Palmistry 

Waste sorting as a business: organizational aspects, types and prices of production lines, enterprise profitability. Waste sorting in Russia - Waste tradition Location of the workshop and requirements for the premises

Strange as it may sound, but the development of civilization is increasingly affecting the ordinary existence of man. It would seem that a trifle like the emergence of new types of packaging for goods automatically increases the amount of garbage in landfills. The problem of disposal of municipal solid waste has grown into one of the most important problems of modern civilization. Huge amounts of garbage accumulate in landfills, buried, burned. But a significant part of the garbage can be recycled and make money on it.

About 400 million tons of new waste is generated annually in the world. The growth rates of landfills are ahead of any forecasts and even outstrip population growth, for example, the world's population is increasing by 1.5-2% per year, and the volume of landfills by 6% per year. Each city dweller throws about 400 kg of waste into the landfill during the year.

We never thought about the fact that many items of our everyday life were already garbage in the past. Take a closer look, plastic or cardboard packaging, all kinds of containers, basins, boxes, buckets, toys, clothes, books, magazines ... this list can be continued for a very long time. Polyester fiber, aluminum alloys - all this is also extracted from ordinary household waste. In developed countries, the percentage of use of secondary resources extracted from garbage is quite high, for example: in Japan, more than 65% of literature is printed on recycled paper.

The structure of municipal solid waste has changed significantly over the past decades. If at the beginning of the last century the garbage dumps of cities consisted mainly of food residues, now in the first place are such components as paper, glass, metals, polymers, rubber, inert and building materials. It is especially difficult to dispose of unsorted waste, which is the vast majority in Russian conditions. Today, mankind uses three ways of waste disposal: landfill, waste incineration and composting. Moreover, waste disposal is the simplest and most common type of waste management. But in addition to territorial problems associated with the "reconquest" of more and more new lands, such landfills entail a whole trail of related problems. Long periods of natural decomposition of garbage in the natural environment is one of them, for example, paper takes up to 10 years to decompose, a tin can - more than 90 years, plastic - up to 500 years. And rubber products and glass bottles are not recycled in the usual way. The next problem is ecology, hence air, soil and groundwater pollution, as well as high epidemiological danger. Well, the third problem is that the vast majority of existing landfills will be filled in the coming years if the current practice of dumping waste continues. This means that other technologies for waste disposal are needed, related not to their burial, but to recycling.

Sorting equipment

It is this method of waste processing that includes the sorting of municipal solid waste, which has long been familiar in Europe and America. The main goal of complex sorting is the maximum extraction of recyclable components from the entire mass of MSW. The main varieties of such secondary raw materials include waste paper, rubber products, plastics and polymers, glass containers, wood waste, non-ferrous and ferrous metals. In the structure of the waste stream, the most common type of urban waste is paper and cardboard - up to 35% of the total mass, then plastic - up to 15%, then textiles - up to 11%, glass - up to 8% and metal - up to 4%, the rest is organic . And only 6% of household waste cannot be used.

The sorting equipment offered today can be divided into several types: with automatic or manual sorting of waste, in a stationary or mobile version, on a road or even on a railway track. Various options for waste sorting complexes are offered by both European and Russian companies. The "stuffing" for all is approximately the same: a platform for the passage of special vehicles, a checkpoint, a weighing platform, an overpass for vehicles for unloading solid waste, the main production building, warehouses for storing secondary raw materials, platforms for accessing and loading road trains with recycled materials.

The “mechanics” of the main actions are also practically the same: garbage is brought in by garbage trucks, weighed and checked for radiation, then it enters the receiving department, where, after removing large parts, the waste gets rid of small items. After that, fine fractions of waste are transported by conveyors to self-unloading storage bins. At the next stage, most of the food waste, foliage, organics, small glass vials, glass fragments, metal and plastic bottle caps, small waste paper, and batteries are eliminated. Next, a range of large items are sieved, such as plastic bottles, aluminum cans, gas cartridges, bottles of 0.33 l and 0.5 l, food packaging, lumpy food waste, wood waste, medicine boxes, disposable tableware, tubes of household chemicals, kitchen utensils, etc.

The waste cleaned in this way is fed to a belt conveyor, the drive drum of which is made of a magnetic material and acts as a metal separator, and then to the sorting table conveyor located in the sorting cabin. Passing through the sorting table, the objects that have previously passed shaking and metal selection are manually or automatically sorted to extract useful recyclable materials. Items received on the sorting table are approximately equal in size, which allows them to be removed with maximum productivity. Selected useful secondary materials are sent to their pre-storage departments (storage chambers). The percentage of recyclables withdrawn on the conveyors of preliminary and final sorting can reach 85-95%. The non-utilizable part of MSW after compaction is transported to a landfill for subsequent disposal.

Industry personalities

Stationary waste sorting complexes are the largest group of equipment on offer. It is understandable - during the construction of such an object, the need for garbage processing, for example, of an entire city, is covered. Company OOO Husmann Rus, being the official representative of the company Husmann in Russia, offers equipment with a capacity of 5,000 to 500,000 tons of MSW per year. Sorting lines of this brand are usually used when the sorting site is at a considerable distance from the landfill at a distance of 20 km or more. A distinctive feature of this manufacturer is the use of special reloading presses of a series of different capacities, which effectively compress unused waste fractions, thereby reducing the area of ​​waste disposal at landfills, which in turn reduces the cost of transporting waste to their disposal site, and also significantly extends the life of the landfill . Stationary presses for "tails" (non-recyclable waste) can be equipped with storage containers of various sizes and automatic container handling systems. The sorting lines mainly use the conveyor loading of the reloading press.

