A message on the topic of sources of hydrocarbons. Abstract: Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Pedagogical methods and techniques

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and

gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits arose 100-200 million years ago

back from the microscopic marine plants and animals that turned out to be

included in sedimentary rocks formed on the seabed, Unlike

This coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants,

growing on land.

Natural gas and crude oil are commonly found with water in

oil-bearing layers located between rock layers (Fig. 2). Term

“natural gas” also applies to gases that are formed in natural

conditions resulting from coal decomposition. Natural gas and crude oil

are being developed on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. The largest

Natural gas producers in the world are Russia, Algeria, Iran and

United States. The largest producers of crude oil are

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane (Table 1).

Crude oil is an oily liquid whose color may

be very diverse - from dark brown or green to almost

colorless. It contains a large number of alkanes. Among them there are

straight alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with the number of atoms

carbon from five to 40. The industrial name of these cycloalkanes is nachta. IN

crude oil also contains approximately 10% aromatic

hydrocarbons, as well as small amounts of other compounds containing

sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Table 1 Composition of natural gas

Coal is the oldest source of energy with which we are familiar

humanity. It is a mineral (Fig. 3), which was formed from

plant matter in the process of metamorphism. Metamorphic

are called rocks whose composition has undergone changes in conditions

high pressures as well as high temperatures. The product of the first stage in

the process of coal formation is peat, which is

decomposed organic matter. Coal is formed from peat after

it is covered with sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks are called

overloaded. Overloaded sediment reduces the moisture content of the peat.

Three criteria are used in the classification of coals: purity (determined

relative carbon content in percent); type (defined

composition of the original plant matter); grade (depending on

degree of metamorphism).

Table 2 Carbon content of some fuels and their calorific value

ability

The lowest grade types of fossil coals are brown coal and

lignite (Table 2). They are closest to peat and are characterized relatively

characterized by lower moisture content and is widely used in

industry. The driest and hardest type of coal is anthracite. His

used for heating homes and cooking.

Recently, thanks to technological advances, it has become increasingly

economical gasification of coal. Coal gasification products include

carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and nitrogen. They are used in

as a gaseous fuel or as a raw material for the production of various

chemical products and fertilizers.

Coal, as outlined below, is an important source of raw material for the production of

aromatic compounds. Coal represents

is a complex mixture of chemicals that include carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen, as well as small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur and other impurities

elements. In addition, the composition of coal, depending on its type, includes

different amounts of moisture and different minerals.

Hydrocarbons occur naturally not only in fossil fuels, but also in

in some materials of biological origin. Natural rubber

is an example of a natural hydrocarbon polymer. rubber molecule

consists of thousands of structural units representing methyl buta-1,3-diene

(isoprene);

Natural rubber. Approximately 90% natural rubber, which

currently mined all over the world, obtained from Brazilian

rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, cultivated mainly in

equatorial countries of Asia. The sap of this tree, which is latex

(colloidal aqueous solution of polymer), collected from cuts made with a knife on

bark Latex contains approximately 30% rubber. His tiny pieces

suspended in water. The juice is poured into aluminum containers, where acid is added,

causing the rubber to coagulate.

Many other natural compounds also contain isoprene structures.

fragments. For example, limonene contains two isoprene units. Limonene

is the main component of oils extracted from citrus peels,

such as lemons and oranges. This connection belongs to the class of connections

called terpenes. Terpenes contain 10 carbon atoms (C) in their molecules

10-compounds) and include two isoprene fragments connected to each other

each other sequentially (“head to tail”). Compounds with four isoprene

fragments (C 20 compounds) are called diterpenes, and with six

isoprene fragments - triterpenes (C 30 compounds). Squalene,

which is found in shark liver oil is a triterpene.

Tetraterpenes (C 40 compounds) contain eight isoprene

fragments. Tetraterpenes are found in pigments of vegetable and animal fats

origin. Their color is due to the presence of a long conjugate system

double bonds. For example, β-carotene is responsible for the characteristic orange color

carrot coloring.

Oil and coal processing technology

At the end of the 19th century. Under the influence of progress in the field of thermal power engineering, transport, engineering, military and a number of other industries, demand has increased immeasurably and an urgent need has arisen for new types of fuel and chemical products.

