School textbooks of the USSR. Greetings from the USSR: alphabet and primer Soviet primer 1970
Publications in the Literature section
Primer for educational purposes
On October 10, 1918, the decree “On the introduction of a new spelling” was signed, which excluded the letters Ѣ, Ѳ, I from the alphabet, abolished the spelling of Ъ at the end of words - and in general brought Russian spelling to the form in which we know it today. "Kultura.RF" talks about the main post-revolutionary primers of different years.
“ABC” by Vladimir Konashevich, 1918
The ABC of Vladimir Konashevich (cover). St. Petersburg, publishing house of the Partnership of R. Golike and A. Vilborg. 1918
ABC of Vladimir Konashevich. St. Petersburg, publishing house of the Partnership of R. Golike and A. Vilborg. 1918
The illustrated “ABC” by Soviet artist Vladimir Konashevich became one of the first manuals of the new spelling (without the letter “yat”). The idea for the book was born during the artist’s correspondence with his family, who were stuck in the Urals, cut off from the Soviet Republic by Kolchak’s army. “Dad wrote letters to mom, and sent me pictures for each letter of the alphabet, recalled Konashevich’s daughter Olga Chaiko. - I was already four years old, and, obviously, he believed that it was time to know the letters.". Later, Konashevich, on the advice of friends, decided to publish these drawings - and in 1918, “ABC” was published. It included 36 pictures painted in watercolors. Objects and phenomena in “ABC” were very different, from animals and plants to vehicles and toys. They were depicted simply, without perspective distortions, since Vladimir Konashevich believed that “a child should understand the picture at first sight.”
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet (cover). Moscow, 1919
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet. Moscow, 1919
“An intellectual does not like risk. / And moderately red, like a radish"- and so on from “A” to “Z”. This topical alphabet was first published in 1919, and Vladimir Mayakovsky was the author of not only its epigrams, but also cartoon illustrations for each of the letters of the alphabet.
The main audience of this primer were Red Army soldiers, whom Mayakovsky wanted to accustom to poetic language with the help of such a satirical publication. “There were such jokes that were not very suitable for the salon, but which went very well in the trenches”, he recalled. Mayakovsky personally colored about five thousand copies of the alphabet, printed in the empty Stroganov printing house when Tsentropechat refused to publish the book for the poet. Later, Mayakovsky transferred many couplets from the “Soviet ABC” to the iconic “ROSTA Windows”.
“Down with Illiteracy”, 1920
Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (A primer for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular department of MONO, 1920
Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (A primer for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular department of MONO, 1920
Under this name, in 1919–1920, the first editions of the Soviet primer for adults, developed by Dora Elkina and a team of co-authors, were published. These manuals taught the basics of reading and writing based on political slogans: for example, students had to read syllable by syllable the phrases “Councils of the alarm of the people,” “We bring freedom to the world,” and the famous palindrome “We are not slaves, slaves are not us.” The first Soviet alphabets were illustrated by bright propaganda posters and scenes from the life of the proletariat.
A few years later, the “Down with Illiteracy” society was created, the goal of which was to eliminate mass illiteracy. Its work was supervised by major government figures: Mikhail Kalinin, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Anatoly Lunacharsky. Under the leadership of the society, not only educational manuals were published, but also cultural and educational magazines, such as “Kultpohod” and “Let’s Increase Literacy.” According to historians, over the 13 years of its existence, the “Down with Illiteracy” society educated about 5 million Soviet citizens.
Primer "Pioneer", 1925
Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's primer (cover and title page). Leningrad, GIZ, 1925
Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book. Leningrad, GIZ, 1925
The purpose of this manual was to teach schoolchildren not only the basics of literacy, but also the structure of the world around them and Soviet life. “Pioneer” told young readers about life in cities and villages, about various proletarian professions, about domestic and wild animals, about measurements of length, weight and time with the help of illustrations in an engraving style. Of course, the book’s ideological component was also strong. One of the main images of the primer were the October Revolution and Vladimir Lenin: many poems in the primer were dedicated to them.
