family psychology 

Post natural fibers of plant origin. Natural fibers: origin and properties. The process of obtaining raw materials

LESSON DEVELOPMENT

technology teacher MBU gymnasium No. 35 g. o. Tolyatti

Subject: Technology

Lesson topic: Classification of textile fibers. natural fibres.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: to acquaint students with the classification of textile fibers, with cotton and linen fabrics; to form the ability to distinguish between textile fibers and fabrics; to form knowledge and skills of the correct use of cotton and linen fabrics.

Developing: develop creative perception, spatial thinking; develop an aesthetic perception of the world, observation, imagination, and creative abilities.

Educational: to cultivate the ability to cooperate, collectivism; establish contacts with peers and the teacher;

care, diligence, patience.

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Equipment:

1. Textbook "Technology". Simonenko VD.

2. Visual aids of the collections "Cotton", "Linen", "Textile fibers".

3. Posters and schemes for obtaining fabric in textile production.

4. Samples of cotton and linen fabrics.

5.Magnifiers, scissors, colored paper, workbook.

Dictionary Keywords: materials science, classification, textile fibers, cotton, linen fabrics.

Modern educational technologies used in the lesson:

1. Health-saving technology.

2. Technology of group work.

3. Problem-dialogic technology.

4. Technology of self-developing learning.

5. Information and communication technologies.


DURING THE CLASSES.

I.Organizing time. Valeopause according to health-saving technology. Breathing exercises .

Long awaited call.

The lesson starts.

Put your mind and heart into work!

Cherish every minute of your work!

Let's get ready for a good job. Let's take a deep breath.

Breathing exercises.

1.-Guys, stand up straight, arms at your sides, feet shoulder-width apart. Take short, like an injection, breaths, sniffing loudly. Nostrils - "front door" to the lungs, Inhale through the mouth - exhale through the emergency passage. 2. Take a deep long breath and without holding your breath - exhale. On the inhale, inflate the belly, on the exhale, retract the belly. Repeat 2-3 times. Well done! Now quietly take your jobs.

Checking students' readiness for the lesson. (Workbook, drawing tools, magnifying glass, sewing needle).

II. Updating of knowledge, skills and abilities. Problem dialogue.

Questions to repeat.

Problem dialogue.

1. Guys, tell me, what are the clothes that we wear made of?

2. Do you think it is possible to get clothes from wood or oil?

3. What is the fabric used to make clothes?

4. Why do we need to know about the origin and properties of fiber?

5.What kinds of fiber do you know?

6. What science studies the structure and properties of the fiber?

7. What fibers are called chemical?

III. Explanation of new material.

1. Word of the teacher. Lesson objectives.

Today in the lesson we will try to answer these questions and others in more detail. You will get acquainted with the classification of textile fibers, learn to distinguish between fibers and fabrics, find out what products can be made from cotton and linen fabrics.

There are many different things and products in the world. And the fabrics themselves are so different: smooth and fleecy, dense and thin, light and heavy, warm and cool ... But they are all called by one word - “fabrics”, which means they have a lot in common. If you look at any fabric through a magnifying glass, you will see the interlacing of the thread. To sew a product, you need to choose the right fabric, find out its properties. Therefore, before proceeding with the manufacture of a garment, we will get acquainted with the basics of sewing materials science.

2. Vocabulary and lexical work (work with terms). Video slide No. 1 "Fabrics and fibers"

Sewing material science studies the structure and properties of materials used for the manufacture of garments.

Fiber- These are very thin, flexible, durable threads, the length of which is several times greater than their transverse dimensions.

Textile fibers- these are fibers that are used to make yarn, thread, fabrics and other textile products.

Textile is a material that is made on a loom by interlacing yarn or threads.

Cotton fabric It is a material made from cotton fibres.

linen fabric- This is a material made from flax fibers.

natural fibers- these are fibers of plant, animal and mineral origin, which are formed in nature without human intervention,

3. Self-observation of students. Work with the table "Classification of textile fibers". Video slide number 2.

Dialogue on the topic: "Textile fibers".

