The writing unions are gradational. Proposals with separating unions. I. Unions of causality and unions of logical connection

With homogeneous members: both components of these unions are in different parts of the sentence, and the second part has a greater semantic load compared to the first. Not only .. but also, not so much .. how much, not so ... like, not that .. but (a), not that .. but (a), if not .. then, etc. Some researchers they add complex unions to them yes and, or even, and not that and etc.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "gradational unions" are in other dictionaries:

conjunctions by meaning- 1) coordinating unions: a) connecting; b) adversative; c) separating; d) double comparative (gradational); 2) subordinating unions: a) explanatory; b) temporary; c) causal; …

Service words used to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences. Classification of unions: 1) according to the morphological structure: The unions are primitive (not pro and v. water). ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Union- (tracing paper from Latin conjunctio and Greek σύνδεσμος, lit. connection, union) a class of function words that form syntactic connections of sentences and syntactic connections of words. The linking function is the main one for the union. However, indicating the existence of a connection, the union ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

A kind of compound sentences that have connecting semantic and grammatical meanings. The value of homogeneity in the BSC is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations and is formalized by connecting unions: 1) the union and has a common ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

compound compound sentences- A variety of complex sentences that have connecting semantic and grammatical meanings. The value of homogeneity in the BSC is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations and is formalized by connecting unions: 1) the union and has ... ... Syntax: Dictionary

The union is a service part of speech that forms the connection between parts of a complex sentence, between separate sentences in the text, as well as between word forms in a simple sentence. With the help of most unions, coordinating or ... Wikipedia

analysis of a simple coordinating combination of words- 1) select a coordinating combination of words from the text; 2) the initial form of a combination of words; 3) syntactic relations (homogeneity relations: connecting, dividing, adversative, gradation); 4) the nature of the grammatical connection ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Union

Union- this is a service part of speech that forms and clarifies the connections between words, parts of sentences and sentences, expresses grammatical relations between members of a sentence, parts of a sentence and individual sentences in a coherent text.

Unions express relations between individual words, between homogeneous members in a simple sentence, and also serve to connect compound or complex sentences. If prepositions form a connection in a sentence, then conjunctions reveal, clarify and draw up this connection. For example:

AND, union - 1) single or repetitive, connects homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of a compound sentence ( Theory and practice, Hopes appeared, and he became cheerful again) 2) opens sentences of an epic, narrative nature to indicate a connection with the previous one, a change of events (And the morning came, And the battle broke out); 3) internally links the message with a previous situation that determines a positive or negative assessment (Are you still arguing?!) .

Each union is the bearer of a certain values. On this basis, unions are distinguished:

• a) writing, including:
  • – connecting (i, a);
  • – separating (or, roofing felts);
  • - adversative (and, but);
  • – explanatory (i.e., namely);
• b) subordinating, in particular:
  • – explanatory (what to);
  • - temporary (since; when);
  • – conditional (if; if, what; if, then);
  • – causal (as; because);
  • - concessions (despite what; though);
  • - comparative (so, as; by what, by that);
• in) gradational(not only ... but also; yes and) .

Gradational unions belong to semantic unions and have a syncretic character. Constructions with unions not so much... how much; not that ... but (but); if not ... then, or even ... etc. are very widely used in speech. For example:

I experienced not so much joy, how many embarrassment; Everything that used to make his head spin Not really faded, but just ceased to exist; He had, if not the conviction, then your firm opinion; The boys came on Sundays and then on Saturday someone came running after school. - So, if no obstacles then with God it would be possible to start making a bill of sale, - said Chichikov (N. Gogol).

gradation unions are heterogeneous, although they are united by a common function of strengthening / weakening, increase / decrease in the significance of the second component of the coordinative series in comparison with the first. In the category of gradation unions are distinguished:

• a) composite dissected,not only but...; not that... but...:,
• b) unarticulated: yes and; yes and that.

These groups of gradational unions differ not only formally(dismemberment / non-dismemberment), but also semantically(i.e., the nature of the relations being expressed).

A special semantic group is alternative unions. They express a peculiar kind of causation - the relationship alternative motivation, based not on the establishment of a direct causal relationship between the two phenomena reported in the first and second parts of the complex sentence, but on allowing for the proposed third phenomenon, straight not named in the offer which could be realized in case of non-realization of the phenomenon named in the first part of the proposal, and would be incompatible with the phenomenon named in the second part. There are two types of alternative motivation:

• 1) motivation from the contrary when gradation relations are expressed by unions not that; not that; otherwise in function otherwise, otherwise: Don't get off at stops. otherwise (not that, not that, otherwise, otherwise) you can get behind the train,
• 2) straight motivation when gradation relations are expressed by the union and then.