Waste sorting complexes based on presses MP Husmann save the environment and profitably solve the problem of waste disposal. All equipment is made of high-quality steel, suitable for use in an aggressive environment and thought out to the smallest detail, ranging from ease of use, when only one person can service the installation, and ending with ease of service with the availability and easy replacement of all technological units. The quality of the equipment is also evidenced by the fact that a significant part of all sorting lines produced by other companies are equipped with Husmann presses.

GC "Ekomtech" also manufactures and sells complexes for sorting solid waste. When developing equipment, the company relies on both traditional and innovative design solutions. Among the proposed solutions are waste sorting complexes with a capacity of 80,000 to 160,000 tons of MSW per year. The customer has a choice, for example, it is possible to complete the sorting line with a magnetic separator for separating cans, large metal and a rotary-type separator for screening out fine metal fractions up to 80 mm in size. Bulky waste is separated at the receiving area and fed into the shredder. A high-performance automatic horizontal press is installed to remove valuable debris. In addition to standard solutions, we also offer transfer stations for manual sorting of solid waste with a single feeding and sorting conveyor with variable speed, which replaces two separate conveyors: feeding and sorting. For sorting and packaging cardboard, paper, PET, etc., recycled pressing lines are produced. The complex is available to order and in the version with automatic sorting. Ekomtekh Group of Companies is also ready to offer its customers waste sorting complexes with the possibility of producing RDF fuel.

CJSC EcoNatsProject, subsidiary ZAO Kominvest-AKMT, is a developer and supplier of equipment for waste management, successfully implements projects for the construction of turnkey waste sorting complexes with a capacity of 40,000 to 400,000 tons / year and more. As standard, the waste sorting complex includes a grinder for preliminary grinding of large pieces of waste, a screen for dividing the waste stream into several fractions by size, a sorting platform with manual or automatic selection of recyclables from the waste stream. A magnetic separator is also installed for separating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals, conveyors and presses for pressing selected valuable fractions or screening fractions for storage and transportation. In addition, the company offers packers for safe long-term storage of waste or packaging of recovered secondary raw materials, as well as for packaging RDF fuel.

It is gratifying that the Cominvest-AKMT company itself is actively developing the direction of waste processing, offering its customers equipment for its sorting, as well as related products. To meet the technological needs of waste processing facilities, the company offers conveyors, shredders, separators, screens and all kinds of presses. Being an official dealer Doppstadt, the company supplies high-quality equipment for waste processing from a German manufacturer. The range of products includes stationary and mobile waste shredders, various crushers for shredding garbage, drum or disk screens and screw extruders for separating liquid and solid fractions of biodegradable waste.

Branded PRESSMAX various types of press equipment for waste processing are produced: cardboard, paper, metal shavings, PET, aluminum bottles, film, textile production waste and other municipal solid waste. Waste sorting lines are produced with a capacity of 50,000 to 200,000 tons/year. Standard waste sorting stations consist of several conveyors and are produced exclusively using imported components: INNOVARI gearboxes, ESQ frequency converters, Craft bearings. Options include a press for waste paper, cardboard, polyethylene, PET bottles or a press for pressing metal chips, aluminum cans, cans, metal scraps, metal drums and other metal waste, as well as a press for metal, plastic, paper and other waste, and also "tails". The proposed solutions from PRESSMAX for waste sorting complexes cover the needs of cities with a population of up to 1,000,000 people.

Mobile complexes for sorting municipal solid waste are necessary when their frequent movement from place to place is required. The benefit is obvious: the mobility of the equipment allows you to quickly move it from place to place without expensive dismantling and to sort waste directly at the landfill before dumping waste, thereby reducing transport costs to zero.

CJSC "Tiskond" offers company equipment Hammel(Germany). The capacity of the lines offered by the company can be up to 120,000 tons of MSW per year. They are completed with various additional equipment under the order. Depending on the volume of sorted waste, the line can be served by 8 to 16 people. The power consumption of the line is 22 kW. Mobile waste sorting complexes Hammel are installed on a solid surface using concrete or asphalt pavement, if necessary, they can be easily transferred to a new location. Sorting lines can also be used in cases where, instead of household waste, it is urgent to sort bulky or industrial waste.

The use of such equipment is very important for large cities and large industrial centers. A feature of the Hammel equipment is the use of unified pressing equipment, which can be used both for pressing waste and for pressing recyclable materials. Additionally, the waste sorting line can be equipped with a preliminary and secondary shredder for bulky materials, at the request of the customer - with a diesel or electric drive. Thanks to the patented two-shaft waste handling principle, the size of the shredded material at the exit is from 150 to 400 mm. Hammel's versatile mobile plants can process and sort all types of industrial and domestic waste, offering a complete waste sorting solution.

LLC "Ural-Sot" from the Sverdlovsk region manufactures mobile sorting lines and offers four main models with different directions. So, Ural-Sot-2 with a sorting volume from 800 to 900 m 3 per shift is used at landfills and transfer sites. Ural-Sot-3– self-propelled sorting complex with a capacity of up to 200 m 3 per shift, can operate autonomously in small settlements, in summer cottages and during the liquidation of unauthorized dumps. Ural-Sot-4– a version suitable for work, except for standard conditions, and for sorting old, stale landfills with a processing volume of 3000–4000 m 3. Ural-Sot-5 is a mini sorting complex that replaces containers in sleeping areas.