And “Pioneer” inextricably linked childhood itself in the young Soviet country with the concept of “ours”: kindergartens, schools, camps and even the revolution were depicted as common.
“Primer” by Nikolai Golovin, 1937
Nikolai Golovin. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937
Nikolai Golovin. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937
“The whole country taught children / According to Golovin’s ABC book”, they said in the Soviet Union, and not without exaggeration. Perhaps there was no school in the late 1930s - early 1940s where they did not read this textbook, compiled by Honored Teacher of the RSFSR Nikolai Golovin. The material in the book ranged from simple to complex: from reading syllables to copybooks, from short stories about ordinary children's activities to poems dedicated to Lenin and Stalin, with obvious political overtones.
A distinctive feature of the Primer were its illustrations, for which the editorial board had special requirements. The images were bright, positive and simple, not overloaded with details, and also had a very clear didactic and educational tone, showing readers patterns of correct behavior.
“Primer” by Alexandra Voskresenskaya, 1944
Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
The Primer, authored by methodologist and Russian language teacher Alexandra Voskresenskaya, was one of the most successful textbooks for primary schools: it was reprinted twenty times. The secret to the success of the primer was a successful combination of tasks to develop memory, imagination and train writing and reading skills. The material in the manual became more complex smoothly and gradually: from combinations of sounds to syllables, from them to short words, small phrases, and so on. The main motif of the illustrations in the book was a measured and happy village life (initially, according to Voskresenskaya’s “Primer,” they studied in rural schools).
Alexandra Voskresenskaya also paid special attention to preparing for teaching preschoolers and created the famous “ABC with a stork” for teaching children in the family.
“Primer” by Sergei Redozubov, 1945
Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1946
Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
Sergey Redozubov. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1950
The post-war primer was illustrated with scenes of peaceful work and leisure: young pioneers were depicted doing extracurricular reading, games, sports and cleaning. By describing these pictures and relying on auxiliary ones, schoolchildren learned to come up with short stories for each lesson. Toward the end of the Primer were poems and stories for reading, including revised Russian folk tales. True, the manual was difficult for children: it did not always follow the gradual complication of phrases and texts for analysis, and each page was overloaded with columns of words with the same or similar syllables.
Vseslav Goretsky. Primer. Moscow, publishing house "Prosveshchenie", 1993
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Vseslav Goretsky built his primer not according to the alphabet, but according to the frequency of use of letters in speech and writing: they opened the book with “a” and “o”, and closed it with “b” and “b”. It was also the first primer that was published along with copybooks and didactic material.
A special feature of the Primer was its game form. Popular characters shared the journey to the “land of knowledge” with the students: Pinocchio, Dunno and Murzilka, and the tasks were often funny riddles and puzzles. The book also contained many easy-to-memorize poems, including those by Alexander Pushkin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Korney Chukovsky and Samuil Marshak.
Goretsky’s “Primer Book” turned out to be so popular and beloved among children that it continued to be published and reprinted for 30 years, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Primer - the beginning of the beginning. The primer is the first book of a first-grader. Almost every Soviet boy and girl began the difficult path of knowledge with this book. The primer is a book that was the first to give Soviet children education and love for the Motherland and loved ones. Maybe that’s why, in order not to forget our first textbook, we first-graders were photographed with the primer on the desk or in our hands. Many people probably have such photos. And many years later, I accidentally came across this book. After looking through the primer, I shed a tear from the surging nostalgia. Seeing illustrations remembered from childhood in a textbook, the associations with which they are associated emerge in my memory. On this page, I read a poem about mittens to the whole class, syllable by syllable, and looking at the picture of cheerful children sliding down the slide, I wanted classes to end quickly and run to the ice-frozen pond to ride down the huge slide. You may also, after viewing the primer, recall some memories of your childhood and school years.