To divide unions into coordinating and subordinating there are certain semantic and formal grounds. From the point of view of semantics, the division is significant depending on the nature of the expressed relations: coordinating conjunctions express relations independent, and the subordinates dependent. The formal indicators are:

• a) scope of use; coordinating conjunctions express the relationship between homogeneous members and between parts of complex sentences; subordinating unions - all sorts of relationships between parts of a complex sentence (less often, subordinating unions are used in a simple sentence, linking homogeneous members);
• b) place union in a compound sentence.

Speaking of gradational unions, it is important to note that the union not so much... how much used only in sentences with homogeneous members.

There are the following types non-recurring gradation unions:

1) unions that can only stand before the second connected part of the sentence: and then, plus all correlative particles (well, so...). Wed proposal where then- demonstrative pronoun - subject lovely is a predicative with gradual semantics:

That and lovely, he [Vronsky] thought, returning from the Shcherbatskys and enduring from them, as always, a pleasant feeling of cleanliness and freshness, which came partly from the fact that he had not smoked the whole evening, and at the same time a new feeling of tenderness before her [Kitty] to himself love - then and lovely that neither I nor she said anything, but we understood each other so much in this invisible conversation of looks and intonations that now, more clearly than ever, she told me that she loves (L. Tolstoy);

2) comparative union how (more, how), introducing such parts of a compound sentence that can be post- or interpositive, but cannot begin a compound sentence. For example:

Father Fyodor began to brew marble laundry soap; boiled his poods, but the soap, although it contained a huge percentage of fats, did not lather and, in addition, cost three times expensive, how"plow-and-molotov" (I. Ilf, E. Petrov); And how I loved, my God, how I loved him!.. How I loved! And now don't I love him? Not more whether, how before, I love it? (L. Tolstoy); The blue houses have become green, the yellow houses have become grey, they have disappeared from the tower bombs, the fireman no longer walked on it, and the streets were much noisier how Ippolit Matveyevich remembered it (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

3) compound dismembered unions of the "framing" type, the first part of which begins a complex sentence, and the second comes before its second part: not only but; not that... but; if not... then. For example:

Suffice it to say that they suggested that I give up my examination room, in other words, they made it necessary for me to operate on you where I had hitherto slaughtered rabbits. Under such conditions I not only not can, but not I have the right to work (M. Bulgakov);

And if further technology will go so pliantly, then people will degenerate into rust from their dubious successes - then they will only have to be transferred by efficient steam locomotives and give the machine free rein in the world; Zakhar Pavlovich wanted to keep Alexander in such a coffin - if not alive then whole for memory and love; every ten years, Zakhar Pavlovich was going to dig his son out of the grave in order to see him and feel with him; If a he is not dead, then I will send him, - the clerk decided and went to inform the secretary of the provincial committee about Dvanov (A. Platonov);

"Darling, do you know me?" Is not it? I am a man of facts, a man of observation. I am an enemy of unfounded hypotheses. And it's very well known Not only in Russia, but also in Europe (M. Bulgakov).

By location gradational unions are permanent nature, those. have a strictly fixed place in the sentence and are used in statements of "inflexible" structure. Other unions may not have a strictly fixed place and use a "flexible" structure in statements. For example, the speaker (writer) in a certain way arranges the components of a coordinating construction with a gradational union not only... but. In a declarative sentence subject usually comes first and an object comes after, because subject is the starting point:

All members of this family, especially the female half, seemed to him covered with some kind of mysterious, poetic veil, and he not only not I saw no flaws in them but under this poetic veil that covered them, he assumed the most exalted feelings and all kinds of perfections (L. Tolstoy).

The permutation of the composed elements associated with this gradational union is impossible, due to the situation of speech. essence gradations in the statement expressed by this gradational union, consists in opposition rhemes ( new) - topic (given). Thought moves from topic to rheme: After that the graph Not onlygot my money back but evenwon three thousand more(I. Ilf, E. Petrov). The "background knowledge" includes the topic: the count got his money back, but the fact that he won another three hundred thousand, - rhema. In a sentence, the first of the homogeneous predicates names the topic, and the second - the rheme.