Mobile sorting lines developed by Ural-Sot LLC fully solve the tasks of sorting solid waste at landfills, transfer sites, spontaneous or temporary dumps, effectively processing glass or plastic containers, metal structures, aluminum cans, cardboard, etc. In the event of a lack of electricity at the landfill, the complex can have a diesel power plant with a capacity of 30 kW. The MSW sorting line itself is an insulated “car” on a semi-trailer platform for 14 jobs with a conveyor installed in the center. To heat the workplaces, 4 electric heaters of 2 kW each are installed. The room also has a control panel, ventilation and lighting. It is worth noting that the wagons from which the lines are assembled can be transported on roads without obtaining a permit from the traffic police.

Engineering company LLC "GREENEX"(Ukraine) offers a mobile sorting complex on a railway track. The sorting line is only part of a large complex for the maintenance of railway tracks with the processing of solid waste. Maud. TKPO-300 can be used as a waste sorting plant with a capacity of 300 kg/h. The complex itself is, in fact, a waste incineration plant serving the access roads of seaports and major railway junctions. The specifics of work at such facilities prompted the designers of the enterprise to create an installation that combines the sorting of solid waste with the extraction of recyclable materials and further disinfection and incineration of the residue. This approach allowed for maximum economic and environmental efficiency. The complex quickly moves to a given point along the existing railway tracks, the accumulated garbage is fed to the receiving and sorting line, where recyclables are extracted from it, while the waste does not go to the landfill, but to thermal destruction. In addition to the mobile railway version, the complex can be made on a car platform or in a stationary container version.

With the development of the direction of sorting municipal solid waste, more and more plants appear that produce waste sorting complexes of various capacities. Competition is only beneficial - for example, many of the companies equip their lines with ultraviolet lamps, which allows, in the process of sorting garbage, to disinfect it from pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms present on the surface of the waste before feeding the garbage to the sorting table. Video surveillance systems, fire extinguishing systems, wastewater collection and disinfection systems are being installed - all this is done for the benefit of employees.

Attempts to alleviate the heavy manual labor in sorting waste are also being made by a large number of designers - not so long ago, a Finnish company ZenRobotics created a special robotic line for sorting municipal solid waste. Modern technology, which is based on an adaptive search algorithm and a set of various sensors, makes it possible for an industrial robot to determine, in addition to size, the materials that make up an object, and quickly and accurately direct it to the right storage container or to the right conveyor belt for processing. These robotic capabilities greatly increase the overall pre-sorting efficiency compared to traditional manual sorting.

Summing up, I must say, to my deep regret, that numerous foreign waste sorting complexes previously delivered to Russia, in most cases, do not work as efficiently and with lower productivity than stated by manufacturers. All of them are technically flawless, but they are designed to work with other incoming raw materials - previously sorted, following the example of countries where a system of separate collection and transportation of waste has been established for decades, and in Russia, and, perhaps, in the entire post-Soviet space, this system does not work. The mentality of the majority of Russians still does not accept waste separation schemes, out of habit sending everything to the trash can. According to experts, it will take about 15 years to establish a separate principle of waste collection among the population - thus, companies involved in sorting municipal solid waste have time to develop this “golden” business.

In Russia, there are 11 thousand landfills and landfills, 4 waste incineration plants, 5 waste processing plants and 39 waste sorting complexes (2011 data), while, however, the system of primary sorting of waste by the population practically does not work. Therefore, automated sorting of MSW is a necessary stage that can be used at different stages of complex waste processing, including, in addition to sorting, heat treatment and fermentation, and ensures low final waste production in general. Possible variants of schemes for organizing the complex processing of MSW were presented earlier (see Fig. 7.9).

Foreign and domestic experience in MSW processing shows that today there is not and cannot be a single universal method or scheme that simultaneously meets all economic (cost level), technological (requirements for raw materials, processes and products) and environmental (compliance with standards) requirements. Integrated recycling is a certain combination of methods, a kind of technological “puzzle”, built in accordance with the ultimate goal of recycling, which in turn is determined in accordance with the concept of waste management at the regional level. Each method of sorting, disposal or disposal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the use of a combination of methods can minimize these disadvantages.

So, the main goal of complex sorting is the maximum extraction of waste components, however, due to the removal of ballast fractions, the fermentation efficiency and the quality of the compost are increased, the calorific value of the combustible fraction is increased, clogging of grates of furnaces is reduced, etc. The number of stages at which sorting operations are used, the number and sequence of operations, their instrumentation depend on the moisture content of the waste, the morphological and granulometric composition, the speed and physical and chemical patterns of the process.

As an example, consider the technological scheme for the processing of MSW, used in Sweden. The purpose of processing is to separate the feedstock into three main streams:

  • combustible fractions (paper, wood, textiles, film, etc.);
  • compostable material (food waste, wet paper and sewage sludge);
  • black scrap metal.

At the first stage, MSW is crushed, subjected to magnetic separation and sorted in a cylindrical screen. The lower, softer and looser organic fraction is mixed with sewage sludge and subjected to aerobic fermentation - open composting, after which glass and other heavy ballast fractions - stones, rubber, dense plastic - are removed from the compost by secondary screening (screening).

The upper, harder combustible fraction is subjected to secondary magnetic separation, drying and briquetting (pressing).

