to accidents on the roads. They happen often, but this one surpassed everything in scale. The car, passing over the bridge at full speed, crashed into a full fuel truck going to the meeting, an explosion occurred, which practically destroyed the bridge. By the way, the restoration work of the bridge took 358 million dollars.

The death of the Titanic closes the top ten most expensive catastrophes. The tragedy occurred on April 15, 1912 and claimed 1523 human lives. The cost of building the ship amounted to $ 7 million (in today's exchange rate - $ 150 million).

1)Underwater earthquake in the Indian Ocean, which occurred on December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time), triggered a tsunami that has been recognized as the deadliest natural disaster in modern history. The magnitude of the earthquake was, according to various estimates, from 9.1 to 9.3. This is the third strongest earthquake in the history of observation.

The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the Indian Ocean, north of the island of Simeulue, located near the northwestern coast of the island of Sumatra (Indonesia). The tsunami reached the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, southern India, Thailand and other countries. The height of the waves exceeded 15 meters. The tsunami caused enormous destruction and a huge number of deaths, even in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 6900 km from the epicenter.

Died, according to various estimates, from 225 thousand to 300 thousand people. The death toll is 227,898 according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The true death toll is unlikely to ever be known, as many people were swept into the sea by the water.

2)Hurricane Katrina(English) Hurricane Katrina listen)) is the most destructive hurricane in U.S. history. It was a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, the sixth strongest Atlantic Basin hurricane on record. It happened at the end of August 2005. The most severe damage was caused to New Orleans in Louisiana, where about 80% of the city's area was under water. The disaster killed 1,836 residents and caused economic damage of $125 billion (est., 2007)

3)Bhopal disaster- the largest man-made disaster in terms of the number of victims that occurred as a result of an accident at the Union Carbide chemical plant in the Indian city of Bhopal (the capital of Madhya Pradesh) in the early morning of December 3, 1984, which resulted in the death of at least 18 thousand people, of which 3 thousand died directly on the day of the tragedy, and 15 thousand - in subsequent years.

4)Terror attack at the Munich Olympics (Munich murders, Olympic terrorist attack) - a terrorist attack committed during the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 by members of the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, which killed 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team (4 coaches, 5 competitors and two judges), as well as one West German policeman. Five of the eight terrorists were killed by police in a failed hostage rescue attempt. The three surviving terrorists were captured but later released by West Germany after the Black September hijacking of a Lufthansa airliner. Israel responded to the release of the terrorists with operations "Spring of Youth" and "Wrath of God", during which the Israeli intelligence agencies tracked down and destroyed those suspected of plotting a terrorist attack.



5)The terrorist attack on Dubrovka, also referred to as "Nord-Ost"- the terrorist attack on Dubrovka in Moscow, which lasted from October 23 to October 26, 2002, during which a group of armed militants led by Movsar Baraev seized and held hostages from among the spectators of the musical "Nord-Ost" in the building of the House of Culture of OJSC "Moscow Bearing" ( "1 GPZ"), located at the address: Moscow, Melnikova street, 7.

The fighters were armed with firearms, ammunition and explosive devices. The total number of hostages taken was 916 people. The purpose of the terrorist action was to violate public security, intimidate the population and influence the authorities of the Russian Federation to decide on the withdrawal of troops from the territory of the Chechen Republic.

As a result of the operation to free the hostages, all the terrorists were eliminated and most of the hostages were released. In total, according to official figures, 130 people from among the hostages were killed (according to the public organization "Nord-Ost", 174 people).

6)Terrorist act in Beslan- hostage-taking at school No. 1 in the city of Beslan (North Ossetia), committed by terrorists on the morning of September 1, 2004, during a solemn assembly dedicated to the beginning of the school year. For two and a half days, the terrorists kept more than 1,100 hostages in a mined building (mostly children, their parents and school staff) in the most difficult conditions, denying people even the minimum natural needs.

