How many rapids the Nile River has. Rapids of the Nile River: historical background

Topic: "Five Rapids of the Nile"

(game - a trip to "Ancient Egypt" for a credit lesson)

Goals: - consolidate the studied material on the topic "Ancient Egypt";

check the level of assimilation of the studied material;

to promote the development of cognitive interest in the subject.

to promote the formation of skills of support, mutual assistance.

Type: general repetition lesson.

Conduct form: lesson game..

Equipment: map "Ancient Egypt",

Game tasks on separate sheets, folded into a scroll,

Game chip-boat (4 pcs.), Chips-shells (4 pcs.).

Description of the game.

game participants, young scribes, traveling along the Nile on the instructions of the pharaoh.

Traveling along the Nile is full of dangers and obstacles. On their way, players must overcome five Nile rapids.

This is possible only when performing tasks that "wait" on the thresholds. Done right - keep going. Made mistakes - resort to the help of the presenter, find the correct answer. But, each mistake is marked with a shell chip, which is attached to your boat. Upon arrival in Memphis - the ultimate goal of the journey - it will be necessary to clean the ship from them (to complete additional tasks). Only after that you can go to the report to the pharaoh. A scribe who successfully completed the tasks of the pharaoh receives the honorary title of "Honored Scribe of Ancient Egypt" (grade "5") or "Senior Scribe of Ancient Egypt" (grade "4"), a student who receives a grade of "3" receives a certificate of compliance with his knowledge of the title "Scribe".

If one of the students finds it difficult to answer the question, then another participant can answer instead. If desired, the answerer can help a friend through the threshold or keep a point for cleaning the ship from shells at the last stage of the game.

Travel itinerary:

from the source of the Nile to the city of Memphis, with stops at all rapids.

GAME DESCRIPTION.

The scribe receives a task from the pharaoh.

" We, the Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, command the scribe to sail from the source of the Nile to our capital, Memphis. And submit us a report on the state of affairs in the country: how they live, what the inhabitants of Egypt do, how they increase our wealth.”

From the source of the Nile to the first cataract

(quest to start the journey)

a) - show how the borders of Egypt changed, describe them (In the 3rd millennium BC and in the middle

2 millennium BC)

b) - Show the directions of Pharaoh Thutmose's campaigns III tell me for what purpose he did

These trips.

c) - show on the map the city of Giza. What is this city famous for?

d) - show on the map the capitals of Northern Egypt, Southern Egypt, United Egypt.

II. Torn papyrus (5 threshold)

the Egyptians were engaged in agriculture, they are very successful due to natural conditions, such as ... (text break). But there are many factors that interfere with these tasks ... (text break).

pharaonic troops were conquered in Africa - rich in gold ... (text break), in Asia - rich in copper ore deposits .... (text break) peninsula and countries: .... (text break), .... (text break), .... (break text).

Among the Egyptian warriors, spearheads, hatchets and blades were made from ...... (text break). This is the name of an alloy of two metals: ...... (text break), ...... (text break).

The Egyptians believed in different gods. The god of the Sun enjoyed great respect .... (text break). The Egyptians also believed that after death they continue to live in ... .. (text break).

III . Life and occupations of the Egyptians (4 threshold)

The glorious waters of the Nile carry your ship to the 4th threshold. Here the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt are waiting for you with a request: tell us about our life, occupations.

What were the main occupations of the ancient Egyptians?

What crops did they grow?

Why did the Egyptians build canals?

What did the Egyptians eat?

IV. In the land of big Hapi. (3 threshold)

To overcome the 3rd threshold, you need to solve the chainword

Water lifting device.

Ruler in ancient Egypt.

A subordinate of the pharaoh, forcing slaves to work on the construction of pyramids, dams and digging canals.

Water drainage facility.

A large aquatic herbaceous plant, the leaves of which were considered sacred in ancient Egypt.

Evil god of the desert.

Egyptian pharaoh who waged a long war in Asia (circa 1500 BC)

A master who creates three-dimensional images from clay, bone, wood, metal.

Sun god in ancient Egypt.

The art of counting.

A scientist who studies the movement of heavenly bodies.

The capital of united Egypt (about 3000 BC).

A huge statue of a lion with a human head, carved into the rock.

Wind blowing from the desert.

Sign of ancient Egyptian writing.