As a result of such processing, according to a simplified scheme, 2.4% of ferrous scrap, 26.3% of fuel and 71.3% of fractions for composting are obtained.

Domestic experience in designing integrated schemes for the processing of solid waste can be traced on the example of a basic technological scheme for sorting solid waste with subsequent incineration, implemented at plant No. 4, located in the Rudnevo industrial zone in Moscow (Fig. 7.18). The scheme is a set of successive screening operations, magnetic and electrodynamic separation, aimed at extracting ferrous and non-ferrous scrap (aluminum). However, such a scheme does not involve the stage of preliminary preparation of the waste stream, which reduces the efficiency of metal extraction, and the separation of fractions according to the size class of 250 mm does not provide separation of the main components (in Fig. 7.17, a classification is given by size, depending on where the fraction is collected: from above (+) or bottom (-) screen). An integrated technology for processing and sorting waste should take into account the composition and properties of the feedstock and be based on the experience of world practice. A distinctive feature of residential sector waste is a certain class of component size, varying in a narrow range of 150-200 mm, since it is in this class that about 80% of ferrous metal, about 80% of tinned packaging, more than 95% of aluminum scrap, more than 60% of paper (from the total content of these components in MSW) [19]. Thus, the enrichment of MSW should be aimed at separating the components included in this size class, with a preliminary separation of lumpy components.

In addition, when using this processing scheme, the problem of preparing MSW for thermal processing is not solved, since all ballast fractions, including hazardous components (97-98% of the original amount), are sent for incineration. As a result, 1 ton of highly toxic ash is formed per 3 tons of incinerated waste, containing concentrated dioxins, heavy metals and other toxic components. Such solid residue cannot be disposed of and must be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills.

An example of the most successful integrated solution to the problem of MSW processing can be a modern technological scheme of a multi-resource industrial complex (MPC) (Fig. 7.18; numbers in circles - node number in the general scheme; in accordance with the requirements for low-waste technological processes, the number of technological units process should be as low as possible), developed by Energopromsystems LLC (Ukraine) and passed model tests, which involves the processing of organic raw materials by the method of destructive thermochemical conversion - high-temperature pyrolysis (12()()-Н300°С) (see subparagraph 4.3.4 ).

When processed in a gas generator, any organic components of the waste are converted into a combustible gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane (with a calorific value of 1000-

1350 kcal/nm 3), and liquid pyrolysis resin - "synthetic oil", from which fuel gasoline and diesel fractions can be isolated. The solid ash residue formed as a result of processing practically does not contain “dusty” harmful components, such as heavy metals, since the glass contained in the crushed mass subjected to pyrolysis vitrifies the mineral components of the waste at high temperatures. During pyrolysis processing, there are practically no supertoxic gaseous dioxin emissions typical of waste incineration plants, since plastic and film, which are the main sources of these emissions, undergo thermochemical destruction under the redox conditions of pyrolysis.

Rice. 7.17.

To recycle waste, it must first be sorted. In developed countries, there is a separate collection of waste, so its processing there is carried out efficiently and environmentally safe. In Russia, however, there is not yet such a developed system, in connection with this, in order to process mixed solid waste, they must be sorted at factories.

Waste sorting is one of the stages carried out before the direct processing of waste. In the process, components are selected from the collected mixed mass of MSW, i.e. separate waste according to various characteristics into different groups. Waste is sorted at waste sorting and waste processing plants using special equipment. The value of sorting is to isolate certain types of waste from their mixture and send it in a convenient form for appropriate processing.

Often the term "waste sorting" is confused with the concept of "", but this is not the same thing. The second concept involves the separation of different types of waste materials at the collection stage. For this purpose, containers of different colors are installed, each of which is intended for certain waste (plastic, paper, glass, etc.).

How garbage is sorted

We will consider the process of sorting solid waste (MSW) using the example of the recently opened largest waste sorting plant in Russia (Tyumen). The technology of this enterprise includes the following stages:

  1. The unseparated waste goes to the conveyor. In the first workshop, the separation of those types of debris that can disrupt the operation of the equipment is carried out manually: stones, metal, ceramic and other components.
  2. Then the garbage is divided into parts depending on the diameter.
  3. Further, the waste is sorted by materials: plastic, paper, etc. In compressed bales, they are sent to waste processing plants.

Waste sorting system for the kitchen

It is right if the separate collection of garbage begins to be done at home. For this, special devices can be used - waste sorting systems for washing. They are structures with several containers for different types of garbage.

Such systems are designed for kitchen cabinets and are installed under sinks. The structures can be retractable (on rails), there are also systems attached to the opening door of the cabinet. Such types of devices are also sold in which waste is collected through the neck in the sink. Good systems are made from high-quality polymers that prevent the spread of an unpleasant smell of garbage in the apartment. Built-in sorting structures are not cheap.

Waste sorting in Russia

Recycling and sorting of waste in our country is poorly developed. Sorting garbage, or rather, its separate collection should be started near the sources of solid waste. Those. the Russians themselves must separate the different ones. To do this, you need to install special containers everywhere (for organic matter, plastic, paper, etc.).

In our country, for the time being, there are mostly ordinary garbage cans where mixed waste is dumped. In an unsorted form, they can be sent to processing enterprises, while the processing process is more expensive (because pre-sorting is necessary), and the final product is of lower quality. For these reasons, mixed waste in Russia is most often thermally decomposed in incinerators or landfilled.

