Message on the theme of international organizations. Major international associations and societies. Signs of an international organization

To understand the essence of international political relations, it is necessary to define the main subjects of world politics. In political science literature, four main subjects are most often distinguished that play a significant role in the system of international relations: national states, interstate associations, international governmental organizations and non-governmental (non-governmental) organizations and movements. Let us briefly dwell on their characteristics.

Nation (sovereign) states act in the system of international relations as the main subjects of foreign policy activity. In the international arena, they enter into various relations with each other, determine the forms of specific relationships and interactions within the world community, at the regional level, as well as on a bilateral basis. Often certain aspects of international politics are even personified with specific political leaders of individual countries: the Napoleonic Wars, the Monroe Doctrine, the Marshall Plan for post-war Europe, and so on.

Interstate associations are coalitions of states, military-political blocs (for example, NATO), integration organizations (EU), political associations (League of Arab countries, Non-Aligned Movement). These are associations on an interstate basis, which play a very important role in modern politics.

International government organizations - a special type of associations, which includes representatives of most countries of the world, often with mismatched political orientations and interests. Such organizations are created to discuss problems of universal importance and to coordinate the activities of the world community (UN, UNESCO, etc.).

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states. An international organization is an association of states, in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, which has the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from rights and obligations of states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Any intergovernmental organization must have at least six features.

First, it is created in accordance with international law. This is the most significant feature of decisive importance. Any governmental organization must be created on a legal basis, namely, the organization must not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole.

In addition, any international organization is created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.). The parties to such an agreement are sovereign states, and, in recent times, intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations. For example, the EU is a member of many international fisheries organizations.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in one area or another: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others. But such an organization as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between member states. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution.

It is very important for every international organization to have an appropriate organizational structure. This sign, as it were, confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation. Intergovernmental organizations have headquarters, members represented by sovereign states and subsidiary bodies.

The next important feature of an international organization is its rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its founding act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority. An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, i.e. has an autonomous will distinct from the will of the Member States. This sign means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. Thus, an international organization that has the above features is considered an international intergovernmental organization.

For example, the Council of Europe was founded in accordance with the Charter in May 1949. The purpose of this Organization is to achieve greater unity among its members in the name of protecting and implementing the ideals and principles that are their common achievement, promoting their economic and social progress.

The activity of the Council of Europe is focused on such issues as the legal support of human rights, promotion of awareness and development of European cultural identity, search for joint solutions to social problems, development of political partnership with the new democratic countries of Europe, etc.

The governing bodies of the Council of Europe are the Committee of Ministers, the Consultative Assembly, the Meeting of Sectoral Ministers and the Secretariat. The Committee of Ministers is composed of the ministers of foreign affairs of the member states, and is the highest body of the Council of Europe. It decides on the program of work of the organization, approves the recommendations of the Consultative Assembly. At the ministerial level, it usually meets twice a year. Monthly meetings at the level of permanent representatives of the member states of the Council of Europe are also envisaged. 40 states are members of the Council of Europe. The organization is headquartered in Istanbul.

Modern international organizations are divided into two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The role of both of them is significant, and all of them contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life.

International non-governmental organization any international organization not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement is considered. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. They arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and at present there are about 8,000 of them. International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations. And in some areas they are even leaders. For example, the Committee of the Red Cross, whose principles of activity are humanity, impartiality, independence and voluntariness, has made a great contribution to the interaction of states in various fields.

Non-state (non-governmental) international organizations and movements are also active subjects of politics. These include international associations of political parties (for example, Christian, communist, socialist - Socialist International), trade unions (World Federation of Trade Unions, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, etc.), youth, students, pacifist movements, etc.

Recently, informal international movements and organizations, such as “people's diplomacy”, “greens”, etc., have begun to play a special role. In modern literature, non-state international organizations also include multinational corporations, church and religious associations, and a number of others that, being organizations of a political nature, nevertheless, they have a significant impact on international political processes.

Particular attention should be paid to those subjects of international politics that play a destructive role and can pose a threat to the normal development of international relations and undermine both international and national security. First of all, these are states that proclaim claims to world domination, as well as build their foreign policy on the basis of predatory and revanchist aspirations. Secondly, the destructive subjects of international politics are international terrorist groups and organizations, transnational drug trafficking associations, international mafia structures, Masonic organizations, and some international religious associations. Relations between the subjects of politics in the international arena are built and developed on a different basis. It can be a relationship of cooperation and struggle, mutual support and competition. Of particular importance in the peaceful resolution of international conflicts is the policy of reasonable compromises that take into account the mutual interests of states.

An international organization is understood as an association of member states of this commonwealth that have concluded an agreement between themselves that complies with all norms of international law for the purpose of economic, political, cultural, military and other types of cooperation between its members.

Main features

A mandatory attribute of this phenomenon in the life of society is the presence of:

Features possessed by such commonwealths

The question often arises as to what characteristics international organizations should have. List of the main features of such communities:

Participation in the association of three or more states.

Compliance of the provisions on the creation of an alliance with international law.

Respect for the sovereignty of each member and non-interference in its internal affairs.

The principle of an international treaty is the basis of unification.

Purposeful cooperation in specific areas.

A clear structure with special organs, each of which performs certain functions.

Classification

There are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental. They differ from each other in that the former are based on the association of states or authorized bodies, and the latter (they are also called public) - on the union of entities from different countries that do not have the goal of political cooperation.

In addition, the international organizations listed below may also be:

Universal (participants from all over the world are involved) and regional (only for states of a certain area).

General (the areas of cooperation are extensive) and special, dedicated to only one aspect of relations (health, education, labor issues, etc.).

c) mixed unions.

