List of works and main characters. Crib: Literary heroes in works of art. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Epics about Ilya Muromets

Hero Ilya Muromets, son of Ivan Timofeevich and Efrosinya Yakovlevna, peasants of the village of Karacharova near Murom. The most popular epic character, the second most powerful (after Svyatogor) Russian hero and the first domestic superman.

Sometimes a real person is identified with the epic Ilya Muromets, the Monk Ilya of the Caves, nicknamed Chobotok, buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and canonized in 1643.

Years of creation. 12th–16th centuries

What is the point. Until the age of 33, Ilya lay, paralyzed, on the stove in his parents' house, until he was miraculously healed by wanderers ("passing stones"). Having gained strength, he arranged his father's household and went to Kyiv, along the way capturing Nightingale the Robber, who terrorized the neighborhood. In Kyiv, Ilya Muromets joined the squad of Prince Vladimir and found the hero Svyatogor, who gave him the sword-treasurer and the mystical "real power". In this episode, he demonstrated not only physical strength, but also high moral qualities, not responding to the advances of Svyatogor's wife. Later, Ilya Muromets defeated the “great force” near Chernigov, paved the direct road from Chernigov to Kyiv, inspected the roads from Alatyr-stone, tested the young hero Dobrynya Nikitich, saved the hero Mikhail Potyk from captivity in the Saracen kingdom, defeated Idolishche, walked with his squad to Tsargrad, one defeated the army of Kalin Tsar.

Ilya Muromets was not alien to simple human joys: in one of the epic episodes, he walks around Kiev with “tavern goals”, and his offspring Sokolnik was born out of wedlock, which later leads to a fight between father and son.

What does it look like. Superman. Epics describe Ilya Muromets as "a remote, burly good fellow", he fights with a club "in ninety pounds" (1440 kilograms)!

What is he fighting for. Ilya Muromets and his squad very clearly formulate the purpose of their service:

“... stand alone for the faith for the fatherland,

... to stand alone for Kyiv-grad,

... to stand alone for the churches for the cathedral,

... he will save the prince and Vladimir.

But Ilya Muromets is not only a statesman - he is also one of the most democratic fighters against evil, as he is always ready to fight "for widows, for orphans, for poor people."

The way to fight. A duel with the enemy or a battle with superior enemy forces.

With what result. Despite the difficulties caused by the numerical superiority of the enemy or the dismissive attitude of Prince Vladimir and the boyars, he invariably wins.

What is it fighting against? Against the internal and external enemies of Russia and their allies, violators of law and order, illegal migrants, invaders and aggressors.

2. Archpriest Avvakum

"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"

Hero. Archpriest Avvakum made his way from a village priest to the leader of the resistance to church reform, Patriarch Nikon, and became one of the leaders of the Old Believers, or schismatics. Avvakum is the first religious figure of this magnitude, who not only suffered for his beliefs, but also described it himself.

Years of creation. Approximately 1672–1675.

What is the point. A native of the Volga village, Avvakum from his youth was distinguished by both piety and violent temper. Having moved to Moscow, he took an active part in church and educational activities, was close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but sharply opposed the church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon. With his characteristic temperament, Avvakum waged a fierce struggle against Nikon, advocating the old order of church ritual. Avvakum, not at all embarrassed in expressions, conducted public and journalistic activities, for which he repeatedly went to prison, was cursed and defrocked, and was exiled to Tobolsk, Transbaikalia, Mezen and Pustozersk. From the place of the last exile, he continued to write appeals, for which he was imprisoned in an "earthen pit". Had many followers. Church hierarchs tried to persuade Avvakum to renounce his "delusions", but he remained adamant and was eventually burned.

What does it look like. One can only guess: Avvakum did not describe himself. Maybe this is how the priest looks like in Surikov’s painting “Boyar Morozova” - Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova was a faithful follower of Avvakum.

What is he fighting for. For the purity of the Orthodox faith, for the preservation of tradition.

The way to fight. Word and deed. Avvakum wrote accusatory pamphlets, but he could personally beat the buffoons who entered the village and break their musical instruments. Considered self-immolation as a form of possible resistance.

With what result. Avvakum's passionate sermon against church reform made resistance to it massive, but he himself, along with three of his associates, was executed in 1682 in Pustozersk.

What is it fighting against? Against the desecration of Orthodoxy by "heretical novelties", against everything alien, "external wisdom", that is, scientific knowledge, against entertainment. He suspects the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the reign of the devil.

3. Taras Bulba

"Taras Bulba"

Hero.“Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to appear on the Russian nobility. Many already adopted Polish customs, started luxury, magnificent servants, falcons, hunters, dinners, courtyards. Taras didn't like it. He loved the simple life of the Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined towards the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish lords. Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke. He himself carried out reprisals against his Cossacks and made it a rule for himself that in three cases one should always take up a saber, namely: when the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered it at least permissible to take up arms for the glory of Christianity.

Year of creation. The story was first published in 1835 in the collection Mirgorod. The edition of 1842, in which, in fact, we all read Taras Bulba, differs significantly from the original version.

What is the point. Throughout his life, the dashing Cossack Taras Bulba has been fighting for the liberation of Ukraine from oppressors. He, the glorious ataman, cannot bear the thought that his own children, flesh of his flesh, may not follow his example. Therefore, Taras kills Andriy's son, who betrayed the sacred cause, without hesitation. When another son, Ostap, is captured, our hero deliberately penetrates into the heart of the enemy camp - but not in order to try to save his son. His only goal is to make sure that Ostap, under torture, did not show cowardice and did not renounce high ideals. Taras himself dies like Joan of Arc, having previously presented Russian culture with the immortal phrase: “There are no bonds holier than camaraderie!”

What does it look like. Extremely heavy and fat (20 pounds, in terms of - 320 kg), gloomy eyes, black-white eyebrows, mustache and forelock.

What is he fighting for. For the liberation of the Zaporozhian Sich, for independence.

The way to fight. War activities.

With what result. With deplorable. All died.

What is it fighting against? Against oppressor Poles, foreign yoke, police despotism, old-world landowners and court satraps.

4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov

"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"

Hero. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, merchant class. Trades in silks - with varying degrees of success. Moskvich. Orthodox. Has two younger brothers. He is married to the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, because of whom the whole story came out.

Year of creation. 1838

What is the point. Lermontov was not fond of the theme of Russian heroism. He wrote romantic poems about nobles, officers, Chechens and Jews. But he was one of the first to find out that the 19th century is rich only in the heroes of his time, but heroes for all time should be sought in the deep past. There, in the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible, a hero was found (or rather, invented) with the now speaking surname Kalashnikov. The young oprichnik Kiribeevich falls in love with his wife and attacks her at night, persuading her to surrender. The next day, the offended husband challenges the oprichnik to a fistfight and kills him with one blow. For the murder of his beloved oprichnik and for the fact that Kalashnikov refuses to name the reason for his act, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich orders the young merchant to be executed, but does not leave his widow and children with mercy and care. Such is royal justice.

What does it look like.

"His falcon eyes are burning,

He looks at the oprichnik intently.

Opposite him, he becomes

Pulls on combat gloves

Mighty shoulders straightens.

What is he fighting for. For the honor of his woman and family. Kiribeevich's attack on Alena Dmitrievna was seen by the neighbors, and now she cannot appear before the eyes of honest people. Although, going out to fight with the guardsman, Kalashnikov solemnly declares that he is fighting "for the holy truth-mother." But heroes sometimes distort.

The way to fight. Fatal fistfight. In fact, a murder in broad daylight in front of thousands of witnesses.

With what result.

“And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov

Death is fierce, shameful;

And the untalented head

She rolled on the chopping block in blood.

But on the other hand, Kiribeevich was also buried.

What is it fighting against? Evil in the poem is personified by an oprichnik with a foreign patronymic Kiribeevich, and even a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, that is, an enemy squared. Kalashnikov calls him "basurman's son", alluding to his enemy's lack of Moscow registration. And the first (and also the last) blow this person of eastern nationality inflicts not on the face of a merchant, but on an Orthodox cross with relics from Kyiv, which hangs on a valiant chest. He says to Alena Dmitrievna: “I am not a thief, a forest murderer, / I am a servant of the king, the terrible king ...” - that is, he hides behind the highest mercy. So the heroic act of Kalashnikov is nothing but a deliberate murder on the basis of ethnic hatred. Lermontov, who himself participated in the Caucasian campaigns and wrote a lot about the wars with the Chechens, the theme of "Moscow for Muscovites" in its anti-Basurman section was close.

5. Danko "Old Woman Izergil"

Hero Danko. Biography unknown.

“In the old days, only people lived in the world, impenetrable forests surrounded the camps of these people on three sides, and on the fourth there was a steppe. They were cheerful, strong and courageous people ... Danko is one of those people ... "

Year of creation. The short story "Old Woman Izergil" was first published in Samarskaya Gazeta in 1895.

What is the point. Danko is the fruit of the irrepressible imagination of the very old woman Izergil, whose name is Gorky's short story. A sultry Bessarabian old woman with a rich past tells a beautiful legend: at the time of the ona, there was a redistribution of property - there were disassemblies between the two tribes. Not wanting to stay in the occupied territory, one of the tribes went into the forest, but there the people experienced a massive depression, because "nothing - neither work nor women exhaust the bodies and souls of people as exhausting dreary thoughts." At a critical moment, Danko did not allow his people to bow to the conquerors, but instead offered to follow him - in an unknown direction.