In constructions with union not only but(and its variants) no more than two equal components are used, because, apart from the thematic and rhematic, there is no other. Wed: Not onlythat our club was not there, or street lamps, but alsothere were only two shops in the whole city(A. Kuprin) // but there were only two shops in the whole city, and not just our club or street lamps. Shows up strict adherence parts of the gradational union to equal components: the first part of the union Not only represents the topic, and the second - ...but and, and, but even - bump. Such attachment of parts of the gradational union to one or another of the equal components is determined by the fact that the first part of the union consists of two components - not and only; component only definitely related to the topic.

Depending on the structures unions are simple(one word - what; but; or etc.) and composite(non-singular, for example: while; not only but). Simple unions can be derivatives (while etc.) and non-derivative(but; or etc.). Non-derivative unions have an elementary structure. Other unions are a frozen form of either significant or functional words, for example, etymologically complex unions so that, but etc. Compound conjunctions have multiple components and their origins are very complex. The composition of such unions can include both significant and service parts of speech: because; because of; once; in order to and etc.

By place unions are distinguished in the sentence single and non-single. The former occupy a specific place in the sentence, for example, union only (and) only used at the beginning of a sentence: And only the sky lit up, / Everything suddenly stirred noisily(M. Lermontov). The latter may occupy different positions. Among the non-single are distinguished double unions: one part in the main, the other in the secondary sentence, i.e. in two different parts of the same sentence. For example, unions if... then; although... but and etc.

Semantics unions depends on context. Some unions are unambiguous (because; although etc.), others polysemantic(they are called asemantic; ah, and, but, what, when, how, yes etc.).

As official parts of speech unions stand out not so much for their morphological properties, how much syntactic characteristics. The union differs from the preposition in that for it the morphological nature of the connected parts is insignificant, while the preposition attaches only names (noun, pronoun-noun, numeral), while, if the name is modified, selectively refers to the case. Union connects not parts of speech, but sentence members(simple or complex), which can be expressed by word forms of different morphological classes. Compared to prepositions, conjunctions are more autonomous (independent). They are not included as part of the proposal, and bind members of a sentence or parts of sentences. For example, union and connects nouns ( brother andsister), and adjectives ( inexpensive anduseful thing)), and adverbs ( left andon right), and verbs ((girl) scared andcrying) and different parts of speech (He is sick anddoes not get up; writes beautifully andno mistakes, came with a friend andfor a long time).

Depending on the nature of the unions, proposals are divided into proper gradation and amplifying . Proper gradation sentences are formed by dismembered unions: not only but; not that... but; not so much... how much etc. amplifying sentences form an alliance yes and , acting as an indivisible complex union expressing the relationship of accession. Wed:

BUT! Do you know Sobakevich? he [Chichikov] asked and immediately heard that the old woman knew Not only Sobakevich, but also Manilov, and that Manilov would be grander than Sobakevich: he orders the chicken to be boiled at once, and asks for veal too; if there is lamb liver, then and he asks for lamb's liver, and just tries everything, but Sobakevich asks one thing, Yeah but he will eat everything, even try the extras for the same price (N. Gogol);

- But what can I offer here? .. And then they write, write ... Congress, some Germans ... My head swells. Take it all yes and share; I am a master's dog, an intelligent being, I have tasted a better life. Yes and what is will? So, smoke, mirage, fiction... Nonsense of these unfortunate democrats... (M. Bulgakov).

Union yes and can attach sentences containing not only additional messages, but also a question (more often rhetorical): I didn't answer anything – yes andwhy did I have to answer? (I. Turgenev).

Scientific discussion

Gradational sentences occupy an intermediate place between connecting and comparative; their originality lies in the fact that one of the compared phenomena is emphasized in particular. But such an approach to the consideration of such types was not always.

Czech grammarians singled out an independent group among the compound ones gradational sentences, which are "complex structures that combine the structural features of comparative-adversative ... and connecting sentences", in some cases they are considered as a kind of connecting relations. The nature of such sentences is a synthesis comparisons and connections phenomena against the background of a special gradual semantics: an indication of a more significant or most significant, effective event, an increase in the degree of significance for the speaker of the content of the second part of the sentence compared to the first.

There are three levels of division of compound sentences into categories (and sub-categories). At the first level, two categories are distinguished: 1) sentences that allow a second allied element; 2) sentences that do not allow a second allied element. According to the semantics of unions, the latter are divided into two subcategories: 1) explanatory(with unions i.e. , namely) , 2) gradational(with unions not only but; yes and; not so much... how much; but).