In the Land of the Soviets, education was at a very high level and at the same time (it’s hard to believe now) free. Every Soviet schoolchild knew that by focusing only on one’s own knowledge, one could enter a higher educational institution without a bribe or a “hairy” hand. Therefore, many children strived to graduate from school with honors. Where did a schoolchild’s education begin? Of course, from him - from “ Primer»!
Now almost all children are sent to school from the age of six. At the same time, teachers require that the child already be able to read fluently and master counting. Nowadays, kids are simply forced to grow up early, and not because their childhood is devoid of balloons and toys, but because children’s serene carefreeness ends exactly at the age of five, when “hopeless” studies in preparatory courses begin... But this did not happen in the Union: and there were fewer lessons assigned and there was enough time for sports and yard games. I remember that we went to first grade from the age of seven or eight, without knowing how to read or count. And we were given fewer lessons than now. For example, my first-grader, after serving seven years in school! lessons, brings home “mountains” of homework in writing, mathematics, natural history, English, labor...
So I keep grumbling, probably because even honey seemed sweeter in childhood. I still remember with a joyful feeling my first call, my first teacher Lidia Ivanovna, how she, standing at the blackboard, held the “Primer” in her hands and solemnly said: “this is the most important book in your life, with it you will begin your journey to world of knowledge..." Thinking like this, I was clearing out the bookshelves for my first-grader’s new books and in the very corner I found, believe it or not, “A Primer”! Hello old friend! I open the first page... oh yes Lidiya Ivanovna... she borrowed her speech from there, she just forgot to add that “thanks to the Primer, you will learn to write your first words “mother”, “Motherland” and “Lenin”!” And somewhere, from the depths of my memory, a memory emerges that there was such a tradition: all first-graders were seated at their desks with an “ABC book” in their hands for a photo. Probably every Soviet schoolchild had such a photograph, which was then proudly signed on the back “September 1, 1969. Vanya." Do you remember the joke: “mother washed the frame, and the frame washed mother”? So, it turns out that the sentence “mom washed the frame” was only in the 1959 Primer. And, returning to my schoolboy son, in his modern “ABC” by Zhukova there is the phrase “Vova is washing the frame.” Is it clear where the legs come from?
In general, I began to wonder, how many “Primers” were published in the Union, who was the author? Come on, old friend of my Red Banner childhood, tell me your secrets. Officially, in the Country of Soviets, the “Primer” was “born” in 1937, under the authorship of the honored teacher Nikolai Golovin. People immediately “joked” at his expense: the whole country taught children according to Golovin’s “Primer.” Then, this publication was revised and supplemented with new examples, copybooks, pictures from folk tales about “Kolobok”, “The Ryaba Hen”, “Turnip” and so on. Moreover, only pictures were given in order to develop the child’s oral speech (he had to, looking at the textbook, tell the given fairy tale by heart). I remember how we told the tale “About the Goldfish” to the whole class, one by one, one sentence at a time. The story was a little funny and not always believable. Moreover, it was quite easy for children to navigate the “ABC”: vowels were indicated by a red rectangle, consonants – by a green rectangle. There were also socially useful images: here is a girl watering flowers, and here she is leading her grandmother across the road. There was always a page with a portrait of Lenin and a description of how he takes care of children (no matter how many times I looked through the first textbooks, I never found a portrait of Stalin). There was always a section “about the Motherland”: a picture with a map of the Union and images of children in national costumes.
So, the Primer was published in Moscow, by the Prosveshchenie publishing house. The editorial board took a very responsible approach to the book’s illustrations. The expert commission reviewed the Primer's drawings in detail: they should not be overloaded with details. They must have a positive educational and clearly expressive character, because it was believed that the child’s psyche is very vulnerable and has imaginative, rather than logical, thinking. Therefore, it is not surprising that experienced, even famous artists were involved in painting the Primer, for example V. Ezhkova, V. Bogdanov, T. Nikulina. The Primer was published in 1943, 1945, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1959, 1962,1963, 1967, 1970, 1983, 1987. As a rule, each edition of the textbook was created by a team of authors. However, the most famous in this area were: Golovin N. (“Primer” 1937-44), Voskresenskaya A. (“Primer” 1952, 9th edition and “Primer” 1959, 16th edition), Arkhangelskaya N. (1967 and 1970 5th edition), Svadkovsky I. (1962 10th edition), Gorbushina A. (1983 23rd edition), Goretsky V. 1987 (7th edition). I just want to say “thank you!” with love! for this first book in my life and for the age-yellowed photo of that curly-haired first-grader from 1970, who smiles so proudly in her arms with her ABC book. And we all know where the Motherland begins!