The task:

1. Study the diagram in the video slide "Classification of textile fibers."


2. Answer the questions:-

What groups are textile fibers divided into?

What is the origin of textile fibers?

Animal origin

4. Individual messages of students (creative homework).

Chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic. From artificial, acetate and viscose fibers are obtained, and from synthetic nylon and lavsan. Scientists have long tried to unravel what silk is made of by a tight silkworm caterpillar. When checking the chemical composition of leaves and silk, it turned out: the leaves are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, that is, from cellulose; and silk, in addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, also contains nitrogen. This means that if cellulose is treated with nitric acid, silk threads can be obtained from it. People received such artificial silk and called it nitro silk. But a dress made from it is dangerous, as it is flammable. And the idea to get artificial silk from wood did not leave scientists. Finally, a method was invented when viscose was obtained from cellulose by processing with chemicals. At chemical factories, artificial silk and silk threads are obtained from viscose.

Natural fibers are divided into three groups: animal origin (wool, silk); mineral origin (asbestos); vegetable origin (linen, cotton).

1.Chemical fibers

2.Natural fibers

5. Valeopause according to health-saving technology.

Exercises for the musculoskeletal system.

6. Independent pair work of students according to the textbook.

The task:

1. Study the material on plant fibers on your own. (Page 5, No. 1).

2. Answer the questions:

What plants are plant fibers derived from?

What are the properties of cotton and linen fibers?

What are cotton fabrics called?

What products are made from fibers and fabrics of plant origin?

7. Doubles dialogue of students on the topic "Plant fibers" (Speech by one group).

8. Individual practical work on the topic "Natural fibers of plant origin" using an interactive whiteboard.

Materials and tools: collection "Fibres", magnifying glass, textbook, workbook.

The task:

1. Consider cotton and linen fibers.

2.Compare them in appearance and feel.

3. Fill in the table in your workbooks.

4. Draw a conclusion: what is the difference between cotton and linen fibers?

5. Give a detailed answer to this question.

8. The word of the teacher. Based on the primary ideas about the differences in plant fibers, conduct a comparative analysis of cotton and linen fabrics and conclude what properties linen and cotton fabrics have. The task.

9. Independent group work using an interactive whiteboard

Many things that we use every day, such as clothes, interior items, bed linen, etc., are made from fabrics with different properties. fabrics- This is a variety of structural materials. Comparing tissue samples, you can see that they are different, primarily in thickness. It depends on the threads from which the fabric is made, and the way they are interwoven with each other.

If you pull the threads from the edge of the fabric, unwind and fluff them, we will see that they consist of a large number of small, thin, but flexible and strong villi, which are called fiber-us. For such a study, you can use a training microscope or a loupe (magnifying glass). The length of the fibers is many times greater than their transverse dimensions and can vary from 5 mm in cotton to tens and hundreds of meters in natural silk.

Textile fibers divide by natural And chemical. Natural fibers are those found in nature. (Fig. 29). Fibers are natural vegetable origin: cotton, linen, hemp, jute, agave and others; fibers of animal origin: natural silk, wool; mineral origin(rock) - asbestos (see diagram).

Scheme


Chemical fibers obtained artificially from different materials - products of wood processing, oil, gas, coal, etc. Man-made fibers have properties that natural fibers do not have and complement or replace them. Chemical fibers include kapron, lavsan, etc.

Translated from Greek, the word asbestos means "indestructible", "inextinguishable". material from the site

The most important feature of asbestos products is fire resistance. Therefore, this mineral fiber is a raw material for the manufacture of refractory fabrics and cardboard.

Under a microscope, textile fibers look like this:


textile refers to a fiber that is used to make yarn, thread, fabrics and nonwovens.

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search

Questions about this item:

  • What is fiber?
  • How is fiber different from textile fiber?
  • What are textile fibers?

Textile fibers can be natural and chemical.

Natural fibers are those that are found in nature. Fibers consist of substances related to macromolecular compounds - polymers. Of the substances found in nature, polymers include, for example, cellulose - the main part of plant fibers, keratin and fibroin - the main protein substances that make up wool and silk.