At this time, the oil refining industry was born and rapidly progressed. A huge impetus to the development of the oil refining industry was given by the invention and rapid spread of the internal combustion engine running on petroleum products. The technology for processing coal, which not only serves as one of the main types of fuel, but, what is especially noteworthy, became a necessary raw material for the chemical industry during the period under review, also developed intensively. A major role in this matter belonged to coke chemistry. Coke plants, which previously supplied coke to the iron and steel industry, turned into coke-chemical enterprises, which also produced a number of valuable chemical products: coke oven gas, crude benzene, coal tar and ammonia.

Based on the products of oil and coal processing, the production of synthetic organic substances and materials began to develop. They are widely used as raw materials and semi-finished products in various branches of the chemical industry.

Ticket#10

The most important sources of hydrocarbons are natural and associated petroleum gases, oil, and coal.

By reserves natural gas The first place in the world belongs to our country. Natural gas contains hydrocarbons with low molecular weight. It has the following approximate composition (by volume): 80–98% methane, 2–3% of its closest homologues - ethane, propane, butane and a small amount of impurities - hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, nitrogen N 2, noble gases, carbon monoxide (IV ) CO 2 and water vapor H 2 O . The composition of gas is specific to each field. There is the following pattern: the higher the relative molecular weight of the hydrocarbon, the less it is contained in natural gas.

Natural gas is widely used as a cheap fuel with a high calorific value (up to 54,400 kJ is released when 1 m 3 is burned). This is one of the best types of fuel for domestic and industrial needs. In addition, natural gas serves as a valuable raw material for the chemical industry: the production of acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, various plastics, acetic acid, dyes, medicines and other products.

Associated petroleum gases are in deposits together with oil: they are dissolved in it and are located above the oil, forming a gas “cap”. When oil is extracted to the surface, gases are separated from it due to a sharp drop in pressure. Previously, associated gases were not used and were flared during oil production. Currently, they are captured and used as fuel and valuable chemical raw materials. Associated gases contain less methane than natural gas, but more ethane, propane, butane and higher hydrocarbons. In addition, they contain basically the same impurities as in natural gas: H 2 S, N 2, noble gases, H 2 O vapors, CO 2 . Individual hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) are extracted from associated gases; their processing makes it possible to obtain unsaturated hydrocarbons by dehydrogenation - propylene, butylene, butadiene, from which rubbers and plastics are then synthesized. A mixture of propane and butane (liquefied gas) is used as household fuel. Gas gasoline (a mixture of pentane and hexane) is used as an additive to gasoline for better ignition of the fuel when starting the engine. The oxidation of hydrocarbons produces organic acids, alcohols and other products.

Oil– an oily, flammable liquid of dark brown or almost black color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water (= 0.73–0.97 g/cm3) and is practically insoluble in water. In terms of composition, oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of different molecular weights, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

Oil consists mainly of liquid hydrocarbons (solid and gaseous hydrocarbons are dissolved in them). Typically these are alkanes (mostly of normal structure), cycloalkanes and arenes, the ratio of which in oils from different fields varies widely. Ural oil contains more arenes. In addition to hydrocarbons, oil contains oxygen, sulfur and nitrogenous organic compounds.

Crude oil is not usually used. To obtain technically valuable products from oil, it is subjected to processing.

Primary processing oil consists of its distillation. Distillation is carried out at oil refineries after separation of associated gases. When distilling oil, light petroleum products are obtained:

gasoline ( t boil = 40–200 °C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 – C 11,

naphtha ( t boil = 150–250 °C) contains hydrocarbons C 8 – C 14,

kerosene ( t boil = 180–300 °C) contains hydrocarbons C 12 – C 18,

gas oil ( t kip > 275 °C),

and the remainder is a viscous black liquid - fuel oil.

The fuel oil is subjected to further processing. It is distilled under reduced pressure (to prevent decomposition) and lubricating oils are isolated: spindle, machine, cylinder, etc. Vaseline and paraffin are isolated from fuel oil of some types of oil. The remainder of the fuel oil after distillation - tar - after partial oxidation is used to produce asphalt. The main disadvantage of oil distillation is the low yield of gasoline (no more than 20%).

Petroleum distillation products have various uses.

