The system of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere. The specifics of the organization of socio-cultural activities of institutions and the organization of socio-cultural activities

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State budgetary educational institution of higher education

"South Ural State Institute of Arts named after I.P. Tchaikovsky"

Faculty of Sociocultural Activities

courseworkJob

" Public organizations and movements as subjects ofsocial and cultural activities"

Completed by: Zalevskaya Polina Yurievna

Chelyabinsk 2016

Introduction

The relevance of the topic is due to the socio-cultural specifics of the activities of public organizations. In the course of social, economic, cultural transformations in our city, a unique experience of socio-cultural development has been accumulated, and public associations have become a model for effective regulation of socio-cultural interactions, which is being implemented in practice.

The scientific relevance of the study of public associations from the perspective of socio-cultural activities is determined by the need for a deep understanding of the means to meet the socio-cultural needs of the population in a multicultural context.

Public organizations are public associations based on membership, created to protect common interests and achieve the statutory goals of united citizens.

Public movements are non-membership mass public associations pursuing social, political and other socially useful goals supported by members of the public movement.

The area of ​​culture, leisure and creativity is a permanent area of ​​social participation and social leadership of citizens in the form of formal, semi-formal and informal communities.

That is why it is extremely necessary for the development of a personality, the formation of its subjective position, to create conditions under which a person or a community of people can fully express and satisfy their needs and interests in the field of culture, education, arts, sports, tourism and recreation. One of the forms of realization of these needs and interests are socio-cultural communities and formations. social cultural public

Public organizations and movements act as spokesmen for the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as as the subject of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the government, and in certain cases put pressure on it. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt to new social conditions faster than others, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that allow combining the freedom and interests of individuals with the general principles governing their joint activities.

The social significance of the problem posed in the work is due to the following factors: the emergence of a large number of public associations, a long silence and unwillingness of the state to pay attention to existing problems in socially significant relations, ignoring the often arising contradictions in matters of socio-cultural relations.

Against this background, the role of voluntary public associations in the life of the country is growing noticeably, but at the same time, the negative consequences of the loss of experience in independent public activity are clearly visible. Therefore, the study of the history of the emergence and activities of public associations, acting as an agent of socialization for various categories of the population, will not only fill the gaps in knowledge of the history of the development of public associations, but also identify effective technologies for providing conditions for meeting the emerging needs for self-identification of the individual in the process of growing civic consciousness. .

Target : study and make an analysis of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

Tasks :

1. Explore the historical origins of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

2. To study the technologies of social and cultural activities of public organizations.

3. Make an analysis of the work of public organizations and movements of the Chelyabinsk region.

4. Make a conclusion on the course work.

Subject : research, study of the history, theoretical foundations and modern technologies of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

An object research : the process of activity of public associations in the Chelyabinsk region.

The problems of studying the technologies of social and cultural activities of public associations have long attracted the attention of scientists, but there are some difficulties associated with the fact that public associations stepped up their activities in the field of culture only in the 20th century. Nevertheless, the literature on the problem under study can be divided into the following groups: historical literature (the first mention of social movements and associations); fundamental research of the theory and methodology of social and cultural activities; periodicals, which directly covered the problems of social and cultural activities of public associations.

Historical literature: Isaev I.A. History of State and Law in Russia, Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State, Klyuchevsky V.O. Brief guide to Russian history.

Theory and methodology: Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. "Socio-cultural activity", Sokolov A.V. "The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity", Zharkov A.D. "Theory and technology of cultural and leisure activities", Zharkov A.D. "Organization of cultural and educational work", Zharkova L.S., Zharkov A.D., Chizhikov V.M. "Cultural and leisure activities: theory, practice and methods of scientific research", Yaroshenko N.N. "Pedagogical paradigms of social and cultural activities", Strelnikova Yu.A. "Development of the theoretical foundations of the educational activities of Soviet clubs", Sorokin P.A. "Socio-cultural dynamics".

Historical origins of social and cultural activities of public organizations in Russia.

Various associations of people with common views on nature, art, with a common type of behavior have been known since ancient times. It suffices to recall the numerous philosophical schools of antiquity, orders of chivalry, literary and artistic schools of the Middle Ages, clubs of modern times, and so on. People have always had a desire to unite. "Only in the collective," wrote K. Marx and F. Engels, "the individual receives the means that enable him to develop his riddles in all directions, and, consequently, only in the collective is personal freedom possible."

The transformations in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century acquire a comprehensive character. They made a lot of changes in the content of life and leisure of various classes. The necessary prerequisites for out-of-school education and organized leisure for the masses are emerging. The first Slavic alphabet is being reformed. A new civil alphabet is being created, secular entertaining, educational and scientific literature is being published.

In the 18th century, there were attempts to create a system of public education; plans for the renewal of Russia are born, projects for the education of youth, the creation of a "new breed of people." The ideas of the humanist philosophers of the Renaissance, the European Enlightenment find their development and application.

Russian schools of that period were under the auspices of the state and the church, which acted as a customer interested in educating not "harmonious" people, but literate and God-fearing parishioners.

XIX century. The cultural and educational thought of the 18th century greatly enriched the educational ideas of the first half of the 19th century. The beginning of the new century in historical science is associated with an intensive overcoming of class narrowness and limitations in upbringing and education: women's education was laid. A new wave of cultural and educational activities of the Russian intelligentsia is associated with the noble period of the liberation movement, which was greatly influenced by the sociocultural, educational ideas and activities of the Decembrists.

In the first half of the 19th century, the ideological and socio-political struggle intensified throughout the world. Russia was no exception. However, if in a number of countries this struggle ended in the victory of bourgeois revolutions and national liberation movements, then in Russia the ruling elite managed to preserve the existing economic and socio-political system. The main reason for the rise of the social movement was the growing awareness of the entire society of Russia's lagging behind the more advanced Western European countries. Not only the progressively thinking representatives of the nobility and the intelligentsia formed from raznochintsy, but also the feudal landowners felt the need for fundamental changes.

However, the social movement in Russia had its own specifics. It was expressed in the fact that in Russia there was actually no bourgeoisie capable of fighting for its own interests and for democratic reforms. The broad masses of the people were ignorant, uneducated and downtrodden. For a long time they retained monarchical illusions and political inertia. Therefore, the revolutionary ideology, the understanding of the need to modernize the country took shape at the beginning of the 19th century, exclusively among the advanced part of the nobility, who opposed the interests of their class. The circle of revolutionaries was extremely limited - mainly representatives of the noble nobility and privileged officer corps.

club establishments. The history of the origin and development of public (not elite type of the English Club) club institutions indicates that they arose in the second half of the 19th century as public educational institutions. A number of forms of such institutions are known, which by their nature performed the functions of a public club or a club-type association. These are the commitents of literacy, the society for the promotion of public education, the society for the promotion of education, the society for the dissemination of technical knowledge, the society for reasonable entertainment, the guardianship of people's sobriety, the society for doctors, local historians, theatrical and literary figures.