Download "Primer"
Primer 1937.Author: Golovin N. M.Publisher: Uchpedgiz Year: 1937 Format: PDF Size: 171.6 MB Number of pages: 72 « » |
Primer 1946.Author: Redozubov S. P.Publisher: Uchpedgiz Year: 1946 Format: DjVu + program for viewing .djvu files Language: Russian (pre-reform) Number of pages: 98 Size: 2.72 MB |
The private owners of JSC Publishing House Prosveshchenie are removing from the Internet old textbooks from the state publishing houses Prosveshchenie and Uchpedgiz from the middle of the last century.
Many of these books no longer exist in paper form. These textbooks are the results of the best education in the world and the work of millions of Soviet people in various fields of activity. The entrepreneurs themselves never saw these textbooks and did not lift a finger to create them, did not spend a single penny of their private joint stock company on them.
And even “capitalism” has nothing to do with it: it is impossible to derive any financial benefit from the destruction of old educational books. There can be only one goal - weakening Russia.
Privatizers are depriving the citizens of our country of the most valuable pages of its cultural historical memory, and this already looks like the fires of the fascist Inquisition. They deprive children of the opportunity for in-depth and extended studies, as well as self-education for elders, thereby undermining the country’s economy and its defense capability.
Education is not a matter of profit for individuals. This is the raison d'être of the State.
They returned Sberbank - return the key publishers producing textbooks! Deputies, politicians, ministers, this is an appeal to you and all concerned citizens.
If possible, we remove the yellow or gray background from the pages - for the convenience of black and white printing (in the printer settings you can specify individual pages for printing). Also, whenever possible, we offer color and black and white versions of the textbook. Where the quality of the scan allows, we recognize the textbook text (where there are no formulas, tables or special characters) or a fragment.
For novice users. You can copy the recognized textbook text from the page using Ctrl+A (select all) and Ctrl+C (copy), then paste Ctrl+V into a text editor (Notepad) and save as TXT.
We usually post full texts in a separate file.
The text file can be opened on any device. An electronic reader - on a phone, on a computer, with an E Ink screen - is convenient because it allows you to customize the desired font and, most importantly, leave a bookmark (it remembers the place where you closed it, even without a bookmark). You open our plain text (.txt) file in the reader, not littered with Internet rubbish, and use it. The link to the reading program is below.
If you have not encountered the DjVu format before, the link to the program is also below. Suitable for desktop PCs, laptops and tablets with large screens; It doesn’t make sense to open DjVu on phones, it’s a picture with text.
We indicate the year of publication of a particular scanned textbook, but it should be taken into account that many of them were written back in the 1930-50s of Stalin's years, and were subsequently republished. Some, such as A.P. Kiselev’s textbooks on mathematics, came to us from the 19th century.
Please let us know if something doesn't work: [email protected]
Scan and send Soviet school textbooks in any tattered condition, in any format (preferably uncompressed TIF) or ready-made DjVu/PDF: [email protected]- in an attachment or, if large TIFs, through file sharing services such as Yandex-disk.
You can also use the universal DjVu-PDF program, the portable version of which does not require installation:
www.sumatrapdfreader.org/download-free-pdf-viewer.html
For recognized text and other book formats, you can use AlReader: www.alreader.com/downloads.php?lang=ru
versions for all operating systems.