When making gradational connection semi-functional unions (ah, yes, by) such a relationship is indicated adverbs and particles type even, also, still, and besides etc., which, in the case of union-free design, perform the function of compound words. Wed:

I can't have an undocumented tenant in the house, yes, even ns taken on military records by the police (A. Bulgakov); Another time, Alexandra Stepanovna came with two little ones and brought him an Easter cake for tea and a new dressing gown, because the father had such a dressing gown Not only it was wise but even ashamed; In fact, whatever you say, not only dead souls, but also fugitives, and more than two hundred people in all! (N. Gogol); The old woman considered. She saw that the deal, exactly, as if profitable, Yes only it was too new and unprecedented, and therefore she began to be very afraid that this buyer would somehow cheat her; came from God knows where yes, even and at night (N. Gogol).

double alliance than... the used in complex sentences with comparative clauses:

I remember that time when he came to me and wept, talking about you, and what poetry and height you were for him, and I know that the more Is he with you lived, the higher you for him became; She saw them with her far-sighted eyes, saw them up close when they collided in pairs, and more she is saw them, the more convinced that her misfortune had come to pass; And so the society the more they are merchants, landowners, and they will always be working cattle (L. Tolstoy); And how time went on, topics the meeting became more and more impossible and even unnecessary (Yu. Tynyanov).

As additional means of communication in such sentences, symmetrical repetition of forms of the comparative degree and parallelism of the structure are used. Part with the first element of the union how predominantly in preposition. The juxtaposition becomes the general syntactic meaning of sentences of phraseologized structure. Comparative meaning can be complicated by other meanings - causal, conditional, etc. Compare: the moreIs he with you lived, the higheryou for him became the moreshe is sawthem, the more convinced; the morethey will work, the more they will profitmerchants. The distinction between the main part and the subordinate clause is conditional: And howmore abundant dew topicstomorrow will be hotter(K. Paustovsky).

The possibilities of using unions as, as if and others in sentences with the meaning of measure and degree are limited. Union is possible only in those constructions in which this meaning is reduced to an indication of the highest degree(intensity) manifestation of a sign, process, phenomenon, object. Values complete – incomplete, sufficient – insufficient and excessive the degree of the attribute is not expressed by the comparison method. In the design of the intensifying exponential meaning, conjunctions with conditionally presumptive semantics are mainly involved (as if, as if, as if, as if and etc.). With a supporting word, pronominal names are usually used, adjectives or adverbs with an amplifying meaning - such, so, up to that, to such an extent. Wed:

Some early Starling / So learned to sing like a goldfinch, / As if if he himself was born a goldfinch (I. Krylov); Village So suddenly appeared to him beautifully, exactly how he would be able to feel all the charms of the village; ... felt longing like that... for sure as if he wanted to kill someone (N. Gogol); And his gaze with such love, / So looked at her sadly, As if he felt sorry for her (M. Lermontov).

Union as functions mainly in sentences with quality or qualifying value. In sentences with meaning degree it is used only in special conditions: when a sign, determined by the degree of manifestation, is conceived as exceptional and such exclusivity is expressed by means denial(sometimes hidden). For example: And so earlywake them up every time, / How earlyroosters and never sang(I. Krylov); She took over... as hard as it wasfrom her expect(A. Kuprin). Cases are similar when the sign is not negated, but it is essential limited in any way: ...everything happened as simple and natural as it can beIndeed(F. Dostoevsky); It was as quiet as it gets

Mainly comparative unions with homogeneous members: both components of these unions are in different parts of the sentence, and the second part has a greater semantic load compared to the first. Not only .. but also, not so much .. how much, not so ... like, not that .. but (a), not that .. but (a), if not .. then, etc. Some researchers they add complex unions to them yes and, or even, and not that and etc.

• - ...

  Sexological Encyclopedia

• - a public institution that, apparently, arose at the stage of transition from the maternal to the paternal clan as an organization of men to fight for a dominant position in society ...
• - associations of adult men among many peoples in the era of the tribal system, especially during the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

• - workers' organizations created by employers with the aim of putting pressure on workers and fighting against their trade unions; K.'s guide with. paid by the firm the greatest distribution To. received in USA and Canada...

  Soviet historical encyclopedia

• - associations of commercial banks and organizations whose activities are related to the functioning of the monetary system ...