The rapid expansion of the network of various associations in the first post-revolutionary years made it possible to hope for their further rapid development. However, the path that amateur public formations have traveled turned out to be by no means cloudless.

In the 50s, the period of the so-called "Khrushchev thaw" began. So in 1956, such public organizations as the United Nations Association in the USSR, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR, the Committee of Secular Women, etc. were created. The years of stagnation were also stagnant for public associations. Then only three public organizations appeared: the Soviet Committee for European Security and Cooperation. (1971), the All-Union Copyright Agency (1973) and the All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers (1974).

Soviet society in the second half of the 20th century was a complex system with many currents and structures, many of which were not controlled by the communist regime. The most notable movement was dissidence. But dissidence was only part of a wider discussion and social initiatives. Despite the apolitical nature of the majority of the population, there was a significant layer of people in the country who defended various ideological positions. The formation of civil society in the Soviet Union continued in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1980s. A relatively wide layer of the intelligentsia continued to discuss the most acute problems of history and modernity. In many ways, the disputes of the 1970s and early 1980s anticipated the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s.

In the Soviet Union, there were also mass informal organizations independent of totalitarian institutions. They interacted with the government and its "drive belts", but in their actions they were guided by their own logic. This phenomenon can be characterized as informal movements - subcultures, united by a common cause - social creativity, the creation of new "informal", unusual forms of life.

The collapse of the USSR and the "shock therapy" of the early 90s led to significant changes in the structure of civil society. It professionalized, noticeably lost in numbers, and at the beginning of the 21st century - in influence. Under the pressure of social hardships, the old field of informal movements has effectively disintegrated.

As a result, it should be noted that the rapid development of various associations will coincide with periods of expansion of democracy. From this follows the fundamental conclusion that the level of democratization of society is to a small extent determined by the number of voluntary formations, the degree of activity of their members. In turn, another conclusion follows from this: the appearance of modern public figures is not the result of someone's evil will, it is quite natural. Moreover, we can safely assume that with the further expansion of democracy, the number of informal public formations and their participants will increase..

Technologies of social and cultural activitiessocial organizations and movements.

This paragraph discusses various types of socio-cultural technologies, their main patterns, and the existing practice of using these technologies by public organizations in our city.

There are more than 700 non-profit organizations in the whole world and in Russia, as well as in the city of Chelyabinsk. Some of them are more developed, some are less. Organizations are like people: they are born and die, become active and fall asleep.

Many ideas, projects and proposals put forward by public organizations have been implemented in the city. The formation of structures and the increase in the potential of non-profit organizations will make it possible to move to a new qualitative level - a comprehensive policy of social partnership.

This is not only mutually beneficial for the residents of the city, the creation of a normal stable environment for life in the city, but also another step towards the formation of a democratic society in which there is a relationship of mutual responsibility and mutual dependence on the results of joint actions of the public, government and business.

There are more than 700 public organizations in our city, which can be divided into the following types: veteran, military-patriotic, children's, women's, in the field of housing relations, in the field of healthcare, associations of people with disabilities, in the field of culture, youth, scientific and educational, in the field of education, ethno-cultural, in the field of international cooperation, interest associations, territorial public self-government bodies, in the field of support for non-state associations, human rights, professional associations, in the field of family support, in the field of social protection, sports and protection, tourism, environmental and etc.

1. Cultural-creative and cultural-protective technologies.

Culture-creating, developing technologies are widespread at all stages of the socialization of the individual. The practical development of these technologies begins in the period of early socialization, when the child is faced with the need to acquire socially mandatory general cultural knowledge, skills and abilities, when through the family, the network of preschool, school and additional education and other social institutions, he consciously joins a whole constellation of subcultures, in including youth.

Different types of creative formative, developing technologies in the field of professional and amateur socio-political, artistic, scientific and technical, applied art and amateur movement become the property of each person both due to subcultural mechanisms, when a person is, as it were, inside one or another subculture, and at the expense of general social, state programs.

Serious changes are taking place in the methodology of cultural and creative activity. In the new socio-cultural situation, the range of creative activity of the masses is significantly expanding. Along with the further development of amateur art, scientific, technical and applied creativity, and above all various types of socio-political activity, receive new impulses.

2. Technologies of artistic and creative activity.

Collection-gathering, analytical and research work in the field of culture and art is being developed. There is a growing interest in creativity, especially in the author's. The prestige of theatrical studios, journalistic, variety, miniature theaters, working on local material, is rising. In the field of amateur music, there is an interest in the author's song, rock art, collecting, processing and recreating musical folklore.

Work on the revival of lost artistic and household traditions is being activated. One of the areas of such activity is the development of applied culture of creative handicraft technologies, thanks to which the traditions of household and artistic crafts are preserved, the status of the craft as a historical and cultural value is maintained.

In our city, the fair of folk crafts in the exhibition center has become a tradition, where products from various materials, made according to ancient technologies, are presented.

The importance of amateur art in the development of various subcultures is increasing. As part of this process, a stable local culture is actively formed, differentiated in accordance with the presence of certain groups of the population of the region.

The forms of leadership in amateur creativity are changing significantly. The natural mechanisms of its development are put into action. The factors of its self-regulation are activated. Simplifies the nature of planning, accounting and reporting. The cruel control over the repertoire, exhibition and concert activities is cancelled. The system of registration of amateur associations and interest clubs is being simplified. Cultural and leisure centers are beginning to pay great attention to non-institutional forms of amateur performances at the place of residence. The scale of amateur performances, developing outside the framework of cultural institutions, is expanding.

3. Cultural protection technologies.

The main goal of cultural protection technologies is the preservation of the cultural and historical environment with the help of modern conservation and restoration measures. The essence of this attitude is to preserve, if possible, the visible signs and iconic values ​​of each individual - age, social, professional, ethnic cultural - communities, to turn them into actively functioning elements of modern educational, artistic, creative, entertainment processes.

For these purposes, technologies are involved in the creation of territorial local history encyclopedias and reference books; technologies for organizing local history work; technologies for the development of tourist and excursion routes based on historical, cultural and historical and industrial sites; technologies for the revival of traditional forms of sociocultural activity; folk crafts, crafts, rituals.

4. Recreational technologies.

Recreational (restorative) and sports and health technologies are designed to ensure and maintain human viability. They are versatile in their use. In the process of socio-cultural activities.

Modern recreational methods are based on the psychological and pedagogical patterns of entertainment and gaming, sports and recreation, artistic and entertainment activities. In the process of developing most recreational projects, focused on improving the quality of life and improving life, the attention of specialists is focused on introducing the latest achievements in biology, physiology, psychology, medicine into the practice of mass and specialized leisure.