Petrol It is used in large quantities as aviation and automobile fuel. It usually consists of hydrocarbons containing an average of 5 to 9 C atoms in their molecules. Naphtha It is used as fuel for tractors, and also as a solvent in the paint and varnish industry. Large quantities of it are processed into gasoline. Kerosene It is used as fuel for tractors, jet aircraft and rockets, as well as for domestic needs. Solar oil – gas oil– used as motor fuel, and lubricating oils– for lubrication of mechanisms. Petrolatum used in medicine. It consists of a mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons. Paraffin used for the production of higher carboxylic acids, for impregnating wood in the production of matches and pencils, for making candles, shoe polish, etc. It consists of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons. Fuel oil In addition to processing into lubricating oils and gasoline, it is used as boiler liquid fuel.

At secondary processing methods oil, the structure of the hydrocarbons included in its composition changes. Among these methods, cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons is of great importance, carried out in order to increase the yield of gasoline (up to 65–70%).

Cracking– the process of splitting hydrocarbons contained in oil, which results in the formation of hydrocarbons with a smaller number of C atoms in the molecule. There are two main types of cracking: thermal and catalytic.

Thermal cracking is carried out by heating the feedstock (fuel oil, etc.) at a temperature of 470–550 °C and a pressure of 2–6 MPa. In this case, hydrocarbon molecules with a large number of C atoms are split into molecules with a smaller number of atoms of both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. For example:

(radical mechanism),

This method is used to produce mainly motor gasoline. Its yield from oil reaches 70%. Thermal cracking was discovered by Russian engineer V.G. Shukhov in 1891.

Catalytic cracking carried out in the presence of catalysts (usually aluminosilicates) at 450–500 °C and atmospheric pressure. This method produces aviation gasoline with a yield of up to 80%. This type of cracking mainly affects kerosene and gas oil fractions of oil. During catalytic cracking, along with splitting reactions, isomerization reactions occur. As a result of the latter, saturated hydrocarbons with a branched carbon skeleton of molecules are formed, which improves the quality of gasoline:

Catalytic cracking gasoline has a higher quality. The process of obtaining it proceeds much faster, with less thermal energy consumption. In addition, catalytic cracking produces relatively many branched-chain hydrocarbons (isocompounds), which are of great value for organic synthesis.

At t= 700 °C and above pyrolysis occurs.

Pyrolysis– decomposition of organic substances without air access at high temperatures. In the pyrolysis of oil, the main reaction products are unsaturated gaseous hydrocarbons (ethylene, acetylene) and aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene, etc. Since oil pyrolysis is one of the most important ways to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons, this process is often called oil aromatization.

Aromatization– transformation of alkanes and cycloalkanes into arenes. When heavy fractions of petroleum products are heated in the presence of a catalyst (Pt or Mo), hydrocarbons containing 6–8 C atoms per molecule are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons. These processes occur during reforming (gasoline upgrading).

Reforming- This is the aromatization of gasoline, carried out as a result of heating them in the presence of a catalyst, for example Pt. Under these conditions, alkanes and cycloalkanes are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons, as a result of which the octane number of gasoline also increases significantly. Aromatization is used to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene) from gasoline fractions of oil.

In recent years, petroleum hydrocarbons have been widely used as a source of chemical raw materials. In various ways, substances necessary for the production of plastics, synthetic textile fibers, synthetic rubber, alcohols, acids, synthetic detergents, explosives, pesticides, synthetic fats, etc. are obtained from them.

Coal Just like natural gas and oil, it is a source of energy and valuable chemical raw materials.

The main method of processing coal is coking(dry distillation). When coking (heating to 1000 °C - 1200 °C without air access), various products are obtained: coke, coal tar, tar water and coke oven gas (diagram).

Scheme

Coke is used as a reducing agent in the production of cast iron in metallurgical plants.

Coal tar serves as a source of aromatic hydrocarbons. It is subjected to rectification distillation and benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, as well as phenols, nitrogen-containing compounds, etc. are obtained. Pitch is a thick black mass remaining after distillation of the resin, used for the preparation of electrodes and roofing felt.

Ammonia, ammonium sulfate, phenol, etc. are obtained from tar water.

Coke oven gas is used to heat coke ovens (about 18,000 kJ are released when 1 m 3 is burned), but it is mainly subjected to chemical processing. Thus, hydrogen is isolated from it for the synthesis of ammonia, which is then used to produce nitrogen fertilizers, as well as methane, benzene, toluene, ammonium sulfate, and ethylene.

1. Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coal. Their processing and practical application.