16. The new capital of Egypt (since the second half of the 2nd millennium BC)

v. Who could say it? (2 threshold)

To overcome the 2nd threshold, you need to answer questions. Remember the tales of the gods. Who could say such words about himself? For what reason?

Out of envy, my brother nailed me into a coffin and lowered me into the waters of the Nile. But my faithful wife looked for me and found me. I have risen, but I no longer want to return to people, I remain in the kingdom of the dead. May my son rule in my kingdom. __________________________________________________________________

I hid him, I hid him out of fear that he would not be killed. I called the inhabitants of the marshes. For them to help me. One wise woman told me: “Do not be discouraged and do not be afraid! Your child is inaccessible to his opponent: the thickets are impassable, death does not enter through them! _______________________

Envy and malice torment me. The one whom I envy is handsome, kind, commands thousands of people. They all curse and hate me. For the sake of seizing power in the country, I will do anything, up to murder. ________________________________________________________________________

My name is Amamat, which means "devourer". Those of you who have not done evil and were not the cause of other people's tears, do not be afraid of my sharp teeth. But woe to envious people, liars and thieves! Sooner or later we will meet with them._____________________________________________

Text with errors. (1 threshold)

The player is offered a "papyrus" with errors that need to be found (underlined) and corrected.

Ancient Egypt.

A long time ago, about 7 thousand years ago, the state of Egypt was formed in the valley of the Euphrates River.

It is located off the coast of Australia. The main occupation of the ancient Egyptians was kangaroo hunting. They also built pyramids for their sheikhs. The rulers of Egypt very often staged military raids on neighboring nations. This enriched the pharaoh and his warrior-priests.

The Sinai Peninsula, known for its thoroughbred cattle, was captured, Nubia, a supplier of iron ore. At this time, the borders of Egypt were reduced, it extended from the first threshold to the Nile Delta.

The Egyptians believed in different gods. The god Seth, the lord of the kingdom of the dead, was highly respected, and the god of the Sun, Anubis, was revered. The dead were buried in beautiful coffins called "chest". Everyone, both rich and poor, was buried in the sands of the desert along the banks of the Nile.

Ship cleaning tasks:

Who found it easier to learn to read and write: a boy in ancient Egypt or a Russian schoolboy? Explain why you think so?

On what and with what did the students of Egyptian schools write?

An ancient Egyptian text says: “Woe to the farmer! He is bound, his wife and children are bound." What is this about?

Now it's time for the scribe to the pharaoh's palace.

The player completes the last task: reports to the pharaoh about the achievements

Ancient Egyptians.

Summarizing:depending on the shown knowledge, the players are given a certificate of awarding him a title.

Aswan is an amazing place where the sand dunes of the Sahara (more precisely, the Western Desert, which is part of it) come close to the banks of the Nile, from which the mighty river with flowering islands looks like complete surrealism. I observed something similar in Uzbekistan, on the banks of the Amu Darya near Urgench, where the river also makes its way through the desert, but the desert itself is far from being as picturesque as in Egypt and instead of colorful dunes there is a dull steppe with thorns. Somewhere I read statistics that only a twentieth of the tourists visiting Luxor reach Aswan, which is only 250 kilometers to the north. Wild, unjustified injustice! Aswan with a river, islands and a picturesque desert is beautiful, and a lot of historical, geographical and hydrotechnical "interesting things" are simply off scale. It is no coincidence that Aswan was the resting place for such famous people as the Russian Tsar Nicholas II (yes, the one who was shot in Yekaterinburg in 1918), Winston Churchill, Princess Noor, Margaret Thatcher, Jimmy Carter and the British writer - author of books about Hercule Poirot, Agatha Christie. By the way, they all lived in the Old Catatact Hotel in the southern part of Aswan, and the hotel itself was founded by Sir Thomas Cook, the founder of the travel company of the same name, which today is one of the largest in the world and also includes the Thomas Cook airlines of the same name.

And in general, do you know that Aswan is mostly inhabited by Negro-Nubians, and not Arabs at all?

We flew to Aswan on Egypt Air from Cairo, and that day was more than eventful: we sailed along the Nile Delta on a ship of the Egyptian river shipping company. This is a walk for the whole day, taking into account a visit to the huge Kunatir dam and all sorts of interesting places in the same place, about which there are separate reports: and. Then an hour and a half in the air and landed at the Aswan airport, located 25 km south of the city, next to the Aswan Dam.