What does it look like.“Danko… a handsome young man. The beautiful are always bold.

What is he fighting for. Go know. For getting out of the forest and thereby ensuring freedom for your people. Where are the guarantees that freedom is exactly where the forest ends, it is not clear.

The way to fight. An unpleasant physiological operation, indicating a masochistic personality. Self-dismemberment.

With what result. With dual. He got out of the forest, but died immediately. Sophisticated mockery of one's own body does not go in vain. The hero did not receive gratitude for his feat: his heart, torn from his chest with his own hand, was trampled under someone's heartless heel.

What is it fighting against? Against collaborationism, conciliation and cringing before the conquerors.

6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)

Corpus of texts, from "Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" to "Bomb for the Chairman", the most important of the novels - "Seventeen Moments of Spring"

Hero. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, aka Max Otto von Stirlitz, aka Estilitz, Bolsen, Brunn. An employee of the press service of the Kolchak government, an underground Chekist, intelligence officer, professor of history, exposing the conspiracy of the followers of Nazism.

Years of creation. Novels about Colonel Isaev were created over 24 years - from 1965 to 1989.

What is the point. In 1921, Chekist Vladimirov liberates the Far East from the remnants of the White Army. In 1927, they decided to send him to Europe - it was then that the legend of the German aristocrat Max Otto von Stirlitz was born. In 1944, he saved Krakow from destruction by helping the group of Major Whirlwind. At the very end of the war, he was entrusted with the most important mission - the disruption of separate negotiations between Germany and the West. In Berlin, the hero does his hard work, saving the radio operator Kat along the way, the end of the war is already close, and the Third Reich is collapsing to the song of Marika Rekk "Seventeen Moments of April". In 1945, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

What does it look like. From the party characteristics of a member of the NSDAP since 1933 von Stirlitz, SS Standartenführer (VI department of the RSHA): “A true Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Maintains good relations with co-workers. Fulfills his duty without fail. Merciless to the enemies of the Reich. Excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in connections discrediting him. Marked with awards from the Fuhrer and thanks from the Reichsfuehrer SS ... "

What is he fighting for. For the victory of communism. It is unpleasant for oneself to admit this, but in some situations - for the motherland, for Stalin.

The way to fight. Intelligence and espionage, in some places the deductive method, ingenuity, skill-disguise.

With what result. On the one hand, he saves everyone who needs it and successfully carries out subversive activities; reveals covert intelligence networks and defeats the main enemy - Gestapo chief Muller. However, the Soviet country, for the honor and victory of which he is fighting, thanks his hero in his own way: in 1947, he, who had just arrived in the Union on a Soviet ship, was arrested, and by order of Stalin, his wife and son were shot. Stirlitz is released from prison only after the death of Beria.

What is it fighting against? Against whites, Spanish fascists, German Nazis and all enemies of the USSR.

7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov "Look into the eyes of monsters"

Hero Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov, symbolist poet, superman, conquistador, member of the Order of the Fifth Rome, arbiter of Soviet history and fearless destroyer of dragons.

Year of creation. 1997

What is the point. Nikolai Gumilyov was not shot in 1921 in the dungeons of the Cheka. From execution, he was saved by Yakov Wilhelmovich (or James William Bruce), a representative of the secret Order of the Fifth Rome, created back in the 13th century. Having acquired the gift of immortality and power, Gumilyov walks through the history of the 20th century, generously leaving his traces in it. He puts Marilyn Monroe to bed, along the way building chickens to Agatha Christie, gives valuable advice to Ian Fleming, starts a duel with Mayakovsky out of absurdity of character and, leaving his cold corpse in Lubyansky passage, runs, leaving the police and literary critics to compose a version of suicide. He takes part in the congress of writers and sits down on xerion - a magical dope based on dragon blood, which gives immortality to members of the order. Everything would be fine - the problems begin later, when the evil dragon forces begin to threaten not only the world in general, but the Gumilyov family: wife Annushka and son Stepa.

What is he fighting for. First, for goodness and beauty, then he is no longer up to high ideas - he simply saves his wife and son.

The way to fight. Gumilyov participates in an unthinkable number of battles and battles, owns hand-to-hand combat techniques and all types of firearms. True, in order to achieve special sleight of hand, fearlessness, omnipotence, invulnerability and even immortality, he has to throw xerion.

With what result. Nobody knows. The novel "Look into the eyes of monsters" ends without giving an answer to this burning question. All the continuations of the novel (both the Hyperborean Plague and the March of the Ecclesiastes), firstly, are much less recognized by the fans of Lazarchuk-Uspensky, and secondly, and most importantly, they also do not offer the reader clues.

What is it fighting against? Having learned about the real causes of the disasters that hit the world in the 20th century, he fights first of all with these misfortunes. In other words, with a civilization of evil lizards.

8. Vasily Terkin

"Vasily Terkin"

Hero. Vasily Terkin, reserve private, infantryman. A native of Smolensk. Single, no children. He has an award for the totality of feats.

Years of creation. 1941–1945

What is the point. Contrary to popular belief, the need for such a hero appeared even before the Great Patriotic War. Tvardovsky came up with Terkin during the Finnish campaign, where he, along with the Pulkins, Mushkins, Protirkins and other characters in newspaper feuilletons, fought with the White Finns for their homeland. So in 1941, Terkin entered an already experienced fighter. By 1943, Tvardovsky was tired of his unsinkable hero and wanted to send him into retirement due to injury, but letters from readers returned Terkin to the front, where he spent another two years, was shell-shocked and surrounded three times, conquered high and low heights, led fights in the swamps, liberated villages, took Berlin and even spoke with Death. His rustic but sparkling wit invariably saved him from enemies and censors, but he definitely did not attract girls. Tvardovsky even turned to readers with an appeal to love his hero - just like that, from the heart. Still, Soviet heroes do not have the dexterity of James Bond.

What does it look like. Endowed with beauty He was not excellent, Not tall, not that small, But a hero - a hero.

What is he fighting for. For the cause of peace for the sake of life on earth, that is, his task, like that of any soldier-liberator, is global. Terkin himself is sure that he is fighting “for Russia, for the people / And for everything in the world”, but sometimes, just in case, he also mentions the Soviet government - no matter what happens.

The way to fight. In war, as you know, any means are good, so everything is used: a tank, a machine gun, a knife, a wooden spoon, fists, teeth, vodka, the power of persuasion, a joke, a song, an accordion ...

With what result. Several times he was on the verge of death. He was supposed to receive a medal, but due to a typo in the list, the award did not find the hero.

But imitators found him: by the end of the war, almost every company already had its own “Terkin”, and some even had two.

What is it fighting against? First against the Finns, then against the Nazis, and sometimes against Death. In fact, Terkin was called upon to fight depressive moods at the front, which he did with success.

9. Anastasia Kamenskaya

A series of detective stories about Anastasia Kamenskaya

Heroine. Nastya Kamenskaya, major of MUR, the best analyst of Petrovka, a brilliant operative, in the manner of Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot investigating serious crimes.

Years of creation. 1992–2006

What is the point. The work of an operative involves hard everyday life (the first evidence of this is the television series "Streets of Broken Lights"). But it is difficult for Nastya Kamenskaya to rush around the city and catch bandits in dark alleys: she is lazy, in poor health, and loves peace more than anything in the world. Because of this, she periodically has difficulties in relations with management. Only her first boss and teacher, nicknamed Kolobok, believed in her analytical abilities without limit; the rest have to prove that she is the best at investigating bloody crimes, sitting in the office, drinking coffee and analyzing, analyzing.

What does it look like. Tall, lean blonde, her features expressionless. She never wears make-up and prefers casual, comfortable clothes.

What is he fighting for. Definitely not for a modest police salary: knowing five foreign languages and having some connections, Nastya can leave Petrovka at any moment, but she does not. It turns out that he is fighting for the triumph of law and order.

The way to fight. First of all, analytics. But sometimes Nastya has to change her habits and go on the warpath on her own. In this case, acting skills, the art of reincarnation and female charm are used.

With what result. Most often - with brilliant: criminals are exposed, caught, punished. But in rare cases, some of them manage to hide, and then Nastya does not sleep at night, smokes one cigarette after another, goes crazy and tries to come to terms with the injustice of life. However, so far there are clearly more happy endings.

What is it fighting against? Against crime.

10. Erast Fandorin

A series of novels about Erast Fandorin

Hero. Erast Petrovich Fandorin, a nobleman, the son of a small landowner who lost his family fortune at cards. He began his career in the detective police as a collegiate registrar, managed to visit the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, serve in the diplomatic corps in Japan and incur the disfavor of Nicholas II. He rose to the rank of State Councilor and retired. Private detective and consultant to various influential people since 1892. Phenomenally lucky in everything, especially in gambling. Single. Has a number of children and other descendants.

Years of creation. 1998–2006

What is the point. The turn of the XX-XXI centuries again turned out to be an era that is looking for heroes in the past. Akunin found his defender of the weak and oppressed in the gallant 19th century, but in the professional field that is becoming especially popular right now - in the special services. Of all Akunin's stylistic undertakings, Fandorin is the most charming and therefore the most enduring. His biography begins in 1856, the action of the last novel dates back to 1905, and the end of the story has not yet been written, so you can always expect new achievements from Erast Petrovich. Although Akunin, like Tvardovsky earlier, since 2000 has been trying to end his hero and write his last novel about him. The Coronation is subtitled The Last of the Novels; the “Lover of Death” and “The Mistress of Death” written after her were published as a bonus, but then it became clear that Fandorin's readers would not let go so easily. The people need, need, an elegant detective who knows languages and is wildly popular with women. Not all the same "Cops", in fact!

