Account on the day the funds are credited. How will they track receipts on your plastic cards: payments of individuals under the gun
Each of us at least once made a bank transfer to another bank, either to ourselves, or to relatives or partners. In this article, I will tell you about what a bank flight is and why you need to know the schedule of these flights. But we did not even think about the specifics of this banking operation.
First, let's define what interbank transfers are.
Interbank transfers- these are transfers of funds from one bank to another, which is carried out by banks by debiting from the account of one bank crediting to the account of another bank in the Central Bank.
These operations are carried out by the Central Bank of Russia not immediately, but periodically. The frequency of such transactions is called a bank flight.
Schedule of bank flights of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in 2019
1st flight– departure from 10:00 to 11:00, reception – from 12:00.
2nd flight- departure from 11:15 to 14:00, reception - from 15:00.
3rd flight– departure from 14:15 to 16:00, reception – from 17:00.
4th flight– departure from 16:15 to 18:00, reception – from 20:00.
5th flight- sending from 19:00 to 21:00, receiving - from 22:00 (Everywhere the time is Moscow time)
This schedule helps to understand when funds will be transferred from our bank to another bank. But here it is worth noting that all banks process customer payment orders differently. For example, some banks make outgoing transfers only on the first and second flights.
For example, in the evening we can send money via the Internet bank to repay a loan to an account in another bank, but this money will leave our bank only in the morning on the first flight. And enrollment in another bank, where we have a loan, will occur on one of the flights. Thus, it is possible to predict when the money will “leave” our bank and go to another bank.
Terms of order processing banks prescribe for a transfer in a bank account agreement, but the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 849) states that a credit institution is obliged to make a payment no later than the next banking day after receiving a payment order from a client. Banks may also stipulate that the terms of the transfer can be up to 3-5 business days. But in fact, everything usually happens faster.
The fastest banks for interbank transfers
- Tinkoff Bank— debit card with free interbank transfers and transfers from card to card. Today it is the fastest bank in Russia for transfers. On business days, transfers are sent every 30 minutes from 1:20 to 19:45 Moscow time.
The company's funds must be kept in a bank. For this enterprise - legal entities that have an independent balance sheet, open current accounts.
To open a current account, the company submits the following documents to the bank:
Application for opening an account in the prescribed form;
A document certifying the fact of creation, registration of a legal entity;
Copies of the articles of association and memorandum of association certified by a notary;
Bank card with samples of signatures of persons who are granted the right to sign payment documents, and a seal imprint;
Certificate of registration of the enterprise in the tax office at the place of registration;
Certificate of registration in the Pension and other social funds.
The procedure for making and processing transactions on bank accounts is regulated by the rules of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
The following documents are used to register the movement of money on a current account:
1. Payment order
Payment order provides an instruction from the payer to his bank to transfer a certain amount to the current account of another company.
Payment order printed in 3, 4 or 5 copies, depending on the branches of the bank where the beneficiary's and payer's settlement accounts are located. The first copy is stamped and signed by the first and second persons. The purpose of the payment is specified in the payment order in detail. The printed payment order is valid for 10 calendar days.
2.
Payment request - order represents, on the one hand, the requirement of the supplier to the buyer to pay for the shipped inventory items or services rendered on the basis of documents confirming the shipment. On the other hand, this document is an instruction from the buyer to his bank to make payment.
The supplier, having shipped the products, issues payment order sends to the buyer in three, four or five copies and with the attached shipped documents.
If the buyer agrees to pay for this delivery, he fills out the second part payment request - receipt and submits to your bank to withdraw money from the current account. The buyer's agreement to pay for this delivery is called acceptance.
3. Cash check.
cash check is an order from the enterprise to the bank to issue a certain amount of cash.
A check book for 25 or 50 sheets is issued by the bank at the request of the enterprise. To withdraw cash, the accountant carefully fills out the check with one color of ink and passes it to the cashier of the enterprise. The cashier orders the required amount in advance (1, 2 days in advance). The completed check is valid for 10 days.
4.
According to this document, money is deposited into the current account directly from the cash desk of the enterprise. Cash contribution announcement is filled in by the cashier giving money directly at the bank in the 1st copy. The announcement form can be obtained from the bank operator.