So, as we see, there is a fairly developed system for classifying such institutions, which is associated with their prevalence and great influence on global political, economic and cultural processes.

International organizations of the world. List of most influential institutions

To date, there are a huge number of such associations that are active throughout the planet. These are both global organizations with a large number of participants like the UN, and less numerous ones: the Union for the Mediterranean, the South American Community of Nations and others. All of them have completely different areas of activity, ranging from culture to law enforcement, but the most popular are political and political. The list and their tasks are usually numerous. The following are the names and characteristics of the most influential institutions.

UN and its subsidiaries

One of the most developed and well-known among all commonwealths is It was founded back in 1945 to resolve post-war issues that were then on the agenda. Its fields of activity are: preservation of peace; upholding human rights; c As of mid-2015, 193 states from different regions of the planet are members of this organization.

Due to the fact that the needs of the world community increased over time and were not limited to purely humanitarian issues both immediately after the creation of the UN and throughout the second half of the 20th century, other more specialized international organizations appeared as its constituent parts. Their list is not limited to all known UNESCO, IAEA and IMF. There are also such divisions as the Postal Union and many others. There are 14 of them in total.

International non-governmental organizations: list, areas of activity, relevance

Among these, the most powerful in terms of the scale of distribution and its activity is, for example, the non-profit charitable organization Wikimedia Foundation, or the International Rescue Committee, which deals with refugee issues. In general, there are more than 100 such unions, and their areas of activity are extremely diverse. Science, education, combating racial or gender discrimination, healthcare, certain industries and much more - all this is done by specialized international non-governmental organizations. The Top 5 list also includes communities such as Partners in Health, Oxfam and BRAC.

Participation of our country in the life of the world community

The Russian Federation is a member of about twenty unions of various types (UN, CIS, BRICS, CSTO, etc.). In the country's foreign policy, priority is cooperation and entry into various international organizations. The list in Russia of those institutions with which the state would like to work is constantly growing. In three commonwealths, she is an observer (IOM, OAS and OIC), maintains an active dialogue with them and participates in the discussion of important issues. Particularly promising is the entry into international economic organizations. The list of them is long (OECD, WTO, UNCTAD, etc.).

International economic organizations (IEOs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, develop legal norms and simplify work in the global market.

The globalization of the economy and the emergence of new industries increases the number of international agreements and features of cooperation between countries. International economic organizations (IEOs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, and develop legal norms to make working on the world market easier and more profitable.

The number and composition of the IEO varies depending on the political situation, the specifics of the development of the global market and the goals of cooperation in the organization. For example, the UN was created to maintain peace after the end of World War II, but over time, the powers of the organization have expanded significantly. Dozens of specialized international economic organizations operating under the auspices of the UN have been added to the organizational structure.

Varieties

Depending on the range of tasks to be solved, such associations of states are divided into universal and specialized.

Specialized ones regulate certain areas of international activity: trade (WTO, UNCTAD), currency relations (IMF, EBRD), export of raw materials and materials (OPEC, MSST), agriculture (FAO).
Universal organizations are large associations that contribute to the development of international relations in general, simplify access to the world market. For example, the OECD stands for the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation.

Depending on the international legal status, international economic organizations are divided into interstate and non-governmental organizations.

Interstate are formalized by agreements concluded between several countries (or their associations) to solve an established list of tasks. For example, the UN system includes dozens of specialized international organizations that issue legislation for member states.
Non-governmental organizations are associations of countries that do not involve the conclusion of agreements between power structures. This type of IEO pursues humanitarian goals (Red Cross Committee), investigates human rights violations (Human Rights Oversight Committee), fights caesura (Reporters Without Borders Committee), preserves cultural heritage (Memorial Committee).

Functions

All international organizations are created to form a single world market, adapted to national laws and their characteristics. Individual states or their associations can be subjects (participants) of the IEO, and economic relations become objects (objects of cooperation) of such organizations.

Depending on the legal status and the list of tasks to be solved, there are five main functions of the IER.

Solving problems relevant to all countries of the world: fighting hunger, epidemics, poverty, unemployment, ensuring stable economic development. Such issues are resolved by the UN and its specialized organizations, the World Bank Group, the Eurasian Economic Union.
Solving economic, legal and social problems relevant to the region. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development finances structural changes in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
Creation of comfortable conditions for doing business in a separate market segment. Such organizations unite several countries that produce one group of goods for the world market. For example, OPEC is an association of oil exporting states that coordinates the sale of raw materials and controls the level of prices on the market.
Informal and semi-formal groupings that are created by several countries to solve narrow problems. For example, the Paris Club of Creditors is a financial union of leading economies to settle the payment of debts of individual states.

Most MEOs are formed and developed as markets expand, national borders in trade disappear, and new industries are created. For example, the massive introduction of Internet technologies has led to the creation of the European regulation for the protection of personal data (GDPR) of the user.

international organization is an association of states, created in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, which has the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and duties of states, and autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of member states.

Comment

contradicts the foundations of international law, since over the states - the primary subjects of this law - there is not and cannot be supreme power;
vesting a number of organizations with managerial functions does not mean transferring to them part of the sovereignty of states or their sovereign rights. International organizations do not and cannot have sovereignty;
the obligation of direct execution by the member states of the decisions of international organizations is based on the provisions of the constituent acts and no more;
no international organization has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a state without the consent of the latter, because otherwise it would mean a gross violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a state with negative consequences for such an organization;
the possession of a “supranational” organization with the authority to create effective mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance with binding rules is just one of the qualities of the legal personality of an organization.

Signs of an international organization:

Any international organization must have at least the following six features:

Establishment under international law

1) Creation in accordance with international law

This sign is, in fact, of decisive importance. Any international organization must be established on a legal basis. In particular, the establishment of any organization should not infringe on the recognized interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. The constituent document of the organization must comply with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law. According to Art. 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm which is accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can only be modified by a subsequent norm of general international law bearing the same character.

