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or dot-separated nth-level domain(s).) . 2nd level domain . top (first) level domain .
e.g. www . wikipedia . org

Since each Internet domain name consists of several parts separated by periods and written in reverse order, the top-level domain is the final part of the domain name. For example, in the domain name ru.wikipedia.org, the top-level domain is org or ORG because domain names are case-insensitive.

Administration

Top-level domains were originally created, maintained, and administered by the IANA organization led by Jon Postel. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority- "Internet Address Space Administration"), acting on the basis of a contract with the US Department of Defense. After his death, these issues were transferred to another international organization ICANN - the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (eng. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), and the functions of the contractor were transferred to the US Department of Commerce.

ICANN currently maintains and manages all Internet DNS address space, except for restricted TLDs, which are directly managed by US government entities.

Technically, TLDs are accessible through the ICANN controlled DNS root server system.

ICANN announced the opening of free registration of first-level domains for all Internet users from January 12, 2012.

Generic top level domains generic top-level domain - gTLD):
- Unsponsored (main) top-level domains.
- Sponsored Top Level Domains (sTLDs).
- The top-level domain for the Internet infrastructure.
- Reserved Top Level Domains.
- Pseudo top-level domains.
National top-level domains country code top-level domain - ccTLD):
- 2-letter country code (usually according to ISO 3166-1, however some countries have a different designation, such as ".uk" for the UK instead of )
- Country domains in its language (internationalized country domain) (eng. IDN ccTLD, since 2009; displayed in end user applications in their native language or alphabet).

Common pseudodomains

These domains were not present in the DNS address space, but they are commonly used when sending mail from the Internet to networks with a different addressing method. To handle mail sent to addresses in this domain, the mail software on the particular machine through which the mail is sent must be configured accordingly.

.uucp - for gating to machines accessible via UUCP .
.bitnet - for sending mail to the BITNET network.
.fidonet - for sending mail to the Fidonet network. Currently, due to a change in common routing practices between the Internet and Fidonet, the .fidonet.org domain is commonly used instead of this pseudodomain.
a number of older systems also use the .local top-level domain for addresses used within the same machine or local computer network. The .localdomain address is also often used to address the current computer.

Legacy and unused domains

.nato - structures of the international organization NATO - is not currently used, at least in the publicly accessible part of the Internet, from where it was removed in July 1996.
.web is a domain allocated by IANA for use by the private commercial registrar Image Online Design. Due to public outcry, the root servers of this domain were never connected to the common DNS system. Currently, they continue to function, and there is a message on the registrar's website that he allegedly goes through the procedure for registering this domain with ICANN.
.csnet is a domain designed to link to the Computer Science Network, a university and scientific mail network in the United States. Ceased to be used, apparently, after the merger of CSNET and BITNET, which occurred in 1988.
.ddn is a top-level domain intended for use on the American Defense Data Network. It was planned but never implemented.

Alternative and additional top-level domains

See also: Alternative DNS Root Servers

In theory, anyone can install and start using their own DNS root servers. In practice, various groups of individuals and organizations periodically appear on the Internet that open alternative DNS root servers for public use. As a rule, these systems supplement the generally accepted set of domains with a number of new first-level domains, sometimes they supplement the technical implementation. For example, before the DNS was extended to allow the use of characters of national alphabets in domain names, several attempts were made to create additional DNS systems, with domain names, including the first level, containing characters of one or another national alphabet, such as the Russian domain i.ru . These attempts were not widespread, but a number of such projects continue to exist to this day.

Suggested Top Level Domains

At the moment, the introduction of new top-level domains is being considered.

About 20 years ago, the Internet firmly entered our lives, but until now, most users do not quite understand, and by what criteria they choose it. The most popular misconception is that the 3rd level domain is undervalued and rarely used. Is it really indecent to use it, for example, by online stores, and what should be followed when choosing? And also what is the difference between the concepts - domain, domain name, domain zone?

Concept and classification

So, first a little about definitions. A domain name, or domain, is the symbolic name of a site to identify it on the Internet. For example, yandex.ru is a second-level domain name. The domain zone is the ending following the dot, in this example it is .ru, which means that the site belongs to the Runet.

Most often, domain zones are divided into groups on a territorial basis:

national (if binding to a specific country is required - .by, .ru, .ua, etc.);
international (if there is no such binding - .com, .info, .biz, etc.).

Another classification involves dividing them by topic:

.info - for news and information portals;
.am and .fm - for radio stations;
.tv - for TV channels;
.biz - for commercial sites;
.name - for resources associated with some person, etc.

Some use organizational domain zones:

.net - for Internet companies;
.com - for business;
.org - for non-profit enterprises;
.edu - for educational programs.

These domain zones belong to the first level domains. If you add a word before the dot, you get a 2nd-level domain (for example, yandex.ru), and if you add one more dot and a word ahead, then you get a 3rd-level domain (news.yandex.ru).

How is the zone?

Of course, first of all, you should decide who the site will be aimed at.

For the Russian-speaking audience, the .ru domain zone is suitable, for the Belarusian audience - .by, for the Ukrainian.ua, etc. If you do not need to bind to a specific country, then it is better to choose the international .com zone. Large companies with an extensive Internet trading structure prefer to have a site with the same name in several domain zones at once. For example, dom.ua - for Ukrainian buyers, dom.ru - for Russian, dom.com - for international payments.

To clarify a specific country or region, use the list of domain zones.