METHODS
Primary school. Teacher's handbook. Ed. M. A. Melnikov. - 1950
First academic quarter at school. Danilov M. A. - 1955
Independent work of students in lessons. Esipov B.P. - 1961
Instructions for teachers on the use of copybooks when teaching writing in elementary school. Voskresenskaya, Zakozhurnikova, Tkachenko. - 1935
Calligraphy technique. Bogolyubov N. N. - 1955
Methodical guide to the primer. - 1956
How to organize ABC education for a six-year-old child in a family. Yankovskaya, Krylova. - 1963
Extracurricular reading in 1st grade (methodological instructions). Svetlovskaya, Dzhezheley. - 1981
Extracurricular reading in 2nd grade (methodological instructions). Svetlovskaya, Dzhezheley. - 1983
Methods of grammar and spelling in primary grades. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky and others - 1970
Russian language in first grade. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1972
Russian language in second grade. Zakozhurnikova, Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1970
Methodological instructions for teaching the Russian language in grade II. Syroechkovskaya, Sheinina. - 1955
Russian language in third grade. Kustareva, Rozhdestvensky. - 1974
Questions of reading methods in elementary school. Goretsky, Omorokova (compiled). - 1964
System of work on the development of speech of students in the first grade. Kuzmina, Kemenova. - 1954
Speech development of primary school students in Russian language lessons. Politova N.I. - 1984
Consolidating knowledge and skills in the Russian language using visual aids. Manual for teachers. Dashko L.I. - 1961
Guidelines for teaching literature in the 8th grade. Korst, Smirnov. - 1954
Secondary school programs. Mathematics. Shalamova G. A. (ed.) - 1991
Methodical guide to arithmetic textbooks. Pchelko A. S. - 1934
Methods of teaching arithmetic. Chichigin V. G. - 1952
Methods of teaching mathematics. Bradis V. M. - 1954
Arithmetic methods for teachers. Berezanskaya E. - 1955
Algebra. Manual for teachers of grades 9-11. Gibsh I. A. - 1960
Methods of teaching algebra. Barybin K.S. - 1965
Geometry. Methodical manual. Gangnus, Hurwitz. - 1934.35
Teaching mathematics. Piaget et al - 1960
Methods of teaching mathematics in primary school. Bantova, Beltyukova. - 1984
Methods of teaching mathematics in eight-year schools. - 1965
Methods of teaching physics in a seven-year school (4 volumes). Goryachkin E. N. - 1948-1955
Methods of teaching astronomy in high school. Nabokov M. E. - 1947
Methods of teaching astronomy in high school. Levitan E.P. - 1965
Methods of teaching natural science in elementary school. Gorbunov N. A. - 1947
Biology lessons, grades 6-7. Methodical manual. Kuznetsova V.I. - 1991
One user wrote:
- Was the alphabet really printed abroad? I always thought that in the USSR everything was fine with the printing industry... Well done, the Germans - they succeeded everywhere. They tried for themselves and they helped us
I also racked my brains - why are the letters in the alphabet and primer different in order?)) 
lybimye_knigi
It still remains a mystery to me where this alphabet was used - in school or kindergarten? I remember my blue primer, they gave it to us right away in first grade, I even have a photo of me with it at my desk. I also remember the alphabet, but when did we learn it? Both books teach reading in the same way, why was it necessary to duplicate?
elenka_knigolub
I think that this ABC was intended for children to study with their parents or in kindergarten.
I looked at the Primer now - it is more complicated: it already contains vowels/consonants, hard/soft sounds, writing, charades, puzzles, and in general it was approved by the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, unlike the ABC.
And this ABC, by the way, contains, in addition to the letter section, also materials for teaching counting, as well as dedicated to children's creativity.
For those who want to “look through” the ABC online -
Primer, 1987
Almost all Soviet children learned from this primer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Primer 1970.
First-graders of the 70s were less fortunate - the cover of the 1970 Primer was simpler and more concise. I studied on it in first grade in 1984.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Printed in the GDR. But why? And "Who is this? What is this?" in two volumes they were also once published in the GDR. 