If an international organization has been created illegally or its activities are contrary to international law, then the constituent act of such an organization must be declared null and void and its operation terminated as soon as possible. An international treaty or any of its provisions is null and void if its execution involves any act that is illegal under international law.

Establishment based on an international treaty

2) Establishment based on an international treaty

As a rule, international organizations are created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.).

The object of such an agreement is the behavior of the subjects (parties of the agreement) and the international organization itself. The parties to the founding act are sovereign states. However, in recent years, intergovernmental organizations have also become full members of international organizations. For example, the European Union is a full member of many international fisheries organizations.

International organizations may be created in accordance with the resolutions of other organizations with more general competence.

Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

3) Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

International organizations are created to coordinate the efforts of states in a particular area. They are designed to unite the efforts of states in the political (OSCE), military (NATO), scientific and technical (European Organization for Nuclear Research), economic (EU), monetary (IBRD, IMF), social (ILO) and in many other areas. At the same time, a number of organizations are authorized to coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas (UN, CIS, etc.).

International organizations become intermediaries between member states. States often refer to organizations for discussion and resolution of the most complex issues of international relations. International organizations, as it were, take over a significant number of issues on which relations between states had previously had a direct bilateral or multilateral character. However, not every organization can claim an equal position with states in the relevant areas of international relations. Any powers of such organizations are derived from the rights of the states themselves. Along with other forms of international communication (multilateral consultations, conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.), international organizations act as a body of cooperation on specific problems of international relations.

Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

4) Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

This sign is one of the important signs of the existence of an international organization. It seems to confirm the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have:

headquarters;
members represented by sovereign states;
necessary system of principal and subsidiary organs.

The highest body is the session, convened once a year (sometimes once every two years). The executive bodies are councils. The administrative apparatus is headed by the executive secretary (general director). All organizations have permanent or temporary executive bodies with different legal status and competence.

The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

5) The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

It was emphasized above that the rights and obligations of the organization are derived from the rights and obligations of the member states. It depends on the parties and only on the parties that the given organization possesses exactly such (and not another) set of rights, that it is entrusted with the performance of these duties. No organization, without the consent of the member states, can take actions affecting the interests of its members. The rights and obligations of any organization are enshrined in a general form in its founding act, resolutions of higher and executive bodies, and in agreements between organizations. These documents enshrine the intentions of the Member States, which must then be implemented by the relevant international organization. States have the right to prohibit an organization from taking certain actions, and an organization cannot exceed its powers. For example, Art. 3 (5 "C") of the IAEA Statute prohibits the agency, in the performance of its functions related to the provision of assistance to its members, to be guided by political, economic, military or other requirements that are incompatible with the provisions of the Statute of this organization.

Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

6) Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

It is about the possession by an international organization of an autonomous will, distinct from the wills of the member states. This feature means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods for fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. The latter, in a certain sense, does not care how the organization implements the activities entrusted to it or the statutory obligations in general. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, the member states exercise control over whether the organization is lawfully exercising its autonomous will.

In this way, international intergovernmental organization- this is a voluntary association of sovereign states or international organizations, created on the basis of an interstate agreement or a resolution of an international organization of general competence to coordinate the activities of states in a specific area of cooperation, having an appropriate system of main and subsidiary bodies, having an autonomous will different from the wills of its members.

Classification of international organizations

Among the international organizations it is customary to single out:

by type of membership:
- intergovernmental;
- non-governmental;
around the participants:
- universal - open to the participation of all states (UN, IAEA) or to the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association of Democratic Lawyers);
- regional - whose members can be states or public associations and individuals of a certain geographical region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf);
- interregional - organizations, membership in which is limited by a certain criterion that takes them beyond the scope of a regional organization, but does not allow them to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to oil-exporting states. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);
by competence:
- general competence - activities affect all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN);
- special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area (WHO, ILO), subdivided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious;
by the nature of powers:
- interstate - regulate the cooperation of states, their decisions are advisory or binding for the participating states;
- supranational - are vested with the right to make decisions directly binding individuals and legal entities of the Member States and acting on the territory of the states along with national laws;
depending on the procedure for admission to international organizations:
- open - any state can become a member at its own discretion;
- closed - admission to membership is made at the invitation of the original founders (NATO);
by structure:
- with a simplified structure;
- with a developed structure;
by way of creation:
- international organizations created in the classical way - on the basis of an international treaty with subsequent ratification;
- international organizations created on a different basis - declarations, joint statements.

Legal basis of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign will of the states that establish them and their members. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states and a constituent act of an international organization. The contractual nature of the constituent acts of international organizations is enshrined in the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations.

The charters of international organizations and relevant conventions usually clearly express the idea of their constituent character. Thus, the preamble to the UN Charter proclaims that the governments represented at the San Francisco Conference "have agreed to accept the present Charter of the United Nations and hereby establish an international organization called the United Nations...".

Constituent acts serve as the legal basis for international organizations, they proclaim their goals and principles, and serve as a criterion for the legitimacy of their decisions and activities. In the founding act, the states decide on the international legal personality of the organization.

In addition to the constituent act, international treaties affecting various aspects of the organization's activities, for example, those treaties that develop and specify the functions of the organization and the powers of its bodies, are essential for determining the legal status, competence and functioning of an international organization.

Constituent acts and other international treaties that serve as the legal basis for the creation and activities of international organizations also characterize such an aspect of the status of an organization as the exercise of the functions of a subject of national law as a legal entity. As a rule, these issues are regulated by special international legal acts.

