Message on the topic of the royal throne of Ivan 4. The throne of Ivan the Terrible: description, where it came from, legends associated with it. Regalia of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Royal regalia
Ancient state regalia belong to the most significant state symbols. These include crowns, crowns, scepters, orbs, swords, bars, shields, thrones. However, the sovereign appeared in full vestments only a few times a year - during the most important church holidays and at receptions of especially important foreign ambassadors. Some regalia were used only once during the life of the monarch. Currently, the original regalia of the Moscow, and later the Russian, state are stored in the collection of the State Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. In this article we will talk about the royal regalia in chronological order, starting with the most ancient.
Royal regalia in the collection of the Armory Chamber
The most ancient symbol of princely power is the sword. For the first time they began to depict him on ancient icons. A little later, a shield was added to the sword. Thus, princely power was primarily symbolized by weapons, in ancient times by a shield and a sword. However, the state shield and state sword in the collection of the armory date back to the 16th-17th centuries.
About the shield - below.
The most ancient regalia presented in our treasury is the Monomakh cap. It is described in detail in the article. Let us briefly repeat the main facts.
Royal regalia. Monomakh's hat
There is an ancient “Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”, according to which Vladimir Monomakh was married to the Great reign of Kiev with the Cap of Monomakh. The legend says that the crown was given to him by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh, who was the grandfather of the Kyiv prince. (Details about “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir” are described in the article ) .
On one of the bas-reliefs of the Monomakh throne you can see that Prince Vladimir is depicted wearing Monomakh’s hat.
Monomakh's throne. Fragment The story that the Byzantine emperor granted this hat to the long-time ancestor of Ivan the Terrible was actively spread during the time of Tsar Ivan. However, this is nothing more than a beautiful legend invented to explain (legitimize) the new status title of Sovereign of All Rus'. Back in the 19th century, historians refuted the Byzantine version of the origin of the Monomakh Cap.
To this day, there are three versions about the place of manufacture of this regalia. According to the first of them, the Monomakh cap could have been made in Byzantium, but not under Emperor Constantine, but much later, during the reign of the Palaiologos in the 14th-15th centuries. This version is supported by the fact that the filigree on the product is of very high quality, typical of Byzantine masters.
There is another hypothesis, according to which the Monomakh cap is of Central Asian origin. This is indicated by the lotus flower motif in her decoration. The probable place of its manufacture could be Samarkand or Bukhara.
The third version says that this is the work of Greek craftsmen who worked in Moscow.
It is possible that the Tatar Khan Uzbek gave the Monomakh hat to Ivan Kalita. Such a gift was an offering from the khan to his vassal, so at the Russian court this version was hushed up and the crown was passed off as a Byzantine work.
They put the Monomakh cap not on the head, but on a special cap made of brocade.
Crowning ceremony
All medieval rulers, including Western ones, were guided by Constantinople in the symbols of the state. In many European states there were crowns similar to the crown of the Byzantine emperor. Such crowns almost always depicted Christ wearing a crown. This reflected the idea of the divine origin of power. The Sovereign is God's anointed and the conductor of the teachings of Christ on earth.
Crown of Constantine IX Monomakh. XI century. Photo from the site http://botinok.co.il/node/52192 The first one described in detail dates back to the end of the 15th century. Sovereign Ivan III crowned his grandson, Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, with a golden crown for the Moscow reign, i.e. Monomakh's hat. It is also known that barmas - golden chains - were placed on him. Historians have not yet explained the origin of the barm.
In the crowning ceremony in Rus' there was also the custom of showering the prince with coins. Although it is known that in Byzantium and the West coins were thrown into the crowd. Most likely, the Russian ambassadors who attended the emperor’s wedding ceremony in Constantinople did not quite understand this ritual, or conveyed it inaccurately. That’s why they showered the prince himself with coins. After which those present at the ceremony were allowed to pick them up.
The last wedding of the great reign took place in 1534. Then the young Grand Duke John IV Vasilyevich was crowned. In 1547, Ivan IV was crowned king; an image of this ceremony was preserved in the Litsey Chronicle.