On the third day around 13:05, explosions occurred at the school and a fire later broke out, resulting in a partial collapse of the building. After the first explosions, the hostages began to run out of the school, and an assault was launched by federal forces. During a chaotic firefight, including with the participation of civilians using personal weapons, 27 terrorists were killed (three, including one of the suicide bombers, died between 1 and 2 September). The only terrorist caught alive, Nur-Pashi Kulaev, was arrested and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment by a court.

Although most of the hostages were released during the assault, 334 people, including 186 children, were killed and over 800 injured as a result of the attack. The economic damage from the terrorist attack exceeded 34 million rubles

Shamil Basayev publicly claimed responsibility for the terrorist attack in Beslan by publishing a statement on the website of the Chechen separatists Kavkaz Center on September 17, 2004

As of 2013, the investigation into the attack, initiated by the General Prosecutor's Office on September 1, 2004, remained open. The attack was investigated by several independent commissions, expert groups and public organizations, but many of the circumstances, including the actual number of terrorists, the possible escape of many of them, the actions of the government during the negotiations and the storming of the building, as well as the reasons for limited and inconsistent media coverage are still disputed. Some commentators are of the opinion that the death of some of the hostages was caused by the operation to free them.

The terrorist attack in Beslan was the final in a series of terrorist attacks by Russia in 2004, after which the political leadership of the country carried out a number of serious reforms in the legislation. In particular, the elections of governors were canceled and the Public Chamber, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee and the "Commission on improving the socio-economic situation in the Southern Federal District" were created.

7)The terrorist act of September 11, 2001(sometimes simply referred to as 9/11) was a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks that took place in the United States of America. The terrorist organization al-Qaeda is responsible for these attacks.

On the morning of that day, nineteen terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda, divided into four groups, hijacked four scheduled passenger airliners. Each group had at least one member who completed basic flight training.

The invaders sent two of these planes into the towers of the World Trade Center, located in the southern part of Manhattan in New York. American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into WTC 1 (North), and United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into WTC 2 (South). As a result, both towers collapsed, causing severe damage to adjacent buildings. A third plane (American Airlines Flight 77) was sent to the Pentagon, located near Washington. The passengers and crew of the fourth airliner (United Airlines Flight 93) tried to take control of the plane from the terrorists, the plane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

In addition to the 19 terrorists, 2,977 people died as a result of the attacks (see the Victims section), and another 24 went missing. Most of the dead were civilians.

The official version of what happened was criticized by a number of journalists, scientists and witnesses of the tragedy. Independent investigations were carried out, some of which were documented.

8) Riots (Manezhnaya Square (2010), Sagra, Kondopoga, Demyanovo)

9)Mass murder in the village of Kushchevskaya- the murder of 12 people (including four children) that occurred on November 4, 2010 in the village of Kushchevskaya, Krasnodar Territory and, according to the results of an investigation, was committed by members of the Tsapkovsky organized criminal group.

10)The Chernobyl accident, Catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Chernobyl accident, the term Chernobyl disaster is most often used in the media - the destruction on April 26, 1986 of the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). The destruction was explosive, the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large amount of radioactive substances was released into the environment. The accident is regarded as the largest of its kind in the history of nuclear energy, both in terms of the estimated number of people killed and affected by its consequences, and in terms of economic damage. During the first three months after the accident, 31 people died; the long-term effects of exposure, identified over the next 15 years, caused the death of 60 to 80 people. 134 people suffered from radiation sickness of varying severity, more than 115 thousand people from the 30-kilometer zone were evacuated. Significant resources were mobilized to eliminate the consequences, more than 600 thousand people participated in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident.

Unlike the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion resembled a very powerful "dirty bomb" - radioactive contamination became the main damaging factor.