The form consists of 3 parts:
1 part - ad stays in the bank.
2 part - receipt returned to the cashier of the enterprise.
3 part - order issued by the bank along with the statement.
If enterprises hand over the proceeds to the collector, then in this case bill of lading, which consists of 3 forms:
1 form - bill of lading invested in a money bag.
2 form - consignment note issued to the collector along with the bag.
3 form - copy of the bill of lading remains with the cashier.
Money is credited to the current account on the basis of the following documents:
1. By cash payment announcement or by transmittal sheet the money deposited from the cash register is credited to the current account.
2. Based on payment orders buyers and customers are credited with an advance payment or revenue for products sold.
3. Based on payment requests-orders, issued by the enterprise to buyers and customers, an advance payment or proceeds for products sold are credited.
4. By memorial order a bank loan or interest paid by the bank for keeping money in the company's accounts is credited.
Money is debited from the current account on the basis of the following documents:
1. Based on money check the company receives money from the bank for wages, travel and business expenses.
2. Based on payment orders issued by our company, the debt to the budget, extra-budgetary funds, other creditors is extinguished, and the supplier transfers payment for inventory items, services or an advance payment.
3. Based on payment requests - orders suppliers are debited from the current account of funds in payment for the received inventory items and services.
4. Based on memorial order issued by the bank, interest on the use of a bank loan, as well as payment for the bank's services for settlement and cash services, are written off.
All transactions made on the current account are reflected in bank statement, which is regularly issued to the account holder.
Account 51 correspondence with other accounts
To account for funds at the enterprise, an active synthetic account 51 “Settlement account” is used.
Sub-accounts can be opened for account 51. Sub-accounts are opened when there are several settlement accounts opened in different banks.
By debit account 51 reflects the receipt of money on the current account, according to credit- Withdrawal of money from the current account. Debit balance account 51 reflects the balance of funds on the current account.
The transfer of money to the current account is reflected in the following transactions:
| №№ | Contents of operation | Account correspondence | |
| Dt | ct | ||
| 1. | Received money on the announcement for a cash contribution | ||
| 2. | The money was received according to the transfer sheet: a) the money was handed over to the collector (transfers on the way) b) the money was credited to the current account | ||
| 3. | Money received from buyers and customers for products sold (goods, works, services) or prepayment received | ||
| 4. | Short-term credits and loans credited to the current account | ||
| 5. | Long-term credits and loans received on the current account | ||
| 6. | Money received to pay off the debts of other debtors, dividends on securities, interest on loans issued | ||
| 7. | Interest is credited for keeping money on the current account and current accounts | ||
| 8. | Received fines, penalties, forfeits | ||
| 10. | Founder contributions received | ||
| 11. | Wrongly credited money to the current account |
Write-off money from the current account is reflected in the following transactions:
| №№ | Contents of operation | Account correspondence | |
| Dt | ct | ||
| 1. | Received money from the current account to the cashier | ||
| 2. | Money was transferred to the supplier for the received inventory items (works, services) or an advance payment was transferred | ||
| 3. | Taxes to the budget are listed: income tax, property tax, value added tax, personal income tax | ||
| 4. | UST transferred to social funds: social insurance fund, pension insurance, medical insurance. | ||
| 5. | Company's accounts payable | ||
| 6. | Returned short-term loans or loans, and interest accrued on them | ||
| 7. | Returned long-term loans or loans, and interest accrued on them | ||
| 8. | Loans issued to third parties or individuals | ||
| 9. | Paid bank services for settlement and cash services | ||
| 10. | Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of obligations under economic contracts are listed. | ||
| 11. | Fines are transferred to the budget or extra-budgetary funds | ||
| 12. | Wrongly deducted money from the current account |
Letter of credit. Crediting funds
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 55.01 | 66.01 | Opening a letter of credit with a short-term loan | Loan amount received | Bank statement |
| 55.01 | 67.01 | Opening a letter of credit with a long-term loan | Loan amount received | Bank statement |
| 55.01 | 66.03 | Opening a letter of credit with a short-term loan | Loan amount received | Bank statement |
| 55.01 | 67.03 | Opening a letter of credit with a long-term loan | Loan amount received | Bank statement |
| 55.01 | Funds credited to a letter of credit from a current account | Letter of credit amount | Payment order Bank statement |
Letter of credit. Settlements with suppliers and contractors
