Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary m. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" has released a one-volume universal Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES). Its previous editions could not fully satisfy the numerous wishes of readers - to receive a reference book that would serve as a source of everyday information for each family on issues that arise when reading newspapers, magazines, books, educational literature, listening to radio programs, watching TV programs, etc.

There are about 80 thousand articles (words) in the Dictionary; they contain information from all areas of modern socio-political life, economics, science, technology, literature and art; placed geographical, historical and economic information about the Soviet Union, about the countries of the world, about the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities of the USSR, as well as about large foreign cities. Biographies of statesmen, political and military figures, scientists, writers, artists, artists, composers of all times and peoples, twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, twice Heroes of Socialist Labor, prominent party, Soviet, economic leaders, workers and collective farmers - innovators of socialist production have been published. The new edition contains some changes related to the events that took place after the publication of previous editions, some of the statistical data has been updated, and many comments and suggestions from readers have been taken into account. At the end of the volume are statistical tables, supplements to articles, and other reference materials.

SOVIET
ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY

SCIENTIFIC AND EDITORIAL COUNCIL

A. M. PROKHOROV (CHAIRMAN) M. S. Gilyarov, E. M. Zhukov, N. N. Inozemtsev, I. L. Knunyants, P. N. Fedoseev, and M. B. Khrapchenko

PUBLISHING HOUSE "SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA"
MOSCOW 1980

1600 s. from ill. The book contains 6 color offset printing cards. Circulation 1,200,000 copies. (2nd plant 100,001-225,000 copies). Price 1 copy. 20 rub. 80 kop.

FROM THE PUBLISHING HOUSE

The publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" undertakes for the first time in the USSR the release of a one-volume universal Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES), containing about 80 thousand articles (words). The dictionary is designed to satisfy the numerous requests and suggestions of readers - to receive a reference book that would serve as a source of everyday information for every family on issues that arise when reading newspapers, magazines, books, educational literature, listening to radio broadcasts, watching TV programs, etc.

SES contains information from all areas of modern social and political life, economics, science, technology, literature and art. It contains geographical, historical and economic information about the Soviet Union, about the countries of the world, about the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities of the USSR, as well as about large foreign cities.

Biographies of statesmen, political and military figures, scientists, writers, artists, artists, composers of all times and peoples, Twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, Twice Heroes of Socialist Labor, prominent party, Soviet, economic leaders, workers and collective farmers - innovators of socialist production have been published.

Not being an illustrated edition, the Dictionary nevertheless contains about 550 illustrations and diagrams explaining the text of the articles, and about 350 maps.

This Dictionary has been prepared by a team of employees of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" with the involvement of a wide range of scientists and specialists.

The scientific management of the compilation of the Dictionary was carried out by the Scientific Editorial Board headed by Academician A. M. Prokhorov. General editing of the text was carried out by the editorial board consisting of: S. R. Gershberg, A. A. Gusev, S. M. Kovalev, M. I. Kuznetsov, Ya. E. Shmushkis.

Since the signing of this edition for publication, the editorial board has had the opportunity to take into account in the articles of the Dictionary some of the most important changes in domestic and international life, mainly until the beginning of 1979.

The publishing house will be very grateful to readers for their feedback and wishes, which can be taken into account in subsequent editions of the Dictionary.

Appendix

PROKHOROV Al-dr Mikh. (b. 1916), owls. physicist, one of the founders of quantum electronics, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1969). Member CPSU since 1950. Created (with N. G. Basov) the first quantum generator, the maser. Tr. by paramagnet. masers, open resonators, gas dynes. and solid-state lasers, powerful infrared and visible lasers, nonlinear optics, interaction of high-power laser radiation with matter. Ch. ed. TSB (since 1969). Linen. pr. (1959), Nob. pr. (1964, jointly with N. G. Basov and C. Towns).

Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1980

BOLTZMANN CONSTANT

the physical constant k, equal to the ratio of the universal gas constant R to the Avogadro number NA: k = R/NA = 1.3807. 10-23 J/K. Named after L. Boltzmann.

BOLTZMANN PRINCIPLE

the relation S - k lnW between the entropy S and the thermodynamic probability W (k is Boltzmann's constant). The Boltzmann principle is based on the statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics: natural processes tend to transfer the thermodynamic system from less probable states to more probable states (i.e., bring the system to an equilibrium state for which the values ​​of W and S are maximum).

BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION (Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution)

equilibrium distribution of ideal gas particles by energy (E) in an external force field (eg, in a gravitational field); is determined by the distribution function f ~ e-E/kT, where E is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particle, T is the absolute temperature, k is the Boltzmann constant; is a generalization by L. Boltzmann (1868-71) of the Maxwellian velocity distribution of particles.

BOLTZMANN STATISTICS

a statistical method for describing an ideal gas in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium for particles moving according to the laws of classical mechanics.

BOLSHAKOV Vladimir Nikolaevich (b. 1934)

Russian ecologist, theriologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Research in the field of population and evolutionary ecology of mammals.

BOLSHAKOV Gennady Fedorovich (1932-89)

Russian chemist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1981). The main works are devoted to the development of high-energy liquid fuels, fuel additives, express methods for automatic quality control of petroleum products.

BOLSHAKOV Kirill Andreevich (b. 1906)

Russian inorganic chemist, one of the founders of the Soviet industry of rare elements, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1958). The main works on the physical and chemical foundations of the extraction and purification of rare earth and trace elements. State Prizes of the USSR (1941, 1953).

BIG GUILD

privileged class association of large merchants and property owners (predominantly Germans) in the middle. 14th-19th centuries in the Baltic cities (Tallinn, Riga, Tartu, etc.).

BIG VALLEY (Great Valley)

a system of longitudinal valleys separated by short ridges (height up to 1500 m) in the South. Appalachians (USA). Length 950 km. width 40-60 km. Rich agricultural area (wheat, corn; cattle).

GREAT SLOT

defensive line on the southern outskirts of the Russian state in the 16th century. from Ryazan to Tula. In the 17th century replaced by the Belgorod line.

LARGE INTEGRAL CIRCUITS (LSI)

an integrated circuit with a high degree of integration (the number of elements in it reaches 104), used in electronic equipment as a functionally complete unit of devices for computer technology, automation, measuring equipment, etc.

"GREAT CHINESE ENCYCLOPEDIA"

Beijing Publishing. Founded in 1978. It publishes a universal encyclopedia of the same name, built according to the thematic principle (since 1979; by the early 90s, about 40 volumes out of the planned 80 were published), other reference and popular science literature. Published in translation into Chinese "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" (1987). Branch in Shanghai.

BIG LAHVI

a river in Georgia, a left tributary of the Kura. 115 km, basin area 2311 km2. The average water consumption is 26 m3/s. Floating.

Ursa Major (lat. Ursa Major)

the constellation of the Northern Hemisphere, in which a group of 7 stars is distinguished Big Dipper; the middle star of the bucket handle is called Mizar, next to it is the faint star Alcor.

BIG NEWFOUNDLAND BANK

an extensive shallow in the Atlantic Ocean, near about. Newfoundland. The prevailing depth is less than 100 m (the least is 5.5 m). One of the world's largest fishing areas (cod, herring, etc.).

GRAND OPERA

1) multi-act opera. 2) The operatic genre that developed in France in the 1920s. 19th century; distinguished by monumentality, drama, heroic pathos, romantic brilliance, decorativeness, the use of a large orchestra and choir, the inclusion of ballet numbers. Large operas were created mainly on historical subjects. The most prominent representative of the big opera is J. Meyerbeer.

BIG HORDE

Tatar state in 1433-1502 in the North. Black Sea region and N. Volga region. Distinguished from the Golden Horde. Defeated by the Crimean Khanate.