The main and historically established type of recreation has always been sports. Currently, there are more than 70 sports organizations in Chelyabinsk, mainly federations of various sports, health clubs and sections.

5. Animation socio-cultural technologies.

The purpose of animation technologies has a pronounced humanitarian orientation - to prevent the alienation of the individual in the culture of society, in the structure of social relations.

There are two types of professional animators: supervisors-coordinators and specialist teachers who lead circles and studios, teach courses, engage in social and cultural activities at the place of residence, and provide psychological support in the structure of everyday social relations. The content of animation technologies includes a comprehensive assessment of a crisis situation, assistance in determining and awareness of which of the methods of action in a given situation is suitable for effectively achieving the goal, awareness of real opportunities and their choice, awareness of the likely consequences of a particular decision.

The organization of recreation and entertainment carries a significant social, educational, psychological, rehabilitation burden. The content side of recreational technologies is constantly expanding and enriching by attracting the traditions of folk leisure culture, the revival of old and the cultivation of new folk holidays, ceremonies and rituals - Christmas events and humor, days of laughter and carnivals, literary, artistic, sports, tourist and family holidays, a holiday flowers and the holiday of Russian tea, days of cities and other events.

A distinctive feature of the organization of leisure in the sports-charming and tourist-excursion centers is the integration of recreation, health promotion, spiritual enrichment and versatile development of the individual.

In this difficult period in which our country is now, many psychological and crisis centers appear, the activities of which are aimed at providing psychological assistance to the population.

6. Pedagogical game technologies.

In a number of recreational and health-improving technologies, a significant place is occupied by an extensive gaming activity.

Of all the known types of socio-cultural activities, the game appears to be the most free activity. Gaming technologies demonstrate the productive social and cultural activity of independent subjects, which is carried out within the framework of voluntarily assumed conditional rules and has many attractive qualities - socio-psychological, aesthetic, hedonistic, moral and ethical.

As a recreational technology, the game has well-known pedagogical and organizational and methodological advantages. It allows you to significantly reduce the time for the accumulation of the necessary information, the acquisition of certain skills and abilities; contributes to the imitation of various types of social activities, expands the scope of contact of the individual with various social groups, organizations and movements, familiarization with many genres of art and literature. By intensifying the self-reflection of the individual, the game is an effective tool for deepening the democratic character of communication, cooperation, and social dialogue.

S.A. Shmakov identifies the following main methods of organizing children's leisure:

Method of game and game training. The game is an independent and very important type of activity for children, equal in rights with all others. A game can be a form of non-game activity, an element of a non-game business.

Theatrical method. Children's leisure has an infinite number of subjects and social roles.

According to A.V. Sokolov, depending on the intended purpose and psychological context, gaming technologies can be divided into several behavioral types.

The most common in gaming technologies is the adversarial method. Its essence lies in the struggle for excellence in sports competitions, gambling, lotteries, competitions that provide opportunities for one's chance. The main game gain here is the feeling of victory and self-affirmation. The competition extends to all spheres of creative activity, except for moral.

A fairy tale game represents a technology that is peculiar in content. In this technology, the main emphasis is shifted to psychological unloading, going into illusion, hedonistic sensations, which to a certain extent borders on self-manipulation. Both primitive and modern folklore is built on "fabulous-game" technologies.

Quite remarkable are entertainment and gaming technologies such as a masquerade game.

These technologies are used in almost all organizations working with children and adolescents: the children's public association "Rainbow", the children's and youth center "Rifey", the public organization "Uralskoye Compound". Also, the methods of theatricalization are used by many organizations that are engaged in entertainment and theatrical activities: the Municipal Cultural Institution "Youth Theater".

7. Social protection and rehabilitation technologies.

The sphere of culture, art, education, sports is characterized by the presence of socially protective, rehabilitation technologies that are different in content and orientation.

These are, firstly, the main, basic technologies such as specialized gaming, cultural therapy, art therapy and others. These technologies are not accidentally designated as basic. They are primary in their essence, do not depend on the influence of external socio-economic, political, cultural and other factors, they are distinguished by a certain stability, the constancy of their constituent elements.

As a permanent resource holder of basic social protection and rehabilitation technologies, as a rule, state and non-state structures appear, including municipal governments, state institutions of the socio-cultural sphere, the public sector and commercial organizations. In the daily practice of socio-cultural activities, the traditions of enlightenment, patronage, patronage, charity, social mediation still remain a priority, and thus, public organizations and movements act as spokesmen for the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as subjects of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the government, and in certain cases put pressure on it. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt to other social conditions faster than others, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that allow combining the freedom and interests of individuals with the general principles governing their joint activities.

Public associations have a lot of work ahead of them. It is necessary to develop a natural balance of all possible forms of interaction between the state, public and commercial sectors, to look for new forms of social partnerships.

We can confidently say that the activities of public associations accelerate the development of democratic processes in the region. Reality confirms that the experience of social communications, accumulated by the civil sector, is successfully transformed into new effective forms of public life management.

conclusions

Analyzing the state and trends in the development of the socio-cultural and political life of Russia over the course of several centuries, we can conclude that it is with the advent of social movements that deep-seated transformations of society and its socio-cultural structures often begin.

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was preceded by a whole wave of socialist movements. But from these small circles in subsequent years a broad and completely mass movement of Narodnik socialists was born. Then it split and gave rise to new waves of social movements, which, having again passed the stage of circles, already Marxist, led to the creation of the Bolshevik Party, and then to the revolution and the creation of one of the two superpowers of the 20th century - the USSR, already a full-fledged world project. The party was well aware of the beginning of this new era, where the initial genesis of the socialist project actually took place.

Even looking back several decades ago, we see a colorful picture of social movements, whose representatives are not difficult to meet in life and learn the details of the origin and development of the movement firsthand. Particularly interesting are those of the social movements that appeared from below, and often developed not only without state support, but sometimes even overcoming state pressure.

At present, there is a wide range of public interests of people: from political and economic to leisure, from national and nationalist to cosmopolitan, from problematic (for example, environmental) to amateur associations of interest.

What is characteristic of these movements and organizations?

First, they revealed the diversity of people's attitudes towards solving various social problems. They were no longer oppressed for givenness, various restrictions and official regulations. A real opportunity has been created to realize their goals, unite their own kind and fight for survival in this changing world.

Secondly, the new social movements entered into a fairly tough confrontation with the old established structures, and they largely showed their fighting qualities, loyalty to the idea and, most importantly, the effectiveness of their work, the ability to captivate people.

Thirdly, organizations, risk groups, which are characterized not only by positive goals, but also by asocial, criminogenic aspirations, have appeared among a part of social formations. This includes organizations of a pro-fascist, nationalist nature, which, of course, does not contribute to the establishment of a favorable social atmosphere.