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 60.01 | 55.01 | Write-off of funds in the Letter of Credit against payment for delivered products, works, services, fixed assets, intangible assets and other assets | Amount of payment to suppliers and contractors | Bank statement |
| 60.02 | 55.01 | Transfer of advance payment to suppliers and contractors in the Letter of Credit (subject to the type of Letter of Credit with a red clause) | Advance amount listed in the letter of credit | Bank statement |
| 76.01 | 55.01 | Funds transferred from the letter of credit for settlements for insurance | Insurance payment amount | Bank statement |
| 76.02 | 55.01 | Funds transferred from the letter of credit on account of settlements on claims | Amount of claim payment | Bank statement |
| 55.01 | Funds transferred from a letter of credit for settlements with other debtors and creditors | Amount of payment to other debtors and creditors | Bank statement |
Letter of credit. Recovery of unused funds
Check settlements
In Russia, settlements by checks between legal entities are used quite rarely. Checkbooks are primarily used to withdraw cash from an organization's bank account. Funds intended for settlements by checks are deposited on a special bank account, while the bank debits part of the funds from the organization's current account to a special account (or issues a short-term bank loan).
To withdraw cash from a current account (for the payment of wages to employees, the issuance of funds for a report, etc.), the bank, as a rule, issues a checkbook to the organization. In order to withdraw cash from its account, the organization writes out a check, certifies it with the signatures of authorized persons and the seal of the organization and submits it to the bank.
Receipt- this is a security containing an unconditional order of the drawer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check. Let's explain some of the concepts operating in check circulation:
check drawer- a legal entity that has money in the bank, which it has the right to dispose of by issuing checks;
holder of a check- the legal entity in whose favor the check is issued,
payer- the bank where the drawer's funds are located.
The check is paid by the payer at the expense of the drawer's funds. The drawer is not entitled to withdraw the check before the expiration of the established period for presenting it for payment. The presenting of a check for payment is considered to be the presentation of a check to the bank serving the holder of the check to receive payment. The payer of the check is obliged to verify by all possible means the authenticity of the check. The procedure for imposing losses incurred as a result of payment by the payer of a false, stolen or lost check is regulated by law.
Forms of checks are forms of strict accountability. Checks issued by credit institutions can be used for non-cash payments. In the event that the sphere of circulation of checks is limited to a credit institution and its clients, checks are used on the basis of an agreement on settlements by checks concluded between the credit institution and the client.
The check must contain all the mandatory details established by part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and may also contain additional details determined by the specifics of banking activities and tax legislation. The form of the check is determined by the credit institution independently.
Article 878 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation defines the following mandatory check details:
1) the name "check" included in the text of the document;
2) an instruction to the payer to pay a certain sum of money;
3) the name of the payer and an indication of the account from which the payment is to be made;
4) indication of the payment currency;
5) an indication of the date and place of drawing up the check;
6) the signature of the person who issued the check - the drawer.
The absence of any of the specified details in the document deprives it of the validity of the check.
Presenting a check for payment is possible by presenting it directly to the paying bank, as well as by presenting a check to the bank servicing the holder of the check for collection to receive payment.
The terms for presenting a check for payment in international practice differ from the terms for presenting a check established by Russia.
Settlement documents are valid for presentation to the servicing bank within 10 calendar days, not counting the day of their issuance.
Deadlines for presenting checks for payment in international settlements:
– a check payable in the country of issue must be presented for payment within eight days;
- a check payable in a country other than the one where it is issued, but in another, must be presented for payment within twenty days if the place of issue and the place of payment are in the same part of the world;
- a check that is payable in a country other than the one where it is issued, but in another, must be presented for payment within seventy days if the place of issue and the place of payment are in different parts of the world.
The above periods begin to run from the day indicated on the check as the day the check was issued.
Revocation of the check is possible only after the expiration of the period for presentation. If the issuer of the check does not give instructions to revoke the check, then the payer (bank) may also make the payment after the expiration of the presentation period.
