Wedding

Means of protection against incendiary weapons. Characteristics of incendiary weapons. Incendiary substances, their composition and combat properties. Ways and means of using incendiary weapons. Use of incendiary substances

The principle of operation of all jet flamethrowers based on the ejection of a jet of a burning mixture by pressure of compressed air or nitrogen. When ejected from the flamethrower barrel, the jet is ignited by a special igniter device.

Jet flamethrowers are designed to destroy manpower located openly or in various kinds of fortifications, as well as to set fire to objects with wooden structures.

For backpack flamethrowers different types are characterized by the following basic data: the amount of fire mixture is 12-18 liters, the range of flame throwing with an unthickened mixture is 20-25 m, with a thickened mixture 50-60 m, the duration of continuous flame throwing is 6-7 s. The number of shots is determined by the number of incendiary devices (up to 5 short shots).

Mechanized flamethrowers on the chassis of a light tracked amphibious armored personnel carrier, they have incendiary mixture capacities of 700-800 l, a flame throwing range of 150-180 m. Flame throwing is carried out in short shots, the duration of continuous flame throwing can reach 30 seconds.

Tank flamethrowers, being the main armament of tanks, are installed on medium tanks. The incendiary mixture reserve is up to 1400 l, the duration of continuous flamethrowing is 1-1.5 minutes or 20-60 short shots with a firing range of up to 230 m.

Jet Flamethrower. The US Army is armed with a 4-barreled 66-mm rocket-propelled flamethrower M202-A1, designed to fire at single and group targets, fortified combat positions, warehouses, dugouts and manpower at distances up to 700 m with incendiary explosive rocket ammunition with a warhead , equipped with a self-igniting mixture in the amount of 0.6 kg in one shot.

Hand incendiary grenades

Standard samples of incendiary weapons of the army of a potential enemy are hand incendiary grenades various types, equipped with thermite or other incendiary compositions. The maximum range when throwing with a hand is up to 40 m, when fired from a rifle 150-200 m; the duration of burning of the main composition is up to 1 min. To destroy various materials and materiel that ignite at high temperatures, a number of armies adopted incendiary checkers and cartridges, depending on their purpose, equipped with various incendiary compositions with a high combustion temperature.

land mines

In addition to standard-issue funds, incendiary devices made from local materials are widely used. These include, first of all, various explosive devices - fire bombs. land mines are various metal containers (barrels, cans, ammunition boxes, etc.) filled with viscous napalm. Such land mines are installed in the ground along with other types of engineering barriers. To undermine fire mines, fuses of pressure or tension action are used. The radius of destruction during an explosion from a fire mine depends on its capacity, the power of the explosive charge and reaches 15-70 m.

The damaging effect of incendiary substances is expressed in the burn effect in relation to the skin and respiratory tract of a person; in a burning action in relation to combustible materials of clothing, weapons and military equipment, terrain, buildings, etc .; in igniting action in relation to combustible and non-combustible materials and metals; in heating and saturating the atmosphere of enclosed spaces with toxic and other combustion products harmful to human habitation; in a demoralizing moral and psychological impact on manpower, lowering its ability to actively resist.

th study question

Ways to protect personnel, weapons, military equipment, ammunition, materiel and fortifications from the effects of incendiary weapons.

To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, the following are used:

closed fortifications (dugouts, shelters, etc.);
tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, covered special and transport vehicles;
means of individual respiratory and skin protection;
summer and winter uniforms, sheepskin coats, wadded jackets, raincoats and raincoats;
natural shelters: ravines, ditches, pits, underground workings, caves, stone buildings, fences, sheds;
various local materials (wooden boards, decking, mats of green branches and grass).

Fortifications: shelters, dugouts, underbracket niches, blocked slots, blocked sections of trenches and communication passages are tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers with tightly closed hatches, doors, loopholes and blinds provide reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons; vehicles covered with conventional tarpaulins or tarpaulins provide only short-term protection, as the coverings ignite quickly.

Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin (gas masks, combined arms protective raincoats, protective stockings and gloves), and summer and winter uniforms, short fur coats, wadded jackets, trousers, raincoats are means of short-term protection. If burning pieces of an incendiary mixture hit them, they should be immediately dumped.

Summer uniforms practically do not protect against incendiary mixtures, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

Timely and skillful use of the protective properties of weapons, military equipment, individual and collective protection equipment significantly reduces the damaging effect of incendiary weapons and ensures the safety and protection of personnel during operations in fire zones.

In all cases of combat activity of troops in the conditions of the use of incendiary weapons, personnel use personal protective equipment. Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment provides reliable protection against direct exposure to incendiary substances at the time of their use by the enemy.

If the combat situation allows, it is first of all recommended to immediately leave the zone of fire, if possible to the windward side.

A small amount of a burning incendiary mixture that has fallen on uniforms or open areas of the body can be extinguished by tightly covering the burning place with a sleeve, a hollow jacket, wet earth or snow. It is impossible to remove a burning incendiary mixture by wiping, as this increases the burning surface, and therefore, the area of \u200b\u200bdestruction.

If a large amount of a burning incendiary mixture enters, the victim must be tightly covered with a jacket, cape, combined arms protective raincoat, and poured with plenty of water. Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture on weapons, military equipment, fortifications and materiel is carried out: with a fire extinguisher, falling asleep with earth, sand, silt or snow, covering with tarpaulin, burlap, raincoats, knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or hardwood shrubs.