The creation of an international organization is an international problem that can only be solved by coordinating the actions of states. States, by coordinating their positions and interests, determine the totality of the rights and obligations of the organization itself. Coordination of actions of the states at creation of the organization is carried out by them.

In the process of functioning of an international organization, the coordination of the activities of states acquires a different character, since it uses a special mechanism that is constantly operating and adapted for consideration and coordinated solution of problems.

The functioning of an international organization is reduced not only to relations between states, but also between the organization and states. These relations, due to the fact that states voluntarily agreed to certain restrictions, agreed to obey the decisions of an international organization, may have a subordinate nature. The specificity of such subordination relations lies in the fact that:

they depend on coordination relations, i.e., if the coordination of the activities of states within the framework of an international organization does not lead to a certain result, then subordinate relations do not arise;
they arise in connection with the achievement of a certain result through the functioning of an international organization. States agree to submit to the will of the organization due to the awareness of the need to take into account the interests of other states and the international community as a whole, in order to maintain such an order in international relations in which they themselves are interested.

Sovereign equality should be understood as legal equality. In the 1970 Declaration On the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states in accordance with the UN Charter, it is said that all states enjoy sovereign equality, they have the same rights and obligations, regardless of differences in economic and social, political or other nature. With regard to international organizations, this principle is enshrined in the constituent acts.

This principle means:

all states have equal rights to participate in the creation of an international organization;
every state, if it is not a member of an international organization, has the right to join it;
all member states have the same rights to raise questions and discuss them within the organization;
each member state has an equal right to represent and defend its interests in the bodies of the organization;
when making decisions, each state has one vote, there are few organizations that work on the principle of the so-called weighted vote;
The decision of an international organization applies to all members, unless otherwise stipulated in it.

Legal personality of international organizations

Legal personality is a property of a person, in the presence of which it acquires the qualities of a subject of law.

An international organization cannot be seen as a mere sum of member states, or even as their collective agent acting on behalf of all. In order to fulfill its active role, an organization must have a special legal personality, different from the mere summation of the legal personality of its members. Only under this premise does the problem of the impact of an international organization on its sphere make any sense.

Legal personality of an international organization includes the following four elements:

legal capacity, i.e. the ability to have rights and obligations;
legal capacity, i.e. the ability of the organization to exercise its rights and obligations by its actions;
the ability to participate in the process of international law-making;
ability to take legal responsibility for their actions.

One of the main attributes of the legal personality of international organizations is that they have their own will, which allows it to directly participate in international relations and successfully carry out its functions. Most Russian lawyers note that intergovernmental organizations have an autonomous will. Without its own will, without a certain set of rights and obligations, an international organization could not function normally and fulfill the tasks assigned to it. The independence of the will is manifested in the fact that after the organization is created by the states, it (the will) is already a new quality in comparison with the individual wills of the members of the organization. The will of an international organization is not the sum of the wills of the member states, nor is it the fusion of their wills. This will is "isolated" from the wills of other subjects of international law. The source of the will of an international organization is the constituent act as a product of the coordination of the wills of the founding states.

The most important features of the legal personality of international organizations are the following qualities:

1) Recognition of the quality of an international personality by the subjects of international law.

The essence of this criterion lies in the fact that member states and relevant international organizations recognize and undertake to respect the rights and obligations of the relevant intergovernmental organization, their competence, terms of reference, grant privileges and immunities to the organization and its employees, etc. According to the constituent acts, all intergovernmental organizations are legal entities. Member States shall vest them with legal capacity to the extent necessary for the performance of their functions.

2) The presence of separate rights and obligations.

Separate rights and obligations. This criterion of the legal personality of intergovernmental organizations means that organizations have rights and obligations that are different from those of States and can be exercised at the international level. For example, the UNESCO Constitution lists the following responsibilities of the organization:

promoting rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all available media;
encouraging the development of public education and the dissemination of culture; c) assistance in the preservation, increase and dissemination of knowledge.

3) The right to freely perform their functions.

The right to freely perform their functions. Each intergovernmental organization has its own constituent act (in the form of conventions, statutes or resolutions of an organization with more general powers), rules of procedure, financial rules and other documents that form the internal law of the organization. Most often, in the performance of their functions, intergovernmental organizations proceed from implied competence. In the performance of their functions, they enter into certain legal relations with non-member states. For example, the UN ensures that non-member states act in accordance with the principles set out in Art. 2 of the Charter, as it may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The independence of intergovernmental organizations is expressed in the implementation of prescriptions of norms constituting the internal law of these organizations. They may establish any subsidiary bodies that are necessary for the performance of the functions of such organizations. Intergovernmental organizations may adopt rules of procedure and other administrative rules. Organizations have the right to remove the vote of any member who is in arrears in dues. Finally, intergovernmental organizations may ask their member for an explanation if he does not comply with the recommendations on the problems of their activities.

4) The right to conclude contracts.

The contractual legal capacity of international organizations can be attributed to the main criteria of international legal personality, since one of the characteristic features of the subject of international law is its ability to develop the norms of international law.

In the exercise of their powers, agreements of intergovernmental organizations are of a public law, private law or mixed nature. In principle, each organization can conclude international treaties, which follows from the content of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations of 1986. In particular, the preamble to this Convention states that an international organization has such legal capacity to conclude treaties that necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its objectives. According to Art. 6 of this Convention, the legal capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

5) Participation in the creation of international law.

The law-making process of an international organization includes activities aimed at creating legal norms, as well as their further improvement, modification or cancellation. It should be emphasized that no international organization, including a universal one (for example, the UN, its specialized agencies), has "legislative" powers. This, in particular, means that any norm contained in the recommendations, rules and draft treaties adopted by an international organization must be recognized by the state, firstly, as an international legal norm, and secondly, as a norm binding on a given state.