A check can be registered, order or bearer. The type of check determines the method of transfer of rights on it. A nominal check is non-transferable, which means that it cannot be transferred by way of assignment.
Payment on a check can be secured in full or in part of the check amount by means of a bank aval (bill surety). The procedure for issuing and operating aval is regulated by Art. 881 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The guarantee of payment by aval can be full or partial. Any person, except for the payer, may act as an avalist for a check.
Aval is affixed on the front side of the check or on an additional sheet. It is expressed by the words "count as aval" or any other equivalent formula.
If the bank refuses to pay the check, this fact can be certified in several ways, provided for in Art. 883 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:
– making a protest by a notary or drawing up an equivalent act in the manner prescribed by the Law;
- the payer's mark on the check on the refusal to pay it, indicating the date of submission of the check for payment;
- a mark of the collecting bank indicating the date that the check was issued in a timely manner, but not paid.
A protest or an equivalent act must be made before the expiration of the time limit for presenting a check for payment. If the presentation of the check for payment took place on the last day of the term, the protest or an equivalent act may be made on the next business day.
After certifying the fact of non-payment, the holder of the check must notify his endorser and drawer of the non-payment. According to Art. 884 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a notification is sent within two working days following the day of the protest. And in accordance with Art. 42 of the Checks Act - within four working days following the protest or an equivalent act, and in the case of the clause "transaction without costs" - after the day of presentation.
All persons liable under the check (drawer, endorsers, availers) are jointly and severally liable to the check holder for the payer's refusal to pay the check. At the same time, the holder of a check has the right, at his choice, to bring an action against one, several or all persons liable under the check. The holder of a check has the right to demand that persons liable under the check pay the amount of the check, reimburse their costs for receiving payment, as well as pay interest for non-fulfillment of a monetary obligation in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 395 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
For claims arising from non-payment of a check, paragraph 3 of Art. 885 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Art. 52 of the Checks Act establishes a reduced limitation period. The claim of the holder of a check against persons liable under the check may be brought within six months from the date of expiration of the term for presenting the check for payment.
For settlements only between the client and the bank, the bank issues, as a rule, an unlimited checkbook. When making payments on this book (only between the bank and the client organization), the bank does not deposit funds on a special account. When issuing money to an organization using an unlimited checkbook, funds are debited immediately from the organization's current account. If the organization is going to pay by checks with other organizations, then it is issued a limited checkbook. According to this book, the maximum amount of settlements is set and the bank debits funds from the current account for the amount of the limit, crediting them to a special account.
Having ordered at the bank and received check books when using them, the accountant will make the following entries, based on bank statements.
Payments by checks are carried out according to the scheme (Fig. 2):
Rice. 2. Payment scheme using checks
1. the buyer submits to the bank serving him an application for receipt of checks and a payment order for depositing amounts (if any) or an application in duplicate for the purchase of checks, the payment of which is guaranteed by the bank;
2. in the bank serving the buyer, funds are booked on a separate account and checks are filled in, i.e. the name of the bank, personal account number, name of the drawer and check amount limit are entered;
3. the buyer is issued checks and a check card;
4. the seller presents to the buyer documents for the shipped products (work performed, services rendered);
5. the buyer issues a check to the seller;
6. the seller presents the check to the bank serving the seller at the register of checks;
7. in the bank serving the seller, funds are credited to the seller's account;
8. the seller's bank presents a check for payment to the bank servicing the buyer;
9. the bank serving the buyer writes off the amount of the check at the expense of previously booked amounts;
10. Banks issue bank statements to customers.
On the subaccount 55-2"Checkbooks" takes into account the movement of funds in checkbooks.
The deposit of funds when issuing check books is reflected in the debit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” and the credit of accounts 51 “Settlement accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” and other similar accounts. Amounts on checkbooks received from a credit institution are debited as payment is made for the checks issued by the institution, that is, in the amount of redemption by the credit institution of the checks presented to it (according to the statements of the credit institution), from the credit of account 55 "Special accounts in banks" to the debit of accounts for accounting for settlements (76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", etc.). Amounts on checks issued but not paid by a credit institution (not presented for payment) remain on account 55 “Special bank accounts”; the balance on subaccount 55-2 "Checkbooks" must correspond to the balance on the statement of the credit institution. Amounts on checks returned to the credit institution (remaining unused) are reflected in the credit of account 55 "Special accounts in banks" in correspondence with account 51 "Settlement accounts" or 52 "Currency accounts".