In addition to the sword, shield, Monomakh cap and barm, one of the most important state regalia is the cross. In the collection of the Armory Chamber, a sliver of the original cross of Jesus Christ is inserted into the cross.
Regalia of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich IV the Terrible. Royal regalia
Kazan hat. Royal regalia
The second oldest crown in the collection of regalia of the Armory Chamber is KAZAN HAT. It did not reach us in its original form; it was remade at the beginning of the 17th century. Initially, the Kazan cap was crowned with a large emerald, which we now see on the cap of Mikhail Fedorovich.
There is also no consensus regarding the place of its manufacture. Perhaps it was made in Moscow during the time of Ivan the Terrible in honor of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate and repeats the crown of the Tatar Khan. It is possible that this is the original crown of the ruler of Kazan, taken as a trophy during the campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
A mystery for researchers is the composition of the dark-colored material that forms the background of the Kazan cap. It is reliably known that this is not niello or enamel. To conduct a chemical analysis of the material, you need to scrape off a small part of the coating. Currently this is not possible. Considering the unknown technique of making this background, the Kazan hat is most likely not of Moscow origin.
For foreigners, a crown of this shape evoked an association with the papal tiara. They believed that Ivan the Terrible was encroaching on world domination. In Rus', during the time of Ivan the Terrible, a legend appeared that Rurik was a descendant of the Roman Emperor Augustus.
At the crowning of Ivan the Terrible in 1547, the first Russian Tsar was not anointed with myrrh. The first sovereign who was truly “anointed” to the throne was his son, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.
Bone throne. Royal regalia
The “Bone Throne,” although called the throne of Ivan the Terrible, may not have anything to do with this king.
This throne contains plates that date back to the 16th century. In addition to ivory, it contains walrus ivory, mammoth ivory and even beef. Russian craftsmen repaired the throne at different times and made some of the lost elements from beef bone.
Genuine ivory is found in the first tier of the throne, which depicts scenes of King David's anointing as king. Below are images of pagan, ancient scenes taken from Greek mythology. That is why historians conclude that the throne was assembled in parts from elements from different times.
Bone throne. Fragment The double-headed eagle located on the back of the throne is a symbol of the empire. He was depicted not only on the coat of arms of the Russian, but also the Austrian Empire. There is a version that instead of an eagle on the back of the throne there was previously an image of Juno. 
Maybe the throne belonged to Ivan the Terrible, but it was brought to Moscow later.
In the 18th-19th centuries, a legend arose that this throne was brought to Moscow by the Greek princess Sophia Paleologus at the end of the 15th century. It is interesting that Ivan the Terrible was depicted on this throne twice. There is a well-known sculpture by Antokolsky, where the king is depicted sitting on a bone throne. also depicted this throne. Although historians have a question about what this throne was doing on the women’s half of the palace, where the tragedy occurred, which served as the subject for Repin’s painting. (Both images are exhibited in the Tretyakov Gallery collection).
Regalia of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Royal regalia
Barmy
Barmas, which are also part of the state regalia, are now exhibited in a showcase with secular dress, along with the payment of Peter I. They depict Christian saints. They were made at the end of the 16th century in the gold-embroidery workshop of Tsarina Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. 
Each time during the royal wedding ceremony, the barmas were redone. This thing was individual and did not suit another person, because the host of patron saints of one person did not correspond to the patron saints of another and the new king could not use the barmas of his predecessor. On the barmas of Tsar Fedor is embroidered with silks and precious threads - the Deesis - the prayerful appearance of the Mother of God and John the Baptist before the Heavenly King and the Earthly Judge.
SCEPTER first appeared in the crowning ceremony of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich in 1584.
Regalia of Tsar Boris Godunov
The orb was first used at the wedding of Tsar Boris Godunov in 1598.
Throne of Tsar Boris Godunov
The THRONE OF TSAR BORIS GODUNOV, an Iranian work, is also exhibited in the GOP collection. This is a gift in 1604 from the Persian Shah Abbas II. 