The decline in tourism in Egypt is a great boon for the independent tourist! If in 2009 I lived in Aswan in some very modest hotel without air conditioning and hot water for $ 25 and was happy, now we settled in the four-star "Pyramisa Isis Corniche Resort" for $ 40 with something for a double room with breakfast. And the coolest thing is right on the banks of the Nile. Actually, the hotel is visible below, light brown roofs on the right -

The first thing that, in my opinion, should be done upon arrival in Aswan is to climb onto the roof of one of the buildings on the waterfront. Just to look around and take wonderful panoramic shots -

Steamboats on the pier, waiting for tourists and gradually decaying and rusting. In the old days, before the start of a series of revolutions, these ships cruised between Luxor and Aswan, calling at Edfu and Kom-Obmo to look at the temples of the ancient Egyptian era. However, ships have not been sailing directly for several years now, because in Esna there is a dam halfway through, so you can swim either from Aswan to Esna, or from Luxor to Esna. Previously, the water level was higher, but now ships simply do not pass the lock. By the way, this fooled naive tourists in Hurghada, selling them cruises under the loud names "Cruise from Luxor to Aswan to the treasury of the pharaohs!". In fact, they sailed south from Luxor for about 100 kilometers, passed this way in about four hours and moored near the dam in Esna, and then the tourists were taken by bus 140 kilometers to Aswan. Here is such a "romance", in quotation marks. And here they are the boats

View of the five-star "Pyramisa Isis Island Aswan" and it would be good for everyone, but it is located on an island in the middle of the river and you can get out of there only by boat. The boat is free, it runs every half an hour from 8 am to 8 pm, but if you wish to leave earlier and return later - an ambush, you will have to negotiate with the boatmen and already for the money. Actually, my hotel looks directly at its twin brother on the island (the tower and buildings are nearby), this can be clearly seen in the photo below. It was the difficulties with the crossing to the hotel that caused us to choose the one on land -

And now I will turn the camera and show a slightly less picturesque panorama of Aswan, namely residential areas at a distance from the embankment -

You move away a few hundred meters from the Nile and find yourself in ordinary, poor and dusty Egypt. But! I would like to emphasize that Aswan is much, many times cleaner and neater than any other Egyptian city. Nevertheless, the predominantly Nubian (black) population, which is significantly cleaner than the descendants of the Arabian nomads, in the sense of the Arabs, affects.

Approximately 10 km south of Aswan, there is a pier from which boats leave for the island of Philae, where a beautiful temple of the era of the pharaohs is located. I will not retell the history of this place, all the information is on Google, but I will add that there were no islands here before the construction of the Aswan Dam. The water surface that you see is not the Nile at all, but a reservoir sandwiched between two dams. The water level rose, flooded large areas and thus the temples were on the "islands". We'll talk about this in more detail a little later.

A visit to the island of Philae with temples costs 60 pounds ($1 = 7.15) for tourists, which is 30 times the price for the Egyptians, who pay only 2 pounds. But you can get around these draconian rules only with an ISIC student card, which will give you a 50% discount and then you will overpay "only" 15 times. But that is not all! You buy a ticket and go to the pier, where it turns out that you have to pay separately for the boat to the island. Swimming is not long, 10 minutes at most, but it is here that you will find full-fledged wiring for money.

Citizens who read Arabic will read at the checkout that renting a boat for 10 passengers costs 60 pounds, that is, 6 pounds in both directions per person. On the way back, the same boat will take you back. Of course, that the boatmen are trying to deceive tourists. These tricksters come to you and offer to swim for only 50, 30, 20 dollars, naming the prices immediately in dollars. Simply put, prices are 50-100 times more expensive. We immediately explained that we were sailing for 6 pounds in both directions, they furiously argued that there were no such prices; and after poking at the price tag, they said that this price is for the Egyptians, but supposedly more for tourists. Nonsense! After half an hour of arguing, they did not come to any decision. They refused to put us in a shared boat for 6 pounds per person (while the Egyptian groups arrived, boarded and sailed away), and we refused to pay them an inflated price. I soon realized that there was nothing more to talk about with them and that I should move on to action. We waited for the next group and quickly jumped into the boat with this group. The crowd of boatmen rushed to yell at us, they say, get out of there, otherwise the boat will not sail. No problem, we answered, we can easily sit on a boat, since you don’t want to sail to Philae Island because of us. And then other tourists (Egyptians) rebelled and they were on our side. After a short skirmish, the boatmen caved in and we sailed -