Analytical accounting for sub-account 55-2 "Checkbooks" is maintained for each received checkbook.
Example 1
The organization purchased materials from the supplier in the amount of 2,360,000 rubles, incl. VAT RUB 360,000 In accordance with the terms of the agreement, settlements with the supplier can be made both in cash and using a checkbook. The organization paid for the materials by check from the checkbook. The following entries are in the account:
Example 2
The organization sold the goods to the buyer in the amount of 2,360,000 rubles, incl. VAT RUB 360,000 The purchase price of the goods sold is 1,800,000 rubles. In payment for the sold goods, the organization received a check, which was presented to the bank and paid in full.
In accordance with the accounting policy of the organization, the proceeds from the sale of goods are reflected in the accounting records "by shipment", the accounting of goods is carried out at the purchase price.
| Contents of operation | Debit | Credit | Amount, rub. |
| Reflected revenue from the sale of goods | 90-1 | 2 360 000 | |
| Written off the purchase price of the goods | 90-2 | 1 800 000 | |
| VAT charged (2,360,000 x 18/118) | 90-3 | 68-2 | 360 000 |
| Fee accrued to the Republican Fund for Support of Producers of Agricultural Products, Food and Agrarian Science ((2,360,000 - - 1,800,000 - 360,000) x 2%)* | 90-5 | 68-2 | 4 000 |
| The financial result from the sale of goods is reflected (to simplify calculations, sales costs are not taken into account) (2,360,000 - - 1,800,000 - 360,000 - 4,000) | 90-9 | 196 000 | |
| Received a check from the buyer as payment for the goods | 50-3 | 2 360 000 | |
| A check (together with an order-registry) was handed over to the bank for payment | 50-3 | 2 360 000 | |
| Received money in the current account in payment of the check | 2 360 000 |
Example 3
The organization-drawer, upon application, closes the special regime account ahead of schedule. The checkbook was deposited with the drawer's bank. The next day after the application was submitted, the balance of funds in the amount of 1,500,000 rubles was received from the account of the special regime to the settlement account of the organization.
If there are unused checks from the checkbook and there are no funds in the special regime account, the checkbook shall be replenished by the check issuer's bank after the funds have been credited to the special regime account.
Example 4
The check issuer, upon application, replenished the checkbook in the amount of 2,000,000 rubles. by transferring funds from a current account to a special regime account.
Accounting for business situations
Bank accounts
Checking account
The order of receipt of funds to the current account, its reflection in accounting and taxation
Funds are transferred to the settlement account of the organization from the cash desk of the organization, from other organizations and citizens, as well as from the budget and extra-budgetary funds.
In addition, funds may be incorrectly credited to the organization's account. The recipient of funds learns about such amounts from a bank statement. Within ten days from the date of receipt of the statement, it is necessary to notify the bank in writing about the erroneous crediting.
The excess cash balance can be deposited with the bank in the following ways:
- to the operating cash desk of the bank;
- with the help of a collection service;
- via mail.
The method of depositing cash to the bank is indicated in the calculation of setting a cash balance limit. The delivery of cash must be issued by an account cash warrant (regardless of the method). When depositing funds directly to the cash desk of the bank, an application for a cash deposit is filled out.
In case of non-cash settlements with buyers, funds can be credited to the current account on the basis of the following documents:
- payment order;
- letters of credit;
- checks;
- payment requests;
- collection orders.
In addition, cash receipts are possible when paying with a plastic card.
In order to receive money to the current account during collection settlements, the recipient of funds is obliged to issue a settlement document to the payer and transfer it to the bank. When paying for collection, the following documents are provided:
- payment request;
- collection order.
The legislation provides for two types of settlements for collection of payment claims - with acceptance and without acceptance. The organization must specify this condition in the contract with the buyer. In settlements with payment claims with prior acceptance, the buyer has the right to refuse payment if the organization has violated the terms of the contract.