GIANT PANDA

the same as the bamboo bear.

GREAT SANDY DESERT (Great Sandy Desert)

in northwest Australia. 360 thousand km2. The average height is 400-500 m. Ridged sands predominate (the average height of the ridges is up to 15 m), separated by clay-saline plains. One of the hottest places on the mainland (average summer temperature up to 30°C). Precipitation is from 200 to 450 mm per year. Sod grass spinifex, acacias and stunted eucalyptus trees. Rudalp River National Park.

GREAT VICTORIA DESERT (Great Victoria Desert)

sandy desert in southern Australia. 350 thousand km2. The average height is 150-300 m. Ridge sands prevail (height 10-30 m), fixed with turfs of spinifex grass. Precipitation from 125 to 250 mm per year. Great Victoria Desert National Park.

"GREAT RUSSIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA"

scientific reference and encyclopedic publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1925 as a joint-stock company "Soviet Encyclopedia". Since 1930 the State Dictionary-Encyclopedic Publishing House, in 1935-49 the State Institute (in 1944-49 the State Scientific Institute) "Soviet Encyclopedia", since 1949 the State Scientific Publishing House (until 1959 "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", until 1963 "Soviet Encyclopedia"), since 1963 a publishing house of the same name (issued reference encyclopedic and, until 1974, linguistic reference publications). Modern name since 1991. It publishes universal and sectoral encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries in various fields of science, technology and culture, regional, biographical and other reference publications. In 1926-91, 635 volumes of publications were published with a total circulation of approx. 88.5 million copies.

GREAT SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA (GSE)

universal encyclopedic edition, published in the USSR (publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"). 1st edition - 1926-47, 65 main volumes, a separate volume of the USSR, 65 thousand articles, circulation 50-80 thousand copies; chief editor O. Yu. Schmidt (until 1941). 2nd edition - 1950-58, 50 main volumes, 51 additional volumes; OK. 100 thousand articles, circulation 250-300 thousand copies; index in 2 volumes. (1960); chief editor S. I. Vavilov (until 1951), B. A. Vvedensky (since 1951). 3rd edition - 1969-78, 30 volumes; OK. 100 thousand articles, circulation 630 thousand copies; alphabetical name index in 1 volume. (1981); chief editor A. M. Prokhorov (since 1969); translated and published in the USA, Greece. The methodological experience of BES was used in the preparation of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions in 1928-60), other universal reference books, incl. one-volume Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (4 editions in 1979-91), a two-volume Big Encyclopedic Dictionary (1991), and contributed to the development of the encyclopedic business in the country. In 1957-90 the TSB Yearbook was published.

BIG HAT

river in the northeast. Zap. Siberia, left tributary of the Yenisei. 646 km, basin area 20.7 thousand km2. In bass. Big Heta - ca. 6 thousand lakes.

BIG CHUKOCHIA (Revum-Revu)

river in the northeast of Yakutia. 758 km, basin area 19.8 thousand km2. It flows along the Kolyma lowland, flows into the East. - Siberian m. In winter it freezes. In the pool of St. 11.5 thousand lakes.

BOLSHEV Login Nikolaevich (1922-78)

mathematician; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). Proceedings on the theory of probability, mathematical statistics and their applications.

BOLSHEVIK

arch island. Sev. Earth (Krasnoyarsk region). 11.3 thousand km2. Height up to 935 m. Approx. 30% of the territory is covered by glaciers; arctic desert.