And finally, there is a deep transformation of the existing social structures. The time of renewal made it possible to quite clearly test the vitality of many of them, their ability to develop in new conditions.

In other words, the emergence and functioning of new associations, the transformation of old public organizations symbolize an approach that has justified itself in history: the more opinions, the more correct the decision. However, the creative potential of the people to improve the political system of the new society is still far from being realized. So far, the possibilities of people are mainly manifested spontaneously and not always in the optimal variant, because there is no mechanism for supporting social initiatives.

The most common activities of public organizations and movements are:

Provision of social services (40%)

Education (26%)

healthcare (6%)

The work of professional associations and unions, real estate management (HOA).

According to a survey of heads of organizations, 33% of registered organizations do not have paid employees, another 35% have no more than 5 employees, 23% have from 6 to 10 employees. The share of relatively large organizations is thus small. Volunteers are absent in 28% of non-profit organizations, and another 25% of organizations have at least 10 volunteers. At the same time, 10% of organizations, according to their leaders, have more than 100 regularly working volunteers. One of the reasons for the relatively low involvement of citizens in the "third sector" is their rather poor awareness of the activities of non-profit and public organizations, gradually becoming business and the state, which began to offer the "third sector" significant resources. There are also truly independent, large and civilized charitable organizations of Russian business.

Thus, public organizations and movements carry out socio-cultural activities with the aim of a general cultural upsurge of the population of Russia. In particular, in the Chelyabinsk region, sufficient innovation of volunteers from public organizations and movements is actively showing social and cultural activities.

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Within the limits of the recreational, health-improving, treatment period established by the voucher, vacationers are outside their permanent residence and are not directly related to their main profession.

(unrecognized area)

The recreational function maximally contributes to the full rest of people, the restoration of their physical and spiritual strength, the organization of active leisure activities and entertainment, providing a variety of activities, a change of impressions, a positive emotional mood, relieving stress and fatigue.

In leisure programs for vacationers, all these functions are closely interconnected and complement each other. There are a number of features in their implementation. Cultural and leisure activities in health resorts and tourist institutions are built in accordance with their main purpose - the restoration of strength and health of people. That is why the recreational therapeutic function of leisure and leisure activities is of paramount importance here.

Due to the continuity and duration of the entire period of vacation or treatment of people, the leisure program in health resorts and tourist institutions is diverse, provides for the unity of information-developing, communicative and recreational elements, is carried out at different times of the day, for example, not only in the evening, but also in the morning. and daytime hours. The logic of leisure here implies a transition from the simplest leisure activities, when a person only needs to relieve tension and psychologically relax, to more saturated, active, intense forms.

In terms of its orientation, the content of leisure in health resorts and tourist institutions includes: concert, entertainment and film services; library work; theatrical and sports festivals; organization of evenings of questions and answers, oral magazines, theme evenings, mass celebrations taking into account significant dates of the calendar and in accordance with the profile of a health resort or tourist institution, literary, musical and local history, dance evenings, discos, game competitions, etc.

Among leisure forms, excursions have the greatest information and developmental content. According to survey data, the majority of vacationers in health resorts and tourists consider excursions to be the most favorite events. The popularity of the tour is due to a number of reasons.

This is, firstly, a wide variety of topics and content: excursions on historical topics, natural history (landscape, botanical, geological, hydrogeological, etc.), literary and art history, on architectural and urban planning topics, overview (multifaceted) business, commercial, which acquaint representatives of business circles with the activities of industrial agricultural trade enterprises. For vacationers, usually as tourists, young people, among whom many will have to choose their own path in life, such excursions are also career guidance.

Excursions attract with a variety of elements of recreation and recreation in nature (swimming, picking berries and mushrooms, etc.) and modes of transportation, since walking tours and excursions-walks are supplemented by transport (bus, motor ships, aircraft).

Balashikha, Moscow region, leisure part of the voluntary association of the microdistrict of Makeevka);

interdepartmental club centers and studios for early aesthetic education of children, functioning in the system of aesthetic education;

interdepartmental centers and clubs of technical creativity of children and adolescents in the city or microdistrict, including workshops for the creation, maintenance and repair of amateur equipment, test benches, rooms and platforms for checking and demonstrating completed structures (the leisure part of the educational and educational production association "Children's Republic "Dukhovshchina, Smolensk region, club" Kinap "Odessa, etc.).

A separate group is made up of micro-district preschool centers and complexes of a developing type. With the participation of teachers, parents, schools, clubs, enterprises, public organizations, they carry out developmental programs in areas that contribute to the spiritual and physical formation of the child.

Thus, each complex or center is a kind of arena of social and cultural (educational, developing, creative, entertaining, health-improving) activities of individuals and groups. In principle, the possibilities for such activities exist in any variant of a socio-cultural leisure center: a discotheque, a video salon, a folklore theater or a fashion theater, a family club, a game library, etc.

The variety of social and cultural centers and complexes that actually exist in practice and in projects is due to many reasons. Their variability, in essence, is a natural reaction of society to emerging gaps and unexplored "blank spots" in the socio-cultural sphere.

At the same time, most state-public, departmental and interdepartmental, commercial and non-commercial leisure centers are characterized by a number of common initial functional features. They are taken as a basis even in the process of designing centers and leisure zones. Knowledge of them is necessary for every social worker, social educator, sociologist, culturologist, economist of the socio-cultural sphere, who are equally responsible for both the development of projects and their implementation.

The basis for the creation of regional complexes and leisure-type centers is the intersection of three main parameters - the cultural one itself, reflecting the cultural situation in the region; social, characterizing the state and trends in the development of the social sphere; purely territorial (settlement), representing the economic-geographical, ethnic and other features of the region. Almost each of the parameters in itself serves as a basis for searching for the most preferable structure of the socio-cultural complex and center, the priority areas of its activity.

The pronounced social openness of leisure centers is reflected in the creation of zones and sectors of free communication, love

tstelstviya, skill. Favorable conditions in them not only contribute to the self-development and self-education of the individual, but also ensure the freedom of self-promotion of children, adolescents, adults to truly creative leisure activities. The search for non-standard approaches and solutions is due to the fact that leisure activities of modern society, due to the differentiation of interests and demands of the population, no longer fit into the rigid framework of traditional forms.

Zones of amateurism and mastery, where every inhabitant of the society is guaranteed a choice of leisure activities, can also claim the status of an author's school: adults captivate children and adolescents with their favorite work, and the leisure community that has arisen on this basis gets an opportunity for creative self-organization, self-expression and self-affirmation. It is logical to conclude that author's schools, which were previously associated mainly with the school educational process, are now becoming a natural and necessary attribute of the socio-cultural sphere.