  Glossary of business terms

• - private societies that arrange, especially for the children of their neighborhood, miniature unions of patronage of animals, birds, vegetation, especially forest ...
• - In order to facilitate mutual commercial and industrial relations, individual states sometimes establish a homogeneous monetary unit, determining its normal weight, and undertake to accept in their treasuries ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - Greece. Outside the boundaries of their native city, the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of officials of a foreign state ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - organizations created by entrepreneurs to put pressure on workers and fight against trade unions; usually unite workers and employees of the same firm or company ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Same as functional unions...
• - see subordinating unions ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see double alliances ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see subordinating conjunctions ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - A kind of SSP with a common connecting value. Sentences of heterogeneous composition, the predicative parts of which are connected by gradational double unions not so much ... as; not that ... but; not that... but...
• - A kind of SSP with a common connecting value. Sentences of heterogeneous composition, the predicative parts of which are connected by gradational double unions not so much ... as; not that ... but; not that.....

  Syntax: Dictionary

• - An official part of speech used as a means of expressing a syntactic connection between: 1) members of a sentence; 2) parts of a complex sentence; 3) text components...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"gradational unions" in books

UNIONS

From the book Russian Literature Today. New guide author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS ACADEMY ZAUMI Founded in Tambov in 1990 by the poet and literary critic Sergei Biryukov. The work of the Academy is carried out in three directions: the unification of the creative forces of Tambov; contacts within Russia with figures of contemporary art; contacts with foreign

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

ANTIPODY UNIONS Since 2007, the Antipodes Association is a non-profit organization established to promote and promote Russian culture, and especially literature, in Australia. To this end, literary evenings are organized, in which

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS LITERARY LOUNGEAssociation of Russian-speaking writers in Austria. Created at the Russian Center for Science and Culture in March 2008. The statutory task is to provide comprehensive support to authors writing in Russian and permanently residing in Austria. April 2008

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS OF THE BEAMAssociation of workers of culture of Azerbaijan. Created in 2003 with the aim of uniting writers, scientists, artists, teachers of schools and universities, representatives of the creative intelligentsia of the republic. The Association holds international scientific conferences and seminars,

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS HARMONYInternational center of Russian culture. It was founded on March 24, 1993 in Yerevan to unite the Russian-speaking intelligentsia of Armenia, implement cultural, social and patronage programs, and work with youth. The organization has about 600 members. President - Aida

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS BELARUSIAN PEN CLUB "Non-governmental, non-political, non-profit organization", created in November 1989 by the Organizing Committee, which included twenty well-known writers, and in May 1990 admitted to the association of writers "International PEN Club". Belorussian

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS INTERNATIONAL UNION OF WRITERS "NEW CONTEMPORARY" German regional branch. Held in 2007 an open literary competition "On the Alps and the Rhine, and the blue Danube!". Among the members are Evgenia Taubes, Inga Pidevich, Galina Pedahovskaya, Anatoly Kutnik.

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS ARIONPushkin Society of Georgia. It operates within the framework of the Russian Cultural and Educational Society of Georgia. Organized by the late Professor Konstantin Gerasimov, the first (nominal) chairman was the famous Georgian poet Mikhail Kvlividze, in

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS JERUSALEM ANTHOLOGY This association brings together artists and writers who came mostly from the USSR - the CIS, as well as people of other professions who are not indifferent to the problems of cultural development. The purpose of the association is not only to preserve the works of masters whose

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

MUSAGET UNIONS Public charitable foundation for the development of culture and the humanities. It was formed on the initiative and under the leadership of Olga Markova in January 1998 on the basis of the editorial office of the Apollinarius magazine, which has been published since 1993. Operates with the support of the Dutch

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS MEPHISTOL literary and artistic group. Leader - Karen Dzhangirov. UNION OF WRITERS OF NORTH AMERICAAccording to the information posted on the SPSA website, this is “an association of creative people who write in Russian and live in Canada, the United States of America,

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS THE BISHKEK PEN-CENTRPEN Center of the Central Asian Republics, which brought together writers from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, was admitted to the International PEN Club at the Assembly held in Paris in May 1991. However, in September 1993

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS ASSOCIATION OF RUSSIAN LITERATORS OF LATVIA Founded on March 10, 1996 under the chairmanship of Y. Maksimov. She maintained relations with the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Joint Venture, but soon after the foundation she actually ceased her activities. ARL members were A. Astrov, V.

