Broad-nosed monkeys live. Suborder higher primates. lower narrow-nosed monkeys

Great apes Great apes (orangutan, chimpanzee and gorilla) are our blood relatives in the literal sense of the word. Until recently, the blood of these monkeys could not be distinguished from human. Here are the same blood groups, almost the same plasma proteins. orangutan

Suborder Monkeys Most of them live in tropical forests, some choose rocky mountains. All of them are well adapted to climbing, many have a grasping tail, which is used as a rudder when making a long jump. In addition, with a tail

Spider monkeys Spider monkeys, or coats, are a genus of chain-tailed monkeys. The body is slender, about 70 cm long. The tail is grasping, up to 90 cm long. The head is small with protruding jaws. The nostrils are widely spaced. The forelimbs are longer than the hind ones. Big

Narrow-nosed monkeys The group of narrow-nosed monkeys includes the lower narrow-nosed monkeys (monkeys,

Great apes Great apes (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee) are the most highly organized primates. The brain is large, especially the large hemispheres of its anterior section with numerous furrows and convolutions. The forelimbs are longer

In the early Tertiary period, in the Eocene, monkeys lived in Europe and North America. Then the climate there was more suitable for them. Now they inhabit only Central and South America, Africa and South Asia.

The monkeys now separated by oceans have much in common. All ears are rounded, human type. Naked or slightly hairy face. The skull is relatively large, even compared to lemurs. For example, the pygmy galago and the clawed monkey are equally small, but the brain of the former is almost three times smaller!

And these famous lines of "life", "heart" and "mind", the mounds of "Jupiter", "Mercury", "Apollo", the plains of "Mars" and other "mystical" signs on the palms of the hands, according to the drawing of which palmists predict fate, wealth and more! If they are right, then it means that every monkey is destined for the same successes and failures in life. After all, their hairless palms and feet are streaked with the same purely individual pattern of lines and furrows, as in humans. So individual and unique that monkeys, like humans, can be fingerprinted by forensics.

Moreover, even bare grasping and tactile "soles" from below at the end of the tail are striated in the same way.

Having spoken of grasping tails, we have come to those morphological points that separate the monkeys of the Old and New Worlds. For tails, turned by evolution into a fifth hand, are only in American monkeys. But not all: four genera and about 14 species - howler monkeys, arachnids and woolly monkeys. Capuchin monkeys can also, grabbing their tail, pull up or drag various objects with them (for example, a bowl of food!). But capuchins do not have a bare "sole" from below at the end of the tail.

Among the monkeys of the Old World, only young gwenons and adult mangabeys can hang with their tails wrapped around a branch.

American monkeys are called broad-nosed by many zoologists, and Old World monkeys are called narrow-nosed. In the former, the nostrils are separated by a wide septum and look slightly to the sides. In the second, the nasal septum is narrow, the nostrils are brought together and directed forward. But the division is not clear enough, because there are species with an intermediate arrangement of nostrils: for example, durukuli is a broad-nosed monkey in terms of zoological rank, nevertheless narrow-nosed, and gibbons are rather broad-nosed.

American monkeys never have ischial calluses, which so disgrace the "rear" of baboons, monkeys, macaques and gibbons. They also do not have cheek pouches, which are well developed in baboons, monkeys, macaques and underdeveloped in thin-bodied monkeys.

American monkeys are mostly vegetarian but eat insects and small vertebrates. Howler monkeys are exclusively leaf beetles. And this reminds Kolobov monkeys of the Old World, and among lemurs - indri.

The thumbs, but not the thumbs, of American monkeys (with the exception of a few species, such as saki and uakari) are not able to stick out as widely as in Old World monkeys, opposing other fingers and forming firmly grasping "pincers".

Broad-nosed monkeys, except for clawed ones, are more toothy. They have 36 teeth, narrow-nosed ones have 32 teeth. The former have a pregnancy of six months, while the latter have six to eight, and the anthropoids have 230-290 days.