Fire extinguishers are reliable tools for extinguishing fires. Earth, sand, silt and snow are quite effective and readily available means for extinguishing incendiary mixtures. Tarpaulins, burlaps and raincoats are used to extinguish small fires.
Extinguishing a large amount of incendiary mixture with a solid jet of water is not recommended, as this can lead to scattering (spreading) of the burning mixture.

An extinguished incendiary mixture can easily ignite again from a fire source, and if it contains phosphorus, it can ignite spontaneously. Therefore, extinguished pieces of the incendiary mixture must be carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place or buried.

To protect against incendiary weapons, weapons and military equipment, the following are used:

trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;
natural shelters (forests, beams, hollows);
tarpaulins, awnings and covers;
coatings made from local materials; service and local fire extinguishing means.

Tarpaulins, awnings and covers protect against incendiary substances for a short time, therefore, when weapons and military equipment are located in place, they are not fastened (not tied) and, if burning incendiary substances hit them, they are quickly dropped to the ground and extinguished.

Final part.

Analysis of the lesson:

Remind the topic and purpose of the lesson, and how it was achieved;

To note the positive actions of students and their shortcomings during the lesson;

Announce grades to students;

Give a task for self-training - to study the main properties of biological weapons and methods of their use, incendiary substances and mixtures, means of their combat use, means of protection. Astana 2009.

Chapter 7
Incendiary weapons and protection from Him
7.1 The concept of incendiary weapons
incendiary weapons These are incendiary munitions and substances, as well as the means of their delivery to the target.

incendiary substance- a special selected substance or mixture of substances capable of igniting, burning steadily and ensuring the maximum manifestation of the damaging factors of incendiary weapons during combat use.

All modern incendiary substances, depending on their composition, are divided into three main groups: incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products, metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products, incendiary mixtures based on thermite.

A special group of incendiary substances are ordinary and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, a self-igniting mixture based on triethylene aluminum.

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products are divided into non-thickened (liquid) and thickened (viscous).

Unthickened incendiary mixtures - prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricating oils. They ignite well and are used from knapsack flamethrowers.

Thickened incendiary mixtures are viscous gelatinous substances consisting of gasoline or other liquid fuels mixed with various thickeners. They got the name napalm. They are a viscous mass that adheres well to various surfaces and resembles rubber glue in appearance. The color of the mass is from pink to brown, depending on the thickener.

Napalm is highly flammable, but burns with a burning temperature of 1100-1200 0 C and a duration of 5-10 minutes. In addition, napalm B has increased adhesion even to wet surfaces and emits toxic fumes during combustion, which irritate the eyes and respiratory organs. It is also lighter than water, which allows it to burn on its surface.

Metallized mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogels) are a kind of napalm mixtures with the addition of aluminum, magnesium powders or heavy petroleum products (asphalt, fuel oil) and some types of combustible polymers.

In appearance - a thick mass with a grayish tint, burning with flashes with a combustion temperature of up to 1600 0 C, a burning time of 1-3 minutes.

Pyrogels are distinguished by the quantitative content of the combustible base. When light metals (sodium) are added to napalm, the mixture is called "super napalm", which spontaneously ignites on a target, especially on water or snow.

Thermite compositions are powder mixtures of iron and aluminum oxide. Their compositions may include barium nitrate, sulfur, binders (varnishes, oils). The ignition temperature is 1300 0 С, the combustion temperature is 3000 0 С. Burning thermite is a liquid mass that does not have an open flame, burning without air access. Able to burn sheets of steel, duralumin, melt metal objects. It is used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber bombs, hand-held incendiary guarantors and checkers.

White phosphorus is a solid waxy substance that ignites spontaneously in air and burns with the release of thick, acrid white smoke. The ignition temperature is 34 0 C, the combustion temperature is 1200 0 C. It is used as a smoke-forming substance, as well as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel in incendiary ammunition.

Plasticized phosphorus is a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber. It is pressed into granules, which, when broken, are crushed, acquiring the ability to stick to vertical surfaces and burn through them. It is used in smoke ammunition (air bombs, shells, mines, hand grenades) as an igniter in incendiary bombs and land mines.

Electron is an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. Ignition temperature 600 0 C, combustion temperature 2800 0 C burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame. It is used for the manufacture of aviation incendiary bomb cases.

Self-igniting incendiary mixture - consists of polyisobutylene and aluminum triethylene (liquid fuel).

Means of application of incendiary substances:

In the Air Force - incendiary aviation bombs, incendiary tanks, cassettes;

In the ground forces - artillery shells, mines, tank, self-propelled, knapsack flamethrowers, incendiary grenades, land mines.

Incendiary aviation ammunition is divided into napalm (fire) incendiary bombs and incendiary cartridges and cluster installations.

Napalm bombs - thin-walled made of steel and aluminum alloys with a thickness (0.5 - 0.7 mm) equipped with napalm.

Napalm bombs that do not have stabilizers and an explosive projectile are called - tanks. They are used on fighter-bombers and attack aircraft.

Aviation clusters (create fires over large areas) are disposable shells containing from 50 to 600-800 small-caliber incendiary bombs and a device that disperses them. They are used in aircraft and helicopter aviation.

Artillery incendiary ammunition is used in multi-barrel rocket launchers (made on the basis of thermite, electron, napalm, phosphorus).