We sail to the island of Filet -

As already mentioned, you can find a lot of information about the temple on the Internet. I will only add that the return trip to Aswan was also not easy, because, contrary to all the rules, angry boatmen suddenly demanded money for returning to Aswan. There was a new, albeit brief skirmish, during which, for lack of a choice, we nevertheless overpaid them a little. It's supposed to be £6 round trip, and we gave them £10. I know it's a ridiculous penny, at £7.15 to the dollar. But the question of principle, and there was no desire to continue the disassembly because of the equivalent of somewhere around 10-12 rubles.

Meanwhile, in absolute terms, the scale of deceit really goes off scale, because at a price of 6 pounds to demand initially 50 dollars (420 pounds) is not even a piper, but a kabzdets. I believe that most tourists after bargaining sail away for 50-60 pounds, which is ten times more than the official price, and at the same time they think that they have brought the price down to normal. I can imagine what kind of idiots the Egyptians associated with the tourism sector hold us for.

A little further south, shortly after Philae Island and 25 kilometers south of the center of Aswan, is the famous Aswan Dam, built with the help of the USSR and put into operation on November 15, 1971. Moreover, the solemn event took place with the participation of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and the Soviet "Persek" Podgorny. The dam is 3600 meters long and 111 meters high and is the largest dam in Africa. By the way, the most high the dam in Africa is located in the tiny kingdom of Lesotho, about which I have a separate report "".

And there are actually two Aswan dams, you know? The first dam was built by the British back in 1902, it is still functioning, but it is just a dam, without a hydroelectric power station. You can see the English dam halfway to Aswan, and besides, its photo will be later in this article. The Soviet dam is here -

12 generators generate about 2 GW of electricity, which provide almost a quarter of Egypt's electricity needs. And earlier, when the dam was just launched, it even gave up to half of all electricity -

The monument in the form of a flower symbolizes the Soviet-Egyptian friendship, this hefty structure was built right next to the dam -

You can take an elevator upstairs, but the ticket costs 40 pounds per person (not counting the already paid 30 pounds for the very fact of visiting the Aswan Dam) and we were greedy -

Nowadays, the Egyptians no longer experience much enthusiasm when reminded that, in fact, the Russians built this dam for you. Polite Egyptians will nod, they say, yes, you know. And those who are not polite will directly say that we don’t need your dam and brought nothing but trouble. And they will be right! The point is this:

1. Firstly, the carelessly constructed Aswan Dam led to a sharp rise in the water level up the Nile and the formation of a hefty lake, later called "Lake Nasser". This lake flooded fifty Nubian villages, as a result of which at least 100 thousand Egyptians were left without housing, agricultural land and livelihoods.

2. Secondly, every year the Nile brought hundreds of thousands of tons of fertile silt from central Africa, thanks to which the Nile Delta actually bloomed and was called the "granary" of Egypt. Now, the silt and sand brought by the river accumulate in Lake Nasser and do not reach the densely populated areas of the country. Because of this, desertification and erosion of fertile soils from Aswan to Alexandria began.

3. Accumulating silt and sand must be constantly raked out, otherwise the dam will not withstand the load. Imagine what it means to shovel out hundreds of thousands of tons of sand and silt every year. The accumulation of silt leads to the swamping of Lake Nasser and rampant malaria there, which affects the local population.

4. Over the past ten years, several dams and hydroelectric power stations on the Nile have been built in Sudan and Ethiopia at once, from which hardly half of the previous flow reaches Egypt. They write that if 40 years ago only 12 turbines worked, now three turbines can handle the flow, and electricity generation has become less.

In a word, the Aswan dam has become too "expensive" a gift for Egypt, and today they are already talking about it openly.