The most important natural textile fiber is cotton. At ginneries, raw cotton (cotton seeds covered with cotton fiber) is cleaned from plant impurities (parts of bolls, leaves, etc.) that have fallen during the cotton harvest, and then the fibers are separated from the seeds on special fiber separators. Then the fiber is pressed into bales and sent to a spinning mill.

The length of the cotton fibers is mostly just over 20 mm. Cotton fiber - thin, but durable, well dyed. Cotton is used to make fine, uniform and strong yarn and make a wide variety of fabrics from it - from the finest cambric and voile to thick upholstery fabrics and cord for car tires.

Textile fibers are also obtained from the stems and leaves of plants. Such fibers are called bast. They are thin (linen, ramie) and coarse (hemp, jute, etc.). Various fabrics are made from fine fibers, burlap, ropes and ropes are made from coarse fibers.

Wool has long been known to people. Sheep provide the bulk of the wool. In terms of its importance for the national economy, wool ranks second after cotton. It has many very valuable properties: it is light, conducts heat poorly and absorbs moisture well. At primary processing factories, wool is freed from dirt and impurities. Fibers that are identical in their properties are combined into common batches. Wool is used to make smooth thin yarn, as well as fluffy, thick yarn. Fabrics made of smooth yarn are strong, light, wrinkle a little. Various clothes are sewn from them - dresses, suits, coats. From fluffy and thick yarn, heavy fabrics (cloth) are produced, having a large thickness and a fleecy surface. Wool is the only natural fiber from which, by felting (entanglement of fibers), various felts and other elastic and dense materials can be obtained.

And natural silk is obtained in this way. When the time comes for the silkworm caterpillar to turn into a chrysalis in order to become a butterfly, it releases a thin thread. With its help, the caterpillar is attached to a dry branch and weaves a shell - a cocoon - from this thread. Cocoons are collected, heated with steam and unwound on special machines. When unwinding, the threads of several cocoons (from 3 to 30) are connected, which are firmly glued together with a special substance - sericin, contained in the threads themselves. This thread is called raw silk. After twisting raw silk, twisted silk is obtained, from which beautiful and durable knitwear is made.

There is a fiber of mineral origin - asbestos (mountain flax), from which thermal and electrical insulation, fire suits, etc. are made.

The need for chemical fibers arose already in the 19th century. The population of the planet grew rapidly, new branches of technology began to develop, consuming large quantities of fiber, and natural raw materials - cotton, wool, flax and silk - were not enough.

Chemical fibers are called 2 main types of fibers - artificial and synthetic. The simplest for chemical technology of the late XIX - early XX century. It turned out to be the creation of an artificial fiber obtained by chemical processing of natural macromolecular compounds, such as cellulose, the main component of wood. The great Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev attached great importance to the creation of artificial fiber from cellulose. He wrote: “A pood of finished fibers will cost less than a pood of cotton. In this alone, a great future is already visible ... "

Currently, viscose copper-ammonia, acetate and other artificial fibers are obtained from cellulose. They go to the manufacture of staple and silk fabrics, cord and many other household and industrial products. Artificial fibers are cheaper than natural fibers and surpass them in a number of properties. By changing the nature and modes of chemical processing of cellulose into fiber, it is possible to influence its strength, chemical resistance, elasticity, and thickness. However, the ability to change the properties of artificial fibers is still limited, since they are based on the same high-molecular compound as natural ones.

A completely different matter is synthetic fibers, the production of which turned out to be under the power of only modern chemistry. Synthetic fibers are produced by polymerization of relatively simple chemical monomers. By using monomers of different nature and by targeting the polymerization reaction conditions and the process of spinning a fiber from a melt or polymer solution, it is possible to synthesize fibers with many predetermined properties. Raw materials for synthetic fibers are practically inexhaustible - these are oil, natural gas, coal and coke oven gas, waste from pulp and paper, food and other industries.