The cloud formed from the burning reactor carried various radioactive materials, primarily iodine and cesium radionuclides, over most of Europe. The greatest fallout was observed in large areas in the Soviet Union located near the reactor and now belonging to the territories of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

The Chernobyl accident was an event of great social and political significance for the USSR. All this left a certain imprint on the course of the investigation of its causes. The approach to interpreting the facts and circumstances of the accident has changed over time, and there is still no complete consensus.

11)JSC "MMM"- a private company organized by Sergei Mavrodi. Until February 1, 1994, it conducted only financial and trading activities. Since 1994, it has traditionally been considered a classic and largest financial pyramid in the history of Russia. According to various estimates, 10-15 million investors participated in its activities. According to According to other estimates, the number of depositors did not exceed 2 million people.

According to Sergei Mavrodi, the MMM company was deliberately destroyed by the relevant state authorities.

Company founders: Sergey Mavrodi, his brother Vyacheslav Mavrodi and Olga Melnikova. Head - Sergey Mavrodi. But Sergei Mavrodi has repeatedly stated that the other two founders were nominal figures and he needed it exclusively for registering the company. The company's name was an abbreviation of the initial letters of the names of its founders.

12)Deepwater Horizon oil platform explosion- an accident (explosion and fire) that occurred on April 20, 2010, 80 kilometers off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform at the Macondo field (English) Russian ..

The oil spill that followed the accident became the largest in the history of the United States and turned the accident into one of the largest man-made disasters in terms of negative impact on the environment.

At the time of the explosion on the Deepwater Horizon platform, 11 people were killed and 17 of the 126 people on the platform were injured. At the end of June 2010, there were reports of the death of 2 more people during the aftermath of the disaster.

Through damage to well pipes at a depth of 1,500 meters, about 5 million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico in 152 days, the oil slick reached an area of ​​75,000 square kilometers.

13)Tunguska meteoroid, or Tunguska meteorite(Tunguska phenomenon) - a hypothetical body, probably of cometary origin, which, presumably, caused an air explosion that occurred in the area of ​​​​the Podkamennaya Tunguska River (about 60 km north and 20 km west of the village of Vanavara) June 17 (30), 1908 at 07:00 14.5 ± 0.8 minutes local time (0 h 14.5 min GMT). The power of the explosion is estimated at 40-50 megatons, which corresponds to the energy of the most powerful (from exploded) hydrogen bomb.

14) "The sinking of the Titanic" chronology of the death of the Titanic (R.M.S. Titanic) - the British steamship of the White Star Line company, the largest passenger liner in the world at the time of its construction. The accident occurred during the first flight of the liner on the night of April 14-15, 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean as a result of a collision with an iceberg. The ship sank in 2 hours and 20 minutes. At the time of the crash, there were 1,316 passengers and 891 crew members on board, for a total of 2,207 people. Of these, 705 people were saved, 1,502 died. The sinking of the Titanic caused the widest public outcry, becoming the largest maritime disaster of its time in terms of the number of victims. It is currently one of the five largest peacetime maritime disaster victims of all time.

15) Freezing rain in Moscow

16)Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP- industrial man-made disaster that occurred on August 17, 2009. As a result of the accident, 75 people died, and serious damage was caused to the equipment and premises of the station. The work of the station for the production of electricity was suspended. The consequences of the accident affected the ecological situation in the water area adjacent to the HPP, the social and economic spheres of the region. As a result of the investigation, Rostekhnadzor named the destruction of the stud bolts of the turbine cover of the hydraulic unit caused by additional dynamic loads of a variable nature, which was preceded by the formation and development of fatigue damage to the attachment points, which led to the failure of the cover and flooding of the power plant room, as the direct cause of the accident.