What does it look like.“He was a very pretty young man, with black hair (which he was secretly proud of) and blue (alas, it would be better also black) eyes, rather tall, with white skin and a cursed, indestructible blush on his cheeks.” After the experience of misfortune, his appearance acquires an intriguing detail for ladies - gray temples.

What is he fighting for. For an enlightened monarchy, order and law. Fandorin dreams of a new Russia - ennobled in the Japanese manner, with firmly and reasonably established laws and their scrupulous execution. About Russia, which did not go through the Russo-Japanese and the First World War, revolution and civil war. That is, about Russia, which could be if we had enough luck and common sense to build it.

The way to fight. A combination of the deductive method, meditation techniques and Japanese martial arts with almost mystical luck. By the way, there is also female love, which Fandorin uses in every sense.

With what result. As we know, the Russia that Fandorin dreams about did not happen. So globally, he suffers a crushing defeat. Yes, and in small things too: those whom he tries to save most often die, and the criminals never go to jail (they die, or pay off the court, or simply disappear). However, Fandorin himself invariably remains alive, as does the hope for the final triumph of justice.

What is it fighting against? Against the unenlightened monarchy, revolutionary bombers, nihilists and socio-political chaos, which in Russia can come at any moment. Along the way, he has to fight bureaucracy, corruption in the highest echelons of power, fools, roads and ordinary criminals.

Illustrations: Maria Sosnina

1. What and how did the heroes of Russian classics read? Review of works and their heroes

The book is a source of knowledge - this common belief is familiar, perhaps, to everyone. Since ancient times, educated people who understood books were respected and revered. In the information about Metropolitan Hilarion, who has made an enormous contribution to the development of Russian spiritual and political thought with his treatise "The Sermon on Law and Grace", which has survived and has come down to the present time, it is noted: "Larion is a good man, fasting and bookish." It is "knizhen" - the most accurate and most capacious word, which, probably, in the best way characterizes all the advantages and advantages of an educated person over the rest. It is the book that opens the difficult and thorny path from the Cave of Ignorance, symbolically depicted by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work "The State", to Wisdom. All the great Heroes and Villains of mankind scooped thick and fragrant jelly of knowledge from books. The book contributes to the answer to any question, if, of course, there is an answer to it at all. The book allows you to do the impossible, if only it is possible.

Of course, many writers and poets of the "golden age", characterizing their heroes, mentioned certain literary works, the names and surnames of great authors, who either raved about, or admired, or who were lazily revered from time to time by artistic characters. Depending on certain characteristics and qualities of the hero, his book addictions, his attitude to the process of reading and education in general were also covered. Going a little beyond the time frame of the given topic, the author considers it appropriate to make a short digression into history in order to understand, using some examples of earlier literature, what and how the heroes of Russian classics read.

For example, take the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", in which the author ridiculed the narrow-mindedness of the class of landowners, the unpretentiousness of his life attitudes and ideals. The central theme of the work was formulated by its main character, directly immature Mitrofan Prostakov: "I don't want to study, I want to get married!" And while Mitrofan painfully and unsuccessfully tries, at the insistence of the teacher Tsyfirkin, to divide 300 rubles into three, his chosen one Sofya is engaged in self-education through reading:

Sophia: I was waiting for you, uncle. I have now read a book.

Starodum: What?

Sophia: French, Fenelon, about the education of girls.

Starodum: Fenelon? The author of Telemachus? Good. I don’t know your book, but read it, read it. Whoever wrote Telemachus will not corrupt morals with his pen. I fear for you the present sages. I happened to read from them everything that was translated into Russian. True, they strongly eradicate prejudices and uproot virtue.

The attitude to reading and books can be traced throughout the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov. "The most famous Muscovite of all Russian literature," Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov, is quite critical in his assessments. Upon learning that his daughter Sophia "everything is in French, aloud, reading locked up," he says:

Tell me that it's not good for her eyes to spoil,

And in reading the prok is small:

She has no sleep from French books,

And it hurts me to sleep from the Russians.

And he considers the cause of Chatsky's madness to be exclusively teaching and books:

If evil is to be stopped:

Take away all the books and burn them!

Alexander Andreevich Chatsky himself reads only progressive Western literature and categorically denies authors respected in Moscow society:

I'm not stupid,

And more exemplary.

Let's move on to later works of literature. In the "encyclopedia of Russian life" - the novel "Eugene Onegin" - A.S. Pushkin, characterizing his heroes as they get to know the reader, pays special attention to their literary preferences. The protagonist was "cut in the latest fashion, dressed like a dandy in London", "he could speak and write in French", that is, he received a brilliant education by European standards:

He knew enough Latin

To parse epigrams,

Talk about Juvenal

Put vale at the end of the letter

Yes, I remember, though not without sin,

Two verses from the Aeneid.

Branil Homer, Theocritus;

But read Adam Smith

And there was a deep economy.

Onegin's village neighbor, the young landowner Vladimir Lensky, "with a soul like that of Gottingen," brought back the "fruits of learning" from Germany, where he was brought up on the works of German philosophers. The mind of the young man was especially excited by reflections on Duty and Justice, as well as the theory of the Categorical Imperative by Immanuel Kant.

Pushkin's favorite heroine, "dear Tatyana", was brought up in the spirit characteristic of her time and in accordance with her own romantic nature:

She liked novels early on;

They replaced everything for her;

She fell in love with deceptions

Both Richardson and Rousseau.

Her father was a good fellow

Belated in the last century;

But he saw no harm in books;

He never reads

They were considered an empty toy

And didn't care about

What is my daughter's secret volume

Slept until morning under the pillow.

His wife was herself

Mad about Richardson.

N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls", when we meet the main character, says nothing about his literary preferences. Apparently, the collegiate adviser Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov did not have those at all, for he was "not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin; one cannot say that he was old, but not so that he was too young": middle lord. However, about the first to whom Chichikov went for dead souls, the landowner Manilov, it is known that "in his office there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page, which he had been constantly reading for two years."

The triumph and death of "Oblomovism" as a limited and cozy world by Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, against the background of whose metamorphoses the active life of Andrei Stolz beats with an indefatigable key, was illuminated in his novel by I.A. Goncharov. Undoubtedly, the difference in the reassessment of the values of the two heroes casts its shadow on their attitude to reading and books. Stolz, with his characteristic German perseverance, showed a special desire to read and study as early as childhood: “From the age of eight, he sat with his father at a geographical map, sorted through the warehouses of Herder, Wieland, Bible verses and summed up the illiterate accounts of peasants, philistines and factory workers, and I read Sacred History with my mother, taught Krylov's fables and dismantled Telemaka according to the warehouses.

Once Andrei disappeared for a week, then he was found sleeping peacefully in his bed. Under the bed - someone's gun and a pound of gunpowder and shot. When asked where he got it, he replied: "So!" The father asks his son if he has a German translation of Cornelius Nepos ready. Learning that he wasn’t, his father dragged him by the collar into the yard, gave him a kick and said: “Go, where you came from. And come again with a translation, instead of one or two chapters, and mother learn the role from the French comedy that she asked: without this don't show up!" Andrei returned a week later with a translation and a learned role.

The process of reading Oblomov as the main character I.A. Goncharov gives a special place in the novel:

What did he do at home? Was reading? Did you write? Studied?

Yes: if a book, a newspaper, falls under his hands, he will read it.

Hears about some wonderful work - he will have an urge to get to know him; he is looking for, asking for books, and if they bring it soon, he will take it, he begins to form an idea about the subject; another step and he would have mastered him, and look, he was already lying, looking apathetically at the ceiling, and the book lay beside him unread, misunderstood.

If he somehow managed to get through a book called statistics, history, political economy, he was completely satisfied. When Stoltz brought him books that needed to be read beyond what he had learned, Oblomov looked at him for a long time in silence.

No matter how interesting the place where he stopped was, but if the hour of dinner or sleep caught him at this place, he put the book with the binding up and went to dinner or extinguished the candle and went to bed.

If they gave him the first volume, he did not ask for the second after reading it, but brought it - he slowly read it.

Ilyusha studied, like others, until the age of fifteen in a boarding school. "Of necessity, he sat straight in the classroom, listened to what the teachers said, because there was nothing else to do, and with difficulty, with sweat, with sighs, he learned the lessons given to him. Serious reading tired him." Oblomov does not perceive thinkers, only poets managed to stir up his soul. Books are given to him by Stoltz. "Both were worried, wept, gave each other solemn promises to follow a reasonable and bright path." But nevertheless, while reading, "no matter how interesting the place where he (Oblomov) stopped was, but if the hour of lunch or sleep caught him at this place, he put the book with the binding up and went to dinner or extinguished the candle and went to bed" . As a result, "his head represented a complex archive of dead deeds, faces, eras, figures, religions, unrelated political, economic, mathematical or other truths, tasks, positions, etc. It was like a library consisting of some scattered volumes in different areas of knowledge. It also happens that he is filled with contempt for human vice, for lies, for slander, for evil spilled in the world, and flares up with a desire to point out to a person his ulcers, and suddenly thoughts light up in him, walk and walk in his head, like waves in the sea. ", then they grow into intentions, ignite all the blood in him. But, you look, the morning will flash by, the day is already drawing to evening, and with it Oblomov's weary forces are tending to rest."

reading hero Russian novel

The apogee of the well-readness of the heroes of a literary work is, without a doubt, the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pages simply abound with names, surnames, titles. Here there is Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang Goethe, whom Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov respects. Nikolai Petrovich instead of Pushkin "children" give "Stoff und Kraft" by Ludwig Buchner. Matvei Ilyich Kolyazin, "preparing to go to the evening to Mrs. Svechina, who then lived in St. Petersburg, read a page from Candillac in the morning." And Evdoxia Kuk-shina really shines with erudition and erudition in a conversation with Bazarov:

You, they say, began to praise George Sand again. Retarded woman, and nothing else! How is it possible to compare her with Emerson? She has no ideas about education, or physiology, or anything. She, I am sure, has never heard of embryology, but in our time - how do you want without it? Oh, what an amazing article Elisevich wrote about this.