Resistance to aggressive environments, high mechanical strength, elasticity and other valuable qualities of synthetic fibers have made them indispensable for use in modern technology. Particularly strong cord for tires of wheels of modern cars, aircraft, ropes and cables, superior to steel, filtering partitions, semi-permeable membranes, numerous fabrics - this is not a complete list of the use of only one synthetic fiber - nylon. But now the industry produces dozens of brands of synthetic fibers - kapron, enanth, lavsan, nitron ... And each new type of fiber is new areas of its application, sometimes the most unexpected.

The production of chemical fibers can be conditionally divided into 4 stages. The first is getting the source material. If natural macromolecular compounds serve as raw materials for the manufacture of artificial fibers, then they are pre-purified from impurities. For synthetic fibers, this stage consists in the synthesis of polymers. Then prepare the spinning mass. At this stage, the polymers are dissolved or transferred to a molten state. Next, the solution or melt is thoroughly cleaned of undissolved particles and air bubbles and dyes are added. The third stage is fiber formation. This is the most important and responsible operation. The spinning mass is forced through a spinneret - a disk with many small holes. Thin streams emerging from the holes are blown with air, and the fiber solidifies due to the evaporation of the solvent or the cooling of the melt. The last one is fiber finishing. The fibers are cleaned of impurities that have fallen on them during the molding process. Often at this stage, the fiber is also treated with a fat-containing solution to make it more slippery. This facilitates fiber processing in textile factories. The production of chemical fibers is completed by drying and winding the fiber onto spools and spools.

The fiber is ready. Now its path lies in factories and plants, where it will turn into a variety of products.

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Category: Industry in B 


Natural fibers (cotton, flax and others) are the main raw materials for the domestic textile industry. They are made from various natural products.

Origin of natural fibers

Raw materials, we repeat, are obtained from various products. Depending on the material, the fibers differ from each other in quality, appearance, and other characteristics. At the same time, there is a category of the most commonly used raw materials. In the textile industry, they are in the first place in terms of application. Their characteristics depend on the characteristics of the crops from which the raw materials are made. In addition, natural fibers of animal origin are used. These include, for example, wool, silk.

Properties of natural fibers

As mentioned above, the characteristics of raw materials depend on the characteristics of the products from which they are obtained. The most common are cotton fibers. They are obtained from a specially grown crop. Cotton is cultivated in more than 50 countries. It is a perennial thermophilic culture. The plant looks like a shrub, the height of which is from one meter or more. Every year, after flowering, fruits are formed on the culture. They are presented in the form of boxes with seeds. They are covered by 7 to 15 thousand hairs. They are cotton fibres. The length of the hairs is in the range of 12-60 mm. The longer they are, the better the yarn and fabrics. Textiles are produced from natural fibers, which can be easily dyed and processed. As a rule, the feedstock for industry has a white or brown color. Meanwhile, at present, cultivation technologies can produce colored

Bast raw materials

natural fibers obtained from the stems and leaves of various crops. These, for example, include jute, flax, nettle and others. Linen is considered the thinnest, most flexible and softest. From them, yarn is first created. Strong and soft fabrics are subsequently produced from it. Linen is of several types. The length of the fibers depends on the height of the stem. The most valuable in the industrial sense is fiber flax. Its stems can reach a height of 0.8-1 m. Low-quality gives curly flax.

The process of obtaining raw materials

Ripe flax stalks are pulled out along with the roots. This is necessary to maintain the length of the fibers. This process is called "pulling". Previously, it was done manually. Currently, special combines are working in the fields. On flax threshers, the stalks are freed from seeds. The resulting straw is soaked in special pools or other bodies of water. Part of the flax stem is the bast. It is located under the bark. In the form of thin ligaments, it contains fibers. Their isolation from the stems is carried out at special plants. The enterprises use a special technology for separating the fibers from the bark and their subsequent processing. The soaked stems are dried. Then they are crushed and shaken. After that, the natural fibers are bleached because they have a light yellow, turning into a steel color.