The accident is currently the largest disaster in the history of a hydropower facility in Russia and one of the most significant in the history of the world's hydropower industry. Shoigu. “Nothing like this has ever been seen in world practice.” Nevertheless, the assessment of the consequences of the disaster in the expert and political community is ambiguous. Some experts and organizations, including Sergei Shoigu himself, compared the Sayano-Shushenskaya accident in terms of its significance and impact on the economic and sociological aspects of life in Russia with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Other experts argued that these accidents are incomparable in scale. President of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev expressed the opinion that one should not overdramatize the situation and make "apocalyptic" comments. The accident caused a great public outcry, becoming one of the most discussed events in the media in 2009.

17)Accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant- a major radiation accident (according to Japanese officials - level 7 on the INES scale), which occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of the strongest earthquake in the history of Japan and the tsunami that followed it. The earthquake and tsunami hit disabled external power supplies and backup diesel generators, which caused the inoperability of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the meltdown of the reactor core at power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the accident.

18)The wreck of the ship "Bulgaria"- a shipwreck that occurred on July 10, 2011 at about 13:30 Moscow time in the Kuibyshev reservoir near the village of Syukeyevo, Kamsko-Ustyinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.

According to the final data, of the 201 people on board, 79 survived. The death of the remaining 122 people was confirmed. Among the dead is the captain of the ship "Bulgaria" Alexander Ostrovsky.

19)K-141 "Kursk"- Russian nuclear submarine missile-carrying cruiser of project 949A "Antey". Laid down at Sevmash in 1992, put into operation on December 30, 1994. From 1995 to 2000 - as part of the Russian Northern Fleet, Vidyaevo base.

Sunk in the Barents Sea, 175 km from Severomorsk, (69°40′00″ N 37°35′00″ E (G)(O)) at a depth of 108 meters as a result of the disaster that occurred on August 12, 2000. All 118 crew members on board were killed. In terms of the number of dead, the accident was the second in the post-war history of the Russian submarine fleet, after the explosion of ammunition on the B-37.

20)Plane crash in Smolensk April 10, 2010- an aviation accident that occurred with the presidential plane Tu-154 of the Polish Air Force during landing at the Smolensk-Severny airfield in heavy fog. The crash killed all those on board - 88 passengers and 8 crew members, including Polish President Lech Kaczynski, his wife Maria Kaczynska, well-known Polish politicians, almost all the high military command, public and religious figures. This is the largest in terms of the number of victims among air crashes in which the first persons of the state died. President Kaczynski was on his way to Russia on a private visit at the head of a Polish delegation to the mourning events on the occasion of the seventieth anniversary of the execution of Polish officers in the Katyn forest.

According to the results of the IAC investigation, all aircraft systems worked normally before impact with the ground; due to fog, visibility at the airfield was below the allowable for landing, about which the crew was notified.

Man calls himself "the king of nature", and it must be admitted that there is a significant amount of truth in this. In some fifty thousand years, we have traveled an impressive path from animal skins and a stone ax to a nuclear reactor and space flights. Despite the undoubted achievements, modern man is just as helpless before the power of the elements, like his distant Cro-Magnon ancestor. The forces of nature are so great that all the power of our technologies is powerless before them.

Hundreds and thousands of various natural disasters, dangerous and emergency situations occur on Earth every year: hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, floods, earthquakes, etc. A large number of people become their victims. Moreover, human economic activity itself is a source of serious potential danger. It often results in man-made emergencies that can surpass any hurricanes or earthquakes in their consequences. An example is Fukushima or Chernobyl.

Even more dangers and destruction are brought by wars, which in themselves are a terrible disaster. In addition to the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities, they lead to refugee flows and real humanitarian disasters, which mainly affect the civilian population. Since the beginning of the 1990s alone, there have been 38 local military conflicts and 41 small wars in the world.

It is far from always possible to understand the causes of emergencies or prevent them, but we are not only capable, but also obliged to fight the consequences of the rampant natural disasters and help those affected by it. Each country has a special structure (or several), whose tasks include the elimination of the consequences of emergency situations, as well as assistance to the civilian population in emergency situations.