There are two families in the superfamily of broad-nosed monkeys: capuchinaceans (with six subfamilies):

miriki and titi - 9 species,

saki and uakari - 7 types,

howler monkeys - 6 species,

capuchins and saimiri - 6 species,

coats and woolly monkeys - 8 species,

jumping tamarins - 1 species;

clawed, or marmoset, monkeys (marmosets, marmosets, tamarins) - 33 species.

Mirikina, or durukuli, is the only monkey in the world that has likened its way of life to an owl: at night it terrorizes sleepy birds, frogs, lizards, spiders, and insects. He eats fruit and sucks nectar. She sees excellently in the dark, and her night attacks are so unmistakable that she grabs even insects flying by in an acrobatic jump.

Myrikin hunt in pairs, male and female, and sleep together during the day. At night, and especially in the morning twilight, the jungles of the Amazon and Orinoco announce the discordant concerts of the Mirikin. They can hear dog barking, and cat meowing, and even the roar of a jaguar, and sometimes quiet, melodic chirping and chirping. More than fifty sounds of different tones and character were counted by the researchers in the voice of these monkeys, the acoustic power of which is not at all proportional to the strength and growth of the animal: the weight of the durukuli is 500-1000 grams, the length without a tail is 24-37 centimeters.

The reason is in the resonators - an enlarged trachea and an air sac under the chin of a durukuli. In addition, the monkey folds its lips into a mouthpiece when it screams.

Relatives of durukuli - titi monkeys scream just as loudly in the morning.

Titi - four, eight or even ten species, according to various authorities. It is difficult to establish how much in reality, since the South American forests are still poorly explored, and the intraspecific variability of many monkeys is too great. The nails of the titi are elongated in a claw-like manner, like those of the clawed monkeys, but all other features and lifestyle (but diurnal) are like those of the durukuli.

The titi has an interesting manner of guarding prey: they sit across the bough, legs and arms tucked together, and their long tail lowered down. From this inconvenient, it would seem, for the attack of the position in a lightning throw, running or flying prey is grabbed.

Saks are inhabitants of damp large-stemmed forests of the interior of South America. Many of the places where they live are flooded with the waters of the flooded great rivers of the Amazon for a long time. But monkeys do not like dampness. Therefore, most of their living space is limited to the tops of the forest. And so life forced them to learn to jump as far and deftly as not every monkey can. But if it happens to go down to the ground, and they always go down with their tails forward, carefully and without too much haste, then the saki usually walk on their hind legs, balancing with their front legs, which they raise up.

Zoos have noticed that saki love to rub their hair with pieces of lemon. And they drink like this: they dip their hand in water and then lick it.

Uakari is from the same subfamily as saki. These are the shortest-tailed American monkeys. Only the large uakari, and there are three of them, has a tail longer than one third of the body. For others, it is 9-15 centimeters. Uakari and the most "humanoid" ii of all American monkeys. With a sad, lost expression of a naked, apoplexy-red face and a bald forehead, they resemble a hypochondriac who has grown old early and has lost all hope.

However, the disposition of the uakari is lively and cheerful. Appearance, as often happens, is misleading here. They are not at all apathetic, they often become furious and then vigorously and strongly shake the branch on which they sit, and threateningly smack their lips loudly.

Even the thunderous roar of a lion is not as loud as the cry of a howler - a monkey, although the largest in America, but relatively small. The length of her body without a tail is a meter, and her weight is at best 8 kilograms. Usually "sings" the old male, then the second in rank. Then suddenly the whole flock begins to utter such cries that, even if you plug your ears, you run the risk of becoming deaf. The nearest flock immediately echoes the neighbors, and a wild concert sometimes sounds for hours. In it, one can hear a lion's roar, a tiger's roar, and cries of "a-hyu, a-hyu", and up to eight other less loud vocal "phrases". Howler monkeys usually cry in the mornings and evenings, as well as during the day and even at night, since they often do not sleep at night.