Having reviewed the works and their characters in terms of the literary preferences of the latter, the author would like to dwell in more detail on the characters of Turgenev and Pushkin. They, as the most vivid exponents of literary predilections, will be discussed in the following parts of the work.

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Introduction

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

For Russian society 18-19 centuries. with its characteristic accelerated pace of development, reading has become the most important stimulus and at the same time a means of mastering European and world spiritual culture. In this regard, the period of formation and development of the Russian classical novel was no exception.

Reading, as the most important element of culture and everyday life, naturally found its natural reflection in literature. The attitude to the book, the circle of reading, and finally, the process of reading itself - all this changed in accordance with the prevailing aesthetic ideas. The theme of reading itself was interpreted differently in the literature.

For the classic novel, this phenomenon was not an innovation - even in the works of the 18th century, we observe the emergence of a new type of hero - a hero in whose life and fate reading plays a significant, and sometimes even decisive role. The "bookish" nature of such a hero essentially reflected the most important processes that took place in the life of Russian society in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Thus, Russian writers and poets, introducing the “reading hero” into literature, not only used the experience of Western European authors, but, above all, turned to the domestic reality itself.

The purpose of this work is to determine the reading circle of the heroes of the works of Russian classics. Achieving the goal is possible when performing the following tasks: to conduct a general review of the works of Russian classical literature in order to identify the reader's preferences of their characters; to analyze in detail the works "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev and "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin, which most reflect the given theme.

1. What and how did the heroes of Russian classics read? Review of works and their heroes

Sophia: I was waiting for you, uncle. I have now read a book.

Starodum: What?

Sophia: French, Fenelon, about the education of girls.

Tell me that it's not good for her eyes to spoil,

And in reading the prok is small:

She has no sleep from French books,

And it hurts me to sleep from the Russians.

And he considers the cause of Chatsky's madness to be exclusively teaching and books:

If evil is to be stopped:

Take away all the books and burn them!

Alexander Andreevich Chatsky himself reads only progressive Western literature and categorically denies authors respected in Moscow society:

I'm not stupid,

And more exemplary.

He knew enough Latin

To parse epigrams,

Talk about Juvenal

Put vale at the end of the letter

Yes, I remember, though not without sin,

Two verses from the Aeneid.

Branil Homer, Theocritus;

But read Adam Smith

And there was a deep economy.

Pushkin's favorite heroine, "dear Tatyana", was brought up in the spirit characteristic of her time and in accordance with her own romantic nature:

She liked novels early on;

They replaced everything for her;

She fell in love with deceptions

Both Richardson and Rousseau.

Her father was a good fellow

Belated in the last century;

But he saw no harm in books;

He never reads

They were considered an empty toy

And didn't care about

What is my daughter's secret volume

Slept until morning under the pillow.

His wife was herself

Mad about Richardson.

The process of reading Oblomov as the main character I.A. Goncharov gives a special place in the novel:

What did he do at home? Was reading? Did you write? Studied?

Yes: if a book, a newspaper, falls under his hands, he will read it.

If they gave him the first volume, he did not ask for the second after reading it, but brought it - he slowly read it.

Having reviewed the works and their heroes in terms of the literary preferences of the latter, the author would like to dwell in more detail on the characters of Turgenev and Pushkin. They, as the most vivid exponents of literary predilections, will be discussed in the following parts of the work.

2. Literary preferences in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The mention of Pushkin's name at the beginning, then closer to the middle of the narrative performs a complex function in the text of Fathers and Sons. Pushkin is both the signifier and the signified in Turgenev's text.

His name sets the reader in a certain context in which the author wants to be perceived. This is a conventional act. The author, as it were, agrees with the reader about what common starting points they should have. On the other hand, the name of Pushkin forms a certain circle of reading. The heroes of the novel constantly read something, including Pushkin.

In addition to Pushkin ("Eugene Onegin", "Gypsies"), "French novels" are mentioned, Odintsova reads them, but coldly, falling asleep; Heine, read by Katya Odintsova; Father Bazarov reads a lot, his reading consists of educational and scientific literature of the 18th century; the protagonist's mother reads little, mention is made of "Alexis or Huts in the Forest" - a French sentimental and moralizing rum by Ducret-Duminil, written in 1788 and translated into Russian in 1794; Bazarov himself reads little, basically advises someone to read something, but in a dispute with Pavel Petrovich he demonstrates good erudition. The circle of his reading at first glance is opposed to the circle of reading "old people", but such a contrast is not entirely correct. The fact is that the line of demarcation in reader preferences is somewhat more complicated, it runs in two ways: "everyone and Bazarov", that is, useful, "practical" literature (for example, Buchner's "Stoff und Kraft") is opposed to the old, old times, where the name of Pushkin, and the names of old scientists quoted by Bazarov's father.

The second boundary does not lie so directly: the name of Pushkin becomes synonymous with high art, romantic, requiring great mental expenditure, therefore, the heroes, one way or another ready for a spiritual feat, are described positively in the sphere of the author, hence the strange conversation between Arkady and Katya, who says: " ... wait, we'll remake you yet." This "alteration" lies in the sphere of literature: Arkady notices that Katya "does not reproach him for the fact that he expresses himself beautifully," and Katya reflects on Hein, whom she loves, "when he is thoughtful and sad." "We will remake" should be understood as "we will change your literary inclinations", in the case of Arkady - "we will revive". In this second division, Bazarov is not so alone, here, with varying frequency, either Arkady gets here, when he affectionately advises reading Buchner instead of Pushkin (an incredibly witty and ironic episode), then Odintsova, falling asleep over "stupid novels", then Pavel Petrovich, who "does not was a romantic, and his smartly dry and passionate, French-style misanthropic soul did not know how to dream ... ".

The motive of "literary expectations" is practically not realized in any way in "Fathers and Sons", perhaps only once very reduced and comically we are reminded of the futility of Bazarov's searches: "... So you will be covered with cold," Fenechka complained to Dunyasha, and she answered her sighed and thought of another "insensitive" person. Bazarov, without knowing it, became a cruel tyrant of her soul.

Literature is comparable in Turgenev's novel with the choice of worldview, in Eugene Onegin it performs a completely different function. But Pushkin's name is included in this circle, and therefore he is enriched with Onegin's allusions. According to reading habits, Turgenev's heroes learn a lot about each other, and the author also learns about the reader. Arkady at some point is likened to Tatyana, who exclaims in Onegin's library: "Isn't he a parody!" Arkady, in one of his disputes with Bazarov, once again protesting internally against what he says to him, is surprised: "Hey, ge!. - ... and then the whole bottomless abyss of Bazarov's pride opened up to him for a moment. - We, therefore, are the gods with you? that is, you are a god, but am I not an idiot?" Intonation is what brings these two surprises together, but not only: the principle of inversion continues to work here.

Onegin's allusions, like particles in a kaleidoscope, create in "Fathers and Sons" an almost limitless number of patterns-combinations. Here it seems an understandable, many times commented episode about Bazarov's understanding of Pushkin's poetry, but the word "slander" meets the word and we already have new meanings and new questions. The same element is the mention in "Fathers and Sons" of "beautiful legs".

In "Eugene Onegin" for the first time "legs" are mentioned in the stanza of the 30th first chapter. Nabokov, in his comments, calls this passage one of the marvels of the novel. He notes that "... the theme goes through five stanzas (from 30 to 35) and the last nostalgic echoes are: chapter One, stanza 49, where Pushkin mentions drawing female legs with a pen on the margins of his manuscripts; chapter Five, stanza 14, where Pushkin describes with loving tenderness how Tatyana's slipper gets bogged down in the snow in her dream; chapter Five, stanza 40, where Pushkin, about to describe a provincial ball, recalls the digression in chapter One, caused by an appeal to the St. Petersburg ball; chapter Seven, stanza 50, where Pushkin narrows lyrical circle, referring to the play Terpsichore, from which it all began: the flights of Istomina ... ".