In Iran, such a piece of furniture did not serve as a throne. Usually they made two such chairs and a table to go with them. The curators of the collection still do not know whether Boris Godunov received a complete set as a gift or just one throne. They could not use this chair as a throne itself, because it has no back. It could serve as an external throne. The original upholstery has not been preserved; in its modern form, the throne is upholstered in French fabric from the 18th century.
Regalia of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Royal regalia
WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM OF TSAR MIKHAIL FYODOROVICH. The miniature was published in the book by I.A. Bobrovnitskaya “Regalia of Russian Sovereigns” Power
The power of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was made in Western Europe, in Prague, in the workshops of King Rudolf II. Most likely, these regalia were brought to Rus' by the Caesar's embassy.
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich The diplomats secretly handed over the royal order, because the presentation of state regalia in international diplomacy was a sign of recognition of the vassal status of the sovereign to whom these regalia were presented. (Remember that not a single documentary evidence has yet been found that Uzbek presented the state regalia, the Monomakh cap, to Ivan Kalita. If such a fact took place, it was carefully “forgotten”).
The order for the production of state regalia made to the Bohemian King Rudolf II was, although honorable, given at an unofficial meeting. There is a version that Fyodor Ioannovich ordered the regalia, but he died before he could use it. Boris Godunov also did not have time to put them on, since he soon also ordered him to live long.
Chain
Mikhail Fedorovich’s regalia at his coronation in 1613 included a chain.
Chain frame of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Moscow, Kremlin workshops, 17th century. This is one of the oldest chains that have come down to us. The royal title is depicted on the links of the chain. Although it is believed that the chain belonged to Mikhail Fedorovich, historians have not come to a consensus as to what time this title engraved on the chain dates back to - either 1613, or the end of his reign, the 1640s.
Other chains in the collection are most likely Western European work. Crosses were attached to them.
Chain from the collection of the Armory Chamber. Western Europe, XVI century. Barmas of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov are in the museum's collections.
Crown of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
The crown of Tsar Mikhail was made in the royal Kremlin workshops. The master who made it was from Germany, although in the documents on receiving fees he is listed under a Russian name. For the Russian Middle Ages, this was a common practice: changing foreign names and replacing them with Russian ones. The master received an order to restore the hat, lost during the Time of Troubles, and make a new one in the manner of a scepter and orb, so that the stylistic unity of all three items was observed.
Crown, scepter and orb of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich The emerald that crowns the cap was taken from the Kazan cap of Ivan the Terrible.
An interesting story happened with Nicholas I in Warsaw, when he was crowned in the capital of Poland. The sapphire was given to the emperor. Allegedly, he was part of the Russian crown, which was taken to Poland during the Time of Troubles. Initially, a complete set was made in Rudolf's workshops - a hat, a scepter and an orb. The hat disappeared during the Time of Troubles, supposedly becoming a trophy of the Polish conquerors. And all that was left was a sapphire, which was presented to the Russian autocrat.
Throne of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
There is a version that the throne of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich arrived in 1629 from Iran. This is another gift from the Persian Shah Abbas. The throne has been heavily redesigned. It is decorated with gold plates, weighing a total of about 13 kg of gold. 
Among the stones, red stones predominate - tourmalines and rubies, as well as blue turquoise. Other gems include lilac amethysts, large yellowish-green peridots and emeralds. The two largest stones are diamond-shaped topazes. Iran really needed good relations with Russia. This need can be judged by the cost of the “golden” throne.
Staff
The staff was also included in the state regalia. It is known that when Tsar Vasily Shuisky was overthrown, the first thing they did was take away his staff. When Mikhail Fedorovich was called to the throne, a staff was also brought to Kostroma as a regalia for the young Romanov. . Mikhail Fedorvich's staff is decorated with sapphires and griffin faces.
The staffs of clergy and secular persons are quite easy to distinguish. On clergy staffs, the ends of the handle are directed downward, but on secular ones they are not.
Regalia of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Royal regalia
Diamond Throne
The Diamond Throne has been preserved without alterations. The Latin inscription on the back glorifies the wisdom of the king. 