Knapsack flamethrowers, the action of which is based on the release of a fire mixture through compressed air.

The four-barreled 66-mm rocket-propelled grenade launcher M 202A1 has, in addition to the incendiary grenade, a cumulative and chemical CS equipped with a poisonous substance. Firing range up to 730m.

Rifle incendiary bullets - designed mainly to destroy manpower, as well as to set fire to engines, combustible and flammable materials. Firing range - 120m.

The incendiary-smoke cartridge is an individual infantry weapon and is designed to combat manpower and armored vehicles. Equipped with a mixture of powdered phosphorus and magnesium. Flame temperature 1200 0 C throwing range 100m, effective 50-60m. When burning, a large amount of smoke is released.

Land mines - designed to destroy manpower, equipment, as well as to reinforce explosive and non-explosive obstacles.

7.2 Protection against incendiary weapons
The main measures of protection against incendiary weapons in the department are: revealing the preparation of the enemy for the use of incendiary weapons; fortification equipment of the area, taking into account the provision of protection against incendiary weapons; the use of protective and masking properties of the terrain; fire prevention measures; use of personal protective equipment and protective properties of equipment; rescue work in the lesions; containment and extinguishing fires.

Identification of enemy preparation for the use of incendiary weapons determined by external signs: the presence of tanks with flexible hoses and special protective clothing in enemy soldiers; hoses protruding from the turrets or hulls of tanks, armored personnel carriers and different from the barrels of standard cannons or machine guns; the presence on tanks or armored personnel carriers of tanks for fire mixture.

Fortification equipment of the terrain taking into account the provision of protection against incendiary weapons, it ensures effective protection of personnel and equipment and other materiel from incendiary weapons. The most reliable protection is provided by closed-type structures: shelters, dugouts, ceilings, trench sections.

Additional equipment of fortifications in the interests of protection against incendiary weapons includes: the installation of various ceilings, canopies, canopies. Protective ceilings are made of non-flammable or slow-burning materials, sprinkled with a layer of soil with a thickness of at least 10-15 cm, so that burning incendiary substances do not enter the structures. The exits are equipped with smooth sills, and the canopies are tilted towards the parapet. The entrances to the shelters are covered with mats made of non-combustible materials. The spread of fire along the trenches is prevented by a device every 25-30m of fire breaks.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, sheds are installed over shelters with sprinkling of soil, and from the sides they are covered with shields treated with coatings. You can cover the equipment with tarpaulins, sandbags, stacked on the frame, which, when hit by incendiary weapons, are quickly dropped.

Using the protective and masking properties of the terrain weakens the impact of incendiary weapons on personnel, weapons, military equipment and materiel. The personnel of the department, when performing assigned tasks, being on the march and positioning themselves on the spot, must skillfully use the masking properties of the terrain, ravines, hollows, beams, underground workings, caves and other natural shelters.

Fire prevention measures are aimed at full or partial elimination of the causes of the occurrence and development of fires and include: the manufacture of coatings for coating wooden structures; cleaning the area where the branch is located from dry grass, deadwood; equipment of clearings with a width equal to 1-2 heights of trees; reconnaissance of water sources; fire shield equipment; verification and preparation of fire extinguishing equipment of standard equipment.

For coating fortifications, the following are used:

In summer 1) - densely diluted clay - one volume, sand - five to six volumes, lime dough - one volume; 2) - densely diluted clay - four volumes, sawdust - four volumes, lime dough - one volume; 3) - liquid clay - five volumes, gypsum - one volume, sand - seven volumes, lime dough - one volume;

In winter, snow and brushwood floors are used, as well as a solution of lime and chalk.

Densely diluted coatings are applied with a spatula or by hand, liquid ones - with a brush. The thickness of the coating layer is 0.5 - 1 cm, along with the coatings, protective paints of the PVC type with a thickness of 1-2 mm are used, applied in a double layer.

The use of personal protective equipment and the protective properties of equipment If there is a threat of massive use of incendiary weapons, it is carried out as follows: protective raincoats are worn in the “ready” position, and overcoats are put on over the equipment, fastening on the top hook, which, when incendiary substances get on them, are quickly dropped. Tanks, RHM, BRDM, fortifications provide reliable protection against incendiary weapons.

An effective fire extinguishing agent is the fire-fighting equipment system installed on the RHM, BRDM. This system includes several cylinders with extinguishing agent, temperature sensors and other devices. When a fire occurs inside the object, a light signal is given and the fire-fighting equipment system is automatically activated.

Military equipment can also be covered with mats smeared with clay solutions. In addition, military equipment is equipped with fire extinguishing equipment and pre-prepared water, sand, and turf.

In the case of the use of incendiary weapons, the personnel of the squad quickly take their places in the equipment, sealing it. If an incendiary substance gets on the equipment, it is tightly closed with any improvised means.

Rescue work in the affected areas begin immediately after the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy and consists in: saving personnel; evacuation of the injured to medical facilities; rescue from the fire of weapons of military equipment, materiel.

The rescue of the personnel of the department consists in searching for the injured, extinguishing incendiary substances and tanned uniforms on them, taking the injured to a safe place and providing them with first aid, which begins with extinguishing the incendiary mixture with a raincoat, a protective raincoat. Extinguishing incendiary substances is carried out by covering the victims with an overcoat, abundant watering, falling asleep with earth or sand. In the absence of extinguishing agents, the flame is knocked down by rolling on the ground.