The theme of "beautiful legs" in "Fathers and Sons" does not belong to the author, but to ... Odintsova. It is she who argues what "still lovely legs" her sister has. This whole passage will become even more interesting if you see that Turgenev’s themes of “shoe” and “legs” are combined: “... They brought you shoes from the city, your old ones are completely worn out. In general, you don’t do it enough, but you still have such lovely legs And your hands are good ... only big; so you have to take them with your legs. But you are not my coquette ... " For a moment, the emerging juxtaposition with Tatyana (the slipper from her dream) is confirmed by another stroke, the mention of the theme of Odintsova's dream in a conversation with Bazarov, following the previous episode. But Katya is not Tatyana, and the author does not think of comparing them, although the reader sometimes really wants to do this, because he seems to have no other novel expectations, except for the one set at the very beginning. "Lovely legs," she thought, slowly and easily climbing the stone steps of the terrace, hot from the sun, "pretty legs, you say ... Well, they will have him." I recall Pushkin's "Eugene fell at her feet ... / And now! - what brought you to my feet ... ". Allusions remain outside the narrative, but within the reader's expectations. In this Onegin intonation, Turgenev changes Onegin: he follows the intentions of the Author of the 3rd chapter, stanza 14, where he draws the reader a possible development of the novel, however, which turned out to be false, which emphasizes "the contradiction between the literary idyll and the true life tragedy."

Turgenev writes a "novel in the old way" for Arkady and Katya, and a truly tragic one for Bazarov; these two themes will be realized in the mind of the reader brought up on the Onegin tradition. Bazarov's line, however, will always develop tangentially to Onegin, in motion towards it - and always bypassing it .... Bazarov's tragedy is Turgenev's novel, which, perhaps, would not have taken place without reflection on Onegin's "fate", but which does not leave Bazarov "at a moment that is bad for him", alone with himself and fate, but "kills" him absurdly and "meaningless"...

3. Reading circle of Pushkin's heroes

The study of the reading circle of characters that came out from the pen of a genius solves several problems. Firstly, the colossal breadth of the masterpieces of foreign and Russian authors used by Pushkin is another proof of the poet's high culture, his exceptional erudition. Secondly, according to the preferences of the heroes of the works, the literary views and assessments, likes and dislikes of their creator are judged. And, finally, a person's reading interests are a kind of indicator, a criterion of a person's culture. For Alexander Sergeevich, the reading circle is the most important way to reveal the character of an artistic character. It is from this point of view that we will try to explore the circle of reading Pushkin's characters.

Some call such a phenomenon as the mention by one author of other writers in his work "literary art". It's a delusion! If we talk about the writers of the past, then "disrespect for the ancestors is the first sign of savagery and immorality" (excerpt "Guests gathered at the dacha."). As for contemporaries, ignoring their names in the works speaks of the absence of a sense of "guild unity".

Pushkin showed that in the first half of the 19th century in Russia not only a world-wide literature was created in its significance, but also a noticeable layer of the reading public was formed. In the 1930s, there were more than 100 bookstores in Russia. According to Pushkin, the nobles of the late 18th century, as a rule, did not read books and at best leafed through some newspaper, but in the "high society" and among the district nobility of the first half of the 19th century, reading became a mass phenomenon. Reading interests are becoming an important characteristic of a person.

Let's move on to Pushkin's texts. Let's start with an unfinished draft of "A Novel in Letters". After returning from the Caucasus, Pushkin actively participates in the literary life of the capital. In the autumn of 1829, the "Pushkin group" united, the members of which were the brilliant writers of that time: Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Pletnev, Baratynsky, Delvig. This circle produced the famous Literary Gazette. Echoes of the literary struggle of that time we meet in the "Novel in Letters".

Although this work was not completed, we will take the liberty of saying that it is there that the most interesting female image of all written by Pushkin. Proud and independent Liza, who lived with Avdotya Andreevna, the wife of a friend of her late father, could not come to terms with her position as a "pupil" in a strange house. She leaves Petersburg for the village to her grandmother.

Liza's letters to her friend Sasha in St. Petersburg perfectly reveal the character of this wonderful Russian girl. She is distinguished by a broad education, erudition, independence in judgments about light and literature, poetry. In Liza, you can see some of the features of Tatyana ("Eugene Onegin"), but unlike Tatyana, Lisa lived in the capital and was more cultured than the heroine of "Onegin". Her judgments about literature are distinguished by maturity and, of course, reflect the predilections of Pushkin himself.

In the village, Liza meets a landowner's family, reminiscent of the Larins. The daughter of this landowner, a girl of about seventeen, was brought up "on novels and clean air." Liza found in their house a whole cupboard of old books, and above all novels by S. Richardson.

Let's remember Onegin. Tatyana "fell in love with the deceptions of both Richadson and Rousseau." "Crazy" from Richardson was the landowner Larina herself.

"She loved Richardson

Not because I read

Not because Grandison

She preferred Lovlace."

It's just that the Moscow princess Alina, Larina's cousin, often talked about these novels.

Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) - English writer, author of sensational novels in letters - "Pamela", "Clarissa", "The Story of Sir Charles Grandison". Richardson's novels are didactic, full of moral sermons and unbearably boring.Ch. Dickens believed that if the reader is interested in their plot, he will hang himself from impatience, without having read to the denouement. All these novels were translated into Russian and published in Russia.

Lisa's judgment of Richardson is quite remarkable. "It's boring, there is no urine," - this is her sentence. Richardson, in her opinion, sings of the ideals of grandmothers, not granddaughters. The difference in ideals is manifested not in women, but in men. Comparing the seducer of Clarissa, the frivolous dandy Lovlas (his name has become a household name) with the main character of the novel by the French writer B. Constant "Adolf" (1816), Lisa does not find anything in common with them.

Pushkin appreciated Constant's novel, in which

"the century was reflected

And modern man

Depicted quite right

With his immoral soul

Selfish and dry

A dream betrayed immeasurably,

With his embittered mind,

Boiling in action empty."

This difference was able to catch and Lisa. As for women, they, in her opinion, have not changed much compared to Clarissa, because the characters of women are not based on fashion and momentary opinions, like men, but on "feeling and nature that are eternal." At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the idea of the unchanging, "eternally feminine" would become one of the main in the works of the Symbolist poets V. Solovyov, A. Blok, A. Bely and others. However, Pushkin's idea of the eternally feminine principle is devoid of any mysticism.

Speaking about the impression of the novels of the 70s of the 18th century in 1829, Lisa remarks: “It seems that suddenly from our living room we enter an old hall upholstered with damask, sit down in satin downy chairs, we see strange dresses around us, however familiar faces, and we recognize them as our uncles and grandmothers, but rejuvenated." In Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century, we are unlikely to find another girl capable of such deep assessments. Lisa writes about the extraordinary popularity of Russian literary magazines in the provinces: "Now I understand why Vyazemsky and Pushkin love the county ladies so much. They are their true audience." A magnificent example of Pushkin's self-irony! At the same time, Lisa considers the "flatness and servility" of the criticism of Vestnik Evropy to be disgusting. Probably, they are referring to the articles by Nadezhdin and Polevoy directed against Pushkin and his circle.

Lisa is truly a new type of Russian educated girl. There were, of course, few of them. Pushkin was ahead of his time here too. Liza in "A novel in letters" is confronted by Sashenka - a typical secular young lady. Her favorite poet is Lamartine, whose "Poetic Meditations" were a huge success in the salons. Sasha is absorbed in social life, balls, gossip. She couldn't even read Walter Scott, finding him boring.

Lisa's admirer Vladimir is concerned about the decline of the Russian nobility. He compares the petty nobility with the Prostakovs and Skotinins. Vladimir also knows modern Russian literature, quoting Griboedov's "Woe from Wit".

Even a brief acquaintance with this unfinished work shows how important the book was for characterizing the heroes in Pushkin's work! Tell me what you read and I'll tell you who you are!

The young master Count Nulin returned to Russia from foreign lands "with a supply of tailcoats and vests, hats, fans, raincoats, corsets, pins, cufflinks, lorgnettes." This empty dandy and wast, a child of the "whirlwind of fashion", carries with him Guizot's books, Beranger's poems, a new novel by Walter Scott. Already such a motley circle of various, but fashionable in the West, authors testifies to the extra-cultural, as we would say today, attitude of the dandy to the book. She is for Nulin the same sign of fashion as a lorgnette or a fan. Let's pay attention to how the graph reads:

"Lying in bed, Walter Scott

He runs through his eyes." (Italics mine. - L.K.)

The landowner Natalya Pavlovna, brought up in a noble boarding school, reads the 4th volume of the sentimental novel "The Love of Eliza and Armand, or the Correspondence of Two Families." This is:

"A novel of classical, ancient,

Perfectly long, long, long,

Instructive and ceremonious,

No romance."

Pushkin emphasizes the ironic attitude to this novel with old turns of speech ("oh" instead of "th"). The manner of reading Natalya Pavlovna differs little from the manner of the count. She was soon distracted by "a fight that arose between a goat and a yard dog, and quietly took care of it."

Onegin, who fell out of love with reading, made an exception for Byron's books and two or three more novels. Looking through these books, Tatyana drew attention to the notes made by Onegin "either with a short word, or with a cross, or with an interrogative hook." Thanks to these notes, she began to reveal the real (and not invented) Onegin - "a Muscovite in Harold's cloak", a parody of Byron's heroes.

After returning from a trip, the enamored Onegin began to read "indiscriminately." Pushkin lists the names of writers and philosophers who are completely different in their creative aspirations (Gibbon, Rousseau, Manzoni, Herder, Chamfort, Madame de Stael, Bish, Tissot, Belle, Fontenelle.). His reading was very superficial. "His eyes read, but his thoughts were far away." Isn't it true, what a resemblance to Count Nulin?

We do not know anything about the reader's interests of the grown-up Tatyana, although Pushkin does hint at them. The attentive reader remembers that Vyazemsky met Tanya at the "boring aunt" and "he managed to occupy her soul." The change in Tatyana's spiritual world is easily traced by her reading interests: from Richardson and Rousseau to the writers of the Pushkin Circle.