Instead of European lions, oriental elephants are depicted. The throne was brought by a company of merchants who asked the king to allow them duty-free trade. The question arises: where was the throne ordered? Everything suggests that the throne was ordered from Iran. Then did the Shah of Iran know that his craftsmen were working “to the left” for the Russian Tsar? Apparently he knew. Just as Rudolf knew that his craftsmen were fulfilling the order of Boris Godunov.
But according to etiquette, the Russian Tsar could not accept such a gift from lower ranks. He bought the throne from the merchants for 7,000 rubles. This is the only case in history when the throne tried to bribe the king. But the Russian tsars are incorruptible, they paid the money, and shelved the petition. Merchants received the right to duty-free trade only 7 years later, because the fulfillment of their request was contrary to the interests of the state.
Turkish jewelry in the collection of the Armory Chamber. Royal regalia
The collection contains an orb made in the Turkish style. A power is a symbol of a state. The state prospers during the reign of the sovereign.
Orb and scepter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich It has not yet been possible to find out the chronology of the Turkish scepter. It was made either in 1639 or 1659. And if in 1639, then it was not Alexei Mikhailovich who ordered it, but Mikhail Fedorovich. Then the question arises, where are the other items? Correspondence about the making of the scepter has been preserved. It was performed by Greek craftsmen who worked for the Turkish Sultan. They were not paid for the order immediately, although they bought precious stones to decorate the items at their own expense. But in the end, the money was paid to the craftsmen in full.
Turkish jewelry can be seen on the fancy dress costume of Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich. Authentic 17th century Turkish buckles were used to decorate this costume.
Regalia of Tsars Ivan Alekseevich and Peter Alekseevich. Royal regalia
The double crowning took place in 1682. Ivan was 16 years old, Peter was 10. The eldest of the brothers, Ivan Alekseevich, was crowned with the Monomakh cap. The collection contains a HAT OF THE SECOND OUTFIT. It was made within one month, so the craftsmen simply did not have time to decorate it with fine, elegant filigree. 
Double throne
The throne was remade from the throne of Alexei Mikhailovich, made by Augsburg masters. The width of the steps and the width of the seat do not match. 
This is the only double throne in history. It is a complete throne complex with stands to ensure that no one gets close enough to the king. Only ambassadors could approach the king when they were allowed to kiss the sovereign's right hand (hand).
Diamond crowns
Diamond crowns also raise many questions. Why are they different? After all, on one crown there are only diamonds, and on the other - diamonds and chrysolites. Diamonds form a pattern in the shape of double-headed eagles. The weight of the crowns is approximately 2 kg. They were preserved thanks to the efforts of Tsar Peter Alekseevich.
Diamond hat of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich 
Diamond hat of Tsar Peter Alekseevich Altabass hat
Royal regalia of the 18th century
In the display case with royal regalia there is three objects from the 18th century.
1.Imperial crown of Empress Catherine I. Made in 1724 for the coronation of Catherine I. According to one version, the stones for it were collected from the nobility, including Menshikov. Therefore, after the coronation they were taken out of the frame and returned to their owners. This version has not yet been officially confirmed, so it is believed that the stones were removed for an unknown reason. The inscription on the crown is the name of the owner.
The two hemispheres symbolize the temporal and spiritual power of the monarch.
2. Crown of Empress Anna Ioanovna.
Crown of Empress Anna Ioannovna Fenkel attributed this crown to Gottlieb Wilhelm Dunkel. Fenkel reasoned simply: crowns are made by a court jeweler. At the court of Anna Ioanovna, Gottlieb Dunkel was the court jeweler, therefore, he made the crown. But no documents confirming this fact have survived. On the contrary, they recently found out that Anna Ioanovna’s crown was made by Moscow craftsmen: goldsmiths Samson Larionov, Kalina Afanasyev, Nikita Milyukov, silversmith Pyotr Semenov, goldsmith Luka Fedorov.
3.Shield. Anna Ioanovna wished to have a shield and sword at the coronation ceremony. The shield is Turkish, the sword is Polish, weighing about 1.5 kg.