UNIONS

From the book Abroad author Chuprinin Sergey Ivanovich

UNIONS Ruslo-Russian Literary Association. It was created on the initiative and under the leadership of Alexander Lysov at Vilnius University in November 1996. The members of the association carried out lit. evenings, concerts in Vilnius, Kaunas, Visaginas, Lentvaris. Disbanded in 2000

I. Unions of causality and unions of logical connection

From the book Speech and Thinking of a Child the author Piaget Jean

I. Unions of Causality and Unions of Logical Connection The technique we have adopted is extremely simple. On the one hand, we have various records of children's language observed in children of various ages for about a month (Part I, Chapter I); we extracted from these records

In compound sentences with disjunctive relations, conjunctions are used or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... either, or ... whether, or ... or.

Compound sentences with divisive conjunctions convey event sequence or mutual exclusion values.

Unionsor, or transmit mutual exclusion value.

For example: Let him move to the village, to the wing, or I will move from here, but I cannot stay with him in the same house ... (Ch.); He lay for two days, but he remembered the horse - either the wolves ate it or it froze (Seraf.).

Unionthen ... then , repeating, indicates a succession of events.

For example: Either the cart will pass with a creak, or the voice of some woman going to the market will be heard (Ch.).

In offers with unionnot that... not that transmitted separative relations tinged with uncertainty and conjecture.

For example: ... Either he envied Natalya, or he regretted her (T.).

In offers with unioneither ... or is also a hint of speculation, some uncertainty.

For example: Either the water is still cold, or Kadoshka [hunting dog] is still young and stupid, he just stopped by the water and cannot go further (Prishv.).

Unionswhether... whether, whether... or are used in compound sentences of dividing, expressing an enumeration of mutually exclusive events, phenomena.

For example: Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose ... (L.); Whether thoughts hover anxiously incoherently, whether the heart cries in the chest, diamond stars will soon pour out, wait! (Fet); Who answered me in the thicket of the forest? Did the old oak whisper with the pine, or did the mountain ash creak in the distance, or did the carduelis sing ocarina, or did the robin, a little friend, suddenly answer me at sunset? (Ill.).

Sentences with gradational unions

In compound sentences, special gradation relations can be transmitted, i.e. strengthening, increasing, or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the proposal compared to the first. Such meanings are characteristic of unions not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but, although ... but and etc., alliances are always double, the first part of them is placed before the first part of the compound sentence, the second - before the second. The dismemberment of the union, the location of its components in different parts of the sentence, closely links these parts into a single whole.

For example:

Not only did the students run out to meet the van, but even the old nanny couldn't sit still at the school; It wasn't that he didn't want to listen to me, but he just didn't care.

Sentences with gradational unions convey relationships close to conjunctive, compare: And the students ran out to meet the van, and even the old nanny couldn't sit in school.

Compound sentences with adjoining relations

The second part of a compound sentence can be additional message or additional remark caused by the contents of the first part. In this case, there are connecting relations.

The connecting value is transmitted using allied combinationsyes and but also , coordinating conjunctionsand, yes, but, yes combined with adverbsalso, besides, moreover, because and others and particleshere, even .

For example: While they examine, approve and approve the price, months will pass, and it is still unknown whether they will approve (Tevek.); It occurred to me to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, and besides, caution never interferes ... (L.); He studied well, and there was even a rumor that he would knock down the very teacher Dardanelov from both arithmetic and world history (Vost.).

Connective meaning can be transmitted only by coordinating unions -a, but, and.

For example: You will already have habits, and habits always win over opinions and beliefs (M. G.); ... Children noisily sculpted a woman from melted snow, and a good woman came out (S.-Ts.).

Unionand often used in an attached meaning with a demonstrative pronoun, which, as it were, contains the entire content of the first part of the sentence.

For example: The earth will be a beautiful garden, and the meaning of life is hidden in this ... (M. G.).

For the attached part of a compound sentence with unionsand, but characteristically repetition of a single-root word (or its synonym), which was indicated in the first part of the complex sentence, with demonstrative pronoun (lexical pickup).

For example: He treated me gently and attentively, but there was something in this attention that frightened me a little ... (M. G.); Then they let out a naked tourniquet, they get something dressed in a lead pipe, and in that pipe there are no less than seven hundred intertwined wires (Sol.).

In compound sentences, special gradation relations can be transmitted, i.e. strengthening, increasing, or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the proposal compared to the first. Such meanings are characteristic of unions not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, not that ..., but, although ... but also others .., unions are always double, each part of the union is at the beginning of a part of a compound sentence.

* Not only students study, but also teachers improve their level in the courses.

^ 3. Complex sentence

A complex sentence is called a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative (union) words.

A part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another is called a subordinate clause. The part of a complex sentence subordinating the subordinate clause is called the main one.