BOLSHEVIK

representatives of a political trend (fraction) in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (since April 1917 an independent political party), headed by V. I. Lenin (see Communist Party of the Soviet Union). The concept of the Bolsheviks arose at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (1903) after the elections to the leading bodies of the party, Lenin's supporters received the majority of votes (hence the Bolsheviks), their opponents were in the minority (Mensheviks). In 1917-52, the word Bolsheviks was included in the official name of the party - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), the Russian CP (Bolsheviks), the All-Union CP (Bolsheviks). The 19th Party Congress (1952) decided to call it the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1979, the Soviet Government and the Central Committee of the CPSU made an unprecedented decision: to release the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES) for every family! The book was supposed to contain 80,000 words-articles and be published in millions of copies. (Format 84X108 1/16, volume 172 printed sheets, 1630 pages). This has never happened before in the country! This is at a time when even the books of Pushkin and other classics were bought in queues, by appointment or for waste paper. Printing the book was entrusted to the printing house No. 2 of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". This required technical re-equipment of the enterprise. A large group of prominent scientists, historians, and writers participated in the preparation of the SES materials. Academician A.M. Prokhorov.
I then worked as deputy director of the All-Union Institute GiproNIIpolygraph of the USSR State Committee for Publishing (Press Committee). Things went wrong from the very beginning: there was nothing but a high solution, and the problem did not budge. At one of the meetings with the participation of an instructor of the Central Committee of the CPSU, it was stated that GiproNIIpolygraph was to blame for everything - he was delaying the project, and therefore there was no implementation of an important matter. This reservation began to wander around the Committee and even in the Central Committee.
At the next meeting, our institute was ordered to explain the reason for the backlog. The director of the institute asked me to take part in the meeting. I prepared thoroughly. The meeting began again with the fact that the instructor of the Central Committee announced that the institute was delaying the project. I took the floor and I could see from the face of the Central Committee official that he was going into a chair in anger. And I calmly, but persistently, even edifyingly explained:
– For the development of the project, the customer did not provide any initial data. For the design, full technical data of the equipment is required: their dimensions, weight, electrical and technological capacities. And since in this particular case we do not select the equipment, but the customer decides to install SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRINTING, BINDING MACHINES, we do not have the technical ability to develop a project before transferring to us the TERMS OF REFERENCE WITH ALL OF THE MENTIONED AND OTHER REQUIRED DATA.
The instructor of the Central Committee jumped up from his seat:
- How so? We have been solving this issue for two months already, and you set new tasks for us?!
The Deputy Chairman of the Committee, our immediate supervisor, the only professional printer at the meeting besides me, supported me:
- Yes, you need a competent technical task.
The instructor of the Central Committee has not yet recovered from the unexpected knockdown, and I threw up a new question:
– And why are we making a book of 80,000 articles in one volume? Because of this, special machines, special paints, special papers have to be developed. If you release a two-volume edition, you can do everything on existing equipment, using existing paints, paper and other materials. In addition, such a book is inconvenient to read: it will be heavy, loose, unreadable. Two bindings will cost a little more, but by reducing the cost of special equipment and materials, the project will be much cheaper. - With these words, I posted a feasibility study of the proposed solution, developed by the specialists of our institute.
The instructor didn't give up.
- You do not understand! Lenin said that he dreams of the day when every Soviet person will have a VOLUME of an encyclopedic dictionary. TOM, not TOM!
“But you can’t take these words literally!
- Comrade! Lenin's words SHOULD be UNDERSTAND AND PERFORM ONLY LITERALLY!
But, despite such pathos, the instructor realized that I was right. So I added more calmly:
- There is a decision of the Central Committee of the Party, the Soviet Government, and we cannot change it. - I realized that he really couldn’t change anything and didn’t argue. But I had other questions prepared as well. And I asked another:
- The maximum number of abbreviations has been adopted in order to fit more words in the book, and at the same time there are excesses ...
- What are these excesses?
- In every second article, for example, we read: "Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences such and such, a member of the CPSU since such and such a year." If a person is a party worker, this postscript is understandable. But why does an academician need it? Wouldn't it be better to describe more broadly what this academician did?! - This party instructor did not expect!
– Do you understand what you are saying? This is apolitical! And in general it's none of your business, do the project. - I had to obey, especially since the publishers fully agreed with the decision of the Central Committee. But I knew that a big mistake was being made.
Having received the necessary initial data, the project, the development of which I supervised, our institute completed ahead of schedule. The book was still published in one volume. It has been in print for several years. It was supplemented, corrected, the color of the binding was changed, but the essence remained the same.
Today this book is simply a rarity, as it is full of communist ideology and less than necessary factual material. So the decision, taken under ideological pressure, entailed enormous costs with mediocre content and quality of the publication. Although the idea itself was great.
I wanted to ask the instructor one more question, but I realized that after that there would be an explosion. And the question is so simple: “Why is there more article about Lenin in this huge book (four times more!) than article about Pushkin”?
Why? It was such a time!
But time will put everything in its place!
I am not sure that Lenin is alive and will live.
But Pushkin will always be Pushkin and truly "The folk path will not grow to him."