State shield. Moscow, late 18th century, cufflinks – Türkiye, 17th century. But in the ceremony itself, military regalia were not used; they were simply carried on a pillow. Throughout the 18th century, women ruled in Russia and the sword went very poorly with the faucets.
There is also a Maltese crown in the collection; it appears at exhibitions from time to time; it is mainly kept in collections. It was used at the burial of the monarch.
Another scepter of Pavel Petrovich located in a display case with 18th-century jewelry, in the same place where the Potemkin dish is displayed. This scepter was intended to be presented to the Georgian king.
Georgia swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar 11 times, the last time in 1795. This scepter was ordered by Pavel Petrovich to be presented to the ruler of Georgia. But Paul died. Soon the Georgian king also died. The political situation changed and Georgia became part of the Russian Empire as a province.
The making of crowns does not end there. Crowns were made for empresses, and after the death of the empress they were dismantled and given as gifts according to the will. The only surviving crown belonged to Empress Maria Alexandrovna (kept in the Diamond Fund). This is the only empress who died before her husband.
The facts presented in the article were revealed by modern researchers. But all of the above is by no means the ultimate truth. Research continues, new data comes to light and the attribution may change after some time.
The article was written based on materials from the Kremlin lecture hall. Books also used:
I.A.Bobrovnitskaya “Regalia of Russian sovereigns”, M, 2004
From time immemorial, the power and wealth of the Russian state were symbolized by seven attributes: the Monomakh cap, the autocratic apple (power), the scepter, mantles, bells (bodyguards), the royal seal and, of course, the throne.
Among Russian thrones, the throne of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, decorated with elaborate ivory carvings, is considered one of the most ancient. It is a high wooden chair with a foot. The throne is lined with ivory plates, on which images are carved representing the deeds of the biblical King David, as well as mythological animals.
There is a legend according to which the throne appeared in Rus' from Byzantium thanks to the second wife of Ivan III, Sophia Paleologus. She brought it as a gift for the wedding of the parents of Ivan IV - Elena Glinskaya and Vasily III.
Written confirmation of this hypothesis is the work of Sigismund von Herberstein entitled “Notes on Muscovite Affairs,” where the author describes his meeting with Basil III, during which the latter sat on an ivory throne. That is, if you believe von Herberstein, long before the crowning of Ivan the Terrible, this throne was in the Moscow Kremlin.
However, there is another version according to which the “bone chair” was presented as a gift specifically to Ivan IV, since documents mentioning an ivory throne date back to his reign. It is possible that this is why it is called “The Throne of Ivan the Terrible”.
There is no unanimity among scientists about the creators of this throne, since in the middle of the 17th century Moscow craftsmen carried out its restoration and replaced the broken plates with new ones. Based on the images, some experts believe that the throne was made by European craftsmen, but even here opinions differ. Some attribute them to the creations of Italian masters, others – German ones. Some scientists believe that this was the work of Byzantine craftsmen.
The throne of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with ivory carvings is the first documented in Rus'. Before this, princes and kings sat on thrones made of wood, upholstered in gold and decorated with precious stones. However, artisans of the Russian north also successfully engaged in bone carving. So in 1245, the papal nuncio Johann Plano Carpini wrote in his report that, being at the kurultai in honor of the election of Khan Guyuk by the Golden Horde, he saw the captured Russian master Kuzma and a luxurious carved throne for the young khan, made by him, decorated with gold and precious stones . The skillful bone carving and richness of decoration amazed the papal envoy, who had seen many works of Italian masters.
The throne of the last representative of the Rurik dynasty, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, is considered to be the earliest surviving Russian throne, decorated with carved ivory. According to legend, the throne was brought from Byzantium by the second wife of Ivan the Third and the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus.
Known documents about this throne go back only to the time when the “bone chair” belonged to Ivan the Terrible. Perhaps it was made by order for the crowning of Ivan the Terrible in 1547 and has since been called the “Throne of Ivan the Terrible.”