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gases and coal.

Natural and associated petroleum gases.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane, the rest is ethane, propane, butane, and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. 90% of it is consumed as fuel, the remaining 10% is used as raw material for the chemical industry: production of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, soot, various plastics, medicines, etc.

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas, but it occurs together with oil - it is located above the oil or dissolved in it under pressure. Associated gas contains 30–50% methane, the rest is its homologues: ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains the same impurities as natural gas.

Three fractions of associated gas:

1. Gasoline; it is added to gasoline to improve engine starting;

2. Propane-butane mixture; used as household fuel;

3. Dry gas; used to produce acitelen, hydrogen, ethylene and other substances, from which rubbers, plastics, alcohols, organic acids, etc. are in turn produced.

Oil.

Oil is an oily liquid from yellow or light brown to black in color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Oil is a mixture of about 150 hydrocarbons with impurities of other substances, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

90% of produced oil is used as raw material for the production of various types of fuel and lubricants. At the same time, oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

I call crude oil extracted from the depths of the earth. Oil is not used in its raw form; it is processed. Crude oil is purified from gases, water and mechanical impurities, and then subjected to fractional distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating mixtures into individual components, or fractions, based on differences in their boiling points.

During the distillation of oil, several fractions of petroleum products are isolated:

1. The gas fraction (tbp = 40°C) contains normal and branched alkanes CH4 – C4H10;

2. The gasoline fraction (boiling point = 40 - 200°C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 H 12 – C 11 H 24; during repeated distillation, light petroleum products are separated from the mixture, boiling in lower temperature ranges: petroleum ether, aviation and motor gasoline;

3. Naphtha fraction (heavy gasoline, boiling point = 150 - 250°C), contains hydrocarbons of the composition C 8 H 18 - C 14 H 30, used as fuel for tractors, diesel locomotives, trucks;

4. Kerosene fraction (tbp = 180 - 300°C) includes hydrocarbons of the composition C 12 H 26 - C 18 H 38; it is used as fuel for jet aircraft and missiles;

5. Gas oil (tbp = 270 - 350°C) is used as diesel fuel and is subjected to cracking on a large scale.

After distilling off the fractions, a dark viscous liquid remains - fuel oil. Diesel oils, petroleum jelly, and paraffin are extracted from fuel oil. The residue from the distillation of fuel oil is tar, it is used in the production of materials for road construction.

Petroleum recycling is based on chemical processes:

1. Cracking is the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. There are thermal and catalytic cracking, which is more common nowadays.

2. Reforming (aromatization) is the transformation of alkanes and cycloalkanes into aromatic compounds. This process is carried out by heating gasoline at elevated pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Reforming is used to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline fractions.

3. Pyrolysis of petroleum products is carried out by heating petroleum products to a temperature of 650 - 800°C, the main reaction products are unsaturated gases and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil is a raw material for the production of not only fuel, but also many organic substances.

Coal.

Coal is also a source of energy and a valuable chemical raw material. Coal contains mainly organic substances, as well as water and minerals, which form ash when burned.

One of the types of coal processing is coking - this is the process of heating coal to a temperature of 1000°C without air access. Coking of coal is carried out in coke ovens. Coke consists of almost pure carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in blast furnace production of cast iron at metallurgical plants.

Volatile substances during condensation: coal tar (contains many different organic substances, most of them aromatic), ammonia water (contains ammonia, ammonium salts) and coke oven gas (contains ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide (II), ethylene , nitrogen and other substances).

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

Develop students' cognitive activity.
To familiarize students with natural sources of hydrocarbons: oil, natural gas, coal, their composition and processing methods.
To study the main deposits of these resources globally and in Russia.
Show their significance in the national economy.
Consider environmental protection issues.

Educational:

Cultivating interest in studying the topic, instilling speech culture in chemistry lessons.

Educational:

Develop attention, observation, listening skills and drawing conclusions.

Pedagogical methods and techniques:

Perceptual approach.
Gnostic approach.
Cybernetic approach.

Equipment: Interactive whiteboard, multimedia, electronic textbooks of MarSTU, Internet, collections “Oil and the main products of its processing”, “Coal and the most important products of its processing”.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

I introduce the purpose and objectives of this lesson.

II. Main part.

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are: oil, coal, natural and associated petroleum gases.