Road back to Aswan

And this is the old, "English" Aswan dam, which, according to the Egyptians, would be quite enough. It regulated the release of water and prevented floods, while not causing damage to the environment and did not prevent silt and sand from moving downstream -

Islets on the Nile

On the way we stopped at some Nubian village. There, tourists are shown several crocodiles caught in the Nile (of course, upstream, since a crocodile cannot pass through the Aswan Dam and its turbines, except perhaps in the form of minced meat) -

Interesting Nubian dwellings -

And mind you, poor thing, but absolutely clean -

Nubians love to paint their houses -

Amused by the cross on the kissing kids, worthless, debauchery -

But we will return to Aswan, I will tell a terrible story called "Death in the Desert." Agatha Christie, while living in Aswan, wrote the novel "Death on the Nile", and here you will have death in the desert. Thriller:)

River Nile flowing through Egypt and Sudan, twenty rapids (cataracts) pass, six of which are large. The first in the Aswan region (Egypt), the rest in Sudan.

The river is formed from two sources: the Blue and White Nile, the sources of which begin in Sudan.

The abundance of rains in the equatorial zone of the upper reaches of the Nile fills Lake Tana with water, and from a mountain height of almost 2700 meters, the Blue Nile rushes north along the rapids.

From the swamps of the western side, the White Nile collects rainwater and silt and flows into the Blue Nile.

Two dams were built on the first threshold (counted from the north): the upper simple dam was created at the beginning of the 20th century to partially contain water during floods, the second was made not only to regulate the water level in the Nile River, but also to generate electric current by generators.

In front of the city of Wadi Haita, there is a second threshold formed by the flow of water. Nile in a 40-meter canyon with a length of only twenty kilometers to the first threshold near the city of Aswan, the river flows through a rocky lifeless desert.

Subsequently, the dam was built on to contain the water of the Nile from 20 to 35 meters. Culverts are built into the base of the dam.

The construction of the Aswan hydroelectric power station ended in 1970, the height of the dam was 110 meters, length 3600 meters, width 980 meters.

Due to the silting of Lake Nasser, a gradual rise in water is observed, the excess of which was decided to be diverted to the western regions, and the Toshka Canal was built. As a result, several freshwater lakes formed in the western region of the Sahara Desert.

The third threshold is replete with piles of stones and stone placers at a distance of almost 200 kilometers and is located in the area of ​​​​the village of Tombos (, modern Sudan), the fourth threshold is located in the Dar el Manazir desert, flooded during the construction of the Meroe dam at the beginning of the 21st century.

The Sennar Dam near the city of Khartoum in Sudan holds a billion cubic meters of water. The first dam in Aswan, built by the British in 1902, contained exactly the same amount. Below the city of Khartoum is the sixth threshold, here the Nile is squeezed into a narrow gorge (gutter-shabluk) tens of meters wide and 15 kilometers long. After the sixth threshold, the water of the Nile River rushes through the Nubian desert to the fifth threshold in ancient Egypt. The fifth threshold, 12 kilometers long, is located at the confluence of the Atbar River, the last tributary of the Nile. The largest threshold is the fifth, its length reaches almost 100 kilometers between rocks and gorges.

In ancient times, all the rapids were practically impassable, it was necessary to build bypass channels when removing marble and stone, blanks of statues and columns from the Aswan region. Many transportations along the Nile were not completed, the weak hulls of ships and boats could not withstand the long-term loads of multi-ton stone structures and ended up on the bottom of the Nile River at a depth of 5-7 meters.

It was impossible to lift a valuable cargo; as a result of modern diving, a large number of artifacts were discovered in the Nile bed.

In an interesting way, the Nile flows almost parallel to the Red Sea, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are cracks in the earth from the movement of continental plates, besides, once fresh rivers from the subtropics, Nubian and Dar-el Manazir (Nubia) deserts flowed into the channel of the already full-flowing Nile, washed sand and soil to the basalt base .

With such an abundance of sand, siltation of the Nile bottom occurs only in the delta. For millions of years, all the silt covered the swampy plain with many channels and fertile lands.

Similar deltas are formed by the Volga, Selenga, and Amazon rivers.

In the Nile Delta, additional dams and canals were made to redistribute the flow of water for irrigation and to raise water, protecting it from the salty waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

During floods, irrigation occurs due to the free flow of water to the fields through canals. The rise of water for irrigation of fields is carried out shaduf - special pumps.

Libya - Egypt, 1982-2014

Read the list of words and write a word related to your chosen topic.

Rapids of the Nile, sons of the school, Avesta, colony, Great Silk Road, Olympionist.