"Indiscriminately", "extremely much" was read by Princess Polina ("Roslavlev"). She knew Rousseau by heart, she was familiar with the major French authors from Montesquieu to Crebillon. From a writer-philosopher to the author of quirky novels - such is the spectrum of Polina's reading. There was not a single Russian book in her library, except for the writings of Sumarokov, which she never opened. Pushkin explains this by saying that Russian literature began with Lomonosov and is extremely limited. "We are forced to draw everything, news and concepts, from foreign books; in this way we think in a foreign language." There were very few good translations. Madame de Stael, who can hardly be attributed to the classics, aroused almost superstitious admiration and worship in Polina.

The hero of The Young Lady-Peasant Woman, the landowner Berestov, did not read anything, except for the Senate Gazette. But the county young ladies drew all their knowledge about light from books. Not far from Berestov is gentleman Troekurov ("Dubrovsky"), who read only "The Perfect Cook". His rich library, consisting of French literature of the 18th century, was at the disposal of his daughter Masha. Her further behavior was largely determined by the ideas of virtue and honor borrowed from there.

Petrusha Grinev ("The Captain's Daughter") wrote poetry. In literature, he considered himself a student of Sumarokov (let's not forget, we are talking about the 70s of the 18th century). The old woman ("House in Kolomna") read Emin2, which speaks of her education and old-fashionedness. The old countess ("The Queen of Spades") asked Lizaveta Ivanovna for some new novel, but "not one of the current ones." Moreover, she insisted that the hero of the novel "do not crush either father or mother," and that "there were no drowned bodies," which the countess was "terribly afraid of." Liza was forced to say that there were no such novels, and offered the countess one of the Russian novels, the existence of which the countess learned with surprise. Prince Pavel Alexandrovich also sent books to the countess. But as soon as Liza began reading the first of them, the old woman declared it "nonsense" and ordered to send it to the prince with gratitude. The whole character of the countess, an unbearable and eccentric old woman, is clearly outlined in these scenes.

Probably, the analysis carried out is not exhaustive, but it is obvious that Pushkin deeply and skillfully used the reader's interests to reveal the character of the characters in his works (and not only prose ones). Here, Pushkin's genius opens up to us with another remarkable side.

The artistic creativity of the poet helps to understand his literary views, sympathies, antipathies, no less than his articles and reviews. It is unlikely that another writer of that time was as easily and freely oriented in a huge number of foreign and Russian books.

For a sociologist, the analysis of the reader's interests of Pushkin's heroes has another important meaning. Readers' interests are usually the object of sociological research; meanwhile, they can be successfully applied as one of the means. Modern domestic sociology cannot be content with the study of abstract, faceless masses, it is increasingly turning to a concrete living person. However, the social portrait of a personality cannot be complete and complete without taking into account its reader's interests, tastes and passions. Pushkin was far ahead of his time here too, for the first time showing the role of readers' interests in revealing a certain type of personality.

4. The role of the book in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" characters read a large number of books. But what effect does the book have on the character and outlook of the characters? What role does she play in the dynamics of the plot of the novel?

Lensky, Tatyana and Onegin are different people and therefore read different books. Consequently, one can also judge the hero himself by the tastes in literature. Books contribute to the transfer of his inner world.

Eugene Onegin did not like poetry, but he was attracted to economic issues.

Branil Homer, Theocritus;

But read Adam Smith

And there was a deep economy ...

Eugene did not care and was not worried about feelings, they were far from the first place in his life. He did not believe in love, but considered it possible only the science of tender passion, which Nazon sang , - self-deception and deception of another person who believes in this feeling.

... But any novel

Take it and find it right

Her portrait...

Allow me, my reader,

Take care of your big sister.

For the first time with such a name

Gentle pages of a novel

We will consecrate…

His novel A.S. Pushkin called "Eugene Onegin". But throughout the novel, the author shows sympathy for Tatyana Larina, emphasizing her sincerity, depth of feelings and experiences, innocence and devotion to love, calling her "a sweet ideal." It is impossible to pass by Tatyana indifferently. No wonder Eugene Onegin, having visited the Larins' house for the first time, says to Lensky:

"Are you in love with a smaller one?"

And what? - "I would choose another,

When I was like you, a poet.

Olga has no life in features.

The formation of Tatyana's character was influenced by such factors as:

-communication with nature;

-the way of life in the Larin estate;

-babysitter influence;

-reading novels.

Indeed, Pushkin himself, characterizing his heroine, emphasizes that novels "were replaced by everything." Tatyana, dreamy, alienated from her friends, so unlike Olga, perceives everything around her as a novel that has not yet been written, imagines herself to be the heroine of her favorite novels. Who are they, Tatyana's favorite heroines?

imagining a heroine

Your beloved creators

Clarissa, Julia, Delphine,

Tatiana in the silence of the forests

One with a dangerous book wanders,

She seeks and finds in her

Your secret heat, your dreams

The fruits of heart fullness,

Sighs and, appropriating

Someone else's delight, someone else's sadness,

In oblivion whispers by heart

A letter for a cute hero...

Clarissa is the heroine of Richardson's novel Clarissa Harlow (1749); Julia - the heroine of Rousseau's novel "The New Eloise" (1761); Delphine is the heroine of Madame de Stael's novel Delphine (1802).

Why does Pushkin call the books that Tatyana reads "dangerous"?

She liked novels early on;

They replaced everything for her;

She fell in love with deceptions

And Richardson, and Rousseau ...

Tatyana perceives the whole surrounding reality, the whole world as another novel, she builds her line of behavior according to the novel models familiar to her. Key words: "appropriating someone else's delight, someone else's sadness", "they replaced everything for her", "deceptions"

First of all, the sincerity of feelings, Tatyana is close to the idea of sentimentalism about the moral equality of people ("And peasant women know how to love!" N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"). Tatyana imagines herself to be the heroine of her favorite novels and sees in Onegin the hero of such a novel. But Pushkin is ironic: "But our hero, whoever he was, certainly was not Grandinson."

A completely different world opens up to Tatyana when she visits his estate.

Then I turned to books.

At first she was not up to them,

But their choice seemed

She is strange. Indulged in reading

Tatyana is a greedy soul;

And another world opened up to her.

So, for Tatyana, novels were more than just stories.

She liked novels early on;

They replaced everything...

Tatyana spends a lot of time in dreams, mentally imagines herself as the heroine of the books she has read. She also looks at life as a novel: she thinks that the same twists and turns of fate await her in life, that life cannot proceed otherwise.

And so the three heroes meet. Each of them has their own ideas about life, and it is quite difficult for them to find a common language.

So, Lensky was not ready for Olga's frivolity. After all, he was sure that the dear soul must unite with him, that, languishing despondently, she is waiting for him every day . Lensky expects from Onegin that he, as a friend, is ready for his honor to accept the shackles and that will not falter ... the hand to break the vessel of the slanderer . And yet, having inadvertently deceived and offended Onegin, Lensky encourages Eugene to do an act that Onegin did not want to do before: to destroy the ideals of the poet. The soul nurtured by Schiller and Goethe did not understand the act deep economy . The philosophy of books ruined Lensky, but it is through books that one can see that at first Eugene tried to preserve the fragile world of the poet:

The poet in the heat of his judgments

Reading, forgetting, meanwhile

Fragments of northern poems,

And condescending Eugene,

Although I didn't understand them much,

Diligently listened to the young man.

The reader knows that Eugene was not particularly fond of reading:

He set up a shelf with a detachment of books,

I read and read, but to no avail:

There is boredom, there is deceit or delirium;

In that conscience, in that there is no sense ...)

When Onegin meets Tatyana, both heroes perceive each other through the prism of the books they have read: Tatyana looks for either Grandison or Lovlas in Onegin (either nobility or meanness), and Onegin does not believe Tatyana's feelings, he still considers love a fairy tale. Onegin thinks that Tatyana's feelings are no different from his own, invented and simulated. Having fallen in love, Tatyana begins to look for Onegin's features in the heroes of her favorite novels:

Now with what attention is she

Reading a sweet novel...

Everything for a gentle dreamer

Clothed in a single image,

And, having seen a dream about Onegin, Tatyana is looking for explanations in books:

But she, not noticing her sister,

Lying in bed with a book

Turning over the sheet after the sheet,

It was, friends, Martin Zadeka,

Head of the Chaldean wise men,

Fortune teller, interpreter of dreams.

But in matters of love, the book cannot help in any way:

…Her doubts

Martin Zadek will not decide...

But soon Onegin and Tatyana will be separated for a long time by Lensky's duel with Onegin and, as a result, Lensky's death. The last thing Lensky did was, on the eve of the duel, he Schiller discovered but after some time closes the book, picks up a pen - in the last hours of his life, Lensky communicates with the book.

Onegin and Tatyana will part for a long time. But before the meeting, their attitude towards each other changed. Tatyana visited Onegin at home: now she knows (or rather, she thinks she knows) his thoughts. She reads books with his notes, and little by little my Tatyana begins to understand now more clearly - thank God - the one for whom she is condemned to sigh by the fate of the imperious . Now Tatyana is looking at Eugene through the prism, but of other books.