In the thick of the forest, the screams of howler monkeys are heard two kilometers away, and in the open, even five kilometers away!

Of course, they have powerful vocal cords, but this is not enough, they also need a horn and a resonator. The mouthpiece is the flexible lips of monkeys that howler monkeys fold into a funnel. Here is the megaphone. And the resonator is a swollen, hollow ... hyoid bone: a completely unusual model among all the resonators invented by nature over millions of years.

Different types of howler monkeys live from southern Mexico to Paraguay. Coat color varies greatly, but three types usually predominate: black, yellowish brown and bright red. The tenacious tail is so strong that a howler, grabbing a branch with it, can jump to the nearest branch without the help of arms and legs.

They do not like to jump, but they run and climb branches, but so quickly that a person, chasing them on the ground, will not overtake, will fall behind.

One young howler, who lived with the man who raised him, was very fond of carrots. It was funny to watch what he did when he was shown various botanical books with illustrations. He ignored many unappetizing, in his opinion, vegetables and fruits, but as soon as he saw a carrot, he immediately tried to grab it with his hand from the book. This, of course, did not work out, then he reached for her with his mouth. He licked the drawing and apparently found some satisfaction in it.

“Of all American monkeys, capuchins resemble Old World monkeys in appearance and behavior. They do not have special formations, such as huge eyes of night monkeys, shaggy hair of saki, tamarin claws, excessively long limbs of spider monkeys and a bare grasping “sole” at the end of the tail or the powerful scream-enhancing devices of howler monkeys.Capuchins are to a certain extent "perfectly normal monkeys in the average sense of the word" (Dietrich Heinemann).

Capuchins are the most "intelligent" of the American monkeys, which in this sense are very inferior to the monkeys of the Old World. Capuchins live, there are four species of them, from Honduras to Northern Argentina.

Not all even great apes know how, like capuchins, taking a stone in their hand, chop nuts with them. Capuchins have an innate habit of hitting everything with hard objects. If there are no hard nuts at hand, they beat stones on the grate, on the glass of the aviary.

Capuchins, like pangolins and many birds, rub their fur with ants and, like a hedgehog, smear it with saliva. They are attracted to odorous substances. Onions, oranges, lemons and even cologne, if they get to it, are rubbed diligently.

A little like the hoods of the Capuchin monks, the hair on the head of some species of capuchins bristles, forming "hairstyles" in the form of crests, caps, horns and combs. Capuchins with "hair" are usually brown, without any bright spots. Without "hairstyles" - with white trim around the muzzle or on the shoulders, throat and upper arms, for example Steller's capuchin. However, in different subspecies, races, and ages, coloration is highly variable, which often puts taxonomists in great difficulty.

Capuchins avoid distant wanderings: the possessions of the flock are limited to only a few hundred meters and are strongly "perfumed" with marking odors. Arriving at a place rich in fruits or insects, members of the flock often disperse in all directions and quite far. But they do not lose sound contact with each other, constantly shouting out understandable signals and messages to them alone. In the middle of the day it's time to rest, and then they get together again. The old doze off, but the young usually have fun and jump around, so that the elders often have to call them to order with loud shouts.

Of the monkeys of the New World, the saimiri are closest to the capuchins.

They are brightly colored. The saimiri squirrel has a white pattern on its muzzle, somewhat similar to that creepy image of a skull that we often see on power poles and other places where a warning of mortal danger is needed. Therefore, sometimes this monkey is called "dead head".

Dense forests along the banks of the rivers are the favorite places for the Saimiri settlement. Like capuchins, they rarely walk on the ground. Like capuchins, they rub themselves with odorous juices and, before eating any fruit, they crush it, crush it, holding it between the leaves, or beat it with their tail. There are a lot of saimiris for various inventions, fun, games. Sharp and very curious.