Explain the meaning of this word.

List of topics
A) Sumerian city-states B) Ancient China	B) Persian state D) Phoenicia

Each of the illustrations below refers to one of the topics listed in the list. Establish a correspondence between themes and illustrations: select one illustration for each topic.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Explanation.

A) Sumerian city-states - cuneiform (illustration 3).

B) Persian state - relief (illustration 1).

C) Ancient China - (Illustration 4).

D) Phenicia - masks (illustration 2).

Thus, A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2.

Answer: A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2.

Answer: 3&1&4&2

Read the passage from the legend and determine which of the given topics it refers to. In your answer, write the letter that represents this topic.

The hunter went to Gilgamesh,

Set off on a journey, turned his feet to Uruk,

Before the face of Gilgamesh he said the word:

“There is a man who came from the mountains,

Throughout the land his mighty hand,

Like a stone from heaven, his hands are strong!

He wanders forever over all the mountains,

Constantly crowding with the beast to the watering hole,

Constantly steps directs to a watering place.

I'm afraid of him, I dare not approach!

Explanation.

The myth of Gilgamesh belongs to the Sumerian culture.

Answer: A.

Answer: A

Choose one topic from the list, and then complete tasks 3-6, only on the topic you have chosen.

Read the list of events (phenomena, processes) and write an event (phenomenon, process) that relates to the topic you have chosen.

Dorian conquest, division of the territory of the state into twenty satrapies, the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the reign of Emperor Diocletian, the first sea voyage around Africa, the construction of cities from clay bricks.

Using knowledge of history, tell about this event (phenomenon, process). Your story must contain at least two historical facts.

Explanation.

1) compliance with topics and events (processes, phenomena): for topic A - building cities from clay bricks; B - division of the territory of the state into twenty satrapies; B - the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang; G - the first sea voyage around Africa;

2) a story about the specified event (process, phenomenon)

Choose one topic from the list, and then complete tasks 3-6, only on the topic you have chosen.

Shade on the contour map one quadrangle formed by a degree grid (parallels and meridians), in which the country indicated in the topic of your choice was completely or partially located.

Explanation.

A) Sumerian city-states - black.

B) Persian state - green.

C) Ancient China - yellow.

D) Phenicia - red.

Choose one topic from the list, and then complete tasks 3-6, only on the topic you have chosen.

Using the knowledge of historical facts, explain how the natural and climatic conditions influenced the occupations of the inhabitants of this country?

Explanation.

C) China is a pronounced mountainous country: 80% of its territory is made up of mountains and plateaus. Western China is the most extensive highland in the world, characterized by a sharply continental climate. Eastern China is located somewhat lower than Western China and is accessible from the sea, as it is cut in the longitudinal direction by large river valleys, which have long been the most important trade routes.

Eastern China differs from Western China in a milder climate and more diverse vegetation. The favorable natural conditions of East China contributed to the fact that it was here that in ancient times an agricultural culture arose and the most ancient states appeared.

The most ancient area of ​​the settlement of the Chinese people is the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (Yellow River), as well as the plain adjacent to the Pechili Bay. The temperate climate and fertile loess soil contributed to the early development of agriculture here. The total amount of precipitation falling in this area reaches 50-60 cm, which is enough to ensure a good crop of millet.

However, the uneven distribution of rainfall often caused crop failures. Therefore, the population of Ancient China was forced to create an artificial irrigation system. The grandiose catastrophic floods of the Yellow River, associated with the constant rise in the level of the river bed, were a terrible disaster for farmers. The river, leaving its old channel, spilled over the entire surrounding area, destroying settlements and destroying crops.

Ancient legends and myths reflected the struggle of the population with the formidable river and their stubborn concern for the organization of the agricultural economy. In the myth about the struggle of the Yellow Emperor Huang-di with the monster Che Yu, it is described how the ancient emperor brought down the goddess of drought from the sky to fight the water element. One legend tells how the ancient hero Yu deepened the river bed, tried to improve its course by punching rocks for this purpose, and even strengthened its banks with mythical "living lands". The people appreciated Yu for his work. He was elected king and founded the Xia Dynasty.