In our country, such duties are performed by the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES) of the Russian Federation. The decision to introduce or not a state of emergency in a certain territory is made by the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Emergency Situations or special commissions. The work of special services, state structures, local governments, as well as other institutions and organizations in emergency situations is regulated by the federal law (FZ) "On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations."

What is an emergency?

An emergency situation (ES) is a situation that has developed in a certain area as a result of a man-made accident, a natural phenomenon or a natural disaster. As a rule, it poses a threat to the life and health of people, destroys material values, and damages the natural environment and the national economy.

The term “emergency situation” (ES) is often used in the media, which refers to various incidents: road accidents, fires, emergency situations at work, etc. serious consequences.

In descriptions of emergency situations, the words “accident”, “catastrophe” are found, and they are used as synonyms. This is not entirely correct. An accident is an emergency situation related to machinery or mechanisms. For example, a production line breakdown, a vehicle crash, a chemical leak. The scale of such incidents varies greatly. A catastrophe is a broader term, it denotes a tragic incident with significant damage and, as a rule, with massive damage and loss of life.

Existing classifications of emergencies

Currently, there are several classifications of emergency situations. Based on the nature of the causes of emergencies, they can be divided into two large groups:

  • conflict;
  • conflict-free.

The first group includes all types of emergency situations caused by military operations, conflicts on religious and national grounds, terrorist acts, rampant crime, revolutions, riots, etc. These are emergency situations caused by destructive actions of a person or conflicts between groups of people. Emergency situations of the second type include accidents and catastrophes in industry and natural emergencies, as well as environmental disasters.

Emergencies are unintentional and intentional. In the latter case, we are usually talking about terrorist attacks.

The most important factor by which an emergency is classified and assessed is its scale and the amount of damage caused by the emergency. Here, the consequences of emergency situations are assessed: the size of the lesion, losses among the population, damage to infrastructure and the environment. This aspect is very important for planning and conducting rescue and other operations.

Damage from emergencies can be direct and indirect (indirect). The first type includes the cost of destruction and damage, damage from the failure of economic activities, damage to natural resources, loss of working capacity of workers due to injuries. Indirect damage: economic losses due to the stoppage of economic activity, the cost of eliminating the consequences of emergencies, social security of the population affected by the introduction of a state of emergency, etc. Indirect damage is often much greater than direct damage and can have a negative impact on the country's economy for decades.

Based on the classification according to the degree of damage, emergencies are:

  • Local character. In this case, the emergency zone does not go beyond the territory of the facility where the incident occurred. The death toll does not exceed ten people, and the damage - 100 thousand rubles;
  • municipal character. The emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of a settlement or city of federal significance. The number of victims does not exceed 50 people, and the amount of damage is 5 million rubles;
  • intermunicipal character. In such an emergency, the affected area extends to several settlements, the number of victims exceeds 50 people, and material damage is more than 5 million rubles;
  • regional character. The number of victims is over 50, but not more than 500 people, and the amount of damage is more than 5 million rubles, but does not exceed 500 million rubles. At the same time, the emergency situation does not go beyond the boundaries of one subject of the Russian Federation;
  • Interregional character. In this case, the emergency zone affects several federal subjects at once, the number of victims is no more than 500 people, and the amount of damage does not exceed 500 million rubles;
  • federal character. This group includes an emergency situation, as a result of which the number of victims exceeds 500 people or the amount of material damage is more than 500 million rubles.

There are also cross-border emergencies, when, for example, an accident or catastrophe occurs outside the Russian borders, but damaging factors also have a detrimental effect on our territory. A few years ago, a Chinese enterprise leaked poisonous substances, which then ended up in the Russian part of the Amur.

Also, peacetime emergencies are classified according to the nature of the damaging effect (the emergency factor). This point is very important, because it is the nature of the emergency source that determines the nature of the rescue and other urgent activities in the disaster zone. The source of distress can be:

  • thermal;
  • mechanical;
  • biological;
  • radiation;
  • chemical.