But Onegin is no longer the same: he fell in love. If before he was bored with books, now began ... he read indiscriminately . Cause? Apparently, he no longer understands who he is and what he expects from life. He does not have certain established life principles: he said goodbye to the old ones, but did not find new ones. But Tatiana doesn't care anymore. She believes that she figured out Eugene and found a description suitable for him (taken now from Onegin's books). She did not like the man whom Tatyana now saw.

And what was the attitude towards the books of the older generation? Tatyana's parents did not find books harmful: father I saw no harm in books ... I considered them an empty toy , a wife ... his was herself crazy about Richardson . They let Tatiana's relationship and the books take their course. Most likely, they were not very involved in raising their daughter (confirmation of this: she seemed like a stranger in her own family ), if Tatyana perceived life as a novel, but in which the heroine is herself.

We do not know what Onegin's father read, but after reading Adam Smith, the son failed to convince his father of the importance of the content of this book. But about Uncle Onegin it is absolutely known that he read calendar of the eighth year: the old man, having a lot to do, did not look at other books .

And yet, the generation of young people does not always attach such importance to books (not all books can judge them). Living in the village, Onegin every morning drinking coffee, sorting through a bad magazine ... In turn, Lensky sometimes reads a moralizing novel to Olya , but at the same time two or three pages (empty nonsense, fables, dangerous for the hearts of virgins) he skips, blushing . It turns out that Lensky sometimes reads a little frivolous literature to Olga, but this should by no means speak of the frivolity of the hero himself.

Conclusion

Books play a very important role in novels. They create the worldview of the characters, determine their attitude towards others.

Such a phenomenon as "books in books", that is, the mention by some authors in the works of their "colleagues", called "literary" (which is absolutely ridiculous) with someone's light hand, actually helps to best characterize the characters. After all, it is literary preferences that can convey the character, mind and intellect of a person.

This technique is not new for the classic novelists - earlier it was used by both sentimentalists and symbolists. We see what and how the heroes of Griboyedov, Karamzin, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Pushkin and many others read. etc. The most detailed in his study, the author dwelled on the outstanding works of Russian literature - "Fathers and Sons" and "Eugene Onegin".

Of course, it is impossible to talk about the literary preferences of all the heroes of Russian classics. They are quite numerous and varied. Some heroes are admired for their originality and exquisite delicate taste; other characters are quite predictable and strictly follow the book fashion. A book within a book, like a mirror reflected in the mirror opposite, helps to get a true idea of a particular hero, his education, his mind. In turn, it is the characters that set a worthy example, drawing the reader's attention to certain pillars of world literature, arousing interest and a desire to turn to them, to learn with their help all their lives. Truly they say: "Learning is light, ignorance is darkness."

List of sources

1.Golzer S.V. The Onegin word in the novel "Fathers and Children" // Actual problems of socio-humanitarian knowledge. M., 2004.

2.Kogan L.N. Reading Circle of Pushkin's Heroes // Sociological Journal. - No. 3., 1995.

.Kudryavtsev G.G. Collection. Fascinated by the Book. Russian writers about books, reading, bibliophiles. M.: "Book", 1982.

.Lotman Yu.M. Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Comment. - L., 1983.

.Nabokov.V. Commentary on "Eugene Onegin" by Alexander Pushkin. - M., 1999.

1. Sherlock Holmes

Even the author himself admitted that Sherlock Holmes has many similarities with his mentor Joe Bell. On the pages of his autobiography, one could read that the writer often recalled his teacher, spoke of his eagle profile, inquisitive mind and amazing intuition. According to him, the doctor could turn any business into an accurate, systematic scientific discipline.

Often, Dr. Bell used deductive methods of inquiry. Only by one type of person could he tell about his habits, about his biography, and sometimes even made a diagnosis. After the release of the novel, Conan Doyle corresponded with the "prototype" Holmes, and he told him that perhaps this is how his career would have developed if he had chosen a different path.

2. James Bond

The literary history of James Bond began with a series of books that were written by intelligence agent Ian Fleming. The first book in the series - "Casino Royale" - was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned to follow Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to British intelligence. After long mutual suspicions, the scouts became good friends. Bond took over from Prince Bernard to order a Vodka Martini, while adding the legendary "Shake, don't stir."

3. Ostap Bender

The man who became the prototype of the great combinator from the "12 chairs" of Ilf and Petrov at the age of 80 still worked as a conductor on the railway on the train from Moscow to Tashkent. Born in Odessa, Ostap Shor, from tender nails, was prone to adventures. He presented himself either as an artist, or as a chess grandmaster, and even acted as a member of one of the anti-Soviet parties.

Only thanks to his remarkable imagination, Ostap Shor managed to return from Moscow to Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry. Probably, hence the respectful attitude of Ostap Bender to the Criminal Code.

4. Professor Preobrazhensky

Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov's famous novel Heart of a Dog also had a real prototype - a French surgeon of Russian origin Samuil Abramovich Voronov. This man at the beginning of the 20th century made a splash in Europe, transplanting monkey glands to humans to rejuvenate the body. The first operations showed a simply amazing effect: in elderly patients, there was a resumption of sexual activity, an improvement in memory and vision, ease of movement, and mentally retarded children gained mental alertness.

Thousands of people underwent treatment in Voronova, and the doctor himself opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera. But very little time passed, the patients of the miracle doctor began to feel worse. There were rumors that the result of the treatment was just self-hypnosis, and Voronov was called a charlatan.

5. Peter Pan

The boy with the beautiful Tinker Bell fairy was presented to the world and to James Barry himself, the author of the written work, by the Davis couple (Arthur and Sylvia). The prototype for Peter Pan was Michael, one of their sons. The fairy-tale hero received from a real boy not only age and character, but also nightmares. And the novel itself is a dedication to the author's brother, David, who died a day before his 14th birthday while skating.

6. Dorian Gray

It's a shame, but the protagonist of the novel "The Picture of Dorian Gray" significantly spoiled the reputation of his life original. John Gray, who in his youth was Oscar Wilde's protégé and close friend, was handsome, solid, and had the appearance of a 15-year-old boy. But their happy union came to an end when journalists became aware of their connection. Enraged, Gray went to court, got an apology from the editors of the newspaper, but after that his friendship with Wilde ended. Soon John Gray met Andre Raffalovich - a poet and a native of Russia. They converted to Catholicism, and after a while Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.

7. Alice

The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day of Lewis Carroll's walk with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with a story on the go at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, but began to compose a sequel. Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled "Christmas present for a dear girl in memory of a summer day."

8. Karabas-Barabas

As you know, Alexei Tolstoy only planned to present Carlo Collodio's Pinocchio in Russian, but it turned out that he wrote an independent story, in which analogies with cultural figures of that time were clearly drawn. Since Tolstoy had no weakness for the Meyerhold theater and its biomechanics, it was the director of this theater that got the role of Karabas-Barabas. You can guess the parody even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Carabas from Perro's fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. But the no less telling role of the seller of leeches Duremar went to Meyerhold's assistant, who works under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius.

9. Lolita

According to the memoirs of Brian Boyd, the biographer of Vladimir Nabokov, when the writer was working on his scandalous novel Lolita, he regularly looked through the newspaper columns, which published reports of murders and violence. His attention was drawn to the sensational story of Sally Horner and Frank LaSalle, which took place in 1948: a middle-aged man kidnapped 12-year-old Sally Horner and kept her for almost 2 years until the police found her in a common California hotel. Lasalle, like the hero of Nabokov, passed off the girl as his daughter. Nabokov even casually mentions this incident in the book in Humbert's words: "Did I do to Dolly what Frank LaSalle, a 50-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in '48?"

10. Carlson

The history of the creation of Carlson is mythologized and incredible. Literary critics assure that Hermann Goering became a possible prototype of this funny character. And although the relatives of Astrid Lindgren refute this version, such rumors still exist today.

Astrid Lindgren met Göring in the 1920s when he was organizing an air show in Sweden. At that time, Goering was just "in his prime", a famous ace pilot, a man with charisma and an excellent appetite. The motor behind Carlson's back is an interpretation of Goering's flight experience.

Adherents of this version note that for some time Astrid Lindgren was an ardent admirer of the National Socialist Party of Sweden. The book about Carlson was published in 1955, so there could be no direct analogy. Nevertheless, it is possible that the charismatic image of the young Goering influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson.

11. One-legged John Silver

Robert Louis Stevenson in the novel "Treasure Island" portrayed his friend Williams Hansley not at all as a critic and poet, which he was in fact, but as a real villain. As a child, William suffered from tuberculosis, and his leg was amputated to the knee. Before the book hit store shelves, Stevenson told a friend, “I have to tell you, Evil-looking but kind-hearted, John Silver was based on you. You're not offended, are you?"

12. Bear cub Winnie the Pooh

According to one version, the world-famous teddy bear got its name in honor of the favorite toy of the writer Milne's son Christopher Robin. However, like all the other characters in the book. But in fact, this name is from the nickname Winnipeg - that was the name of a bear who lived in the London Zoo from 1915 to 1934. This bear had a lot of kids-admirers, including Christopher Robin.

13. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise

Despite the fact that the main characters in the book are called Sal and Dean, Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road is purely autobiographical. One can only guess why Kerouac dropped his name in the most famous book for beatniks.

14. Daisy Buchanan

In the novel The Great Gatsby, its author Francis Scott Fitzgerald described Ginevra King, his first love, deeply and penetratingly. Their romance lasted from 1915 to 1917. But due to different social statuses, they broke up, after which Fitzgerald wrote that "poor boys should not even think about marrying rich girls." This phrase was included not only in the book, but also in the film of the same name. Ginevra King also inspired Isabelle Borge in Beyond Paradise and Judy Jones in Winter Dreams.