There is no consensus among experts about the masters who created it. Some believe that this is the work of German masters, others - Italian. The chair is entirely covered with ivory plates, with expressive plastic compositions on the themes of biblical scenes, figures of mythological animals, characteristic of relief carvings of the Renaissance. Most of the images tell of the virtue, wisdom and courage of the biblical King David. Plates with battle scenes were added perhaps in 1642 during the restoration of the throne.
However, there is another version...
The author of the historical “Notes on Muscovite Affairs,” Sigismund von Herberstein, who met with the father of Ivan the Terrible, wrote that he was received in the palace by Vasily the Third, who was seated on an ivory throne. His testimony confirmed the existence of a bone throne in the Moscow Kremlin long before the coronation of Ivan the Terrible.
If the observant Herberstein adequately perceived what was happening, did not mistakenly mistook the Moscow prince who was speaking to him for Vasily III, the father of Ivan IV, and distinguished an ordinary tree from a carved elephant tusk, then he can be believed that he saw a bone throne in the Kremlin even before the wedding of Tsarevich Ivan to the kingdom, and then the “Western European” version will be doubtful. In addition, we should not forget that under the Rurikovichs, a carved ivory throne appeared in Rus' not for the first time. Master Kuzma, captured by the Tatars, two hundred years before the arrival of the Byzantine princess, made a bone throne, covering it with carvings that delighted the papal nuncio, who had seen many artistic masterpieces in his time only in Italy. And if it were not for the horde that enslaved the master, it is quite possible that already in the middle of the 13th century such a throne could amaze visiting guests in the princely garden of the next Rurikovich.
The Split of the Empire: from Ivan the Terrible-Nero to Mikhail Romanov-Domitian. [The famous “ancient” works of Suetonius, Tacitus and Flavius, it turns out, are described by Velik Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich
24. We discovered the zodiac on the throne of Ivan the Terrible. It turns out that Ivan IV was born on February 9, 1526, that is, four years earlier than is believed today
24. We discovered a zodiac on the throne of Ivan the Terrible
It turns out that Ivan IV was born on February 9, 1526, that is, four years earlier than is believed today
24.1. On the royal throne of Ivan the Terrible, kept in the Kremlin armory, a zodiac with a horoscope is depicted
To this day, very few personal belongings of Ivan the Terrible have survived. Perhaps the most famous of them is a traveling royal throne in the form of a chair with armrests and a footrest, entirely covered with carved ivory plates. The throne is kept in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, fig. 2.83. According to the inventory of the Armory Chamber, it belonged to Ivan the Terrible and the Tsar himself sat on it. Researchers believe that the bone throne was made in Western Europe and brought to Moscow personally for Grozny, p. 365.
We carefully studied all the images covering the bone throne of Ivan the Terrible and unexpectedly discovered among them a very revealing zodiac with a horoscope. As we usually do, we will abbreviate this zodiac with two Latin letters - PG. Thus, a certain date is written on the throne of Ivan the Terrible, which, as we will see, can be unambiguously restored using astronomical calculations. The zodiac with the date is located in the three lower marks on the front wall of the base of the throne. This is the wall that goes down from the seat to the footrest, fig. 2.90 and 2.91. The contents of the zodiac signs are as follows.
Rice. 2.90. The front wall of the base of the bone throne of Ivan the Terrible. In the bottom row are three stamps, which depict the zodiac with the horoscope of Tsar Ivan IV. The photograph was taken by us in 2006 from an exact copy of the throne, exhibited in the Museum of Alexandrovskaya Sloboda (city of Alexandrov, Moscow region).
Rice. 2.91. Three marks with the zodiac on the bone throne of Ivan the Terrible. From left to right: 1 STAMP - Capricorn, on which the rider (Moon) is rapidly rushing. 2 STAMP - Aquarius, next to which the Sun bird sits. 3 STAMP - Pisces, where the other five planets are shown. Namely, Saturn in the form of a bearded Cronus, disgorging two babies; Venus in the form of Rhea, stretching out her hands to Cronus; Jupiter in the form of a young man, turned away from Cronus and lying on a pig with a curled tail; Mars and Mercury in the form of babies vomited by Cronus. The photograph was taken by us in 2006 from an exact copy of the throne exhibited in the Alexander Sloboda Museum.