The law-making of an international organization is not unlimited. The scope and type of lawmaking of the organization are strictly defined in its founding agreement. Since the charter of each organization is individual, the volume, types and directions of law-making activities of international organizations differ from each other. The specific scope of powers granted to an international organization in the field of lawmaking can only be clarified on the basis of an analysis of its constituent act.

In the process of creating norms governing relations between states, an international organization can play various roles. In particular, in the initial phases of the law-making process, an international organization may:

be an initiator, proposing to conclude a certain interstate agreement;
act as the author of the draft text of such an agreement;
convene in the future a diplomatic conference of states in order to agree on the text of the treaty;
itself to play the role of such a conference, carrying out the coordination of the text of the treaty and its approval in its intergovernmental body;
after the conclusion of the contract, perform the functions of the depositary;
enjoy certain powers in the field of interpretation or revision of the contract concluded with its participation.

International organizations play a significant role in the formation of customary norms of international law. The decisions of these organizations contribute to the emergence, formation and termination of the norms of custom.

6) The right to enjoy privileges and immunities.

Without privileges and immunities, the normal practical activity of any international organization is impossible. In some cases, the scope of privileges and immunities is determined by a special agreement, and in others - by national legislation. However, in general terms, the right to privileges and immunities is enshrined in the founding act of each organization. Thus, the UN enjoys on the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary to achieve its goals (Article 105 of the Charter). The property and assets of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), wherever located and whoever holds them, are immune from search, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure or alienation by executive or legislative action (art. 47 of the Agreement on institution of the EBRD).

Any organization cannot invoke immunity in all cases when it, on its own initiative, enters into civil legal relations in the host country.

7) The right to ensure the implementation of international law.

Giving international organizations the authority to ensure the implementation of international law testifies to the independent nature of organizations in relation to member states and is one of the important signs of legal personality.

At the same time, the main means are the institutions of international control and responsibility, including the application of sanctions. Control functions are carried out in two ways:

through the submission of reports by Member States;
observation and examination of a controlled object or situation on the spot.

International legal sanctions that can be applied by international organizations can be divided into two groups:

1) sanctions, the implementation of which is permissible by all international organizations:

suspension of membership in the organization;
expulsion from the organization;
denial of membership;
exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

2) sanctions, the powers to implement which have strictly defined organizations.

The application of sanctions assigned to the second group depends on the goals of the given organization. For example, the UN Security Council, in order to maintain or restore international peace and security, has the right to use coercive actions by air, sea or land forces. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other operations by air, sea or land forces of UN members (Article 42 of the UN Charter)

In case of a gross violation of the rules for the operation of nuclear facilities, the IAEA has the right to apply the so-called corrective measures, up to issuing an order to suspend the operation of such a facility.
Intergovernmental organizations have been granted the right to take a direct part in resolving disputes that arise between them and international organizations and states. When resolving disputes, they have the right to resort to the same peaceful means of resolving disputes that are usually used by the primary subjects of international law - sovereign states.

8) International legal responsibility.

Acting as independent entities, international organizations are subjects of international legal responsibility. For example, they should be held accountable for the illegal actions of their officials. Organizations may become liable if they abuse their privileges and immunities. It should be assumed that political responsibility may arise in the event that an organization violates its functions, fails to comply with agreements concluded with other organizations and states, for interference in the internal affairs of subjects of international law.

Liability of organizations may arise in case of violation of the legal rights of their employees, experts, brute force, etc. They are also obliged to be liable to the governments where they are located, their headquarters, for illegal actions, for example, for unjustified alienation of land, non-payment utilities, violation of sanitary standards, etc.

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INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPS

INTRODUCTION

International relations have long occupied a significant place in the life of any state, society and individual.

The origin of nations, the formation of interstate borders, the formation and change of political regimes, the formation of various social institutions, the enrichment of cultures are closely related to international relations.

The beginning of the 21st century testifies to a significant expansion of cooperation between states in all spheres of the political, economic, social and cultural life of society. Moreover, the role of international organizations and civil society in solving global problems has significantly increased.

All of us are included in the most complex information environment, and even more so in a variety of cooperation on a local, local, regional, international, transnational, supranational, global scale.

The purpose of this work is to study the foundations in the field of modern international law and political science.

In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the control work:

1. To study the process of institutionalization of international political relations.

2. Consider the main international organizations.

3. Describe the general democratic principles of international relations.

To achieve the set goal and objectives, the scientific and methodological literature on political science and international law of domestic and foreign authors was studied.

1. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RELATIONS

From ancient times to the present, international relations have occupied an important place in the political life of society. Today, the world order depends on the relationship and interaction of about 200 states at different stages of historical, economic, political and cultural development. In relations between them, various interrelations are established, problems and contradictions arise. They constitute a special sphere of politics - international relations.

International relations are a set of integration ties between states, parties, individuals, creating an environment for the implementation of international politics. The main subjects of international relations of the state.

Types of international relations:

Political (diplomatic, organizational, etc.);

Military-strategic (blocs, alliances);

Economic (financial, trade, cooperative);

Scientific and technical;

Cultural (artist tours, exhibitions, etc.);

Social (assistance to refugees, natural disasters, etc.);

Ideological (agreements, sabotage, psychological warfare);

International legal (regulate all types of international relations).

Thus, all types of international relations can exist in various forms.

Levels of international relations:

Vertically - scale levels:

Global - these are relations between systems of states, major powers;

Regional (sub-regional) - these are relations between the states of a certain region;

Situational - these are relationships that develop in connection with a particular situation. As this situation is resolved, these relationships also break up.

Horizontally:

Group (coalition, intercoalition - this is the relationship of groups of states, international organizations);

Bilateral.