After extinguishing, sections of uniforms and underwear are cut and partially removed. Residues of extinguished incendiary substances from burned skin are not removed, as this is painful and can lead to infection of the burned surface. A bandage moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate or a regular bandage from an individual dressing bag is applied to the affected area.

In case of large burns, the victims are sent to medical centers.

Rescue of weapons, military equipment and materiel consists in timely evacuation with observance of precautionary measures, and if necessary, they are covered with tarpaulins, covered with sand or earth. It must be remembered that extinguished incendiary substances can easily ignite from sources of fire, and if they contain phosphorus, they can ignite spontaneously. Therefore, extinguished pieces of incendiary substances must be carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place.

Localization and extinguishing of fires is carried out in cases where they threaten the personnel of the department, armament of military equipment and materiel, or hinder the solution of assigned tasks.

Fire containment is to limit the spread of fire. Extinguishing a fire is stopping a fire. To extinguish a fire, all improvised means are used (water, fire extinguishers, sand, soil, earth, snow). When localizing and extinguishing fires, the department acts quickly, decisively, skillfully, with strict observance of safety requirements.

In the areas where weapons of military equipment and materiel are located, water, sand, fresh turf and other means are prepared to extinguish burning incendiary substances and fires. In the event of a fire inside the facility, a thermal detector sends light and sound signals and the fire-fighting equipment is triggered automatically or switched on by a crew member...

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Incendiary weapons of the enemy and protection from him

1. Techniques and methods for extinguishing incendiary substances on personnel, military equipment, structures

If the victim did not have time to throw off burning clothes, the flame must be extinguished in the following ways:

tightly close or wrap the burning area with any dense cloth, overcoat, cape, etc., stop air from accessing the burning mixture;
cover the affected area with sand, earth or immerse it in water, especially when extinguishing self-igniting and phosphorus mixtures;
extinguish with various types of fire extinguishers.

If more than one piece of clothing is on fire, knock out the flame by rolling on the ground. It is impossible to extinguish the burning mixture by knocking down the flame with bare hands, in order to avoid the burning mixture sticking to the hands.

After extinguishing burning mixtures, burn victims should be given painkillers from an individual first-aid kit and protect the burnt areas from contamination. In case of damage by self-igniting mixtures, it is necessary to apply a bandage moistened with a 5% solution of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate to the affected areas in order to eliminate re-ignition, and in their absence, moistened with water.

Rules for the use of standard and improvised fire extinguishing equipment

Armament, military equipment and warehouses of military property must be equipped with fire extinguishing equipment (fire extinguishers, buckets, shovels, etc.), which are used in case of a fire.

In areas where armaments, military equipment and materiel are located, water, sand, fresh turf and other means are prepared to extinguish burning incendiary substances and fires. On tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, fire-fighting equipment is installed, consisting of several cylinders with carbon dioxide, pipelines, a thermal electrical detector and other devices. In the event of a fire inside the facility, a thermal detector sends out light and sound signals, and the fire-fighting equipment is activated automatically or switched on by a crew member.

In winter conditions, snow vaults and snow and brushwood floors, along with masking properties, are sufficiently resistant to the effects of incendiary weapons and can be used as a means of protection against it.

In case of massive use of incendiary weapons by the enemy, a protective cloak should be worn "at the ready"; it is put on at the command of the commander or independently when the enemy uses incendiary weapons. When a burning mixture hits a protective raincoat, it is dropped immediately without a command, followed by extinguishing the fires.

In the absence of personal protective equipment or the impossibility of using them, personnel for protection against incendiary weapons must be able to use raincoats, summer and winter uniforms, short fur coats, wadded jackets, trousers, tarpaulins, awnings and other items.

Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture in weapons, military equipment, transport, buildings and structures is carried out:

falling asleep with earth, sand, snow;
covering with improvised means (tarpaulins, burlap, raincoats, overcoats, etc.);
knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or hardwood shrubs.

An extinguished incendiary mixture can easily ignite from a fire source, and if it contains phosphorus, it can ignite spontaneously. Therefore, extinguished pieces of the incendiary mixture are carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place.

Incendiary aviation bombs (thermite) of small calibers, the combustion of which was detected immediately after the fall, is thrown out with a shovel or by a hand dressed in a canvas mitten from the room or immersed in a barrel of water, at the bottom of which a layer of sand is laid.

2. Localization of fires on the ground

Fires pose a threat to the safety of personnel, equipment, property and adversely affect the performance of combat missions.

During a nuclear explosion, as well as in the case of the use of incendiary weapons, the greatest danger is fires in forests that occur in separate sources, grow into ground fires and can spread along the underlying layer at a speed of 200-1000 m/h. At a wind speed of 5-10 m/s, the fire spread speed reaches 1000 m/h, and the flame height is 1.5 m. A ground fire can develop into a crown fire and spread at a speed of 5 to 25 km/h.

Localization and extinguishing of fires are carried out, as a rule, by the forces and means of an emergency formation of a fire extinguishing group. If necessary, engineering departments can also be involved.

The fight against crown fires is a great difficulty. Extinguishing fires should begin immediately after their occurrence in order to prevent the formation of large foci and zones of continuous fire.

Fires are localized by constructing new or developing existing firebreaks and clearings and extinguishing fires outside the localization zones arising from flying sparks, smut, etc.