According to the nature of occurrence, emergencies are divided into:

  • natural;
  • technogenic;
  • environmental;
  • social;
  • combined.

According to the speed of development of events, emergencies are:

  • sudden - earthquakes, explosions, transport accidents;
  • rapid - fires, emissions of radioactive or toxic substances;
  • moderate - floods, volcanic eruptions.

Natural emergencies: general description and features

The most extensive class of emergencies, which includes disasters caused by the elemental forces of nature. This group includes earthquakes, droughts, tornadoes, mudflows, dust storms, hurricanes, snow avalanches in the mountains, volcanic eruptions and much more. It is so numerous that for convenience it has been divided into several subgroups.

For example, there are emergencies caused by hydrometeorological phenomena, such as strong winds, excessive precipitation, snowfalls, droughts, etc. The Roshydrometeorological center is engaged in the prevention of emergencies of this type in our country.

Climatic natural phenomena are the most common cause of emergencies on the planet. Moreover, it is they who are responsible for most of the victims that occur in natural emergencies. According to the UN, this figure reaches 90%.

The second type of natural emergencies are dangerous geophysical events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. They have no equal in destructive power. A strong earthquake may well destroy a large city, causing the death of hundreds of thousands of people. Volcanoes have no less destructive power - the fate of the Roman city of Pompeii is a clear proof of this.

Unfortunately, we cannot yet confidently predict such destructive natural phenomena, so protecting the population and territories from emergencies of this type is very difficult. It remains only to deal with their consequences. Almost 40% of the territory of Russia belongs to the zone of increased seismic hazard, and earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 7-8 points can occur on 9%.

Another dangerous subgroup of natural emergencies are geological emergencies. These include landslides, mudflows, soil subsidence, avalanches, dust storms.

A separate subgroup of natural emergencies includes various marine natural phenomena: typhoons, tsunamis, severe storms, intense ice drift. It is clear that such emergencies are dangerous for coastal areas, in addition, they cause significant damage to shipping and marine fisheries.

Also, natural emergencies include massive damage to agricultural animals and plants by various diseases or pests. Although these emergencies do not lead to the death of people and the destruction of material objects, they are fraught with significant economic losses. Veterinary services are involved in the prevention and control of such emergencies of this type.

Wildfires are a traditional natural emergency in Russia. This is facilitated by the vast areas of forests in our country. From 10 to 30 thousand fires of various sizes and complexity are recorded annually. They cause great damage to the economy of the country.

Technogenic emergencies, their description and features

Man-caused emergencies include emergencies associated with emergency situations at various technical facilities: factories, power plants, pipelines, storage facilities, transport, etc. This group is also quite numerous and heterogeneous. It includes various types of emergencies, differing both in their nature (affecting factors) and in scale.

The most complex and dangerous accidents are those that can lead to the release of toxic chemicals or radioactive substances. Such incidents pose a significant threat to human health and the natural environment. Leaks of biologically hazardous substances are no less dangerous.

Technogenic emergencies include transport accidents, fires at industrial facilities, collapse of buildings and structures.

Emergencies associated with the critical infrastructure of settlements are especially dangerous: accidents in power grids, urban sewage treatment plants, heating networks, etc. A modern person is very dependent on all this, a power outage in a big city for at least a day completely disrupts the normal rhythm of his life. Such emergencies are by no means uncommon.

Another type of dangerous man-made emergencies is accidents at hydraulic structures: dams, dams. They can lead to numerous casualties and flooding of large areas.

Ecological emergencies and their impact on flora and fauna

Environmental emergencies - the creation of a situation in a certain area that has a detrimental effect on the flora and fauna, as well as the general state of the aquatic and air environment. The cause of this type of emergency can be a serious man-made accident or a natural disaster, inefficient (or even simply barbaric) human economic activity.