Oil – “black gold” (I introduce students to the origin of oil, main reserves, production, composition of oil, physical properties, and refined products).

During the rectification process, oil is divided into the following fractions:

I am showing samples of fractions from the collection (demonstration accompanied by explanation).

Distillation gases– a mixture of low-molecular hydrocarbons, mainly propane and butane, with a boiling temperature of up to 40 ° C,
Gasoline fraction (gasoline)– HC composition C 5 H 12 to C 11 H 24 (boiling point 40-200°C, with a finer separation of this fraction one gets gas oil(petroleum ether, 40 - 70°C) and petrol(70 - 120°C),
Naphtha fraction– HC composition from C 8 H 18 to C 14 H 30 (boil temperature 150 - 250°C),
Kerosene fraction– HC composition from C 12 H 26 to C 18 H 38 (boil temperature 180 - 300°C),
Diesel fuel– HC composition from С 13 Н 28 to С 19 Н 36 (t boiling point 200 - 350°С)

Residue from oil refining – fuel oil– contains hydrocarbons with the number of carbon atoms from 18 to 50. Distillation under reduced pressure from fuel oil produces solar oil(C 18 H 28 – C 25 H 52), lubricating oils(C 28 H 58 – C 38 H 78), petrolatum And paraffin– low-melting mixtures of solid hydrocarbons. Solid residue from fuel oil distillation - tar and products of its processing - bitumen And asphalt used for making road surfaces.

The products obtained as a result of oil rectification are subjected to chemical processing. One of them is cracking.

Cracking is the thermal decomposition of petroleum products, which leads to the formation of hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in the molecule. (I use the MarSTU electronic textbook, which talks about the types of cracking).

Students compare thermal and catalytic cracking. (Slide No. 16)

Thermal cracking.

The breakdown of hydrocarbon molecules occurs at a higher temperature (470-5500 C). The process proceeds slowly, hydrocarbons with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms are formed. Gasoline obtained as a result of thermal cracking, along with saturated hydrocarbons, contains many unsaturated hydrocarbons. Therefore, this gasoline has greater detonation resistance than straight distilled gasoline. Thermally cracked gasoline contains many unsaturated hydrocarbons, which easily oxidize and polymerize. Therefore, this gasoline is less stable during storage. When it burns, various parts of the engine can become clogged.

Catalytic cracking.

The splitting of hydrocarbon molecules occurs in the presence of catalysts and at a lower temperature (450-5000 C). The main focus is on gasoline. They are trying to get more of it and always of better quality. Catalytic cracking appeared precisely as a result of the long-term, persistent struggle of oil workers to improve the quality of gasoline. Compared to thermal cracking, the process proceeds much faster, and not only the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules occurs, but also their isomerization, i.e. hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms are formed. Catalytically cracked gasoline is even more resistant to detonation than thermally cracked gasoline.

Coal. (I introduce students to the origin of coal, main reserves, production, physical properties, processed products).

Origin: (I use the electronic textbook of MarSTU, where they talk about the origin of coal).

Main reserves: (slide number 18) On the map I show students the largest coal deposits in Russia in terms of production volume - these are the Tunguska, Kuznetsk, and Pechora basins.

Production:(I use the MarSTU electronic textbook, where they talk about coal mining).

Coke gas– which includes H 2, CH 4, CO, CO 2, impurities of NH 3, N 2 and other gases,
Coal tar– contains several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds,
Nadsmolnaya, or ammonia water– contains dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances,
Coke– solid coking residue, almost pure carbon.

Natural and petroleum associated gases. (I introduce students to the main reserves, production, composition, processed products).

III. Generalization.

In the summary part of the lesson, I created a test using the Turning Point program. The students armed themselves with remote controls. When a question appears on the screen, by pressing the appropriate button, they select the correct answer.

1. The main components of natural gas are:

Ethane;
Propane;
Methane;
Butane.

2. Which fraction of petroleum distillation contains from 4 to 9 carbon atoms per molecule?

Naphtha;
Gas oil;
Petrol;
Kerosene.

3. What is the purpose of cracking heavy petroleum products?

Methane production;
Obtaining gasoline fractions with high detonation resistance;
Synthesis gas production;
Producing hydrogen.

4. Which process is not related to oil refining?

Coking;
Fractional distillation;
Catalytic cracking;
Thermal cracking.