The first stage of international relations began from time immemorial and was characterized by the disunity of peoples and states. The guiding idea then was the belief in the dominance of physical force in order to ensure peace and tranquility, perhaps only by military power. Under these conditions, the famous saying was born: "Si Vis pacem - para belluv!" (if you want peace, prepare for war).

The second stage of international relations began after the end of the 30-year war in Europe. The Westphalian peace treaty of 1648 fixed as a value the right to sovereignty, which was recognized even for the small kingdoms of fragmented Germany.

The third stage, which came after the defeat of revolutionary France. The Vienna Congress of the Victors approved the principle of "legitimism", i.e. legality, but from the point of view of the interests of the monarchs of European countries. The national interests of monarchical authoritarian regimes became the main "guiding idea" of international relations, which eventually migrated to all the bourgeois countries of Europe. Powerful alliances are formed: the "Holy Alliance", the "Entente", the "Triple Alliance", the "Anti-Comintern Pact", etc. Wars arise between the alliances, including two world wars.

Modern political scientists also distinguish the fourth stage of international relations, which began to gradually take shape after 1945. It is also called the modern stage of international relations, in which the “guiding idea” is called upon to dominate in the form of international law, world legislation.

The modern institutionalization of international life is manifested through two forms of legal relations: through universal organizations and on the basis of the norms and principles of international law.

Institutionalization is the transformation of any political phenomenon into an ordered process with a certain structure of relations, a hierarchy of power, rules of conduct, and so on. This is the formation of political institutions, organizations, institutions. The United Nations is a global organization with nearly two hundred member states. Officially, the UN has existed since October 24, 1945. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

As for our country, at the present stage the Republic of Belarus is pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy, in favor of strengthening the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is due to the commonality of common interests. Relations with countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States have revealed both the complexity of the integration process and its potential. Approaches to the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus are based on the mutual consideration of the interests of society and citizens, public consent, a socially oriented economy, the rule of law, the suppression of nationalism and extremism, and find their logical continuation in the country's foreign policy: not confrontation with neighboring states and territorial redistribution, but peacefulness, multi-vector cooperation.

2. MAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL)

The idea of creating international organizations appeared in ancient Greece. In the 4th century BC the first interstate associations began to appear (for example, the Delphic-Thermopylian amphiktyony), which, no doubt, brought the Greek states closer.

The first international organizations appeared in the 19th century as a form of multilateral diplomacy. Since the creation in 1815 of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, international organizations have become fairly autonomous entities, endowed with their own powers. In the second half of the 19th century, the first universal international organizations appeared - the Universal Telegraph Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874). At present, there are more than 4,000 international organizations in the world, more than 300 of which are of an intergovernmental nature.

International organizations have been created and are being created to solve a wide variety of problems - from solving the lack of fresh water on Earth to the deployment of a peacekeeping contingent on the territory of individual countries, for example, the former Yugoslavia, Libya.

In the modern world, there are two main types of international organizations: interstate (intergovernmental) and non-governmental organizations. (Appendix A)

The main feature of non-governmental international organizations is that they are not created on the basis of an international treaty and unite individuals and / or legal entities (for example, the Association of International Law, the League of Red Cross Societies, the World Federation of Scientists, etc.)

An international intergovernmental organization is an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals, having permanent bodies and acting in the common interests of the member states while respecting their sovereignty.

The French specialist Ch. Zorgbib identifies three main features that define international organizations: first, the political will to cooperate, recorded in the founding documents; secondly, the presence of a permanent apparatus that ensures continuity in the development of the organization; thirdly, the autonomy of competencies and decisions.

Among non-state participants in international relations, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (INGOs), transnational corporations (TNCs) and other social forces and movements operating on the world stage are distinguished.

IGOs of a directly political nature arise after the First World War (League of Nations, International Labor Organization), as well as during and especially after the Second World War, when the United Nations was formed in San Francisco in 1945, designed to serve as a guarantor of collective security and cooperation of the member countries in the political, economic, social and cultural fields.

There are various typologies of IGOs. And although, according to many scholars, none of them can be considered flawless, they still help to systematize knowledge about this relatively new influential international author. The most common is the classification of IGOs according to the "geopolitical" criterion and in accordance with the scope and direction of their activities. In the first case, such types of intergovernmental organizations are distinguished as universal (for example, the UN or the League of Nations); interregional (for example, the Organization of the Islamic Conference); regional (for example, the Latin American economic system); sub-regional (for example, Benelux). In accordance with the second criterion, there are general purpose (UN); economic (EFTA); military-political (NATO); financial (IMF, World Bank); scientific ("Eureka"); technical (International Telecommunications Union); or even more narrowly specialized IGOs (International Bureau of Weights and Measures). At the same time, these criteria are rather conditional.

Unlike intergovernmental organizations, INGOs are, as a rule, non-territorial entities, because their members are not sovereign states. They meet three criteria: the international nature of the composition and objectives; the private nature of the foundation; voluntary nature of the activity.

INGOs differ in their size, structure, focus of activities and their tasks. However, all of them have those common features that distinguish them both from states and from intergovernmental organizations. Unlike the former, they cannot be presented as authors acting, in the words of G. Morgenthau, in the name of "interest expressed in terms of power." The main “weapon” of INGOs in the field of international politics is the mobilization of international public opinion, and the method of achieving goals is to put pressure on intergovernmental organizations (primarily the UN) and directly on certain states. This is how, for example, Greenpeace, Amnesty International, the International Federation for Human Rights or the World Organization against Torture act. Therefore, INGOs of this kind are often referred to as "international pressure groups".

Today, international organizations are of great importance, both for ensuring and for realizing the interests of states. They create favorable conditions for future generations. The functions of organizations are actively developing every day and cover more and more extensive spectrums of the life of the world community.