Other cultures

The fibers of other plants are coarse and hard. They are mainly used in the manufacture of ropes, canvas, burlap, ropes, etc. For example, hemp fiber - natural material and similar to linen in many ways. However, it is not as soft. In this regard, it is used, as a rule, in the production of canvas, burlap, twine, ropes. Bast is obtained not only from the stems. Leaves can also be used as a raw material, for example.

Silk

For its production, fibers are used, which are obtained from silkworm cocoons. They are formed at a certain stage of caterpillar development. They weave a cocoon, which is an oblong egg-shaped shell. It consists of the finest fiber, which is interwoven in 40-50 layers. The thread is formed as follows. There are two holes on the head just below the caterpillar's mouth. A thick liquid is released from them, which freezes in the air. Her education is ongoing. As a result, 2 strands are formed, which are glued together with sericin. This is a special substance that is also secreted by the caterpillar. As a result, one thread is created, which goes to weave a cocoon.

Industrial processing

The color of the cocoon depends on the type of silkworm. They are reddish-yellow, white, yellowish. Other types of silkworms are also bred, which weave pale pink, green, blue cocoons. However, it should be said that the natural color of the threads is not stable. In addition, colored fibers can subsequently complicate the dyeing process. Before further use in industry, cocoons are bleached.

To obtain high quality fibers, cocoons are treated with steam or hot air. The pupae in them are killed, and to prevent decomposition, they are dried. If this is not done, then the insect will turn into a butterfly and begin to get out of the cocoon. Accordingly, it will be subjected to mechanical damage, which negatively affects the quality of the threads. Before winding the fibers, the cocoons are placed in pools filled with hot water. Then they are treated with steam and alkaline solutions. This is necessary to soften the sericin. One cocoon gives about 400-1200 m of thread. However, it is very thin. Therefore, fibers from 3 to 30 cocoons are combined into one.

Wool

What other natural fibers are used in industry? Animals give industry and wool. It is also processed to obtain threads. Wool has a variety of qualities and characteristics. Differences are present in the fibers of one animal of different species. For example, from sheep's wool, the one that is obtained from fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep is of great value. In the process of cutting, the hairline is removed in a continuous layer. Fleece varies in quality. The most valuable fibers are located on the back, abdomen, shoulder blades. The hair on the legs and back is coarse. However, down is considered the highest quality and most valuable. Its fibers are flexible, elastic and thin. The quality of wool largely depends on the time of cutting. The fibers obtained in the spring will be softer. They have a lot of fluff. In autumn it is almost absent in wool. Therefore, these fibers are rigid. However, the autumn wool is cleaner than the spring one. Among the fibers are distinguished:

  1. The awn is a thick fiber.
  2. Transitional hair. According to its characteristics, it occupies an intermediate place between the awn and down.
  3. Dead hair. It is presented in the form of rigid and low-strength fibers.

Processing features

The properties of the yarn will depend on the quality of the fibers used to make it. The best varieties are made from fluff. The quality of fibers is determined not only by their strength, softness, fineness, but also by their length. She, in turn, will depend on the breed of sheep. The length of wool can reach 180-200 mm. Raw materials are always subjected to primary processing. It includes sorting, cleaning of garbage (clods of earth, burdock, etc.). Then detachment, loosening is performed. After that, the wool is washed and dried. Sorting is done manually. Fleece is laid out on special tables. Here it is divided into parts. In accordance with certain quality standards, the wool in the batch is selected. Washing is carried out with special compositions with the addition of detergents. This is necessary to remove fat particles.

Chemical raw materials

With the development of technology, it became possible to produce artificial and The main reason for the use of chemistry in the production of raw materials is the high demand for textiles. The available resources could not meet the needs of the population. Obtaining artificial raw materials is carried out using These, in particular, include cotton, wood and other cellulose, milk proteins, etc. These substances are chemically treated with nitric, sulfuric, acetic acids, acetone, caustic soda, and so on. As a result, viscose, nitro silk, acetate, copper-ammonia silk are obtained.