When I was a child, my husband and I had a two-part textbook that taught us Russian.
Designed for preparatory and first grades of national schools, as well as for foreigners starting to learn Russian.
Russian language in pictures.
Barannikov I.V., Varkovitskaya L.A. Old edition of the textbook. 1971
I had one like this. The second part was not found.
1.
2.
3.
4.The pages of the textbook reflect Soviet life in the 60s. 
5. Please note - the stove is wood-burning. 
6.
My husband and I had these publications. We loved leafing through them as children - looking at the pictures and trying to read the words.
1982 First part
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. For me this garden was like a living creature) 
14. The perfect family lunch. Again, grandma fries, mom cooks soup. 
Second part.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Gas stove. Soviet life of the late 70s and early 80s. 
10.
11.
12. Soviet supermarket, and previously it was a department store selling a full range of food and drinks. Supermarket. 
13. And the small cake turned out to be a sign - this is “Fairy Tale”! 
14. And to this day we remember this when we communicate on the Internet - on forums, in chats: some go to bed, while others are still at work. 
17.
I've always liked illustrations in this style. Emotional. Animals are like people. Such pictures are in all textbooks and in manuals for extracurricular activities. For a long time I could not find the artist's name. By process of elimination, I assumed that it was E.V. Viktorov. I couldn't find anything about him on the Internet. Maybe some of the readers know about him?
E.V. Viktorov also created covers for math notebooks.
This is probably one of the artist's first works. Textbook "Native speech. 1st grade" 1975.
What were the first Soviet alphabets?
On December 26, 1919, a decree was issued to eliminate illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR. Among the points of the decree was the following:
8. Those who evade the duties established by this decree and prevent illiterate people from attending schools will be held criminally liable.
This means that all those who could read and write were obliged to teach the illiterate, and those who could go to school. Apparently, some families did not allow girls and women to go to school - they say it’s not a woman’s business.
However...
5. For students of literacy who are employed, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, the working day is reduced by two hours for the entire duration of training while maintaining wages.
Full text of the decree -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Only under Soviet rule could women learn to read and write - after all, it was believed that a “woman” was incapable of learning.
Primer for adults "Down with illiteracy" (1920), beginning with the slogan “We are not slaves. We are not slaves,”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There were others - "Workers' and Peasants' Primer", the communist primer "The Competent Red Army Soldier" and "Anti-Religious ABC" (1933).
ABC of the Revolution, 1921
The series of posters "The ABC of Revolution", made by Ukrainian artist Adolf Strakhov, was first published in 1921. The main theme of this set is the life of the young Soviet Republic in the first post-revolutionary years. "The ABC of the Revolution", despite the not entirely perfect literary form of its subtext poems, was a significant phenomenon in the propaganda art of the 1920s and was subsequently - in 1969 - republished by the Kyiv publishing house "Mistetstvo".
Continuation of the alphabet -
Anti-religious alphabet. Hardly for first graders.
UTILIBURO IZOGIZA.
Moscow 1933 Leningrad.
Artist Mikhail Mikhailovich Cheremnykh.
- Nowadays in Russia they are not able to create any sensible social advertising. No creativity, execution - so-so. And here is a whole alphabet with decent and expressive (I speak as an expert) illustrations!
- “Nowadays in Russia they are not able to create any kind of sensible social advertising” - nowadays everyone has become much “wiser” and almost throws away their rights. That's why you won't see good social advertising.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Well, who would have thought that we would live to see a time when such a picture would become relevant again.
5.Why did Gandhi not please the Soviet Bolsheviks?
- Well, apparently, during his political maneuvers, various criticisms arose against him.
- These are communists, they always saw only enemies abroad, so they incited the people against India, as well as against other countries...
- Read the story. The USSR always tried to maintain friendly relations with India, as a revolutionary country that rebelled against the yoke of the British colonial forces.