Waste sorting abroad

Much better sorting of MSW is carried out in European and other developed countries.

Germany

In Germany (as in most other European countries) the costs of sorting waste at processing plants are kept to a minimum. The Germans themselves conscientiously observe the rules of separate waste collection.

All residents of Germany have trash cans and bags in their apartments that contain different types of garbage. Separately collected waste is placed by the Germans in street containers of different colors. Then, the employees of the public utilities also make separate collection of waste materials from containers and deliver the sorted garbage to the plants for the disposal of specific types of waste.

A German resident who dumps garbage in the wrong place will be held accountable (usually in the form of fines). If the candy wrapper is deliberately thrown away not in the urn, but conditionally next to it, then the German will pay a fine of 35 euros.

Italy

Residents themselves also have to sort garbage in Italy (the law came into force relatively recently). In large cities, special tanks of different colors are installed for this purpose. Residents of very small settlements dispose of various types of waste on a schedule. Dangerous and bulky waste Italians hand over to specialized points.

Waste is stored using special bags. For example, organic components are thrown away in biodegradable bags. Fines are issued for non-compliance with the established requirements.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic also has a law (185/2001), according to which Czechs must properly dispose of waste. Waste sorting is carried out at home, then the differentiated waste is sent to tanks for separate collection.

Instead of ordinary trash cans on the streets of the Czech Republic

Japan

The rules for sorting garbage by the Japanese differ from similar principles in European countries. But the residents themselves also sort the waste.

Usually in Japan, all garbage is divided into 4 types. Waste can be non-combustible, combustible, recyclable and bulky. Different types of garbage are thrown away in different bags that differ in color and volume. Oversized scrap is marked with a special sticker. Separate collection of waste is regulated by persons working on the garbage truck.

Garbage is collected at a certain time, by which the Japanese put out their filled garbage bags. They are transparent, so employees can check whether the sorting is done correctly. Bags with violations of the garbage truck will not be accepted. The violator will need to re-sort, otherwise they may be fined.

In developed countries, waste sorting is reduced to separate waste collection, because. the inhabitants of these states clearly comply with all requirements and are interested in preserving their ecology. Russia, on the other hand, has yet to go through a difficult path to achieve a well-functioning system for separate waste collection.

MSW sorting as a business

An actual business idea is to open a waste sorting plant, and the city authorities can help in its implementation. However, it should be borne in mind that this is a costly business associated with the execution of a number of necessary documents, including a license for sorting household waste (if they have 1-4 hazard classes) may be required. A sample waste sorting business plan can be found online.

Technical equipment

To sort garbage, you will need special equipment, which can be conditionally divided into types:

  • having automatic or manual sorting:
  • stationary and mobile;
  • with road or rail.

Equipment can be European and domestic production. At the same time, the waste sorting complex includes:

  • a platform for the arrival of special vehicles;
  • weight platform;
  • overpass for transport for unloading waste;
  • main production facility;
  • warehouses for the received recyclables and sites for its export.

Sorting lines

Consider the sorting line using the example of a waste sorting complex for 20 thousand tons of solid waste per year from the Netmus company. It consists of:

  • chain conveyor, carrying out the supply of garbage from the pit to the platform;
  • belt sorting conveyor;
  • chain conveyor for supplying sorted waste to the press;
  • a reversing belt conveyor that removes sorting tails;
  • sorting platform;
  • presses that reduce waste and form briquettes from recycled materials;
  • magnetic separator;
  • screens;
  • automated control system.

Also, the complex can be equipped with bag breakers, shredders, various types of separators, PET bottle punchers, packaging machines, etc. To find out how much Netmus sorting equipment costs, you need to fill out a commercial offer form on the official website.

The cost of the lines depends on its performance, composition, etc. For example, the Chelyabinsk company SID Engineering sells the VtorTech-60 sorting line with a capacity of up to 60 thousand tons of solid waste per year for 3 million 490 thousand rubles.

Video

An overview of the equipment included in the waste sorting complex from the Netmus company and designed to process 50 thousand tons of solid waste annually is presented in this video:

Waste sorting is a laborious process, but necessary for obtaining recyclable materials and new products from it. It is more correct to sort garbage even at the stage of its collection. However, in our country, separate waste collection is associated with a number of problems, the main of which are the need for large financial investments and the education of a culture of waste separation in people.

T. N. Lipatova

SOLID WASTE SORTING CULTURE IN LARGE CITIES

Key words: sorting of municipal solid waste.

The article analyzes the problem of forming a culture of sorting municipal solid waste in Russian society. Foreign and domestic experience of programs for the separation of household waste is presented, the main measures for the formation and improvement of the culture of sorting solid household waste among the population of Russia are highlighted.

Keywords: solid domestic waste sorting.

The paper deals with the problem of culture of solid domestic waste sorting in the Russian society. Foreign and domestic programs of domestic waste sorting are represented. The maim activities of culture formation of solid domestic waste sorting among the Russian population are suggested.

The issue of recycling household waste has recently arisen in our country more and more often. The problem of complete destruction or partial disposal of household waste is relevant, first of all, from the point of view of the negative impact on the environment. For any city and locality, the problem of removal or neutralization of municipal solid waste is always primarily an environmental problem.

In solving this problem, an important place is occupied by the integrated disposal of household waste. According to conservative estimates, over forty million different tons of household waste is generated in Russia annually. But garbage is a good source of income. In developed countries, this has long been understood, and more than half of all waste is recycled.