The arrangement of lanes and clearings is carried out at such a distance from the fire front that the work is completed before the fire approaches. Felling trees in clearings can be carried out in an explosive way. In this case, explosive charges are attached to the barrels at a height of 0.5-1 m from the ground level from the side facing the fire. In this case, the detonation of charges ensures the fall of trees towards the fire.

In all cases of occurrence and detection of fires in the areas of operation and location of troops, garrisons, warehouses, bases, first of all, fires are localized and liquidated that impede the performance of combat missions or pose a threat to personnel, weapons, transport, military equipment and military property.
When extinguishing fires, the forces and means of full-time, non-staff units and fire service formations are used.

Forest fires are of three types:

grassroots, when the ground cover burns, i.e. plants (mosses, grass, shrubs, coniferous undergrowth) and plant residues (fallen leaves, needles, bark, deadwood);
riding, when the fire goes to the canopy (crown) of trees. Without an accompanying ground fire, a crown fire, as a rule, cannot continue for a long time;
soil (underground or peat), when the fire spreads through the thickness of combustible material (peat). Most often, these fires are the result of forest fires, but they can also occur outside of them, for example, in the area of peat extraction and peat bogs.

According to the speed of spread of fire (advancement of the edge of the fire) and the height of the flame, forest fires are divided into strong, medium and weak. The highest rate of fire spread during a strong forest fire is: ground fire - up to 1 km / h, riding - up to 25 km / h, soil fire - several meters per day.

Ground fires can be extinguished in various ways:

manual (using entrenching tools, fire extinguishers and improvised materials);
mechanized (with the use of track-laying machines, bulldozers, mounted bulldozer equipment, motor pumps, watering machines);
explosive;
fire extinguishing chemicals can be sprayed from helicopters.

With manual fire extinguishingthe personnel of the unit are distributed along the border of the burning area with an interval of 3-5 m and fill the edge of the fire with soil, creating a strip with a width of 0.5 to 1 m.

If the fire has spread over a large area, it is cordoned off and each person is assigned a part of its edge to extinguish. With a small number of people, they are divided into three groups. The largest group is placed against the front of the fire, and the other two move along its flanks (starting from the rear) towards the front of the fire.

Fire extinguishing by flooding is carried out by knocking down the flame with the help of branches, brooms, burlap or pieces of thick tarpaulin, belt. Blows are made obliquely in the direction of the burnt area, followed by sweeping of burning particles towards the fire. When extinguishing, firefighters follow a chain with an interval of 5-10 m.

Moving forward is carried out by a system of transitions (having finished extinguishing in his area, the fireman goes to the head of the group). The trailer in the group must carefully examine the edge of the fire and extinguish the foci of decay.

When extinguishing a fire by filling the fire with soil, two firefighters move one after the other - the first suppresses the edge of the fire, scattering soil along it and filling up the fire strip, the second suppresses the smoldering areas of combustion.

With a mechanized method of extinguishing firesthe soil is cut off, not reaching 3-4 m to the edge of the fire, moved to the seat of the fire and rolled off to the edge of the fire.

Explosive fire extinguishingexplosive charges (HE) weighing 200-275 g are detonated, placed at a distance of 1.5-2 m from one another in holes 40-45 cm deep. The holes are prepared using a entrenching tool or motorized punchers.

The upper forest fires are extinguishedbackfire launch and annealing.

To start a fire choose a reference strip (road, clearing) or specially prepare a strip 5-6 m wide, from which the vegetation cover is removed or sprayed with fire-resistant chemicals. Along the strip on the side facing the fire, a shaft is created from deadwood, twigs and other dry materials. When a fire approaches, when an air draft appears on the support strip towards the fire, the shaft is set on fire simultaneously along its entire length. At the time of the meeting of the frontal fire with the fire of the main fire, it is necessary to ensure that flying sparks and burning branches do not cause a fire in the rear of the support strip. To do this, patrols are organized behind the strip.

Fire extinguishing by annealingconsists in burning the forest ground cover (litter) between the reference strip and the edge of the impending fire. This achieves an increase in the width of the obstacle, which makes it difficult to transfer fire or sparks across the strip.

The support strip must completely surround the fire (be closed) or with its ends rest against obstacles that do not allow the advance of fire (rivers, roads, lakes, etc.).

Annealing is carried out in two groups. The groups begin it against the center of the fire front, and then continue, dispersing along the reference strip in opposite directions. Each group first ignites the ground cover in a section of 20-30 m. The next section is ignited after the fire moves away from the supporting strip by 2-3 m.

Riding forest fireIt is also localized by water with the help of pumps, if there are water sources in the fire area.

For localization underground (peat) fireit is necessary to dig a protective ditch around the hearth with a width of 0.7-1.0 m and a depth to mineral soil or groundwater, cut down and drag aside the fire trees and shrubs growing along the ditch, sprinkle the edges (slopes) of the ditch with soil.

To prevent the fire from spreading beyond the ditch, as well as to extinguish newly emerging fires, a patrol service is set up.

Steppe (field) firesoccur in open areas in the presence of dry grass or ripened bread. The front of fire with the greatest speed moves in the direction of the wind. With a strong wind, the speed of the fire front of a steppe fire reaches 25-30 km/h. The rate of spread of fires of grain crops is 2-3 times less than the rate of a steppe fire.