“Cheerful, broken, talkative kids suddenly burst into the tents, opened all the drawers and boxes, turned over every item, slipped into the kitchen, pulled out freshly baked bread from a still hot form. Although five men tried to drive them away with brooms and other non-dangerous weapons, they stole everything edible "They were not afraid. They did not pay attention to people, of course, only because they did not yet know bipeds" (Ivan Sanderson).

So the saimiri ransacked the explorer's camp. Alone, these monkeys do not go, always in tens, hundreds. Sanderson once counted 550 saimiris in Guiana, who galloped one after another in an endless row through a narrow clearing in the forest.

The call of the saimiri sounds almost like a flute. But when the whole flock quarrels, especially in the evenings over the central places in the trees where they sleep (no one wants to stay on the edge!), They make such a noise that from afar it seems as if the waves of the surf are splashing on the shore.

Saimiri males have a strange and, in our opinion, obscene manner of threatening the enemy: they, rising on their feet, flaunt what people, even in paintings, usually hide even under a fig leaf.

Saimiris are similar to Capuchins in many ways. They also lubricate themselves with urine, but they prefer to “aromatize” not their hands, but their body, and especially the end of their tail, which is always wet for this reason. Like capuchins, they have interested animal psychologists. Only now it is difficult to keep them in captivity (capuchins tolerate it easily).

The brain of saimiri is relatively even larger than that of capuchins. These are the most "brainy" of primates and, perhaps, of all living creatures in general, including humans. The weight of their brain is 1/17 of the weight of a monkey, in humans - only 1/35!

“The monkeys made a living bridge ... one hung its tail from a branch down and wrapped it around the head of another, and in the same way five subsequent monkeys formed a hanging chain. forest gap to another tree, did not grab onto it. Other monkeys, including two females with babies on their necks, passed over the bridge. Then the first monkey, which made up the bridge, let go of the bough, the human chain rushed across the gap to a new tree. There, unhooked, monkeys followed their former course. It took them less time than me to describe it" (Karl Lovelace).

For a long time, since the time of Aristotle, people have been telling such implausible, as it was believed and is considered, stories about monkey bridges.

"Deadheaded" saimiri is an amazing monkey! Not even a strange pattern on the face, which leads to some gloomy comparisons, not a tail, which, although of a lacking type, is nevertheless capable of twisting around branches, but a phenomenon more mysterious to science. In the same flock, in the same family, these monkeys sometimes give birth to giant males along with ordinary small ones: they are twice as large as their brothers, and weigh many times more. Males are fertile, but their offspring are small, ordinary. A similar phenomenon has also been observed in some white-toothed shrews.

Most likely, if at all possible, living bridges are built by spider monkeys, or coats.

Arachnids! Often black, although there are gray, brown, and Panamanian - red, legs and arms are thin and long, the body is skinny, disproportionate to the length of the "spider" limbs and especially the tail, which is relatively longer than that of any monkey in general. He is so strong and tenacious that he easily holds, and even, swinging, throws an almost half a pood monkey from bough to bough.

"Deadhead" saimiri

The tail of the coat is literally the fifth hand. Begging for and accepting a treat in the zoo, it, and not a hand, is extended by an oma from behind the bars.

Grabbing the handle, they open the door with their tail. Asking to go back to the house, they press the call button with their tail! These are manual.

What about wild ones? Wild ones, having seen a person, a jaguar or another enemy from a tree, tear heavier branches with their tail (and hands too) and throw them down. Such "bombs" sometimes weigh five kilograms!

Four species of coats of the genus Ateles live from southern Mexico to Paraguay. Two more genera and four species close to coats, the so-called woolly monkeys - mainly in the Amazon. They are similar to coats in many ways, but not so dexterous in jumping, and their tenacious tail is not so agile in various tricks. They have thick, dense, rich undercoat fur. Coats have a coarse coat with no undercoat.