Synthetic raw materials

They are obtained by processing different products. Among them: oil and coal, associated and natural gases, agricultural waste and pulp and paper production. High molecular weight resins are isolated from substances. They act as the starting material for the production of synthetic raw materials. Processing and processing of resins is carried out according to a special, rather complex technology. Among the most widely used are nylon, lavsan, kapron, milan, PVC and others. Chemical raw materials are given certain qualitative characteristics in advance. In particular, it is durable, resistant to moisture, paint, etc.

mixed raw materials

The chemical and natural fibers mentioned above are homogeneous materials. Meanwhile, today the mixing of raw materials is gaining more and more popularity. The introduction of new technologies in textile production provides ample opportunities for obtaining a huge range of yarn. Natural fibers can be mixed both with each other and with artificial and synthetic materials. For example, they combine nylon and linen, nylon and wool. To obtain semi-silk and semi-woolen fabrics, not only a mixture of fibers is used. New technologies of weaving are actively applied. In particular, when creating a canvas, the warp threads are the yarn of some fibers, and the weft - of others.

Conclusion

The textile industry is considered one of the largest manufacturing sectors. High-quality raw materials must be used to manufacture demanded products. It must comply with state standards, be subjected to careful processing. This is important for fibers of any origin, including chemical ones. It should be noted that advanced production technologies are constantly being introduced in the industry. This, in turn, requires the supply of new types of raw materials.

Class: 6

Goals:

  1. To acquaint students with the production and properties of animal fibers; to conduct a comparative analysis of natural fibers of plant and animal origin. Investigate the properties of animal fibers by the organoleptic method.
  2. Contribute to the formation of ideas about the world of professions.
  3. Develop skills in determining material by fibrous composition; outlook, ability to analyze, make generalizations.
  4. Cultivate a neat, careful attitude to things; respect for other people's work.

Lesson type: theoretical.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, geography, literature, biology.

Material and technical equipment:

  1. Posters: "Textile fibers", "Spinner", "Primary processing of wool", "Primary processing of silk", "Golden Fleece", "Spinning Loom", "Loom", "Spindles".
  2. Crossword for repeating the section "Materials Science" Grade 5
  3. Distaff, spindle, wool for spinning
  4. Collections: "Fabrics made from natural silk", "Fabrics made from natural wool", "Wool processing sequence"
  5. Laboratory work "Studying the properties of wool and silk fibers"
  6. Handout and tools for laboratory work
  7. Cards with spelling words for the dictionary and the names of professions
  8. Images of animals: goat, rabbit, sheep of various breeds, camel, dog.
  9. DVD projector, screen

Object of labor: tissue samples

Preliminary work: Reading Myths of Ancient Greece. Golden Fleece”, repeat the section “Materials Science” in the notebook for grade 5.

Homework for the next lesson: textbook p. 1-2, workbook tasks 22-29, pick up tissue samples from natural fibers of animal origin.

Course progress.

1. Organizational part of the lesson.

Greeting, checking the presence of students in the class, readiness for the lesson.

2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

From the first days of life, a person is faced with a variety of tissues that have different properties. When you were very young, your mothers wrapped you in soft, warm diapers. If it got cold, she asked me to put on a warm jacket. Now you are adults, and you can independently purchase the necessary things. Each of us has certain requirements for garments, which are more related to the materials from which this product is made. This year you will make a more complex product than in 5th grade, so the knowledge gained in materials science lessons will help you when choosing a fabric for making a skirt.

The topic of our lesson is Natural fibers of animal origin.

3. Consolidation of previously covered material, preparation for the perception of new material.

Let's remember what you already know. I suggest you solve the crossword puzzle.

Crossword.

Vertically:

  1. Fibers are divided into ... and chemical.
  2. Cups turn white on the stems,
    They have threads and shirts.
  3. Fabric made in the 12th century by Baptiste de Chabret in France.
  4. The process of obtaining a thread from fibers ...
  5. A plant whose fibers serve as raw material for the production of coarse tissue.
  6. What is the name of the fabric removed from the loom.