Despite the differences in content and approaches, diverse socio-cultural centers are distinguished by a common feature for all - their integrative function in the public education of children and adolescents. Based on the study of the environment, they contribute to the socialization of their leisure time through the strengthening and enrichment of the ties and relationships of the child, adolescent with family and society. This is precisely the important role of leisure centers as intermediaries between the social environment and the microcosm of the individual. The centers introduce into the practice of working in society a variety of alternative, traditional and non-traditional, mass and group forms with a pronounced leisure orientation and communication mechanisms: "family - children", "family - family", "children - children" and "children - adolescents - adults." Here you can distinguish various options for children's and family holidays and festivals: Mother's Days, Father's Days, Grandparents' Days, game family competitions "Sports Family", "Musical Family", "Scholarly Family", etc., competitions for family, parent newspapers, family craft fairs, reader conferences such as "Family Reading Circle", etc. On the basis of the centers, invariant models of children's, teenage and mixed family clubs and amateur associations, folklore groups, amateur ensembles, ethnographic expeditions, family workshops of applied arts function.

Many forms of social, psychological rehabilitation of children, adolescents, adults are being tested, primarily from incomplete, difficult, poor, young, large families: helplines, open telephones, consultations of psychologists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, social living rooms, communication groups and clubs family education, etc. In these and other forms, children, adolescents, adults comprehend the complex, multifaceted experience of socio-cultural activities, overcome internal conflicts, lack of mutual trust in families and in society, gain opportunities for the implementation of creative ideas.

In working with the population, open-type leisure centers follow the principles of competition, mutual respect, trust and attention of participants to each other, individual approach and unity of interests of the individual and the team.

The structure of a socio-cultural complex or center is based on the interaction of professional or semi-professional work of organizers in the person of full-time social workers, teachers, directors on the one hand, and on the other hand, developing, creative, playful, entertaining, recreational activities of all participants: children, adolescents, youth , adults.

Separately taken social institutions (club, library, park, museum, school, cinema, etc.) cease to be autonomous sources of culture for the inhabitants of the region, but become, within the framework of the complex, a structure that provides full-fledged cultural services to the population.

Socio-cultural complexes and leisure centers are one- or multi-profile organizations of a free, entrepreneurial, initiative nature. They are created on the basis of a voluntary association of state, public, private, cooperative, departmental institutions of culture, sports, public education, information, advertising, services, etc. and have the status of a legal entity. Their opening is carried out according to the territorial production principle by combining on a contractual basis certain socio-cultural, leisure and related formations that retain the status of an independent legal entity. The purpose of their creation is the integration of socio-cultural objects related in their tasks, the use of favorable conditions for the realization of the creative leisure potential of its structural units and formations, the organization of joint large-scale regional events, the development and implementation of socio-cultural programs.

The economic basis of the activities of the centers is the economic mechanism, which includes the use of budgetary and extrabudgetary appropriations, subsidies and proceeds from the equity participation of various departments, enterprises, institutions, public organizations, income from the provision of paid services, self-sustaining teams, rent, etc.

On the basis of the centers, even today there are ample opportunities for developing practical skills and abilities of various types of modern social worker - the organizer of children's, teenage, family and other leisure communities.

Legal entities that are commercial organizations, as the main goal of their activities pursue profit. They can be created in the form of business partnerships and companies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Legal entities that are non-commercial organizations may be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public or religious organizations (associations) financed by the owner of institutions, charitable and other foundations, as well as in other forms provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Non-profit organizations can carry out entrepreneurial activities only insofar as it serves the achievement of the goals for which they were created, and corresponding to these goals.

We list as an example types of business activities, which the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts has the right to conduct without prejudice to the main purpose of one of the oldest liberal arts universities in Russia:

♦ training of specialists on a contractual basis beyond the state
a new order financed from the budget;

♦ production and intermediary activities in the field of culture
ry, education, information;

♦ editorial and publishing activities;

Accommodation in a hostel on a compensatory basis;

♦ provision of services related to socio-cultural activities
ness;

♦ sale and lease of fixed assets and property, including those owned by the right of operational management.

It is allowed to create associations of commercial and (or) non-commercial organizations in the form of associations and unions.

You should beware of types of organization such as offensive-destructive, dramatic, depressive, schizoid, paranoid And forced, defined as pathological type, to which the psychopathological criteria applied to individuals are transferred (34;114-120).

offensive-destructive the type of organization rests on an ethic of power, on leadership based partly on fear, partly on selfish interests. Enterprises of this organizational type are characterized by such characteristics as irresponsible personal arbitrariness from above, usurped or delegated power in the middle, and anarchy throughout the structure.

Dramatic organizations are welcome hyperactivity, impulsiveness, ease, for them the dramaturgy of activity, courage, risk, independence is more important than the result. Moral norms are artificial and designed for external impressions, just like the halo of a person standing at the head, playing the title role in an enterprise, as on a stage. There is no systematic and measured work, medium - and long-term strategy of the enterprise, sooner or later doomed to bankruptcy.

Depressed organizations there is a desire to stay on today’s market at the expense of yesterday’s goods and services, in a well-trodden path, to maintain the status quo in a vacuum of cardinal decisions, in the absence of a consciously pursued strategy and confidence in the future, along with the illusion of somehow holding out in a regulated market, without significant competition.

Schizoid organizations in the future, they are doomed to stagnate, because their leaders, like a "man in a case", are deprived of contacts, helpless in everyday matters, closed. In the absence of clear guidance, a gap in the management of the firm is filled by middle managers pursuing personal goals; jealously guarded "specific principalities" are created, information becomes an instrument of power.

Paranoid organizations characterized by a cold, emotionless, rational climate of excessive control and mistrust. They are dominated by reactive strategies, people are conservative out of fear of appearing too much for fiction. Reality is often perceived in a distorted form, the calculation is made mainly on defense, the strategic style of management is reduced to the formula: we'll get out somehow.

IN forced organizations everything is prescribed, systematized, approved, nothing is left to chance or foresight. The unwillingness to be dependent on circumstances or anyone else's mercy is the driving force behind leadership and calls for deep control. It is almost impossible to deviate from a once planned plan. The decisive role is played by the hierarchy and, as a result, the relationship of subordination along the career ladder. For fear of making a mistake, decisions are hard to make, but they are eagerly postponed, as a result of which the dominant idea is often lost in such firms.

Entrepreneurial success is ensured not only by the rejection of the pathological type of organizations, but also by the development of medium and long-term prospects for the development of production, value ideas and considerations, which ideally should be implemented in everyday practice. Success is accompanied by such factors as the development of positive norms of an entrepreneurial culture, increased cooperation, multilateral support, the development of programs and projects for new working methods that can improve such indicators as profit, turnover, quality, scale of production.

An enterprise of high organizational culture is an organization productive and creative. It has the following principles:

1) precisely set ideals or goals;

2) common sense;

3) competent advice;

4) discipline;

5) fair treatment of personnel;

6) fast, reliable, complete, accurate and constant accounting of the market
conjuncture;

7) remuneration for creative and financial performance.