5. Which of the following events is the most dangerous for aquatic ecosystems?

Violation of oil pipeline tightness;
Oil spill as a result of a tanker accident;
Violation of technology during deep oil production on land;
Transportation of coal by sea.

6. From methane, which forms natural gas, we obtain:

Synthesis gas;
Ethylene;
Acetylene;
Butadiene.

7. What features distinguish catalytic cracking gasoline from straight distilled gasoline?

Presence of alkenes;
Presence of alkynes;
The presence of hydrocarbons with a branched chain of carbon atoms;
High detonation resistance.

The test result is immediately visible on the screen.

Homework:§ 10, ex.1 – 8

Literature:

L.Yu. Alikberova “Entertaining chemistry”. – M.: “AST-Press”, 1999.
O.S. Gabrielyan, I.G. Ostroumov “Handbook for chemistry teachers, grade 10.” – M.: “Blik and K,” 2001.
O.S. Gabrielyan, F.N. Maskaev, S.Yu. Ponomarev, V.I. Terenin “Chemistry 10th grade.” – M.: “Drofa”, 2003.

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, gas, and coal. Most of the substances of organic chemistry are isolated from them. We will discuss this class of organic substances in more detail below.

Composition of minerals

Hydrocarbons are the most extensive class of organic substances. These include acyclic (linear) and cyclic classes of compounds. There are saturated (saturated) and unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons include compounds with single bonds:

alkanes- linear connections;
cycloalkanes- cyclic substances.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons include substances with multiple bonds:

alkenes- contain one double bond;
alkynes- contain one triple bond;
alkadienes- include two double bonds.

There is a separate class of arenes or aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring.

Rice. 1. Classification of hydrocarbons.

Mineral resources include gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. The table describes natural sources of hydrocarbons in more detail.

*Source*	*Kinds*
		Alkanes, cycloalkanes, arenes, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur-containing compounds
	natural - a mixture of gases found in nature; associated - a gaseous mixture dissolved in oil or located above it	Methane with impurities (no more than 5%): propane, butane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water vapor. Natural gas contains more methane than associated gas
	anthracite - includes 95% carbon; stone - contains 99% carbon; brown - 72% carbon	Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbons

Every year more than 600 billion m 3 of gas, 500 million tons of oil, and 300 million tons of coal are produced in Russia.

Recycling

Minerals are used in processed form. Coal is calcined without oxygen (coking process) to separate several fractions:

coke oven gas- a mixture of methane, carbon oxides (II) and (IV), ammonia, nitrogen;
coal tar- a mixture of benzene, its homologues, phenol, arenes, heterocyclic compounds;
ammonia water- a mixture of ammonia, phenol, hydrogen sulfide;
coke- the final coking product containing pure carbon.

Rice. 2. Coking.

One of the leading branches of world industry is oil refining. Oil extracted from the depths of the earth is called crude oil. It is recycled. First, mechanical purification from impurities is carried out, then the purified oil is distilled to obtain various fractions. The table describes the main fractions of oil.

*Fraction*	*Compound*	*What do you get?*
	Gaseous alkanes from methane to butane
Gasoline	Alkanes from pentane (C 5 H 12) to undecane (C 11 H 24)	Gasoline, esters
Naphtha	Alkanes from octane (C 8 H 18) to tetradecane (C 14 H 30)	Naphtha (heavy gasoline)
Kerosene
Diesel	Alkanes from tridecane (C 13 H 28) to nonadecane (C 19 H 36)
	Alkanes from pentadecane (C 15 H 32) to pentacontane (C 50 H 102)	Lubricating oils, petroleum jelly, bitumen, paraffin, tar

Rice. 3. Oil distillation.

Plastics, fibers, and medicines are produced from hydrocarbons. Methane and propane are used as household fuel. Coke is used in the production of iron and steel. Nitric acid, ammonia, and fertilizers are produced from ammonia water. Tar is used in construction.

What have we learned?

From the topic of the lesson we learned from what natural sources hydrocarbons are isolated. Oil, coal, natural and associated gases are used as raw materials for organic compounds. Minerals are purified and divided into fractions, from which substances suitable for production or direct use are obtained. Liquid fuels and oils are produced from oil. The gases contain methane, propane, butane, used as household fuel. Liquid and solid raw materials are extracted from coal for the production of alloys, fertilizers, and medicines.

Test on the topic

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