Weak steppe firesare extinguished by sweeping the edge of the fire with brooms, using water and chemicals. Stronger fires are localized by constructing barrier strips up to 20 m wide, the edges of which are plowed up (digged in), and the middle is burned out. Steppe fires that spread at high speed (15-20 km/h) are localized and extinguished by starting a counter fire (annealing). Oncoming fire is launched simultaneously along the entire front.

When fighting forest fires, in order to protect against exposure to smoke and high temperatures, personnel in the immediate vicinity of the fire should be continuously for no more than half an hour, after which they must be provided with rest (20-30 minutes) outside the zone of smoke and thermal effects of the fire. It is desirable to provide personnel with helmets, smoke masks and gas masks with hopcalite cartridges.

When constructing barrier strips, a machine must be located near the working machines and mechanisms, ensuring the withdrawal of the failed equipment and its crews to a safe place.

It is forbidden to allow machines and mechanisms with faulty engines and leaks in their fuel system to work. Refueling engines near a fire is strictly prohibited.

When eliminating an underground fire, all movements of people and equipment must be carried out very carefully to avoid falling into the burned-out soil.

Norms of expenditure of forces and means for localization and extinguishing of forest fires

Types of work and methods of localization (extinguishing) of a fire	Forces and means	Productivity, m/h
Installation of barrier strips 8 m wide:
in the ripe forest	2x BAT	500-600 (shoulder work)
in the undergrowth	2x BAT (2x Bulldozer)	2000-2200 (400-450)
Expansion of barrier strips within 30-50 m:
in the ripe forest	2x BAT	100-120
in the undergrowth	2x BAT	400-500
Construction of barrier strips with explosions 10 m wide	25 people + 8 Demomen + (2-3) kg/m explosives	100-150
Construction of barrier strips 20 m wide	100 people + 1 sup. Dep. 4x MP "Friendship"	10-12
Starting oncoming fire with improvised means	1 person	400-500
Installation of barrier strips 8 m wide in a peat bog 30 cm thick	2x BAT	1000-1100 (step work)
Extinguishing the edge of the fire with water	1x ARS-12D	30-40
Extinguishing the edge of the fire with powder manually	10 people	0.1 ha

Note. When working in personal protective equipment, productivity decreases by 1.4-1.8 times.

Depending on tree species, the duration of forest fires (burning time per meter) is different:

Forest	Burning time, min
Coniferous	60-180
Mixed	30-120
Foliar	30-60

Regardless of the tree species, fires in rubble can last 12-16 hours; the duration of fires in urban-type settlements is 3-5 days, in rural areas - up to 12 hours, in a technical position - from one to several days.

Personal protective equipment is used to protect personnel from burns. Equipment is periodically watered with water or covered with a wet tarpaulin.

3. Overcoming the fire assault strip

Fire assault strip

Fire assault stripis designed to practice tactical methods of dealing with incendiary weapons and to develop trainees' dexterity, endurance, and the ability to overcome difficult obstacles.

The composition of the fire assault strip:
1 - Trench; 2 - blockages; 3 - Premises for storage of VHV and SZ; 4 - Forest; 5 - Corridor;
6 - Destroyed building; 7 - Wall; 8 - Field of land mines; 9 - Shelter (package).

Designed to study the protective properties of equipment, terrain; learning how to provide first aid; studying methods of extinguishing incendiary substances; study of the combat properties of incendiary substances.

Sites of the fire assault strip

The composition of the sites of the fire assault zone:
1 - Trench; 2 - Model of BRDM-2RHB covered with a tarpaulin in a pit; 3 - Stand on the use of the protective properties of equipment, terrain;
4 - Model ZIL-130 in a trench with overlap;
5 - Model of a soldier in uniform, located in a trench; 6 - Stands with a description of the methods of providing first aid; 7 - Model of a soldier in PPE; 8 - Model of a wooden wall and a pillar; 9 - Layout of a concrete wall and a concrete pillar; 10 - Stand with a description of the methods of extinguishing incendiary substances; 11 - Model of the car GAZ-66 (ZIL-130); 12 - Model of a brick wall and a brick pillar; 13 - Trench; 14 - A stand with a description of the means of using incendiary means; 15 - Incendiary cassette; 16 - Incendiary tank;
17 - Table-stand with models of incendiary shells, mines, land mines, hand grenades.

Literature:

Textbook of a sergeant of chemical troops. Military Publishing, 1988
Textbook of a sergeant of motorized rifle troops. Military Publishing, 2003
Educational and methodological manual for the preparation of units for protection against nuclear, chemical, bacteriological weapons and incendiary means. Military Publishing, 1989
Instructions on the use of personal protective equipment. Military publishing house, 1978
Receptions and methods of action of a soldier in battle. Military Publishing, 1988
Preparation of units for protection against nuclear, chemical, bacteriological (biological) and incendiary weapons of the enemy. Military Publishing, 1989
Guidelines for Special Processing. Military publishing house, 1971
Collection of standards for BP Strategic Missile Forces, book. 7 "Combined Arms Training" 2006

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PLAN-SUMMARY

TOPIC: Incendiary weapons of the enemy and protection from him.

Lesson questions:

1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances. Brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus.

2. The concept of ammunition volumetric explosion.

3. The use of incendiary substances.

4. The damaging effect of incendiary substances on personnel, weapons, equipment, protection against them.

1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances. Brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus.

1.1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances

incendiary weapons- These are incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

Incendiary weapons are designed to defeat the enemy's manpower, destroy his weapons and military equipment, stocks of materiel, as well as to create fires in combat areas.