There are some options for classifying characters that were originally developed for the purposes of economics. (36;33-41). According to one of the grades leadership styles can be divided into three variants (autocratic; democratic; liberal), and leadership styles - into two types (focused on the work and focused on the person).

In real socio-cultural reality can be used character classification, proposed by the French psychologist Le Senn and representing the totality of the following main parameters - emotionality (E), activity (A), primacy (P) And secondary (B)."Primary" and "secondary" show how long the employee is able to feel, experience this or that psychological state, retain the impression of the experienced (secondary) or gravitates towards a momentary perception of life ( primacy).

Combination of the above parameters E, A, P, V provides (according to researchers) the presence of eight character options, and hence types of behavior (36;39):

Complex of socio-cultural branches. Social consumer complex

1. Complex of socio-cultural industries

The complex of socio-cultural sectors (socio-cultural complex) is a set of activities whose purpose is to provide the population with socially significant services: education, culture, health care, physical culture and sports, social services, etc. (in the economic literature, close, but not identical, concepts - social sphere, socio-cultural sphere, social infrastructure, etc.).

The role and importance of the complex in the national economy of Belarus is growing. So, for 1991-2009. its share in the structure of the gross domestic product increased from 4.9% to 11.0%, and the share of those employed in the socio-cultural sectors relative to the total number of people employed in the country's economy increased from 15% to 21.9%.

The development of the complex is determined, first of all, by the social policy pursued by the state, aimed at ensuring the well-being of citizens.

The complex includes state institutions and enterprises, a departmental network of social and cultural institutions, private sector organizations (culture and entertainment).

At present, the management of the socio-cultural complex is carried out by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of Information, and other ministries and departments of the republic.

Until the end of the 80s. 20th century practically the only source of funding for socio-cultural institutions was the state budget. Organizations and institutions that, as a rule, do not have their own income and are financed from the budget, are called budgetary. All their expenses are determined on the basis of a special planning document - an estimate, and the planning procedure is called an estimate.

In order to counteract the decline in the volume of social services, it is necessary to continue to provide budgetary support to social facilities, both in cases of their preservation in the structure of enterprises, and after they are transferred to the jurisdiction of local authorities.

1 Education

Education - the largest branch of the socio-cultural complex - is a system of organizations and institutions that carry out educational activities.

The state policy of the Republic of Belarus in the field of education is based on the following principles: priority of education, compulsory general basic education; implementation of the transition to compulsory general secondary education; availability of pre-school, vocational and on a competitive basis - secondary special and higher education; continuity and continuity of levels and stages of education; national and cultural basis of education.

The share of education in the structure of GDP increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.1% in 2009. According to this indicator, education ranks first among the sectors of the socio-cultural complex.

Education is divided into basic and additional.

Basic education includes: pre-school, general basic, general secondary, vocational, secondary special, higher and postgraduate.

Additional education can be carried out at all levels of basic education, as well as in institutions of out-of-school education and training, advanced training and retraining of personnel.

Education is managed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, other ministries and departments that have educational institutions, departments and education departments of local executive and administrative bodies. The main source of funding for educational institutions is the state budget. The dynamics of the share of spending on education in GDP is characterized by the following figures: 1990 - 4.3%; 1995 - 5.5; 2000 - 6.2; 2009 - 10%.

Pre-school education is the first stage of an integral system of education.

New forms of pre-school education are being developed, the material base of pre-school institutions is being strengthened, and the transition to full coverage of children with pre-school education and upbringing, starting from the age of five, is taking place.

Institutions providing general secondary education include: elementary school, basic school, secondary school, evening (shift) school, gymnasium, lyceum, boarding school, sanatorium boarding school, as well as educational and pedagogical complex. Obtaining general secondary education is also carried out in institutions of vocational and secondary specialized education.

The primary tasks of the secondary general education school are: further improvement of the material and technical base; transition to a one-shift mode of operation; reduction of class size in order to improve the quality of education.

The main goal of vocational education is to prepare young people for professional activities, as well as to acquire the professional knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the qualification of workers and employees.

Secondary specialized education is aimed at obtaining special theoretical and practical training, solves the problem of providing the sectors of the national economy of the country with qualified mid-level specialists.

Secondary specialized education is carried out in two directions: the first one provides for the receipt of special theoretical and practical training; the second is integrated with higher education and provides in-depth special training.

The following system of secondary specialized educational institutions has developed in the Republic of Belarus:

technical schools (schools) provide secondary specialized education;

colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education integrated with higher education;

higher colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education integrated with higher education, and in certain specialties - higher education of the first stage;

higher vocational schools and vocational colleges - obtaining secondary specialized education in specialties integrated with specialties (professions) of vocational education.

Secondary specialized educational institutions are subordinate to 14 republican government bodies, as well as local government bodies. The largest number is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education - 31%, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food - 14, the Ministry of Culture - 10, the Ministry of Health - 8, the Ministry of Sports and Tourism - 5% of the total.

The structure of higher education includes two levels, including a master's degree.

The institutions providing higher education include a classical university, a specialized university (academy), an institute, a higher college.

Admission to state universities in 2004 amounted to 97.8 thousand. people, which is 2.2 times more than in 1990. In terms of the number of university students per 10 thousand population, which was equal to 445 people, Belarus surpassed many economically developed countries of the world.

State programs provide for a qualitative renewal, the development of information educational technologies and teaching methods, the attraction of additional sources of funding and the strengthening of the material and technical base of the industry, and the expansion of the market for educational services to the population.

2 Health care

Health care is a system of state, public and medical measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening people's health, preventing and treating diseases.

In the structure of GDP, the share of healthcare (including physical culture and social security) is 3.2%; 7.2% of the total employed population is concentrated here; 4.5% investment in fixed assets.

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus manages all medical, sanitary-epidemiological, pharmaceutical and other institutions subordinate to it, as well as provides methodological guidance to medical institutions of other departments and public organizations, issues licenses and controls the activities of private medical institutions and doctors.

According to WHO, at the beginning of the XXI century. Belarus was in 51st place in terms of overall achievements of the healthcare system among 191 states.