Russian domains

A feature of the domestic Internet is the use of not only Latin letters, but also Cyrillic letters in the site address - this is the domain zone .rf, .moscow, .online (for live broadcasts), .children (for sites with a children's audience), .org (for public organizations ), .site (for personal portals, blogs, etc.) and some others.

You can often find domain names associated with certain cities and regions - spb.ru (St. Petersburg), msk.ru (Moscow), nov.ru (Novgorod region), etc.

How to choose a site name?

There are more and more Internet resources, it becomes more and more difficult to find a unique site name. Therefore, options with two or three words through a hyphen are gaining popularity. For example, simple-domain-name.ru. The abbreviation can be used, but on condition that it is well known, for example, the National Bank of Belarus - nbrb.by. An incomprehensible abracadabra of several letters is not the best option, because the user is unlikely to remember it and will not be able to type it from memory in the future.

The main thing is that the domain zone should be easy to remember and reproduce later. Do not use misspelled words - cofe.ru or cofie.ru. Ask your friends to write down the address by ear. If, when pronouncing, a person was able to accurately enter it, then other users will be able to find you.

If the name of the company is not important for you, try using a keyword (phrase) in Latin in the name, for example, computer.ru.

What are third-level domains for?

In some situations, it is more appropriate to apply, for example, when it comes to a blog or portfolio. In this case, .name can act as a domain zone. An example is ivan.ivanov.name. At the same time, the second-level domain will be available to all other Ivanovs.

But of course, most often resort to 3rd level domains when they do not want to pay for the site. For example, if this is not a commercial resource, if the administrator wants to practice the basics of web programming in this way, if this is a trial version of the site. How to get a domain for free is described below, but for now we will analyze what is required to open a 2nd level domain.

How to get a domain?

So, the site name has been invented, it remains only to check it for uniqueness and register it so that the site can start functioning. To do this, you first go to the WHOIS information service and check if the domain is free.

If the name is unique, go to the website of the accredited registrar of Rucenter - nic.ru. Here, domain zone registration will require the following steps:

Acquaintance with the rules for the provision of services and the conclusion of an offer contract in electronic form. If you wish, you can conclude a paper version by arriving at the main office of RU-CENTER or by sending a printed version by mail in a double copy (the second one after signing will be returned to you back).
Filling out the questionnaire (as an individual, legal entity or individual entrepreneur), submitting documents. This stage should be taken with special responsibility, because with the slightest mistake, data mismatch, you will not be able to transfer the rights to the domain to another person in the future and you yourself may lose the ability to manage it.
Creating an order for a domain and related services.
Formation of cost and payment in various ways - cash, non-cash, Internet payment, etc.

For those who for some reason do not want to pay money for a site or take their first steps in site building, there are free domain zones. What are they and how do they work?

How to get a free domain?

It’s worth mentioning right away that it’s almost impossible to get a 2nd level domain for free. And if you come across such an offer, then, most likely, in a year you will still have to pay for a place, and a lot.

Free 3rd level domains are much more common. How to find them?

One of the options is to turn to free hosting and website builders - ucoz.com, narod.ru.

The second option is to enter free domains in the search engine to get to English-language resources, where there are more chances to get a high-quality domain. Among the first you will find the freenom.com website, where you can not only register a second-level domain in the GA, TK, CF, ML zones for free, but also bind your DNS, and then manage your own website for a fee. There are a lot of similar resources here, for example, registry.cu.cc, codotvu.com, freedomain.co.nr and many others.

New domain zones are gaining popularity - .cu.cc, .uni.me, .cz.cc, .eu.org .de.cc, .at.cc, .ch.cc and others.

As for domestic services, pp.ua (private person) offers good conditions for obtaining a free domain. Here you can conveniently place any personal website or personal blog.

The main question associated with such domains is how relevant is the search engine to them and is it possible to promote the site to the top on such platforms? To do this, enter the query site:ch.cc or site:at.cc (for Google) or url="*.ch.cc in the search engine of interest and see if such domains are indexed in the search.

Summary

A zone is something without which no site can function. Summarizing all of the above, we can distinguish 5 key stages of connecting a domain and creating a website:

Choosing a domain zone according to the principle most suitable for you - territorial or thematic.
Creating a domain name and checking it for uniqueness through a special WHOIS service.
Conclusion of an agreement for obtaining a domain with the Russian center RU-CENTER.
Connection of additional services.
Payment in a convenient way.

That's all there is to getting a paid domain. If you want to do it for free, there are only 2 steps - to find a suitable service that will provide a 3rd-level domain on conditions convenient for you, and create a unique domain name.

The only thing is that in this case there may be a problem with site promotion, because search engines prefer paid second-level domains, which means that your site is unlikely to get to the first lines of a search query.

RU-CENTER has been one of the largest registrars in the Russian market since 2001. We provide services for registration, renewal and transfer of support for information about domain names in more than: national, international and thematic.

To enter the query you are interested in in the search bar and click "Check". Free names in domain zones with the price for the first year will appear in the list of results - all available, from the most to the most expensive. Our selection will allow you to check if a particular domain is free if you enter it in its entirety in the search bar.

Choose the appropriate option from the search results by category or the entire list, place and pay for the order. These are valid for the first year of registration and may differ from the cost of the domain upon renewal.

After the receipt of money, the domain name is registered in the central database (Registry) - the administrator indicates the individual or organization that has entered into an agreement with RU-CENTER.

After registration, management and all information about the domain become available in the "For clients" section.

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After registration, management and all information about the domain become available in the "For clients" section.