An example of a man-made accident that led to the emergence of an environmental emergency can be the tragic events at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which resulted in the alienation of vast territories. However, the thoughtless attitude of man to nature leads to disasters and emergencies much more often than accidents. For example, mining is the cause of subsidence, landslides and landslides, while deforestation reduces biodiversity, causes mudflows and floods. Large-scale emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere can seriously raise the level of the World Ocean and flood coastal areas.

Social emergencies

This type of emergency occurs as a result of acute conflict between social groups. The reasons for such a disaster are completely different: political or religious contradictions, the difficult economic situation in the country, social injustice. Social emergencies include revolutions, riots, armed conflicts.

Terrorism, which is considered a peculiar form of political struggle, is also often referred to as social emergencies. The consequences of terrorist attacks are very serious, and they not only cause material damage and kill innocent people, but also create an atmosphere of fear and distrust in society. Currently, the problem of global terrorism is very acute, it can be called one of the main challenges of modern civilization.

To prevent terrorist attacks or eliminate their consequences, internal troops and other military formations may be involved.

It is quite difficult to prevent social emergencies, because the causes of their occurrence are very subjective and not always clear. Serious complex work of special services, politicians, doctors, psychologists, and the media is necessary to eliminate and prevent social upheavals. Poverty, unemployment, lack of prospects, inequality and lawlessness are the breeding ground for various social explosions and civil strife.

Combined emergencies

An emergency of this type is a combination of emergency situations of several types described above at once, which are observed in a certain area. Moreover, the combinations are different. Very often man-made or natural emergencies lead to riots or even armed conflicts. For example, one of the prerequisites for the outbreak of unrest in Syria, which then escalated into a civil war, was a significant drought, which led to a shortage and rise in food prices. Similar stories often happened in the past: the immediate cause of the 1917 revolution in Russia was the interruption in the supply of grain to St. Petersburg.

Technogenic accidents often lead to environmental disasters, protests and riots are often observed in areas affected by hostilities.

The combined nature of emergencies greatly complicates the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations and the elimination of its consequences.

Principles of protection of the population in emergency situations

How to protect citizens and minimize damage from emergencies? Is there a single universal recipe for protecting the population from catastrophes and disasters so different in nature? And who is responsible for dealing with emergencies?

In our country, the state policy in the field of protecting the population from emergencies is carried out by a special structure - the Ministry of Emergency Situations. This ministry conducts legal regulation in this area, and also exercises supervision and control in the field of civil defense. It is a paramilitary organization that is allowed to acquire and use weapons.

In 1995, to counteract natural disasters and emergency situations, the RSChS was created - a unified system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations. It includes the resources and forces of the central authorities, subjects of the Russian Federation and local governments, organizations that deal with the issue of protecting territories and the population from emergencies.

RSChS is aimed at performing two functions:

  • disaster prevention and reduction of possible damage from emergencies;
  • liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations and carrying out emergency rescue and other necessary work in the emergency zone.

The system for the prevention and liquidation of emergencies has a hierarchical structure, it is divided into several levels. At each of them, management bodies, forces and means have been created to solve the necessary tasks and carry out measures to protect the population and territories.

The most important element in preventing emergencies and dealing with their consequences is civil defense (CS). This is a whole range of measures to protect the population and material values ​​from the dangers arising from military operations or man-made accidents and natural emergencies. Civil defense can be called one of the most important functions of any state, which in its importance is not inferior to supporting an adequate defense capability of the country.

The tasks of civil defense include:

  • notification of the population about the possible threat of an enemy attack, the use of weapons of mass destruction by him, man-made accidents, natural disasters and the procedure for actions in such situations;
  • preparation of shelters and protective structures;
  • providing the population with personal protective equipment;
  • if necessary, the civil defense service organizes the evacuation of the population to safe areas;
  • ensuring the protection of food supplies, water supply systems, farm animals from contamination with poisonous and radioactive substances, as well as biological agents;
  • education of the population in ways of protection in emergency situations;
  • Civil defense forces are required to have an advance plan for the defense of a particular territory.