The main damaging factor of incendiary weapons is the release of thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.

1.2. Brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm)

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm) can be unthickened and thickened (viscous). This is the most widespread type of incendiary mixtures of burn and incendiary action. Unthickened incendiary mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel or lubricating oils. Thickened mixtures are viscous, gelatinous substances, consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel, mixed in certain proportions with various thickeners (both combustible and non-combustible).

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels)

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with additives in powdered form or in the form of shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The introduction of combustible metals into the composition of pirogues ensures an increase in the combustion temperature and imparts a burning ability to these mixtures.

Napalms and pyrogels have the following main properties:

They adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, uniforms and the human body;

Easily ignited and difficult to remove and extinguish;

During combustion, a temperature of 1000-1200ºС is developed for napalms and 1600-1800°С for pyrogels.

Napalms burn due to atmospheric oxygen, pyrogels burn both due to atmospheric oxygen and due to the oxidizing agent that is part of them (most often nitric acid salts).

Napalm is used to equip tank, mechanized and knapsack flamethrowers, aircraft bombs and tanks, as well as various types of land mines. Pyrogels are used for incendiary aviation ammunition of small and medium caliber. Napalms and pyrogels are capable of inflicting severe burns on manpower, setting fire to equipment, and also creating fires on the ground, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels, in addition, are able to burn through thin sheets of steel and duralumin.

Thermites and thermite compounds

During the combustion of thermites and thermite compositions, thermal energy is released as a result of the interaction of oxides of one metal with another metal. The most widespread are iron-aluminum thermite compositions containing oxidizing agents and binding components. Thermites and thermite compounds during combustion form a liquid molten slag with a temperature of about 3000°C. Burning thermite mass is capable of melting elements of weapons and military equipment made of steel and various alloys. Thermite and thermite compositions burn without access to air; they are used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber bombs, hand-held incendiary grenades and checkers.

White phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus

White phosphorus is a hard, poisonous, waxy substance that ignites spontaneously in air and burns with the release of large amounts of acrid white smoke. The combustion temperature of phosphorus is 1200°C.

Plasticized white phosphorus is a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous synthetic rubber solution. Unlike ordinary phosphorus, it is more stable during storage; when broken, it breaks into large, slowly burning pieces. Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful, long-lasting burns. It is used in artillery shells and mines, aerial bombs, hand grenades. As a rule, incendiary-smoke-producing ammunition is equipped with white phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus.

2. The concept of ammunition volumetric explosion

Introduced in the 1960s, volumetric explosion munitions will remain one of the most destructive non-nuclear munitions into this century.

The principle of their operation is quite simple: the initiating charge undermines a container with a combustible substance, which instantly forms an aerosol cloud in a mixture with air, this cloud is undermined by a second detonating charge. Approximately the same effect is obtained in the explosion of domestic gas.

Modern volume explosion ammunition is most often a cylinder (its length is 2-3 times the diameter) filled with a combustible substance for spraying at an optimal height above the surface.

After separation of the ammunition from the carrier at a height of 30-50 m, a brake parachute is opened, located in the tail section of the bomb, and the radio altimeter is switched on. At a height of 7-9 m, an ordinary explosive charge explodes. When this happens, the destruction of the thin-walled body of the bomb and the sublimation of the liquid explosive (the recipe is not given). After 100-140 milliseconds, the initiating detonator explodes, located in a capsule attached to the parachute, and the fuel-air mixture explodes.

In addition to the powerful destructive effect, volume explosion ammunition produces a colossal psychological effect. For example, during Operation Desert Storm, the British special forces, who were on a mission behind Iraqi troops, accidentally witnessed the use of a volume explosion bomb by the Americans. The action of the charge produced such an effect on the usually imperturbable British that they were forced to break radio silence and broadcast information that the Allies had used nuclear weapons.

Ammunition of a volumetric explosion in terms of the strength of the shock wave is 5-8 times greater than conventional explosives and has a colossal lethality, however, they cannot currently replace conventional explosives, all conventional shells, bombs and rockets for the following reasons:

Firstly, volumetric explosion ammunition has only one damaging factor - a shock wave. They do not and cannot have a fragmentation, cumulative effect on a target;

Secondly, the brisance (i.e., the ability to crush, destroy the barrier) of the cloud of the fuel-air mixture is very low, because they use a "burn" type explosion, while in very many cases a "detonation" type explosion and the ability of the explosive to crush the destroyed element are required. During an explosion of the “detonation” type, the object in the explosion zone is destroyed, crushed into pieces, because. the rate of formation of explosion products is very high. In a "burning" type explosion, the object in the explosion zone, due to the fact that the formation of explosion products is slower, is not destroyed, but thrown away. Its destruction in this case is secondary, i.e. occurs in the process of discarding due to collision with other objects, the ground, etc.;

Thirdly, a volumetric explosion requires a large free volume and free oxygen, which is not required for the explosion of conventional explosives (it is contained in the explosive itself in a bound form). That is, the phenomenon of a volumetric explosion is impossible in an airless space, in water, in soil;

Fourthly, the operation of the volume explosion ammunition is greatly influenced by weather conditions. With a strong wind, heavy rain, a fuel-air cloud either does not form at all, or is strongly dissipated;

Fifth, it is impossible and inexpedient to create small-caliber volume explosion ammunition (less than 100-kg bombs and less than 220-mm projectiles).