- They shouldn’t talk so much about Gandhi.
6.
- As far as I remember, Ford supported the Nazis during the Third Reich, so he was assigned to this alphabet
- They brought it here only because the so-called Ford conveyor belt, in the understanding of the communists, is the most pronounced form of exploitation, where the personality of a person in the production of any object does not matter in the slightest.
Continuation of the primer in
There was the "Soviet Erotic Alphabet", created in 1931 by the future People's Artist of the USSR Sergei Dmitrievich Merkurov (1881-1952). It is interesting that the author of this alphabet was a sculptor-monumentalist, the author of numerous monuments to Joseph Stalin (including the three largest in the USSR) and Lenin, as well as tombstones near the Kremlin wall - F.E. Dzerzhinsky, A.A. Zhdanov, M.I. Kalinin, Ya.M. Sverdlov, M.V. Frunze.
ABC of Vladmir Konashevich- this time for children. Without revolutionary slogans.
As the artist’s daughter recalled, “Azbuka” was born from letters that Konashevich wrote to his wife: “Dad wrote letters to mom, and sent me pictures. For every letter of the alphabet. I was already four years old, and, obviously, he believed that it was time to know the letters. Later, these pictures were published under the title “The ABC in the drawings of Vl. Konashevich."
Publisher: TV-vo R. Golike and A. Vilborg
Place of publication: Petrograd
Year of publication: 1918
Interestingly, there is no hard sign at the end of words in the alphabet, but the letters Fita and Izhitsa have been preserved.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Two spelling options - old and new. 
6.
Completely alphabet -
Primer 1937
The time is such that we must praise our leaders and dear comrades almost on our knees...
I.S. Belyaev. Primer. 1943.
State Publishing House K-FSSR.
A prominent figure in public education in Karelia. In teaching work from 1930 to 1940. from 1940 - Deputy People's Commissar, and from 1944. to 1951 - People's Commissar - Minister of Public Education of the K-FSSR. In 1944-1949. did a lot to restore the school network in Karelia. Honored Teacher of Karelia, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, author of more than 20 textbooks. He prepared several textbooks during the war years.
After the war.
"ABC", 1970.
Publishing house "Enlightenment", tenth edition. Authors: Voskresenskaya A.I., Redozubov S.P., Yankovskaya A.V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.Mom works at home - by whom? 
9.
10.
And this is an ABC book for children with limited hearing. Children with degrees 2-4 hearing loss and complete hearing loss were called deaf-mute. At that time there was no special equipment (headphones and microphones) and powerful hearing aids that would help children with degrees 2-4. There were no modern methods of teaching children to speak. Therefore, they were taught to write correctly, read lips - if they can’t say it, then let them write it on a piece of paper. And reading books is a source of knowledge. There were dactylic alphabet and sign language at that time, but there weren’t very many sign language interpreters, mostly hearing children of deaf parents who had lost their hearing after illness (acquired non-hereditary deafness)
Zykov S.A. Primer for deaf schools
Publisher: State. educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR Year: 1952
This primer is built using the sound (analytical-synthetic) method. Training on it is designed for one and a half years. In order to maintain the interest of students, the primer contains exercises and games, and the texts are accompanied by illustrations. To develop a sense of rhythm, short poems are included in the primer. When reading from a primer, children become familiar with grammar concepts such as the singular and plural of a noun, the present and past tense of a verb, the masculine and feminine gender of a verb, the formation of words by adding a prefix, etc.
Teaching writing is carried out simultaneously with teaching reading, so the primer also contains exercises for writing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Life of Soviet citizens in the 50s. There is a TV, but there is no chandelier in sight.
6. Articulation of the lips with the sound "a".
7.
8.
9.
10. Reminds me of a method of teaching a foreign language. This is understandable; for deaf children, their native language is just like a foreign language. Learn words that denote objects, actions, etc. The highlighted syllables indicate stress where you need to raise your voice.
11.