3. UNITED NATIONS

The formation of the United Nations marked the beginning of modern international law. It differs significantly from the previous one. First of all, modern international law is largely developed under the influence of the UN Charter. If the main source of previous international legal systems were customs, then in the modern period the role of international treaties has increased.

The United Nations (UN) is a universal international organization created to maintain peace and international security and develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 at the San Francisco Conference and entered into force on October 24, 1945.

The UN Charter is the only international document whose provisions are binding on all states. On the basis of the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN has emerged.

The founding document of the UN (UN Charter) is a universal international treaty and establishes the foundations of the modern international legal order.

To achieve these goals, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of UN members; conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the UN Charter; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence, or in any manner inconsistent with the UN Charter; non-interference in the internal affairs of states; rendering assistance to the UN in all actions taken under the Charter, ensuring by the Organization such a situation that states that are not members of the UN act in accordance with the principles set forth in the Charter (Article 2), etc.

The United Nations pursues the Goals:

1. Maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to settle or resolve international disputes or situations by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law that could lead to disruption of the peace.

2. Develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, as well as take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace.

3. To carry out international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

4. To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

The original members of the UN are the states that, having taken part in the San Francisco conference on the creation of the UN or having previously signed the Declaration of the United Nations of January 1, 1942, signed and ratified the UN Charter.

Now any peace-loving state can become a member of the UN, which will accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the UN, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations. Admission to the UN membership is made by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. There are six main organs of the UN: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly consists of all UN member states. The delegation of each UN member state consists of no more than five representatives and five substitutes.

The General Assembly is competent, within the framework of the UN Charter, to discuss any issues within the Charter, with the exception of those under consideration by the UN Security Council, to make recommendations to the members of the UN or the Security Council on any such issues.

The General Assembly, in particular:

Examines the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security;

Elects non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council;

Together with the Security Council elects the members of the International Court of Justice;

Coordinates international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres;

Exercises other powers provided for by the UN Charter.

The Security Council is one of the main organs of the UN and plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council is empowered to investigate any dispute or situation which may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation could threaten international peace and security. At any stage of such a dispute or situation, the Board may recommend an appropriate procedure or methods for settlement. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consists of UN members elected by the General Assembly.

ECOSOC is authorized to undertake research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economy, social sphere, culture, education, health and other issues.

The UN Trusteeship Council consists of: the states administering trust territories; permanent members of the UN not administering trust territories; such number of other members of the UN, elected by the General Assembly, as is necessary to ensure equality between members of the UN administering and not administering trust territories. Today the Council consists of representatives of all the permanent members of the Security Council. Each member of the Council has one vote.

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. The International Court of Justice operates on the basis of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is an integral part of the Charter. Non-member states of the UN may also participate in the Statute of the International Court of Justice under conditions determined in each individual case by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

The UN Secretariat is responsible for ensuring the normal functioning of other principal and subsidiary bodies of the UN, servicing their activities, implementing their decisions, and implementing the programs and policies of the UN. The UN Secretariat ensures the work of the UN bodies, publishes and distributes UN materials, stores archives, registers and publishes international treaties of the UN member states.

The secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary-General, who is the chief administrative officer of the UN. The Secretary General is appointed for a term of five years by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

In accordance with Art. 57 and Art. 63 of the UN Charter, various institutions created by intergovernmental agreements in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health and others are connected with the UN. The specialized agencies are permanent international organizations operating on the basis of founding documents and agreements with the UN.

The specialized agencies of the UN are intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature that cooperate in special areas and are associated with the UN. Specialized institutions can be divided into the following groups: social organizations (ILO, WHO), cultural and humanitarian organizations (UNESCO, WIPO), economic organizations (UNIDO), financial organizations (IBRD, IMF, IDA, IFC), organizations in the field of agriculture economy (FAO, IFAD), organizations in the field of transport and communications (ICAO, IMO, UPU, ITU), organization in the field of meteorology (WMO).

All of these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. It is through the common and increasingly coordinated efforts of these organizations that their multifaceted program of action is carried out to preserve peace and prosperity on Earth through the development of international cooperation and the provision of collective security.

international law political democratic

4. GENERAL DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The principles of international law are universal in nature and are the criteria for the legitimacy of all other international norms. Actions or agreements that violate the provisions of the basic general democratic principles are recognized as invalid and entail international legal responsibility. All principles of international law are of paramount importance and must be strictly applied when interpreting each of them taking into account the others. The principles are interrelated: violation of one provision entails non-observance of others. Thus, for example, a violation of the principle of the territorial integrity of a state is at the same time a violation of the principles of the sovereign equality of states, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force and threat of force, etc. Since the basic principles of international law are international legal norms, they exist in the form of certain sources of international law. Initially, these principles acted in the form of international legal customs, however, with the adoption of the UN Charter, the basic principles acquire a contractual legal form.

The principles of international law are generally accepted norms of international law of the most general nature. Basically, they are imperative in nature and contain obligations "erga omnes", i.e. obligations towards each and every member of the interstate community. They unite the norms of international law at various levels, extending their effect on certain participants in interstate relations, into a single legal system.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the adoption of the UN Charter of 1945, the principles of international law were for the most part codified, that is, fixed in written form.

International law develops on the principles common for all countries - the basic principles. The UN Charter articulates seven principles of international law:

1. non-use of force or threat of force;

2. peaceful resolution of international disputes;

3. non-interference in internal affairs;

4. cooperation of states;

5. equality and self-determination of peoples;

6. sovereign equality of states;

7. conscientious fulfillment of international obligations.

8. inviolability of state borders;

9. territorial integrity of states;

10. universal respect for human rights.