The structure of civil defense is built on the production and territorial principle. The head of any enterprise is also the head of its civil defense. A similar rule applies to administrative-territorial entities. The head of the civil defense is responsible for the readiness of the territory or facility to withstand emergencies, accidents and natural disasters.

Our world is a very dangerous and unpredictable place. A person must remember this and be ready at any moment to confront the formidable forces of nature or machines that have escaped his control. In this matter, the work of state emergency services is, of course, very important, but our ability to face the unfolding elements is much more important.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Can lead to natural disasters. The power of natural disasters is often destructive and leads to serious negative phenomena. Every year, scientists record about 1 million seismic and microseismic vibrations of the earth. Approximately 100 of them are tangible to humans and 1000 cause major damage. More prone to seismic vibrations: the Mediterranean zone, the south of Eurasia from the western side of Portugal to the eastern zone of the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific zone, which surrounds the shores of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes mountain ranges: the Andes, the Cordillera, the Crimea, the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Carpathians, the Apennines and the Alps.

The strength of an earthquake is measured on a 12-point scale by a seismologist. A weak push is recorded as one point. Each new score means that the next push is 10 times greater than the previous one. The most notorious earthquakes were recorded in 1906 in California (USA) - 10 points, in 1923 in Japan - over 10 points. There are about 150 thousand people who died here. In 1928, Spitak suffered from shocks of 8 points. The city was completely destroyed, more than 25 thousand people were killed. Record holders for the number and strength of earthquakes are Chile and Japan.

Scientists have recorded more than 1,000 Earth wobbles per year in these countries. The strongest shocks from the bowels of the earth occur in the area of ​​the Japanese islands of Suruga and Sagami. Weak fluctuations are observed in the city of Niigata. The locals are so accustomed to this that they no longer worry much. The city is experiencing minor losses: advertising signs are falling and houses are swaying slightly.

Earthquake in Japan

A strong earthquake in Japan is felt in open areas. Cracks form in the soil of the earth. Over time, they become wider, the soil is cracking, as if at the seams. If the vibrations are incredibly active, then the earth is literally distorted by undulating shocks.

Such a phenomenon could be observed in Japan (1923) in the South Kanto region. The point of the earthquake was under Sagami Bay. Almost all residential buildings on its coast were destroyed. Scientists consider this earthquake in Japan the most destructive of all.

Panic terror reigned in the cities of Yokohama and Tokyo. 6 thousand people died. Almost the entire city was destroyed in the resulting fire. Strong fluctuations arose in the afternoon.

Almost immediately, fires appeared everywhere. The gusty wind carried the fire everywhere. Separate pockets of fires merged with each other, and soon it was already blazing from all sides. People ran from everywhere to escape the fire. So, during this earthquake, 3.5 million Japanese were left homeless and 150,000 people died. Japan suffered catastrophic losses, which were 5 times the country's expenses in the Russo-Japanese War.

Volcanoes

Scientists have registered about a thousand active volcanoes. Every 2 years, three new ones are added to the existing volcanoes. This is an unpredictable and amazing phenomenon! According to scientists, the first volcanoes appeared on the planet 4 billion years ago.

The oldest volcano is in Ukraine. Its name is Kara-Dag. Eruptions of this power occurred about 150 million years ago. At the moment, Kara-Dag does not pose a threat, which cannot be stated about his other known brothers.

The state system of liquidation of emergency situations considers that the correct forecasting of the occurrence and development of natural disasters and advance notification of the population is still the main problem. And we need to work on this.

In the event of emergencies, there must be an organization of all existing structures. The united actions of federal and local authorities, departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, combined with the competent actions of the population, make it possible to suffer much less loss of life and material loss. In parallel with this, the most effective measures are being taken to eliminate the incident itself and its consequences.