The maximum term for making payments between banks within one constituent entity of the Russian Federation is two business days, within the territory of Russia - five business days. The duration of the operating day is set by the bank independently in its internal rules.
Regardless of the method of settlement in accounting, the receipt of funds to the current account is reflected on the basis of a bank statement with settlement documents attached to it.
The receipt of funds to the settlement account of the organization in accounting is reflected in the entries in the debit of account 51 Settlement accounts. This operation is reflected in the posting:
- Debit 51 Credit 62 (58, 60, 66, 67, 76, 91…)- received money from the counterparty to the current account.
The return (reimbursement) of funds from the budget reflects the posting:
- Debit 51 Credit 68- money was received on the current account in terms of the return (reimbursement) from the budget.
The receipt of funds from the FSS of Russia reflects the posting:
- Debit 51 Credit 69- money was received on the current account in terms of reimbursement from the FSS of Russia.
The cash contributions received from the founders reflect the posting:
- Debit 51 Credit 75-1- made money as a contribution to the authorized capital.
The procedure for reflecting the receipt of funds to the current account when calculating taxes depends on the taxation system that the organization applies and on the purpose of the money received.
The organization applies the general system of taxation
The timing of cost recognition depends on the entity's method of accounting for income and expenses:
- accrual method - the receipt of money to the current account will not affect the calculation of income tax in any way;
- cash method - the reflection of the money received on the current account depends on their purpose. Upon receipt of money to the current account as an advance for the upcoming supply of goods (works, services), the organization may be required to charge VAT.
The organization applies the simplified tax system
If the organization uses a simplified system, then the reflection of the money received on the current account depends on their purpose. Thus, the proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) that entered the current account are taken into account when calculating the single tax on the day the money is received on the account.
The organization applies UTII
The object of taxation of UTII is imputed income, so the receipt of money does not affect the calculation of UTII.
The organization combines the general system of taxation and UTII
If the organization combines the general taxation system and UTII, the reflection of the money received on the current account depends on their purpose. An organization can conduct several types of activities, some of which fall under UTII. The receipt of money in the account does not affect the activities subject to UTII.
Speed in modern conditions is the main advantage for business. Therefore, when making bank transfers, you need to take into account the timing of money transfers between banks. It is desirable that such a time interval be as short as possible.
Also, users, individuals who send funds from their accounts, want to minimize the time for this operation. After all, money is sometimes needed very urgently, for example, treatment is needed or other life situations that do not imply delay.
Transfers within the region
The fastest are transfers within one region. The approximate time of crediting to the account of another bank when sending through the cash desk is limited to the next settlement day. It depends on how the financial institution operates. All payments are grouped at the end of the day into one settlement document.
Money transfer
In the postoperative period, such documents are collected for sending at the head office.
Then they are automatically sent to the beneficiary's bank through the electronic payment system (EPS).
The amounts may be credited to the correspondent account of the beneficiary's bank late on the same day or at the beginning of the next business day. Then the operations are redistributed to specific branches of the recipient bank. This can also take some time, especially if the number of such operations is large enough.
Transfers outside the regions
A more frequent type of transfer is sending money to settlement accounts of other banks registered in another financial region. It takes a little longer to get through this financial information. The head office of the bank is involved here, in addition to regional divisions. Therefore, on average, the time for transferring money between banks in this case can reach up to two business days.
International transfers
When sending money abroad, from your foreign currency account to a foreign currency account in another country, it takes up to three days. This limit depends on the correspondent banks involved in the transaction. After all, the money is first debited from the balance of the sending client, then goes from the accounts of the sending bank to the correspondent accounts of German or American intermediaries, and only lastly from their balances is credited to the receiving bank and then goes to the user's balance.
International transfers
For all international transactions, currency control of such transfers is carried out at several stages.
Therefore, such an operation also delays some time.
Card transactions
Card transactions can be called faster. Write-offs from the balance and crediting by Visa or MaserCard systems are carried out between different banks from several minutes to several hours. But you need to know that if the transaction is carried out in different currencies, then the corrected exchange rate difference from the sender may be written off within two business days.