THE FIRST STAMP depicts Capricorn, on which sits a rapidly rushing rider. The rider's cloak flutters in the wind, emphasizing the speed of movement. Thus, Capricorn shows a very fast moving planet. This is obviously the Moon, which moves across the sky several times faster than all other planets. There are no other symbols that could represent the Moon in this zodiac. Therefore, the MOON is shown in Capricorn.
THE SECOND STAMP depicts a reclining naked man with a cornucopia and branches in his hands. His breasts stand out, resembling a woman's. A cloak is draped over one shoulder, the folds of which resemble streams of water. This is Aquarius, the neighboring constellation of the Zodiac to Capricorn. In this case, Aquarius is represented as Dionysus. Note that the same figure of Aquarius - a naked man with female breasts - is often found on the Egyptian zodiacs. See our books The New Chronology of Egypt and The Stars for a detailed discussion of the ancient astronomical symbolism of Aquarius. Taking this circumstance into account, the figure of Aquarius on the throne of Grozny is clearly recognizable. A bird sits next to Aquarius. The bird symbol on ancient zodiacs is also already well known to us. Most often the Sun was depicted this way, see our book “New Chronology of Egypt”. Moreover, the bird in Aquarius is the only suitable figure for the Sun in this zodiac (see below). So, the SUN is depicted in Aquarius.
IN THE THIRD STAMP we see an image of the constellation Pisces in the form of two fish with their mouths closed. The tail of one of the fish rises up, twisting into a ring in the upper left corner of the brand and enveloping the figure of the baby. In total, this stamp depicts five human figures - exactly as many as there are still unidentified planets. In fact, of the seven planets of antiquity, we have already identified two “planets” - the Sun and the Moon. It remains to find five more planets in the zodiac - Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus, Mercury. In this case, since all five missing figures are depicted in Pisces, from a purely astronomical point of view it is no longer so important which figure represents this or that planet. Moreover, they are all shown intertwined into a single ball, without a specific order that could be taken into account in the calculations.
Let us note that the figures in this stamp PERFECTLY correspond to the missing five planets of antiquity. Namely, it depicts a famous scene from “ancient” Greek mythology: the god Cronus (aka Saturn), being forced by his grown-up son Jupiter (Zeus) and his wife Rhea, vomits the babies he swallowed - the brothers and sisters of Jupiter. Let us recall the brief content of the myth. “Having reigned in his father’s place, Cronus took his sister Rhea as his wife. According to Gaia's prediction, he was to be deprived of power by his own son. Therefore, as soon as Rhea’s children were born, Cronus immediately swallowed them... However, Rhea deceived Cronus by placing a swaddled stone in place of the youngest son Zeus, which was swallowed by Cronus. Zeus was secretly nursed in a cave in Crete. Having matured, he... gave Cronus a magical drink, thanks to which Cronus vomited the brothers and sisters of Zeus into the world,” p. 299.
It is reported that Rhea also directly participated in the conspiracy against Cronus: “Zeus... visited his mother Rhea and asked to make him cupbearer to Cronus. Rhea expressed her readiness to help him in his quest for revenge. She took out mustard and salt, which Metis advised to mix into Kron's honey drink. Having sipped the drink, Cronus first vomited a stone from his lips, and then all the older brothers and sisters of Zeus,” vol. 1, p. 52.
Let us turn again to the third mark on the throne of Ivan the Terrible. It is not difficult to guess that here, along with Pisces, it is the myth of how Cronus-Saturn spews out his swallowed children that is depicted. Saturn is immediately recognizable - a bearded man holding a baby tightly in his arms. Another baby, already spat out by him, is shown nearby, namely, in the curled tail of one of the Pisces. To the right of Kron we see a woman (Rhea) stretching out her hands to the rescued babies. Next to her stands a large vessel, from which protrudes a tuft of grass and, apparently, two oak leaves - a potion prepared by Zeus and Rhea for Cronus. The oak leaves probably allude to Rhea, “whose sacred tree the oak was considered,” vol. 1, p. 51.