In 1904, the director of a museum in Belém (Brazil) received a strange-looking little black monkey as a gift. When she died, her skin was sent to the British Museum. Thus, a new species of monkey was discovered - the jumping tamarin. But since the skin was sent to London without a skull, British experts first placed the jumping tamarin in the same family as the clawed, or marmoset, monkeys. Only in 1911 and 1914, a couple more of these monkeys were brought on a steamer from the upper reaches of the Amazon to the port city of Belen. Miranda Ribeiro studied them there and proved that if we decide on the relationship of jumping tamarins only by skin (and claws on fingers!), Then they are really close to clawed monkeys. But, having examined the skull and teeth, Miranda Ribeiro found in them many features common to monkeys from the capuchin family. Jumping tamarins are an intermediate form, a link between the two.

Previously, before the discovery of jumping tamarins, the opinion prevailed in zoology that marmosets are the oldest of the monkeys, not only in America, but throughout the world. Now that the link has been found, the question is resolved differently: the clawed monkeys are only a lateral specialized branch of the broad-nosed monkeys, and the branch is rather young than ancient.

Specialized, that is, adapted to life in the heart of the "forest of forests" - the Amazonian selva. In the foliage of giant trees, twined with vines, overgrown with orchids, in dampness, in twilight, among an abundance of ants, spiders, fruits and nuts ripening all year round, they found shelter and food. Clawed monkeys almost never descend to the ground.

They are tiny - with a rat, a squirrel, rarely more. A midget among the monkeys, the pygmy clawed monkey chichiko weighs only 85 grams! It is slightly larger than the mouse lemur. The look of many is amusing: some have long "gray" mustaches, like Kaiser Wilhelm, others have hairstyles, like Babette, who went to war, many have manes on their necks and shoulders, and ears with a lush fringe of long white hair. Jabot, and only, but not on the neck, but on the ears. Coloring bright, multi-colored. The fur is soft, silky. And they only have 32 teeth! Like "old world" monkeys.

Those with lower fangs equal to or slightly larger than the incisors are usually called marmosets. In tamarins, on the contrary, the lower fangs are much longer than the incisors.

Monkeys are playful, beautiful and, so to speak, extravagant. Even the ruthless conquistadors fell in love with these "monkeys". Silky monkeys have long been brought to Europe. Ladies of high society, especially in the era of Madame Pompadour and the last Louis, exchanging hand weasels, the fashion for which went away with the Renaissance, for clawed monkeys, kept them in their salons, as they do today for lapdogs and Siamese cats.

Torih one of the most primitive forms is omo-mis. The penetration of the ancestors of these monkeys into South America must have taken place as early as the Paleocene, when there was an isthmus between the northern and southern halves of the American continent, which later collapsed and then re-formed in a different form.

Developing completely independently in America, broad-nosed monkeys, in the processes of adaptation to life on trees and natural selection, reached a high level of evolution (brain) and a kind of specialization (tenacious tail), as can be seen in many capuchin-like monkeys. An example of extreme specialization is the coat with its complete reduction of the thumb, extreme elongation of the other fingers, greater length of the forelimbs than the hind limbs, convergence of hair to the elbow, an unusually prehensile tail and a very thin physique. The brain of the koata is very highly developed, which is due not only to the relatively large size of its body, but also to the development of grasping functions. It is impossible to imagine the development of man from American cebus-vk monkeys. This is even more true for marmosets with their primitive brain and peculiar specialization - cogg-like nails.

lower narrow-nosed monkeys

Fossil lower narrow-nosed monkeys are known in a fairly large number of forms from the Lower Oligocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Old World. Their oldest representative is the apidium (Apidiumphiomense), known from the Lower Oligocene of the Fayum (Egypt) from a fragment of the lower jaw, with P 4 and M,_ 3; M, and Mj square, SCH elongated, on M, there is still a paraconid, on M and M 3 hypoconulids are strongly developed.