Horizontally:

  1. Weaving weave.
  2. Call it "Russian silk".
  3. I walk along the fabric.
  4. My brother walks across the fabric.
  5. The side of the fabric with a bright, clear pattern.
  6. A product made on a loom.
  7. Cotton, pile fabric
  8. What is the fabric made of?
  9. Cotton fabric, which is used for sewing bed linen and diapers.

The graphic image of the crossword puzzle is located on the board. The student who gives the correct answer writes it down in a crossword puzzle and gets a token.

Summing up the crossword puzzle.

4. Explanation of new material.

Work according to the scheme "Spinning fibers".

Consider the diagram on the blackboard. Read its title.

Recall what spinning fibers are?

(The fibers from which yarn is obtained are called spinning fibres.)

What two large groups are they divided into?

How are these two groups different?

What fibers did you study in 5th grade?

At your workplace there is a table “Comparative characteristics of cotton, flax, wool, silk fibers”. You completed the first two columns of the table in 5th grade. Consider them. You will complete the last two columns in today's lesson.

Comparative characteristics of cotton, linen, wool and silk fibers

Appearance and properties of fibers

cotton

wool

Silk

Light gray

White, black, red

Unsharp

Not very sharp

Thickness (thinness)

Very thin

crimp

Loosely crimped

heavily twisted

Softness

Smoothness

fluffy

fluffy

strength

Why do you think you need to know the properties of fibers?

(The properties of the fibers affect the properties of the fabrics from which they are made.)

Today we will study natural fibers of animal origin. This group includes natural wool and natural silk.

(Recording the scheme in a notebook).

(As the educational material is explained, students enter information into the table “Comparative characteristics of cotton, flax, wool, silk fibers”).

Wool.

Natural wool fibers are animal hair: goats, sheep, camels, dogs, rabbits, llamas 10-250 mm long.

Sheep give the bulk of the wool - this is about 90% of the total volume of wool. Sheep breeding in Russia is carried out in the foothills of the Caucasus and the Volga region. Semi-fine-fleeced and coarse-wooled sheep are bred here.

(Showing images of sheep of different breeds, examining a collection of fabrics).

Depending on the thickness of the fibers that form the sheep's hairline, the wool is divided into fine, semi-fine, semi-coarse and coarse.

Fine wool consists of thin, crimped, downy fibers uniform in thickness and length.

Semi-fine wool includes thicker down and transitional fibers.

Semi-coarse wool includes downy and thicker transitional fibers.

Coarse wool includes thick fibers.

Wool sheared from a live sheep is stretchy and soft, provides good air circulation and retains heat.

The wool obtained from the Merino sheep is especially valued. this coat is very long and thin. Very thin, durable yarn is made from the wool of this breed of sheep, and then high-quality, light, expensive fabrics are woven. Such sheep are bred in England and New Zealand. Moreover, the basis of the New Zealand economy is export, i.е. export from the country, dairy products and sheep's wool. Such wool is valued like gold, and a thoroughbred animal costs like an expensive car.

Wool is called fleece in another way, it is removed with special scissors and sheared, and the time of shearing one sheep should not exceed 3 minutes.

Since the sheep are grazing outdoors, the wool is heavily soiled, so the fibers first go through the primary processing.

Yarn is obtained at spinning mills compressed in packages of 250 kg. The fibers are subjected to loosening and scutching on loosening and scutching machines. These machines are serviced by operators. In machines, the fibers are cleaned of weed impurities. The fibers exit the scutcher in the form of a web, which is rolled up.

Then the canvas goes to the carding machine, where it is passed between two surfaces covered with thin metal needles. The combed canvas is converted into a ribbon.

The tape enters the tape machines, where it is pulled out and slightly twisted - a roving is obtained.

Then the roving goes to the spinning mill, where yarn is made.

(Work according to the schemes at the students' workplaces simultaneously with the teacher's explanation).