12.There were headphones in schools for deaf children. But there is no equipment or buttons. Apparently, there were almost none... In the classroom, the desks are arranged in a circle so that the children can look at the teacher, or rather at her lips and the gestures of the dactyl alphabet.
13.
14.
Donskaya N.Yu., Linikova N.I. Primer for schools of the hearing impaired.
Second edition. M.: Enlightenment, 1986. It was from it (first edition) that I studied in first grade, right after the primer in the blue cover.
Cover artist E.V. Viktorov.
1.
2.
3.
4. There are few students in the class - not only because there are many fewer hearing impaired people than hearing people. But for a teacher, ten students are the same as 30 hearing students. Their speech needs to be monitored and their pronunciation corrected, and this takes a lot of time.
The hardware for controlling headphones and microphones appears to be built into the desk. Just added. Today I spoke at work with a deaf person whose child goes to a school for children with hearing impairments. He said that in such schools there has been no equipment for a long time; now everyone wears hearing aids of varying power.
5. This is the same equipment on the teacher’s desk, but it’s hard to see. The teacher does not sing into the microphone, she speaks. Desk for two students. The students have headphones, but they don’t stand out. Apparently, the walker did not emphasize them for aesthetic reasons. Usually these are black rubber headphones on a black flexible hoop.
8. Emphasis on each word. A funny and educational story. The artist is still the same E.V. Viktorov.
Well, that's it, I end the post here.)
And what kind of primers are now for modern schoolchildren? ABCs?
September 1st! It’s been so long since I went to school that I already miss it... Just imagine, I graduated from school 25 years ago!!! I completed 9 grades (in fact, 8, we skipped one grade there during the reforms), then there was a technical school, which was renamed a college... well, that’s a different story.But in this note we will not talk about me, but about the era of the school 80s. Surprisingly, since then I still have ABC And Primer.
Primer- mine (albeit without the front cover), and ABC- brother (the book is very well preserved).
I am very glad that I have preserved these copies; I am pleased to show them to today’s children and compare them with books of the present time. Well, in this report, I will show them to all of you and I think that it will be especially nice to look at them for those who studied in the 80s..., because not everyone has such books left.
1. Let's get acquainted, " Primer" edition of 1982, with which I went to first grade, and " ABC"edition of 1987, my brother attended 1st grade with her.
2. Let’s immediately look at the back of the books; surprisingly, if the Primer cost 45 kopecks, then the ABC costs only 30 kopecks. It turns out that there was not inflation, but noticeable deflation! Or is this saving on design, as the fruit of “perestroika”? :-)
3. Open the book, here it is, ABC... are all the letters familiar? 😁
5. His image in school books was unobtrusive and pleasant, a real comrade.
6. Let's look through these books, as we studied then. First my Primer...
7. Stresses, syllables, road signs and instructions.
8. Working professions, and of course we don’t forget what a beautiful country we live in.
9. At the end of the Primer - Leonid Ilyich.
10. Now ABC: the books are similar in content, but slightly different in design.
11. We look at the pictures and remember our childhood...
12. With “X”, of course, bread!
13. And of course about the dream..., as a teenager, I thought that humanity would very soon fly to other planets! This is where a worthy goal is for Earthlings ;-)
14. This was not the case in my ABC book; in my brother’s ABC book, they taught the anthem at the end!
Which country was destroyed... The current EU is a joke.
The primer said goodbye with this poem:
Memorize these letters.
There are more than three dozen of them,
And for you they are the keys
To all good books.
Don't forget to take it on the road
A bunch of magic keys.
You will find a way into any story,
You will enter any fairy tale.
Will you read books about animals?
Plants and machines.
You will visit the seas
And on gray peaks.
You will find an example of courage
In your favorite book.
You will see the entire USSR,
All the land from this tower.
Wonderful lands for you
Will open the path from “A” to “Z”!
It is a pity that in the modern world, a number of Russian words are being replaced by slang and Anglicisms. And it’s good that some people continue to read not only chats on the Internet.