Waste recycling in Russia is just beginning to develop. There are a number of incinerators and several waste processing plants, the basic conditions for the development of the recycling industry have long been implemented and do not require any excessive effort. The generally accepted classification of waste that exists today allows minimizing the cost of its disposal. So, for example, kitchen waste can serve as livestock feed, paper waste can be easily dealt with by fire, but construction waste will have to be taken to a special landfill.

The problem of waste disposal exists all over the world. It is obvious that the most important and defining stage in the process of processing household waste is its sorting. Most importantly, the existing waste incineration and recycling plants use only waste sorted by residents, and do not burn or process it en masse.

The way of waste recycling is the most promising and is associated with a high level of consciousness of the entire population. It is where waste is generated - at home, in an institution, at an enterprise - that it is easiest to immediately separate paper from glass, aluminum, plastic and food waste.

Sorting household waste suggests that each resident will need to throw away

glass, paper and plastic in appropriate containers, as has long been done in Europe. Then the recyclables from these containers are also taken out by a separate special vehicle to the waste sorting station, and there it is already separated by types of secondary resources.

The experience of Israel is indicative and interesting. In September 2012, in the city of Ashdod, under the auspices of the Ministry of Ecology, a waste separation program began, in which 31 Israeli cities took part. The purpose of the program is the separation of waste and different options for their disposal. So, the garbage is divided into two streams: the so-called "wet" garbage (organic waste) - food leftovers, and "dry" garbage

(non-organic waste) - packaging, bottles, plastic, paper, etc. "Dry" garbage must be thrown into green boxes, "wet" garbage - into brown ones. These two tanks will be cleaned at different times, dry garbage will be recycled, wet

On the line for the production of fertilizers or power generation. With such separate processing, the damage caused by landfills to the environment is reduced, the amount of greenhouse gases is reduced. In addition, the city saves money on the maintenance of landfills themselves, which are very expensive.

The success of this project, as explained in the municipality, entirely depends on the support of the townspeople. In Tel Aviv, this project "failed" precisely because the residents simply ignored the requirements of the municipality and still dumped all household garbage in one bin. In this case, the whole project initially does not make any sense: after all, the whole

the technological chain is in the kitchens. Obviously, the success of the implementation of this program depends solely on the participation of each resident. What is being done in Israel for this?

Firstly, an explanatory conversation is being held with young people, children in schools, and parents. The main help in the promotion of waste separation comes from children. Children are well aware of the importance of protecting the environment and separating garbage, and encourage parents to "separate garbage."

Secondly, much attention is paid to the explanatory conversation with the residents of the apartments - direct participants in the program for separating household waste. Teams of inspectors and volunteers visit apartments and explain to residents the importance of separating waste. Each family is given a special brown bin with a capacity of seven liters, designed for food waste, which is placed on the tabletop.

Recently, programs for sorting household waste have been implemented in Russian large cities.

In Yekaterinburg, a three-year program has been developed in accordance with which city residents will throw garbage into multi-colored containers and sort it: separately for food and separately for non-food waste. True, unlike Europe, where collection is usually carried out in three or even four containers (food waste, glass, plastic and paper), in Yekaterinburg there will be only two containers

Green for food waste and orange for paper, plastic, metal.

By the way, 2013 in Russia has been declared the “Year of Environmental Protection”, it is assumed that a separate waste collection system should be introduced in buildings occupied by federal executive authorities.

Will such projects take root in Russia? Will we be able to develop a high level of solid domestic waste sorting culture in our country? What measures should be taken at the level of the state and society to form a culture of sorting household waste among the population?

The main tool for solving this issue should be the promotion of competent waste sorting by every citizen. It is necessary in the media, in educational institutions to encourage residents to make their contribution to environmental protection, to take care of the future of the city, not counting sorting for a lot of work.

The implementation of measures to educate and educate the population is of great importance. In Europe, a lot of literature has been published on the topic of waste sorting, there are training courses and online consultations. An environmentally friendly lifestyle should be actively promoted in schools. It is known that children are the best channel for influencing more

conservative adults. Here a huge role will be played by the environmental education of children, and through them adults through various forms of practical environmental education, and not only by schools, but also by public organizations.

The Russian school curricula do not provide for the study of manuals with visual images related to the careful attitude to natural resources. In Germany, children's drawings hang on the wall of a waste incineration plant, which reflect the children's perception of "garbage" problems, which speaks of the upbringing of attitudes towards waste management from childhood.

Explaining environmental problems in the press, on radio, television, on the Internet, it is necessary to prepare public opinion for the introduction of separate collection of household waste. The easiest way to start organizing the separate collection of household waste is from the business and administrative sector of the city, which “produces” up to 40% of paper, cardboard and plastic waste from markets, shops, institutions and printing houses.

The state is the main

a participant in the formation of a culture of handling household waste. It is significant that 2013 in Russia was declared the "Year of Environmental Protection" - during 2013, a separate waste collection system should be introduced in buildings occupied by federal executive authorities.

State policy should be aimed at developing a set of legislative measures, economic support measures, including creating incentives for the population to sort household waste. This policy should be based on principles such as maximum recycling of secondary

material resources, minimizing

environmental damage and costs should be consistent, comprehensive and clearly

certain. For example, several years ago, containers for separate waste collection were already installed in one of the large cities of Russia. Residents even began to use them correctly: glass in one compartment, plastic in another, etc., until they saw what was happening with this garbage. A car arrives, takes the tanks and safely dumps all this carefully separated garbage into one large spacious body. Such actions in the bud destroy all the good intentions of the population, discredit not only municipal services, but the state as a whole.