Especially for those who like to sit up for reading. If you choose these books, you won't be disappointed.

Literary heroes read a lot. And with meaning. For example, a prostitute from the "Pit" Kuprin flips through the novel by the Abbé de Prevost "The Story of the Chevalier de Grieux and Manon Lescaut." And we immediately imagine how the fallen girl dreams of the great beautiful love that the cavalier had for Manon Lescaut. The hero of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, an artificially generated monster that disgusts everyone, is reading The Suffering of Young Werther. Which immediately suggests a tender soul in him. The elusive avengers from the novel "Red Devils" by Blyakhin are read out by "The Gadfly" by Ethel Lilian Voynich, Tom Sawyer - pirated novels. Bulgakov Sharikov studies the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. In Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot, "the garden knife was placed in the library book Madame Bovary, brought by Rogozhin to Nastasya Filippovna for reading...".

Even the heroine of the erotic epic "Fifty Shades of Grey" Anastasia reads. And not just anything, but a classic - Thomas Hardy's sentimental novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Thus, the author, as it were, hints that this is not just erotica for you, you see, what a smart character, he practices not only sadomasochism!

Sometimes the author mentions his own books, as, for example, Vladimir Korotkevich in The Black Castle of Olshansky, however, he speaks of himself rather ironically. At Milorad Pavich, in the “Box for writing materials”, the characters read his own “Khazar Dictionary”.

There are also quite unexpected book addictions of literary heroes.

1. “P.I. Karpov. Creativity of the mentally ill and its influence on the development of science, art and technology

Alexander Privalov from the novel by the Strugatsky brothers “Monday begins on Saturday” was arranged for an overnight stay in the office of the Institute of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and there he came across a kind of prototype of modern readers.

“In the last dream, it was the third volume of “Walking Through the Torments”, now I read on the cover: “P.I. Karpov. Creativity of the mentally ill and its influence on the development of science, art and technology. Teeth chattering from the cold, I leafed through the book and looked through the colored inserts. Then I read "Verse #2":

In the circle of clouds high
black-winged sparrow
Trembling and lonely
Soars quickly above the ground.

It is curious that the book about the work of the mentally ill is not fiction, it was published in 1926 and was very popular. The author believed that “circular psychosis seems to be a very interesting disease from a public point of view. In our opinion, the main creators in life and its leading drivers are patients with such a psychosis, "and" talent and genius stem from the bowels of unbalanced natures, to protect and protect the latter is one of the honorable tasks that fall to the lot of society and the state. The above verse is the real work of a schizophrenic. It became the song of the Agatha Christie group.

2. The story "Hidden fish"

Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye, likes to talk about books: "... I am fascinated by such books that as soon as you read them to the end, you immediately think: it would be nice if this writer became your best friend." Among the depressed teenager's favorite authors are Ring Lardner, Isaac Dysen, Somerset Maugham, Thomas Hardy, and F. S. Fitzgerald. However, Holden's favorite work is written by his older brother: “Before, when he lived at home, he was a real writer. Maybe they heard - it was he who wrote the world book of stories "Hidden Fish". The best story was called “The Hidden Fish”, about a boy who did not allow anyone to look at his goldfish, because he bought it with his own money. Crazy, what a story! And now my brother is in Hollywood, completely screwed up."

There were cases when diligent schoolchildren stubbornly searched the Internet for Salinger's story "The Hidden Fish". However, fans of the writer's work have already composed more than one version of a non-existent story.

3. Collection of poems of the XVII century "Yon i yana"

The hero of the novel by Andrei Mryi, the nominee Samson Samasui, admits: three people “They have acquired a phrase-allegy and pamagli pharmaceutics of my maih masterful pachutsya floating on May. Geta tryyad: suddzia Torba, enigmatist to the people's house priest Garachi (Pushkinzon) and tutor Mamon. “I’ll say to the great songwriter Garachaga: I’m a crazy fantasy, I confess, I’ve lost three of my mind. Iago paemas vytrymanyya ў the style of the revaluation of the troubadours".

There are many allusions in Mryi’s novel, there are also guesses about Pushkinzon’s personality... But in the Shepelev Museum, created by Samosuy, among other things, “cicava rupis of the XV stage “Ab gaspadarchym vyhavanni zhyvely”, a dzeonnik of Abzherism (XVI century) and a collection of verses of the XVII Art. - "Yeon i yana". The latter is easily recognizable as Yanka Kupala's poem "Yana I Ya" - young poets criticized her for being patriarchal, the rhymed calendar circle of peasant occupations could not inspire the generation of tractors and collective farms. That is why - and "a collection of the seventeenth century."

4. Psalter

Maxim Bogdanovich, if he advises, then convincingly:

“Psalter, covered with a nizhorstka, brown leather,
I take the silver clasps of Adamk,
Perachytaў radka kirylitsa jump
I wax with incense is the smell of pachuў.
Eight psalms are excellent.
“Like that alen shukae
Clean the roofs, so I joke God.
Like ve freshastsyu yae beauty chewing!
How happy the soul of May sleeps far away!

5. Daniel Defoe "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe"

Gabriel Betteredge, Lady Julia Verinder's butler in Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone, consults Robinson's book of adventures and looks for predictions there.

“I am not superstitious; I have read many books in my life; I am, one might say, a kind of scientist... Please do not consider me ignorant when I express my opinion that a book like "Robinson Crusoe" has never been and never will be written. For many years I turned to this book - usually at the moments when I smoked a pipe - and it was my true friend and adviser in all the difficulties of this earthly vale ... I wore out six brand new "Robinson Crusoe" in my lifetime. On her last birthday, my lady gave me the seventh copy. Then I drank too much on this occasion, and Robinson Crusoe again put me in order.

Therefore, all the events of the novel, where the narrator is the venerable Betteredge, are accompanied by quotations from the aforementioned miracle book.

6. Miguel de Cervantes. "The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha"

The hero of the novel Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes is Charlie Gordon, an imbecile janitor. He agrees to an experiment to increase intelligence. Reaches genius level. Then - regression, and Charlie loses the acquired mind. “I read a book about a man who thought he was a knight and rode with a friend on an old horse. No matter what he did, he always remained beaten. Even when I thought that the windmills are dragons. At first it seemed to me that this was a stupid book, because if he were not crazy, he would not have mistaken the windmill for dragons and would have known that wizards and enchanted castles did not exist, but then I remembered that all this must mean something else - which is not written in the book is only hinted at. There is another meaning here. But I don't know which one. I got angry because I knew before.”

7. "The Works of William Shakespeare in One Volume"

In the future society described by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, everything is about enjoyment. Only a young man brought from an Indian reservation, nicknamed the Savage, cannot put up with this. William Shakespeare becomes his herald and adviser. A white-skinned youth, who was an outcast in the tribe, one day saw that “In the room on the floor lies an unfamiliar book. Thick and very old looking. The binding was gnawed by mice; all messed up. He lifted the book, glanced at the title page: The Works of William Shakespeare in One Volume.

Since then, Shakespeare has been his beacon. The savage expresses himself in quotations from Shakespeare, lives according to the laws of his heroes. Alas, in the civilized world where he is taken, these laws are long forgotten, like Shakespeare, so the Savage is even more alien here than on an Indian reservation.

8. Marcel Proust. "In Search of the Lost"

It is this work that is dear to nonconformists from Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road. In alternative literature, they generally like this combination: a brutal hero, a drug addict, an alcoholic and a cynic, but such an intellectual: “Sal, I can speak just as well as before, and I have a lot to tell you, I read and read this incomparable Proust all the way and even with my poor mind picked up a great many things, I just don’t have enough time to tell you about them” .

9. "On the vanity of all things"

This rather misanthropic character from Tove Janson's books about the Moomin trolls does not part with his book. But once a visiting wizard, fulfilling the wish of one of the heroes, sent a festive table with all the attributes to an absent friend. The parcel also included the book Ondatra. The wizard compensates the outraged character for the loss. But not entirely correct.

“About the necessity of all things,” read the Muskrat. But it's not the same book! In mine it was about vanity!”

10. "Confession" Rousseau

Julien Sorel, too clever peasant son, also has favorite books.

“... the fear of being at the same table with the servants was not at all characteristic of Julien's nature. In order to make his way, he would not have gone through such trials. He drew this disgust directly from Rousseau's Confessions. It was the only book with which his imagination drew light for him. The collection of reports of the great army and the "Memorial of St. Helena" - these are the three books in which his Koran was contained. He was ready to die for these three books. He didn't believe in any other books."

List of works and main characters. Crib: Literary heroes in works of art. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

2. Archpriest Avvakum

3. Taras Bulba

4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov

5. Danko "Old Woman Izergil"

6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)

7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov "Look into the eyes of monsters"

8. Vasily Terkin

9. Anastasia Kamenskaya

10. Erast Fandorin

1. What and how did the heroes of Russian classics read? Review of works and their heroes

Similar works to - Reading circle of literary characters in the Russian classic novel

1. Sherlock Holmes

2. James Bond

3. Ostap Bender

4. Professor Preobrazhensky

5. Peter Pan

6. Dorian Gray

7. Alice

8. Karabas-Barabas

9. Lolita

10. Carlson

11. One-legged John Silver

12. Bear cub Winnie the Pooh

13. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise

14. Daisy Buchanan