Healthcare as an industry is developing in the following areas:

• medical and preventive care;
• maternal and child health care;
• Spa treatment;
• sanitary and epidemiological service;
• drug provision of the population;
• medical expertise;
• medical science and education.
• The new medical and economic model should provide an optimal combination of free medical care and paid medical services. The development of the industry in the prospective period is aimed at providing every citizen with affordable and high-quality health care. It is planned to increase the share of industry financing by 2020 to 10% of GDP. At the same time, state minimum standards should be brought into line with the norms of budgetary provision of health care costs per capita.
• 1.3 Physical culture and sports
• Physical culture and sports is an independent branch of the national economy, uniting a network of specialized sports, health and sports institutions, organizations and educational institutions. Physical culture and sports are integrated into other branches of the socio-cultural complex, they have their own facilities, institutions, and personnel.
• The sector "Physical culture and sport" provides for budget allocations in the amount of 0.5% of budget expenditures. Along with this, the role of extrabudgetary financing is growing. Physical culture and sports work in the country is developing on the basis of the Law "On Physical Culture and Sports" (1993). This activity is managed by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism. In 1991, the National Olympic Committee of Belarus was formed.
• Physical culture as a social institution includes the following forms: basic, sports, professional and applied, health-improving and rehabilitation, recreational.
• Sport is considered as an integral part of physical culture, a means and method of physical education and has three main interrelated organizational forms: mass amateur, reserve and elite sport.
• At the present stage, in close relationship with physical culture and sports, tourism is developing - a large inter-sectoral system that provides recreation and health improvement for people, and is also a potential source of state budget revenues (the industry operates at a profit).
• 1.4 Culture and art
• It is customary to refer to the sphere of culture and art as a set of organizations, institutions and enterprises, as well as state and public bodies, creative unions directly related to the production, preservation, distribution and organization of consumption of goods and services of cultural, social information and decorative purposes. The contribution of culture and art to the national economy of the country is determined by the following parameters: 0.5% in the structure of GDP, 1.8% in the total number of employed people.
• The impact of culture and art on the country's economy is that this industry creates specific jobs, has its own autonomous markets with significant investment potential, and makes a direct contribution to the development of the economy of a particular region.
• The variety of types of cultural activities (some of them are considered as sub-sectors) can be divided into groups:
• artistic creativity (literary, visual and applied art, art, performing arts);
• cultural heritage (restoration and protection of historical and cultural monuments, museum, archival, library science, folk culture);
• club and entertainment activities (club activities, attractions, show business, casinos);
• mass creation and dissemination of cultural goods - the cultural industry (the press; book publishing; the production of audiovisual products, including cinematography, radio, television; the Internet).
• The leading link in the culture management system is the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, which pursues the state policy in the field of culture, art, historical and cultural heritage.
• Currently, the basis of state guarantees for the preservation, development and dissemination of culture in the Republic of Belarus remains budget funding.
• Organizations (institutions, enterprises) of culture are divided: according to the content of their activities - into cultural and educational and theatrical and entertainment; according to the main purpose of the activity - for commercial and non-commercial; according to the form of ownership - public and private. The traditions of dividing cultural organizations into state and departmental ones are preserved.
• The Art sub-sector includes theaters, circuses, philharmonic societies and other concert organizations; cinematography organizations; creative workshops; organizations of folk crafts (crafts); scientific design and production restoration organizations; entertainment businesses and institutions.
• Librarianship is a branch of information, cultural, educational and educational activities, the task of which is the creation and development of a network of libraries, the formation and processing of library funds, the organization of library, information and reference and bibliographic services for users, the training of library personnel, scientific and methodological services to libraries.
• The main sources of funding for libraries are the funds of the republican and local budgets, which ensure the development and implementation of library development programs, the construction and reconstruction of library buildings, premises, as well as the acquisition of library funds.
• According to the significance, features of functioning and territorial organization, national, republican, regional, city, district and rural libraries are distinguished.
• Museums carry out the acquisition, storage, study and popularization of monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture - the primary sources of knowledge about the development of nature and human society.
• Club institutions are mass cultural and educational institutions that organize the leisure of the population and contribute to the upbringing, self-education, and development of the creative abilities of the individual.
• More than 90% of club institutions are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and are fully funded by the budget.
• Theatrical and entertainment institutions in the Republic of Belarus are represented by 28 professional theatres, including 2 opera and ballet theatres, 18 drama theatres, 8 children's and young spectators, 13 state concert organizations and 2 state circuses.
• Cinematography. The film industry as a whole is a complex economic complex, characterized by a combination of special film production with a developed sphere of circulation, promotion and demonstration of films.
• A technical base for film production has been created in the republic, the national film studio "Belarusfilm" is functioning, and budget funding has been preserved.
• Measures are planned to preserve and qualitatively increase the network of cultural institutions, strengthen and update its material and technical base, ensure the availability and diversity of industry services for the entire population. The legally established volume of budgetary financing of the "Culture and Art" industry is set at up to 1% of GDP.
• 1.5 Social services
• Social services - the activities of the state, legal entities and individuals to provide social support, the provision of medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal services, material assistance, the creation of conditions for social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens and families in difficult life situations.
• This category of the population includes: children, the elderly, the disabled, the seriously ill, the homeless, people who are in a state of severe depression.
• Various types of social services can be divided into three groups: social care, social rehabilitation and social shelter.
• The leading position in the management of social services is occupied by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, which actively cooperates with the ministries of education and health, and other republican government bodies.
• The priority direction for the further development of the social service system is to meet the specific needs of the most vulnerable segments of the population: the disabled, the elderly, children, low-income families, etc.
• 1.6 Social consumer complex
• The social and consumer complex combines the production of material goods and services for the population and includes trade and public catering, consumer services for the population, and housing and communal services.
• The branches of the social-consumer complex are closely interconnected with each other and with the population, which determines their territorial organization.
• Domestic trade and public catering, consumer services for the population and housing and communal services produce 14.2% of the gross domestic product; their share in the total number of people employed in the economy of Belarus is almost 18.7%. The experience of foreign countries shows that without the successful development of these industries it is impossible to create a highly efficient market economy.
• Trade is one of the major sectors of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. In 2009, the total volume of retail trade turnover amounted to 54.7 trillion. R. in current prices, or approximately 5.5 million rubles. per capita. The number of people employed in retail trade and public catering reached 655.1 thousand people, which is 2 times more than in 1990.
• Trade as an independent branch of the national economy makes it possible to free commodity-producing branches from the need to independently sell what they have produced, which would lead to dispersion and uneconomical use of material, labor and financial resources.
• State trade is managed by the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus, in consumer cooperation - by the Belarusian Republican Union of Consumer Societies.
• Trade is divided into internal and external. Domestic trade covers wholesale and retail trade.
• Public catering is a branch of the economy for the production and sale of prepared food to the population through a network of special enterprises (canteens, cafes, restaurants, buffets, etc.).
• Public catering is an important reserve for saving social labor. The current level of labor productivity in the industry makes it possible to reduce the time spent on preparing culinary products by about 2-3 times compared to the costs at home.
• 1.7 Public services
• Public services for the population unite enterprises and organizations that fulfill individual orders of the population for the manufacture of personal consumption items, repair of cultural, household and household items and provide other household services.
• The industry management system is formed by the consumer services departments of the regional executive committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee.
• In the national classifier of the Republic of Belarus 015-97 "Services to the population" more than 600 types of activities are classified as domestic. They are carried out by over 8 thousand enterprises.
• The program for the further development of consumer services for the population of the Republic of Belarus provides as the main tasks: stabilization of the industry, saturation of the market with various types of consumer services, primarily socially significant, improving their quality based on the creation of legal, organizational and economic conditions.
• 1.8 Housing and communal services
• Housing and communal services (HCS) creates the necessary conditions for human life. The industry ensures the reproduction and maintenance of the housing stock, as well as bringing housing and communal services to direct consumers.
• The structure of housing and communal services includes the following sub-sectors: housing (housing sector); hotel industry; public utilities that provide resource support for housing stock and other buildings and premises (water supply, heat supply, gas supply, electricity supply), cleaning and landscaping of the territories of settlements (maintenance of road and bridge facilities, landscaping, garbage removal and disposal, sewerage), more than 30 types activities. The housing sector is a part of the national economy, including the construction and reconstruction of housing, structures and elements of engineering infrastructure, the management of the housing stock, its maintenance, and repair.
• Unlike other sectors of the social sphere, the volume and quality of housing and communal services are not subject to reduction below a certain minimum. The level of development of housing and communal services determines the functioning of both the production sector and the entire economic complex. In the structure of paid services provided to the population of Belarus in 2009, housing and communal services ranked first (26.3%), which significantly exceeded the level of 1990 (13.3%).
• The main directions of the housing and communal services reform are:
• development of the payment system for housing and communal services; increase in the level of payment by the population; differentiation of payment rates for housing depending on its quality and location;
• improving the system of social protection in paying for housing and communal services by streamlining the existing system of benefits, strengthening the targeted focus of funds allocated for social protection of the population;
• improvement of the system of management, maintenance and control through the formation of specialized organizations for the management of the housing stock, the transition to contractual relations, the de-monopolization of housing and communal services, the development of a competitive environment;
• transfer of the housing stock to the management of the direct owners of housing.