There is also a need for regular waste collection, primarily in terms of the participation of the population, which usually takes their responsibility for separating waste with no greater degree of responsibility with which the city authorities should relate to the removal of recyclables.

Cost effective

stimulate the population to introduce selective collection, by raising tariffs for

disposal of unsorted waste. For example, in Europe, a resident pays only for unsorted waste, but does not pay for sorted waste. The smaller the container that the residents of the house fill, the less they pay for garbage collection.

Thus, at the heart of the implementation

concept of integrated management of household waste, the population is given a key role. At the present stage of solving the problem of sorting and further processing of household waste, the formation and improvement of the culture of sorting municipal solid waste is of key importance. This process is based on the creation of the necessary conditions by the state and society. After all, it is easier to control what goes to the landfill than the decomposition products of waste migrating from the landfill into the environment.

Literature

1. Petrov V.G., Chechina A.Kh. Waste sorting lines: prospects for application / V.G. Petrov, A.Kh. Chechina. -Izhevsk, 2005. - 112p.

2. Survey of Household Solid Waste Generation and Public Awareness on Waste Separation and Compositing Practices in Cebu City // D.G.J. Premakumara. - June 2011. - R.27.

3. Ibrasheva L.R., Idiatullina A.M. Marketing in the field of energy saving in the context of sociological knowledge // Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University - 2012. - No. 7. - S.234-239.

4. Rogova N.S., Garaeva M.R., Shipina O.T. Cellulose nitrates from industrial and domestic waste // Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University -2010. - No. 9. - P.131-136.

5. Ashdod: more and more "green" families

[Electronic resource]. - Access mode:

http://ashdod.israelinfo.ru/news/2881, free entry.

© T. N. Lipatova - leading. Analyst of the Institute of Innovation Management KNRTU, [email protected]

Municipal solid waste(MSW) - solids that are not recyclable in everyday life, formed as a result of human activity and depreciation of household items. Solid waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (the ability to rot).

The volume of formation and processing of solid waste

The volume of municipal waste generation in Russia is, according to Research.Techart, 40 million tons. The recycling potential is estimated at 14 million tons, but despite this, currently ~ 90% or more than 35 million tons of garbage is taken to landfills and landfills. No more than 10% of MSW is recycled, of which about 3% is incinerated and 7% goes to industrial processing.

The main difficulty on the way to MSW recycling is the lack of a separate waste collection system in our country, which is an inevitable condition for their deep recycling. Thus, 60-80% of the morphological composition of MSW is a potential raw material for use in industry (35-45%) or composting (25-35%). However, sorting mixed and transported in one garbage truck solid waste allows you to extract only 11-15% of secondary resources. It is practically impossible to use biodegradable (organic) waste.

Despite the difficulties, the MSW processing industry is growing every year: the number of processing enterprises is increasing, state waste disposal plants are being built (burning, sorting at landfills, composting), the cost of primary raw materials is growing and, accordingly, the use of secondary raw materials is increasing, new laws and economic incentives for market participants, government propaganda aimed at increasing the environmental responsibility of the population.

Participants of the MSW processing market

The Russian waste recycling market is characterized by the presence of the following groups of players.

Figure 1. The structure of the market for the processing of municipal solid waste

According to Research.Techart, as of the beginning of 2010 in Russia there were:

  • 11,000 landfills and landfills;
  • 4 operating waste incineration plants (located in Moscow);
  • 5 waste processing plants;
  • 39 waste sorting complexes;
  • more than 1000 organizations for the removal of solid household waste.

The specificity of the market is its exclusively local character. As a rule, in each region there is a separate group of players that controls the area of ​​solid waste management.

MSW sorting

Unlike the garbage collection segment, a significant number of companies, including small ones, operate in the MSW sorting and processing market.

Sorting of municipal solid waste can be carried out both by informal landfill brigades (homeless people working at garbage dumps process up to 40-50% of the garbage brought in), and by professional players, represented mainly by waste sorting and waste processing complexes (factories).

The main operations performed by the enterprises of this group:

  • collection and transportation of inseparably collected MSW to the place of sorting;
  • sorting of waste with the selection of scrap components;
  • pressing scrap components for further processing;
  • removal of the non-utilizable part of the waste for disposal.

Often MSW is sorted manually. The sorting table is equipped with a certain number of workplaces where operators select dry waste: paper, cardboard, plastic, cullet, PET bottles.

The final product of the sorting process is briquetted recyclables: waste paper, polyethylene, PET bottles, aluminum cans, etc., supplied to industrial enterprises for further recycling, or compost (biofuel and organic fertilizers).

The following companies can be cited as an example of representatives of this group (capacities of sorting lines are indicated):

  • OAO "Arkhangelsk Waste Processing Plant" (Arkhangelsk region, www.ampk.ru) - 110,000 tons of MSW/year;
  • CJSC "Belgorod waste sorting plant" (Belgorod) - 600 tons of useful fractions per month;
  • LLC ZhKH Clean City (Republic of Tatarstan) - 200,000 tons of MSW/year;
  • OJSC Plant for the Processing of Solid Household Waste (Samara Region, www.zpbo.ru) - 100,000 tons of MSW/year;
  • Ulan-Ude waste processing plant (Republic of Buryatia) - 80,000 tons of MSW / year, etc.