The principle of non-use of force or threat of force follows from the wording of the UN Charter, which expressed the common intention and solemn obligation of the world community to save future generations from the scourge of war, to adopt a practice in accordance with which armed forces are used only in the common interest.

The principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes implies that each state resolves its international disputes with other states by peaceful means in such a way as not to endanger international peace and security.

The principle of non-intervention in internal affairs means that no state or group of states has the right to interfere directly or indirectly for any reason in the internal and external affairs of another state.

The principle of cooperation obliges states to cooperate with each other, regardless of the characteristics of their political, economic and social systems, in various areas of international relations in order to maintain international peace and security and promote international economic stability and progress, and the general well-being of peoples.

The principle of equality and self-determination of peoples implies unconditional respect for the right of every people to freely choose the ways and forms of its development.

The principle of sovereign equality of states follows from the provision of the UN Charter that the organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members. Based on this, all states enjoy sovereign equality. They have the same rights and obligations and are equal members of the international community.

The principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations, unlike other principles, contains the source of the legal force of international law. The content of this principle is that each state must fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the UN Charter, arising from the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as from valid international treaties.

The principle of inviolability of state frontiers means that each state is obliged to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate the international frontiers of another state or as a means of settling international disputes, including territorial disputes and issues relating to state borders.

The principle of the territorial integrity of states assumes that the territory is the main historical value and the highest material asset of any state. Within its limits are concentrated all the material resources of people's lives, the organization of their social life.

The principle of universal respect for human rights obliges each state to promote, through joint and independent action, universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the UN Charter.

The general democratic principles of international relations express the fundamental ideas, goals, and core provisions of international law. They are manifested in the stability of international legal practice, contribute to the maintenance of an internally consistent and effective system of international law.

CONCLUSION

Politics is one of the most important spheres of human life. The selection and study of the political world from the totality of social institutions and relations is a difficult, but very urgent task. In the Republic of Belarus, political science has gained significant positions and has become an organic part of modern scientific knowledge.

The process of creation and development of international organizations considered in this paper showed a mutually intersecting system of these organizations, which has its own logic of development and at the same time reflects the inconsistency and interdependence of international relations.

However, the existence of a broad system of international organizations reflects the complexity, inconsistency and interconnectedness of international relations. The presence of a huge number of international organizations, of course, gives rise to certain difficulties.

To eliminate possible difficulties, it is necessary to fully use the potential of the UN with their systemic vision of world dynamics, reflecting the desire of ordinary people and those in power for strategic stability and countering all manifestations of violence that prevent Humanity from living in harmony.

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2. 2006. - 368 p.

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6. Political science. Workshop: textbook. allowance for students of institutions providing higher education. education / Denisyuk N.P. [and etc.]; under total ed. Reshetnikova S.V. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2008. - 256 p.

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APPENDIX

Some international organizations

Universal:

The League of nations(1919-1939). A significant, if not decisive, contribution to its founding was made by American President Woodrow Wilson.

United Nations (UN). Created on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco, where representatives of 50 states gathered.

Other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs):

GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).

WTO(World Trade organisation).

International Monetary Fund (IMF). Intergovernmental organization established in 1945

The World Bank. An international lending institution that aims to improve living standards in underdeveloped countries through financial assistance from rich countries.

Regional IGOs:

Arab League. Organization established in 1945. The goals are to protect common interests and form a single line of Arab states in the international arena.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

A military-political organization created on the initiative of the United States on April 4, 1949. The main goal is to counter the military threat from the USSR.

Organization of American States (OAS). Created in 1948 by the States.

Organization of Warsaw Pact Countries (OVD)(1955--1991). A military-political organization created at the suggestion of the USSR in response to the Paris Agreements of October 23, 1954.

OAU (Organization of African Unity). It was formed on May 26, 1963 in Addis Ababa and unites all countries of the African continent.

OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe). This is a regional organization, which currently includes the main countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the United States and Canada.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Created on the basis of the Paris Convention establishing the OECD, which had the goal of developing economically poor countries and stimulating international trade, and entered into force on September 30, 1961.

Council of Europe.

Created in 1949. Founding countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, France, Sweden. The main goal of the organization is to promote the development and practical implementation of the ideals of democracy and political pluralism.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

It was created on December 8, 1991. With the exception of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, the CIS includes all new independent states - the former republics of the USSR.

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Created at the Baghdad Conference in 1960. The main goals of the organization: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member countries.

Regional integration associations:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations-ASEAN.

APEC--Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

European Union (EU). Regional intergovernmental organization, the creation of which is associated with the Paris Treaty of 1951.

MERCOSUR -- Southern Common Market. The main goals of the organization: the free exchange of goods, services and factors of production.

North American Free Trade Association. Created on the basis of an agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico dated December 17, 1992. The goal is the liberalization of trade and economic exchanges between member countries.

Interregional IGOs:

British Commonwealth. An organization that unites 54 states - former colonies of Great Britain. The goal is to maintain priority economic, trade and cultural ties between the former metropolis and its colonies.

Organization of the Islamic Conference. Interregional international organization. Founded in 1969 at the first summit of leaders of Muslim states in Rabat. The main goals of the Organization are economic, political and cultural.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private and informal associations:

Doctors Without Borders. International organization for the provision of medical assistance to people affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters.

Davos Forum. Swiss non-governmental organization, best known for organizing the annual Davos meetings. Leading business executives, political leaders, prominent thinkers and journalists are invited to the meetings.

London club. An informal organization of creditor banks created to settle the debts of foreign borrowers to members of this club.

International Red Cross (ICC). Humanitarian organization operating all over the world.

Parisian club. An informal intergovernmental organization of developed creditor countries, initiated by France.

"Big Seven" / "Eight". An international club uniting Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France and Japan.

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