Production of woolen fabrics

Primary processing of wool fibers

  1. Fiber sorting
  2. Scutching (loosening and picking up debris) in the loosening and scutching machines
  3. Washing fibers with soap and soda
  4. Drying fibers

Preparatory production

  1. Carding (carding shop) - obtaining a fibrous sliver
  2. Tape shop - alignment of the direction of the wool fibers in the tape, stretching, reducing the tape in thickness (thinness) on the tape machine
  3. Roving shop – twisting and drawing the fiber sliver into a roving

Spinning production

Drawing and twisting the roving into wool yarn on a spinning machine and winding in the form of cobs. Thicker and coarser yarn is obtained from short woolen fibers, and thin, even, smooth yarn is obtained from long ones.

Weaving

Fabric production.

Finishing production

Bleaching, dyeing

(Showing the main products of the spinning process. Recording the scheme in a notebook).

Tell me, have you heard the word "fleece" before? When?

The fact is that the Colchis described in the myth is Georgia. The inhabitants of certain high-mountainous villages of Georgia had a method of extracting gold in mountain rivers. The skin of a ram was lowered for some time into the stream of a mountain river, and grains of gold lingered between the villi. After some time, the skin was taken out and fixed on hangers, the gold fell on the canvas laid below as the skin dried. It should be noted that not much gold was mined in this way, and soon he moved away.

And how did you get yarn in the old days?

(A story about spinning wheels and spindles, spinning machines, showing images on the screen. Showing the teacher how to spin goat down on a homemade spindle without a spinning wheel).

A spinning wheel is a device for hand spinning. The spinning wheel has a comb, a tow was attached to it, from which the spinner pulled the thread with his left hand, and with his right hand he twisted this thread onto the spindle.

Characteristics of woolen fabrics

Fine and semi-fine wool is used in the production of fine dress and suit fabrics; coarse wool is used in the production of felt, felt boots.

Woolen fabrics get dirty a little, wrinkle a little, absorb water, retain heat well, almost do not wrinkle, drape well, and have a large dust capacity. Woolen fabrics have the property of rolling, piled fibers.

Woolen fabrics are produced plain-dyed, multicolored, printed or printed.

The marking "natural wool" is allowed to be used if the composition of the fibers of woolen fabrics contains no more than 7% of other fibers. The label "pure natural wool" is put if the composition of the fabric contains no more than 0.3% of other fibers.

Wool products are washed with special detergents at a water temperature of 30, do not rub, do not twist, do not soak for a long time. Laundered products are laid out on a flat surface until completely dry.

Silk.

Silk fibers are silkworm cocoons unwound into the thinnest thread.

From biology, you know that a butterfly lays eggs, caterpillars emerge from them, then the caterpillars wind the finest threads around themselves (chrysalis), and a butterfly emerges from the chrysalis.

Silk was first made in ancient China. For disclosing the secret of making silk fabric, they were sentenced to death. Silk fabrics were exported to the Mediterranean countries. The route along which the fabrics were transported was called the Great Silk Road. You were told about this in history class.

Very light, beautiful and durable fabrics are obtained from silk fibers.

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What do you think, what products are best made from silk fabrics?

A thread thinner than a human hair and 700-800 meters long is wound from one cocoon. The fiber is straight, white and smooth. The thread is wound immediately from 6-8 cocoons. Such silk is called raw silk.

Consider the process of processing cocoons.

Primary processing

  1. Collecting silkworm cocoons
  2. Steam treatment
  3. Hot air drying
  4. Getting silk - raw
  5. Winding silk threads

Characteristics of silk fabrics

Silk fabrics are beautiful, durable, thin, soft, have a shiny and smooth surface, are hygroscopic, breathable.

Summing up the results of filling out the table "Comparative characteristics of the fibers of wool, silk, cotton, flax."

5. Consolidation of theoretical information during the frontal survey.

  • What is wool?
  • What is another word for wool?
  • What is included in the primary processing of wool fibers?
  • Describe wool fibers.
  • How is silk fiber obtained?
  • Describe silk fibers.
  • Find the differences between wool fibers and silk fibers.
  • How do the properties of fibers affect the properties of fabrics? Give examples.