Over the years of its existence, the Publishing House changed its name several times: 1925 - founded as a joint-stock company "Soviet Encyclopedia" for the release of the 1st edition of the TSB; 1930-1935 - State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House; 1935-1949 - State Institute "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1939 - accession of the publishing house "Granat"; 1949-1959 - State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1959-1963 - State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1963 - merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, the editors of the scientific and technical dictionaries of Fizmatgiz; 1963-1991 - publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1974 - dictionary editions are transferred to the publishing house "Russian language"; since 1991 - publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia".
Great Soviet Encyclopedia:"Soviet Encyclopedia", the largest publishing house of scientific reference literature in the USSR; is included in the system of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. Located in Moscow. Founded in 1925. Established as a joint-stock company "S. e." at the Komacademy of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the release of the 1st ed. TSB, in 1930 it was transformed into the State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House, in 1935-49 - the State Institute "S. e.", in 1949-1959 - the State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", since 1959 - the State Scientific Publishing House "S. e.", since 1963 after the merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, the editors of the scientific and technical dictionaries of Fizmatgiz - the publishing house "S. e." (in 1974, dictionary editions became part of the Russkiy Yazyk publishing house).
"FROM. e." publishes multi-volume universal and sectoral encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, one-volume encyclopedias, reference books on various branches of science, technology, and culture. Universal encyclopedic publications - the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), the Encyclopedic Dictionary (2 editions), the TSB Yearbook (since 1957). Industry encyclopedias in the social sciences - Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, Philosophical Encyclopedia, Pedagogical Encyclopedia, Economic Encyclopedia, Political Economy, Economic Life of the USSR.
Chronicle of events and facts. 1917-1965, Labor Law, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1917-1967, Africa, Leningrad, the Great October Socialist Revolution, a series of reference books on foreign countries (United States of America, Pacific countries, Latin American countries, Scandinavian countries, etc.); natural science and technical encyclopedias - Big Medical Encyclopedia (3rd Edition), Small Medical Encyclopedia, Agricultural Encyclopedia, Veterinary Encyclopedia, Technical Encyclopedia, Physical Encyclopedia, Brief Chemical Encyclopedia, Brief Geographical Encyclopedia, Industrial Automation and Industrial Electronics, Structural Materials, Construction, Encyclopedia polymers, Atomic energy, Quantum electronics, Cosmonautics, Polytechnic dictionary, etc.; encyclopedias on literature and art - Brief literary encyclopedia, Theatrical encyclopedia, Art of countries and peoples of the world, Musical encyclopedia, Film dictionary, Circus, Encyclopedic musical dictionary. Reference publications - Concise Household Encyclopedia, Olympic Games. For 1926-74 "S. e." 448 volumes of universal and sectoral encyclopedias have been published with a total circulation of about 52 million copies. In 1975, the volume of publishing output amounted to 12 titles with a circulation of 3,245,300 copies and 225.6 million printed sheets.
Publications "S. e." enjoy great prestige both in the USSR and abroad. In a number of countries (GDR, Great Britain, etc.) the one-volume USSR was translated and published, in Greece the 3rd edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia was published, in the USA (since 1973) the 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia has been completely translated and published.
The publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975).