The importance of the sorting stage is due to the undeveloped practice of separate waste collection in Russia. Single attempts at environmental education of the population were made in Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk, Belgorod, Volgograd and Moscow, but these ideas did not receive great popularity. It should be noted that depending on whether the garbage is sorted in a selective form or not, the percentage of useful fractions allocated depends. So, in the case of sorting pre-selected types of waste, the yield of briquetted recyclable materials can reach 97% (the remaining 3% is sent for burial or destruction). With the total waste flow, the yield of useful fractions is only 15%.

MSW processing

In the group of processors of municipal solid waste, one can single out waste processing plants, enterprises specializing in the processing of a certain type of MSW, as well as manufacturers of end products. A separate group should consider waste incineration plants that process MSW thermally. According to Research.Techart, the Russian MSW processing market is estimated at 1.5-2 billion dollars. To a greater extent, enterprises dealing exclusively with waste processing are concentrated in large cities (especially in Moscow).

The waste processing company earns both on the acceptance of waste and on the sale of recyclable materials.

The cost of purchasing waste varies from 600 to 8000 rubles/ton.

Table 1. The cost of accepting waste for processing, rub. (source: price lists of market participants)

According to market participants, the recycling process leads to an increase in the cost of incoming sorted waste by an average of 50%. The cost of recycled materials can be 1.5 times lower than the cost of primary material.

The collection of solid waste for recycling is carried out both on their own (companies leave by order, or place containers for separate disposal of waste), and by third parties (on the basis of companies, collection points for certain types of solid waste are organized).

Clean recyclers are rare, as their main activity is usually the production of products from virgin or recycled materials. Such companies offer, in particular, third-party waste processing services. The service consists in the fact that the company receives the waste and, granulating it for recycling, returns it to the original owner. The owner of the waste pays for the recycling service. The cost of such a service, for example, in the polymer waste market is 8-10 rubles/kg.

In order to ensure better logistics and competitive prices, many processors are located close to the raw material producer.

Examples of companies specializing in the processing of a certain type of MSW (recycling capacities are indicated):

  • LLC "Energotorgservis" (Nizhny Novgorod region, www.ekosteklo.ru) - 20 tons of cullet per day;
  • EcoPlastic (Land Finance LLC, Kemerovo region, www.landfinance.ru) - 500 kg/h of PET bottles, 300 kg/h of polyethylene;
  • Ecoshina LLC (Primorsky Territory, www.ecoshina.ru) - 5,000 tons of used tires per year;
  • OJSC "Chekhov Regenerator Plant" (Moscow Region, www.chrz.ru) - up to 8,000 tons of tires per year;
  • SV Project (Moscow region, www.svproject.ru) - 250 tons of polymer waste per month, etc.

MSW incineration

All currently operating waste incineration plants (MSZ) are located in Moscow. On average, they dispose of about 700 thousand tons of MSW per year, which is only 13% of the total waste generation in the capital. Let's give the main characteristics of the MSZ.

MS Z No. 2 State Unitary Enterprise "Ecotechprom"

The plant was put into operation for the first time in 1975. In November 2000, it was reconstructed, as a result of which two new technological lines "KNIM" (France) were introduced. An additional third line was installed in December 2004.
Production capacity - 130 thousand tons of waste per year.
The German waste incineration technology "Martin GMBH für Umwelt-und Energitechnik" has been introduced at the plant.
The efficiency of cleaning flue gases generated from waste incineration is 99.8%.

MSZ No. 3 (EFN-Ecotechpro m MSZ 3 LLC)

First put into service in 1983. In 2005 it was stopped. In the framework of the international competition held by the Government of Moscow, Joint-Stock Company "EFN" (Austria) was declared the winner and received a contract for the reconstruction and operation of MSZ No. 3. The start-up of the new waste incineration plant took place at the end of 2007 in the same area where the old plant was located. The total investment is about 175 million euros.
The EFN firm, together with a Moscow specialized organization, will operate the plant until 2019, and then it will become the property of Moscow.
Production capacity - 360 thousand tons of waste per year.
2 production lines have been installed.

MSZ No. 4 State Unitary Enterprise "Ecotechprom"

The plant has been operating since 2005. Based on the results of 2008, the MSZ received 263 thousand tons of MSW, which is 3.5% more than in 2007. Produced 67 million. 638 thousand kWh of electricity, which is 13.4% more than in 2007.

70% of electricity was used for own needs and 30% was supplied to the Mosenergo network. Production capacity - 250 thousand tons of waste per year.
Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 313-PP from provides for an increase in the capacity of Special Plant No. 4: 1st stage - from 250 to 280 thousand tons of solid waste per year; 2nd stage - from 280 to 600 thousand tons of solid waste per year.

Consumers of processed products

A special group in the MSW recycling market are manufacturers of end products who purchase waste for use in the technological process: the cost of products using recycled materials is 20-30% less than an analogue from 100% virgin material.

As a rule, large-capacity productions launch their own recycling, which allows them to control the quality of recyclables. At the same time, they use not only the remains of their production, but also buy third-party waste.

Medium and small-scale producers of consumer goods are the main consumers of processed products.

Such a distribution is very conditional, variations are possible, in particular, the formation of complex enterprises responsible for performing several waste management operations at once.

Examples include the following companies that use recycled materials in their final product manufacturing process.

Table 2. Selected list of enterprises using secondary raw materials (