Oreopithecus bambolii is known from lower and upper jaw fragments from the Lower Pliocene.

b" Tuscany (Italy) and Bessarabia. Dental formula 2 12 3/ 212 3, as in other narrow-nosed animals, the upper M is square, the protocone and metacone are connected by an oblique ridge, the lower M are elongated, the metaconid and hypoconid are connected by an oblique ridge; on a large talonid M 3 there are 4 tubercles - hypoconid, entoconid, hypoconulid and the "sixth tubercle". Apidium and Oreopithecus belong to the monkey subfamily.

Other fossil marmoset monkeys belong to macaques and baboons, once more widespread in the Old World: the remains of macaques from the Pliocene layers are known in France, India, China, from the Pleistocene - ^ Italy, Germany, about. Sardinia, in North Africa (Algeria) and on the island of Java; baboons are known from the Pliocene layers of Africa (Algeria, Egypt) and Asia (India, China), from the Pleistocene - in India.

Mesopithecus (Mesopithecus pentelici) is known for the most part of the skeleton from the Lower Pliocene layers of Greece, Hungary, Moldavia and Persia. The length of the body with a tail is about 80 cm. According to some features (relative massiveness of the skeleton), Mesopithecus is closer to macaques, according to others (skull, teeth) - to thin-bodied, to the subfamily of which it belongs. Dolichopithecus (Dolichopithecus ruscinensis) from France also belongs to fossil thin-bodies, with | shorter and more massive limbs than those of intrinsically thin-bodied animals, various fossil species of which are known from France, Italy, and India.

The question of the origin of the Old World monkeys is very difficult. At one time, they argued intensely about the possibility of the direct origin of monkeys from lemurs - in connection with the discovery of archaeolemurs, whose skull in appearance reveals a significant resemblance to monkeys. However, differences, including differences in the shape of the cavity of the braincase, indicated that in this case, convergence was taking place. More likely

Walking of the monkeys of the Old World about the tarsier, and as an example of the original form * can be called non-crolemur. Similarities between * Necrolemurs and monkeys can be: expansion of the base of the skull, reduction of the process of the lower jaw with simultaneous thickening and rounding of its angle; , square form # of the upper molars, the presence of hypoconulid, reduction of the paraconid, pits and grooves on the trigonnde. On the other hand, one of the oldest forms of Old World monkeys, the parapithecus, shows some resemblance to the tarsier, mafP BMe P" n 0 a strong degree of divergence of the lower jaw. Narrow-nosed monkeys developed * 1 "from the ancient tarsiers of the Old World of the necrolemus type ^ 08 "probably in the middle of the Eocene or at its beginning. For the lower narrow-nosed monkeys, the anidium from the Lower Oligocene can serve as an example of the ancestral form, as well as from the parapithecus (from the same layers), which, on the other hand, is closer to the branches of the great apes. This ve ™ is the ancestral form for all later great apes and thus for hominids is the Lower Oligocene. propliopithecus. From him in one direction went the line of development of "small anthropoid apes" such as gibbons; on this line, one of the intermediate links is pliopithecus. To the other side of Propliopithecus went a line of large fossil anthropoid apes, represented in the Miocene by the Sivapithecus, Dryopithecus and other forms.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Broad Nose Monkeys

a group of mammals of the primate order. 2 families: marmoset and chain-tailed monkeys.

Encyclopedia "Biology"

broad-nosed monkeys

(New World monkeys), a group of higher primates. They form the only superfamily of Cebus. 2 families: marmoset, or clawed, monkeys, and tenacious, or capuchins. OK. 60 species living in the forests of Central and South America, mainly in the Amazon basin. They have a wide nasal septum, the nostrils are directed to the sides. They lead an exclusively arboreal lifestyle, most have a long tail that can exceed the length of the body, in prehensile-tailed monkeys it is grasping and at the end, like on a hand, there are dermatoglyphic patterns. There are no cheek pouches or ischial calluses. They live in large groups or small families. Many species are listed in the IUCN Red List.