In ancient times, there were much more forests in Northern China than there are now. This is indicated by inscriptions on fortune-telling bones, which describe deer hunts, as well as mentions of large forests in the Book of Songs. Significant forest cover ensured more even rainfall, gave people the opportunity to hunt and provided them with a large amount of wood - the oldest material for making tools.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1. Correspondence of topics and words: for topic A - the sons of the school, B - Avesta, C - the Great Silk Road, D - colony.

2. Explanation of the meaning of words:

sons of the school- the name of the pupils of schools in the Sumerian cities;

Great Silk Road- trade route between China and the Mediterranean countries;

Avesta- the sacred book of Zoroastrianism - the religion of the ancient Persians;

the colony- Settlements founded by the Phoenicians in foreign lands.

Threshold coordinates:

• 1st threshold passes within Aswan ( ). The original position of the 1st sill was chosen for the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
• 2nd threshold was located in the north of Sudan, on the border of Lower Nubia and Upper Nubia, in our time in its place is the Nasser reservoir, formed as a result of the construction of the Aswan Dam ( )
• 3rd threshold located in the Tombos area (English)Russian, Nubia ( )
• 4th threshold(the most difficult to pass in antiquity) was in the Dar al-Manazir desert (English)Russian. Flooded as a result of the construction of the Meroe Dam (English)Russian at the end of 2008. ( )
• 5th threshold located at the confluence of Wadi El-Khumar in the Nile ( )
• 6th threshold located in the area of ​​the city of Abu Dom ( ). Here, the rocks of the Gebel-Rauviana ridge prevent the flow of the river, diverting the flow to the east. The river goes to rifts, passing through the 15-kilometer Shabluka canyon (from are.- “gutter”).

Geology

The second, third and fourth rapids are located on the territory of the Nuba Upland - a hilly area where the Nile bends strongly, repeatedly changing the direction of its course. Here the river flows through the crystalline basement rocks of the Sahara-Arabian Plate. The region is characterized by seismic activity.

Illustrations

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Notes

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Rapids of the Nile

But you really made me happy! I sincerely objected. It's just because of them...
- Are you coming back soon? I'm bored... It's so uninteresting to walk alone... It's good for my grandmother - she's alive and can go wherever she wants, even to you....
I felt wildly sorry for this wonderful, kindest girl ...
“And you come whenever you want, only when I’m alone, then no one can interfere with us,” I sincerely offered. - And I will come to you soon, as soon as the holidays are over. You just wait.
Stella smiled happily, and again “decorating” the room with crazy flowers and butterflies, she disappeared ... And without her, I immediately felt empty, as if she had taken with her a piece of joy that this wonderful evening was filled with ... I looked at my grandmother, looking for support, but she was talking very enthusiastically with her guest about something and did not pay any attention to me. Everything again seemed to fall into place, and everything was fine again, but I did not stop thinking about Stella, about how lonely she was, and how unfair sometimes our Fate is for some reason ... So, having promised myself as soon as possible to return to my faithful girlfriend, I again completely “returned” to my “living” friends, and only dad, who had been watching me very carefully all evening, looked at me with surprised eyes, as if trying hard to understand where and what is serious he once “blinked” with me so insultingly ...
When the guests had already begun to go home, the “seeing” boy suddenly began to cry ... When I asked him what had happened, he pouted and said offendedly:
- And where is the girl? .. And the bowl? And no butterflies...
Mom only smiled tightly in response, and quickly took away her second son, who did not want to say goodbye to us, and went home ...
I was very upset and very happy at the same time! .. This was the first time I met another baby who had a similar gift ... And I promised myself not to calm down until I could convince this "unfair" and unhappy mother how her baby was a truly great miracle ... He, like each of us, should have had the right to free choice, and his mother had no right to take it away from him ... At least until he himself will begin to understand something.
I looked up and saw my dad, who was leaning on the door frame, and all this time he was watching me with great interest. Dad came up and, affectionately hugging me by the shoulders, quietly said:
- Come on, let's go, you will tell me why you fought so hotly here ...
And then I felt very light and calm in my soul. Finally, he will know everything, and I will never have to hide anything from him again! He was my best friend, who, unfortunately, did not even know half the truth about what my life really was ... It was not fair and it was unfair ... And I only now realized how strange everything was this is the time to hide my “second” life from dad just because it seemed to mom that dad would not understand ... I should have given him such a chance even earlier and now I was very glad that I could do it at least now ...