To the left of Kron, a young man is shown, turned away from Kron and lying on the back of an animal that looks like a pig with a tail wrapped in a ring. This pig is also known from mythology, and its tail can represent, among other things, the lost umbilical cord of Zeus: “They also say that Zeus was fed by a PIG, CARRYING HIM ON HIS BACK, and that he lost his UMBRICAL CORD at Omphalion, not far from Knossos.” 1, p. 51.
Thus, in the third mark, SATURN-Cronus and JUPITER-Zeus are most definitely recognizable. Let us recall that “in Roman mythology Cronus is known under the name of Saturn,” p. 299, and Zeus is simply another name for Jupiter: “The Roman Jupiter corresponds to Zeus,” p. 221.
The planet Venus is also uniquely identified. In fact, Venus is a “female” planet. She was constantly depicted on ancient zodiacs as a woman [НХЭ]. This means that VENUS is represented here in the form of Rhea, a female figure on the right side of the mark. So, only two identical babies remain unidentified, which Cronus spews out. By the method of elimination we find that in this case they symbolize the planets MARS and MERCURY.
Let us finally note that under the heads of Pisces clinging to each other, adjoining them, the head of some animal is visible. What it means in this case is not very clear. It is possible that this is the head of Aries (the lamb), the neighboring constellation Pisces. But then some of the five planets represented in the third mark may end up not only in Pisces, but also in Aries. In our calculations we considered this possibility. However, the presence of planets in Aries most likely should not have been too significant here. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why Aries is not shown in its entirety, but only one head of it. This is what happened in the final decision. Only one of the planets (Jupiter) ended up in Aries, and still quite close to Pisces.
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History is made by rulers; the support of any ruler is not only people, but also the throne on which he must sit majestically. This is an image, in modern terms.
The most ancient Russian throne that has survived to this day is the bone throne of Ivan IV the Terrible. There is a version that this creation was brought to Rus' by Sophia Paleologus, Grozny’s grandmother, as a gift for the wedding of Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya, parents of Ivan IV. On the throne is even the zodiac date of their wedding “February 9, 1526”; the celebration took place on January 21, 1526, so it is possible that the Byzantines, who were invited to the wedding several months in advance, decided to capture this date as a keepsake. But for some reason, the wedding date may have been changed later. There is still no exact explanation why this number is engraved on the throne.
However, there is even confirmation of the above version. The author of the historical “Notes on Muscovite Affairs,” Sigismund von Herberstein, who met with the father of Ivan the Terrible, wrote that he was received in the palace by Vasily the Third, who was seated on an ivory throne. His testimony confirmed the existence of a bone throne in the Moscow Kremlin long before the coronation of Ivan the Terrible.
But still, some scientists believe that the throne is in no way connected with Vasily III and that it was given to Ivan as a gift. Because documents mentioning the “bone chair” go back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible himself. Perhaps it was made by order for the wedding of the last representative of the Rurik family to the kingdom, after which it received the name “The Throne of Ivan the Terrible.”
The story is very confusing, and it is not clear whether Herberstein himself was right, whether he mistook the Moscow prince who spoke to him for Vasily III and whether he distinguished an ordinary tree from a carved elephant tusk.
There is no final opinion about who created the throne. Some people think that this was the work of the Byzantines, some talk about the Germans, and some about the Italians. The frame of the chair is wooden, it is decorated with ivory plates, with images of biblical scenes and mythological animals, such compositions were characteristic of the Renaissance. Most of them talk about the virtue, wisdom and courage of the biblical King David. And the plates with battle scenes may have been added in 1642 during the restoration of the throne.
However, we should not forget that under the Rurikovichs, a carved ivory throne appeared in Rus' not for the first time. Master Kuzma, captured by the Tatars, two hundred years before the arrival of the Byzantine princess Sophia, smoothed out the bone throne, covering it with carvings that delighted the papal nuncio, who had seen many artistic masterpieces in his time only in Italy. And if it were not for the horde that enslaved the master, it is quite possible that already in the middle of the 13th century such a throne could amaze visiting guests in the princely garden.