Anthropological explanatory dictionary

broad-nosed monkeys

(Platyrrhini) - the highest primates of Central and South America. The oldest find is Branisella from the middle or late Oligocene of Bolivia. The higher apes came to America through the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or originated from local semi-monkeys, which is less likely. Since their introduction to the Americas, broadnoses have evolved independently from Old World monkeys. Outwardly very diverse, the behavior is sometimes very complex. The morphology is characterized by a combination of some primitive features in the structure of the skull and very specialized features in the structure of the body, for example, a prehensile tail. The size of the broad-nosed ranges from a mouse to a dog. Like all monkeys, most (not all) of the broad-nosed are diurnal animals. They eat mainly plants and insects. Broad-nosed species are characterized by the formation of "mixed flocks", which include representatives of different species of monkeys, and sometimes even raccoons and birds.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

broad-nosed monkeys

A family (or suborder) of primates characteristic of the New World (Cebidae s. Platyrrhini). The fingers are equipped with flat nails; the inner finger of the forelimbs is opposed to the rest. Dental formula: 2/2. eleven . 3 / 3 . 3 / 3 . The strong development of the nasal septum, moving the right nostril away from the left, determines their lateral position. There are never cheek pouches or ischial calluses. Like marmosets, Sh. are distributed exclusively in America. They lead an arboreal lifestyle; eat plant foods. They are divided into 4 subfamilies. Subfamily Mycetinae (howler monkeys): lower incisors stand upright; the hyoid bone is swollen to accommodate the laryngeal sac; the tail is long, tenacious, bare at the end. The thumb (pollex) is well developed. The only genus Mycetes is the howler monkey (see), with signs of a subfamily, in the forests of South America M. senicuclus, M. ursinus and other species. Subfamily Pithecinae (soft-tailed): mandibular incisors lie nearly horizontal; hyoid bone of normal size and shape; a long or short tail is never prehensile; pollex is well developed. Two genera: Pithecia - saki, long tail. Genus satanas - along the lower reaches of the Amazon. The genus hirsuta and some other species. Uacaria - uakari; the tail is shortened. Three species in the Amazon and Rio Negro. Subfamily Nyctipithecinae - differs from Pithecinae in having upright lower incisors. Three genera: Callithrix - the head is small, laterally compressed; fangs are small, eyes are of normal size; in Brazil. C. moloch, C. ornatus, and others are all small in size. Chryzothrix - head with a convex occiput, fangs are long. Four kinds; the most famous C. sciurea is saimiri; in Guiana and northern Brazil. Nyctipithecus - Durukum; rounded head; big eyes; except for the thumb, claw-like nails. N. trivirgatus - myrikina; in Brazil. Subfamily Cehinae (chain-tailed); with a hyoid bone of normal size, they have a long, tenacious tail; pollex developed or undeveloped; 4 kinds. Ateles - pollex is not expressed at all; the body is slender, the limbs are elongated; several South American species, the best known is A. melanochir, the spider monkey; in Brazil. Eriodes - differs from the previous one by the presence of a rudimentary pollex; three species in southeastern Brazil. Lagothrix - the body is less slender; pollex developed; end of tail bare below. L. humboldtii - in Peru, Ecuador, and northwestern Brazil Cebus - sapaji or sapage; differs from the previous tail, covered with hair everywhere. C. capucinus - capuchin; Venezuela, Guiana, Peru. C. fatuellus - mico, found from Paraguay to Guiana; and other types.

As for the marmosets, which were previously combined with Sh. monkeys, it is more correct to consider them as a separate family. Hapalidae, s. Arctopitheci. In addition to the first finger of the hind limbs, covered with a flat nail, all the rest are armed with claws. The first finger of the forelimbs is not opposed to the others. Dental formula: 2/2. eleven . 3 / 3 . 2 / 2 ; South American forms exclusively. Hapale, uistiti and Midas, differing in the relative length of the incisors compared to canines and embracing about 30 species, of which we will name H. jachus, uistiti (see), M. rosalia, etc.

V. M. Sh.