cultural economics social education

Bibliography

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Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor. - M.: Norma, 2009. - 416 p.

Pashuto V.P. Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise. - M.: Knorus, 2009. - 320 p.

Labor Economics / Ed. M.A. Vinokurova, N.A. Gorelov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 656 p.

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TOPIC 1. ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE AND SECTORAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL SERVICE

1.2. Branches and enterprises of the socio-cultural sphere

In the economic literature, a number of structures of the socio-cultural sphere have been identified.

By nature of activity stand out:

Branches of spiritual and creative activity (science, art);
- branches of performing activity (education, health care, physical culture);
- branches of activity to create social conditions for the existence of society (political and public administration, policing, defense) 8 .

By the nature of the needs met distinguish:

Social sector (trade, public catering, consumer services, housing and communal services, transport, communications, etc.);
- sector of social and cultural services (enlightenment, education, art, health care, physical education);
- sector of business services (legal, informational, financial, technical services, etc.).

By function stand out:

Branches influencing the formation and development of personality (education, science);
- industries that ensure the preservation of health, increasing life expectancy (health care, social security);
- industries that provide leisure and recreation (tourism, health resort services);
- industries producing material services (utilities, trade, etc.).9

There is no unity in understanding the composition and structure of the socio-cultural sphere. Its theoretical definitions in a number of cases do not coincide with the statistical calculations on the sectoral structure of the economy.

Below is one of the options for the sectoral structure of the socio-cultural sphere, indicating the main types of enterprises in each industry. This uses the broadest approach to the boundaries of the socio-cultural sphere and the structure of its industries.

Education and upbringing: institutions of general education (schools and boarding schools); vocational education institutions; higher and secondary specialized educational institutions; institutions for retraining and advanced training of personnel; information processing schools; libraries; institutions of preschool education.

Healthcare: clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, consultations, polyclinics, outpatient clinics, feldsher-obstetric stations, maternity hospitals, sanatoriums, hospices.

Tourism industry: travel agencies; national tourism administrations; accommodation enterprises; recreational bases; transport companies specializing in serving tourists; enterprises producing goods for tourism.

Entertainment industry: institutions of culture and art (theaters, museums, orchestras, musical groups, entrepreneurial and concert organizations), discos, game libraries, exhibitions and fairs, botanical gardens and zoos, recreation clubs, club-type organizations.

Food Industry: restaurants, cafes, canteens, bars.

Physical Culture and sport: sports bases, gymnastic and sports clubs, sports associations.

Domestic services: enterprises for the repair and individual tailoring of clothing and footwear, repair of household appliances, manufacture of metal products, repair and maintenance of motor vehicles, repair and manufacture of furniture, dry cleaning and dyeing, repair and construction of housing and other buildings, enterprises of transport and forwarding services, laundries, photographs, baths and showers, hairdressers, rental companies, funeral services.

Housing and communal services: housing enterprises (ZhKK, ZHKO, etc.); utility companies; passenger transport enterprises (car depots, transport cooperatives, etc.).

Legal services: legal consultations, courts, law firms.

Research Services: research organizations, design bureaus, design and design and survey organizations, pilot plants, universities.

Consulting services: consulting firms, technology parks.

Financial services: banks, currency exchange offices, insurance organizations, audit firms.

Radio and TV broadcasting: television studios, broadcasting committees, recording studios.

Publishing, journalism: printing houses, publishing houses, newspapers.

Social service: vocational rehabilitation services, foster homes, social services, shelters.

Connection: communication institutions and their subdivisions serving the population.

Military police apparatus: commissariats, law enforcement agencies and services, correctional labor institutions.

There are no detailed publicly available statistics on the production volumes of these industries. There are data on individual industries and individual aspects of the activities of the socio-cultural sphere, the size of production. One of the aspects is the structure of paid services in the most important branches of the socio-cultural sphere. In the mid 90s. it was characterized by the following data (Table 3).

Table 3

The structure of the volume of paid services to the population of Russia in 1994, in% 10

In the Tomsk region in 1998 11 the structure of paid services was characterized by the following data: household services accounted for 25.7% of all services rendered; passenger - 25.1%; communication services - 10.4%; housing and communal services - 17.7%; for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions - 4.6%; cultural institutions - 1.0%; tourist and excursion - 0.8%; physical culture and sports - 0.2%; medical - 2.2%; health resorts - 0.8%; legal nature and banking institutions - 7.5%; others - 4.0%.

The absolute volume of paid services to the population of Russia in the 90s. fell sharply. In 1994, it amounted to 22.4 billion rubles, or 30%, in relation to the volume of 1990. This is primarily due to the fact that the drop in income primarily affects the population's demand for services. A similar index for the same years for foodstuffs - 84%, for non-food products - 102%, for alcoholic beverages - 118% 12 . In 1996, the volume of paid services to the population of Russia decreased even more and amounted to 20.0 billion rubles. 13 In the Tomsk region in 1998, the volume of paid services to the population amounted to 33.5% compared to 1991. 14