A) Means of communication of parts in a complex sentence

The main means of communication in a complex sentence are subordinating conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (pronouns and adverbs).

Unions are simple (what, to, although, if, how, as if, etc.) and compound (because, since, meanwhile, despite the fact that, etc.) are in the subordinate part.

Conjunctions with a certain meaning are called semantic (because, because they are causal; although, despite the fact that they are concessive, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics are called functional (what, to, like, etc.).

Subordinating conjunctions (causal, temporary, conditional) can be double, paired: when ... then, if ... then, if ... so, how .. then; than..that.

* The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became.

Relative (allied) words are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main part (which, whose, what, what; where, where, where from; how, when, etc.) Unlike unions, they are significant words and therefore are part of the sentence.

* What will happen in the dark, I had no idea.

Correlative words are definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that are in the main part of a complex sentence and attach a subordinate clause to themselves. Together with unions, they make up correlative pairs: that ... who, that ... which, that ... whose, there ... where, there ... where, then ... when.

* Let's go where the river flows.

The order of the parts of a complex sentence of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined and free

* Some subordinating conjunctions attach only the subordinate clause following the main one (because, good, because, so).

^ B) Semantic-structural types of complex sentences

1. Complex sentences with a defining clause:

1) Substantive-determinative offers are of two types.

In some cases, the main part requires a definition. Such a subordinate clause fills in the missing member of the main part. The pronouns that, such serve as an indicator of the obligatory clause.

*People who travel a lot see the world differently.

In other cases, the main part does not need a subordinate clause, which provides additional information about the subject.

* He spoke simple, soothing words, which an adult speaks to an offended child.

Substantive-defining sentences according to the type of subordination can be of a relative and allied type. The subordinate part in them joins the main one with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where where, where, when and allied words to, as if, as if, as if.

Pronominal adverbs where, where, from where are usually used in subordinate clauses with a spatial connotation of meaning.

* Clouds descended over the valley where we were driving.

2) Appropriative-determinative suggestions

In the main part there must be a pronoun (everything, everyone, everyone, anyone; that, such, such). In the subordinate clause - allied words who, what, what, what, which, whose; unions like, as if, as if, what, in order.

* Everyone he saw here had his own special knowledge.

2. Complex sentences with an explanatory clause

A feature of such proposals is the mandatory incompleteness of the main part.

* Then he saw Nikolaev get up from the table.

Youth is good because it has a future.

The subordinate clauses are attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, whether, as well as allied words where, where, from where, how much, how much, why, why, which, which, who, what.

* Romashov sat awkwardly at dinner, not knowing what to do with his hands.

There are words in the main part that require an explanatory clause. This is

1) verbs denoting

Perception (hear, see..)

Emotional-volitional state (decide, be afraid, regret, rejoice)

Message (talk, shout, report)

Cogitative activity (think, understand, be convinced);

2) adjectives with the meaning of emotional-volitional state (confident, agree, right, happy)

3) impersonal-predicative words with the meaning of evaluation (sorry, hurt, seen, heard, needed).

3. Complex sentences with adjunctive part of time

Temporal clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main part of the sentence.

* The sun was already high when I opened my eyes.

Before, when I was younger, my relatives and friends knew what to do with me.

^ In less than ten minutes, we started off.

Compound sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with the relation of simultaneity (when, while, how while) and sentences with relations of different times (when, while, after, since, as soon as, only , as, barely, just, before, before, before).

* Before starting the lesson, the teacher carefully examined the class.

4. Complex sentences with adnexal part of place

Subordinate places contain an indication of the place or space where what is said in the main part takes place. Adnexal places are attached to the main allied words where, where, from where. In the main part there can be words there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere.

* Where there used to be a lone rock, there was a pile of rubble.

5. Complex sentences with adjunctive part of the cause

Causative clauses contain an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part of the sentence.

* Such dense grass grew only along the shores of the lake, because there was enough moisture here.

Subordinate causes are attached to the main part through conjunctions and allied combinations because, because, since, since; due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (bookish), good (colloquial). Usually subordinate clauses are after the main one.

6) Complex sentences with the subordinate part of the mode of action, measure and degree

Complex sentences can have a general qualitative-quantitative meaning. In this case, subordinate clauses have the meaning of the image or degree of action or measure or degree.

* He caught so many fish that it's hard to imagine.

The subordinate clauses in such sentences are attached to the main unions that (in relation to so, before, as much as, thus, to such an extent) to (so, thus, as if, exactly); like (so).

Complicated sentences with a subordinate degree usually have the ratio “such + noun”, “such + adjective”, “so + adverb” (in the main part) and unions that, as if, as if, exactly, as if (in the subordinate clause).

* The day seemed so high, as if the sky had opened to the depths.

7) Complex sentences with a subordinate clause comparative

Comparative clauses explain the main part of the sentence by comparison.

Comparative relations are expressed by unions as, like, as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if.

* The room became fresh, as if cold air had entered from somewhere.

8) Complex sentences with a conditional clause

Conditional clauses contain an indication of the condition on which the implementation of what is said in the main part depends.

Conditional clauses are attached to the main part of the sentence with unions if, if, if, how, how soon, once, when, in that case.

Compound sentences with subordinate clauses have two varieties:

1) offers with a real condition

* If it rains, we won't go to the park.

2) proposals with a desirable, possible or expected condition (if).

* Do not feel sorry for the forces, if they give such results.

9) Complex sentences with a concessive clause

Concessive clauses contain an indication of the condition, contrary to which what is said in the main part of the sentence is done.

* Although it was dark, we did not stop searching.

The subordinate clauses join the main unions and combinations although (at least - colloquial), despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let it be for nothing (colloquial)

Among these proposals, generalized concessions stand out.

* No matter how beautiful the morning was, we did not go anywhere from home.

Such sentences include words like, where, who, what, how much, etc. with a particle.

10) Complex sentences with an adjective

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence that follows from the content of the main clause

Clauses are attached to the main union so that or by prepositional groups due to which, as a result of which. Located after the main part.

* This day was declared a holiday, so the students did not go to class.

11) Complex sentences with a target clause

Subsidiary purposes contain indications of the purpose or purpose of what is said in the main part of the sentence.

* The word is given to a person so that he communicates his thoughts to others.

The subordinate clauses are joined in the main unions so that, in order to, in order to, then so that, in order (bookish), if only, if only.

* The father was ready to do everything, if only his son was well.

12) Complex sentences with accessory part

Attaching clauses contain an additional message about the sentence expressed in the main part. It may contain an explanation, an assessment of the message given in the main part, a conclusion from it, or additional comments.

They join the main allied words what (in various forms), where, where, where, when, why, why, why, how.

* The wolf took the fox trail for a dog and sometimes even lost her way, which had never happened to her in her youth.

^ My brother had to take entrance exams to the university, which is why he came to the city.

Some adjunctive clauses have turned into stable turns: which was to be expected, which was what was required to be proved, with which I congratulate you.

13) Complex sentences with comparative relationships between parts

Complex sentences can consist of such parts, the content of which is compared.

* While the grass was green in the valley, there was still snow on the mountains.

Comparative sentences have unions and allied combinations as connecting elements while, meanwhile, while, while, as, than ... that, if ... then, let ... but, as soon as ... then.

14) Complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts

One of the parts of a complex sentence can explain another, concretizing its meaning or conveying it in other words. The explanatory part is attached to the one explained with the help of unions, that is, namely, like that.

* Sophia did not have a single groom, that is, she did not receive a single official proposal.

^ C) Polynomial complex sentences

In a complex sentence, there may be not one, but several subordinate clauses. In this case, two types of complex sentences are distinguished.

The first type consists of those in which all subordinate clauses refer to the main clause. Depending on the meaning of the subordinate clauses and their relation to the main one, they can be homogeneous subordinate sentences or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous are called subordinate clauses of the same name that refer to the same member of the main clause or to it as a whole. Between themselves, these sentences are connected by a coordinating or non-union connection and therefore are called subordinate clauses.

* It was heard how cars were passing on the street, how music was playing in the distance and how noisy the boys were playing football under the window.

Heterogeneous are called subordinate clauses of different names, i.e. related to different types in meaning, as well as subordinate clauses of the same type, but related to different members of the main clause.

* The caretaker inquired where he needed to go, and announced that the horses sent from Kistenevka had been waiting for him for the fourth day.

The second type of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses includes sentences in which the clauses form a chain: the first relate to the main clause, the second to the first clause, the third to the second clause, etc. such subordination is called sequential, and subordinate clauses are called, respectively, a first-degree clause, a second-degree clause, and so on.

* The unexpected and too early death of Pushkin struck with sorrow all who loved Russian literature in any way, which lost the greatest of all the writers that had been in it until that time.

Polynomial complex sentences also include those in which two or more main sentences are explained by one subordinate clause.

* It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room.

The main sentences in these cases are connected by a coordinating or non-union connection.