3. Use of incendiary substances

For combat use of incendiary substances are used:

In the air force, incendiary aerial bombs and incendiary tanks;

In the ground forces - incendiary artillery shells and mines, tank, mechanized, jet and knapsack flamethrowers, incendiary grenades, checkers and cartridges, fire bombs.

Incendiary aviation munitions

Incendiary aviation ammunition is divided into two types:

Incendiary bombs filled with pyrogel and thermite incendiaries (small and medium caliber);

Incendiary bombs (tanks) equipped with incendiary compositions such as napalm.

Small caliber incendiary bombs designed to destroy wooden buildings, warehouses, railway stations, forests (during the dry season) and other similar targets by fire. Along with the incendiary effect, small-caliber bombs in a number of cases can also have a fragmentation effect. They create fires in the form of burning small pieces of incendiary mixture within a radius of up to 3-5 m. The burning time of the main mass is 2-3 minutes. Bombs have a penetrating effect and are able to penetrate wooden buildings, vulnerable objects of equipment such as aircraft, helicopters, radar stations, etc.

medium caliber incendiary bombs designed to destroy industrial enterprises, city buildings, warehouses and other similar objects with fire. When they explode, they create fires in the form of separate burning pieces of an incendiary mixture scattered within a radius of 12-250 m. The burning time of the bulk of the pieces of the mixture is 3-8 minutes.

Aircraft incendiary tanks designed to destroy manpower, as well as to create fires on the ground and in settlements. The capacity of the tanks, depending on the caliber, is 125-400 liters, they are equipped with napalm. By design, these are thin-walled lightweight spherical tanks made of aluminum alloys or steel. When meeting with an obstacle, the incendiary tank creates a volumetric zone of continuous fire for 3-5 seconds; in this zone, manpower receives severe burn injuries. The total area of the continuous fire zone is 500-1500 m 2 depending on the caliber. Separate pieces of the incendiary mixture can be scattered over an area of 3000-5000 m 2 and burn up to 3-10 minutes.

Artillery incendiary (incendiary-smoke-producing) ammunition are used to set fire to wooden buildings, warehouses of fuel and lubricants, ammunition and other flammable objects. They can also be used to inflict damage on manpower, weapons and equipment. Incendiary and smoke-producing ammunition is represented by shells and mines of various calibers, equipped with white and plasticized white phosphorus. During the explosion of ammunition, phosphorus is scattered within a radius of up to 15-20 m, a cloud of white smoke is formed at the place of the rupture.

Along with phosphorus ammunition, cannon artillery is in service with a potential enemy incendiary unguided rocket, designed to destroy manpower and used using a portable launcher with a single rail, mounted from a packaging container or from a multi-barreled launcher transported by car. The volume of incendiary substance (napalm) in the rocket is 19 liters. A salvo of a 15-barreled launcher strikes manpower over an area of more than 2000 m2 .

Flamethrower weapons of the ground forces of the armies of a potential enemy

Jet flamethrowers are designed to destroy manpower located openly or in various kinds of fortifications, as well as to set fire to objects with wooden structures.

Hand incendiary grenades

land mines

4. The damaging effect of incendiary substances on personnel, weapons, equipment, protection against them

To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, the following are used:

Closed fortifications (dugouts, shelters, etc.);

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, covered special and transport vehicles;

Means of individual respiratory and skin protection;

Summer and winter uniforms, short fur coats, wadded jackets, raincoats and raincoats;

Natural shelters: ravines, ditches, pits, underground workings, caves, stone buildings, fences, sheds;

Various local materials (wooden boards, decking, mats of green branches and grass).

Fortifications: shelters, dugouts, underbracket niches, blocked gaps, blocked sections of trenches and communication passages are the most reliable protection of personnel from the effects of incendiary weapons.

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers with tightly closed hatches, doors, loopholes and blinds provide reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons; vehicles covered with conventional tarpaulins or tarpaulins provide only short-term protection, as the coverings ignite quickly.

Summer uniforms practically do not protect against incendiary mixtures, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

If the combat situation allows, it is first of all recommended to immediately leave the zone of fire, if possible to the windward side.

It is impossible to remove a burning incendiary mixture by wiping, as this increases the burning surface, and therefore the area of \u200b\u200bdestruction.

If a large amount of a burning incendiary mixture gets into the victim, it is necessary to cover it tightly with a jacket, raincoat, combined arms protective raincoat, and pour plenty of water on it. Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture on weapons, military equipment, fortifications and materiel is carried out: with a fire extinguisher, falling asleep with earth, sand, silt or snow, covering with tarpaulin, burlap, raincoats, knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or hardwood shrubs.

Extinguishing a large amount of incendiary mixture with a solid jet of water is not recommended, as this can lead to scattering (spreading) of the burning mixture.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, the following are used:

trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;

Natural shelters (forests, beams, hollows);

Tarpaulins, awnings and covers;

Coatings made from local materials; service and local fire extinguishing means.

INCENSIBLE WEAPONS AND PROTECTION AGAINST THEM

The defeat of personnel by biological means. Prevention of lesions

Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: when inhaling contaminated air, when drinking contaminated water and food, when microbes enter the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, when bitten by infected insects, and also when in contact with sick people, animals, infected objects, and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

Direct protection of personnel during the period of a biological attack by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylaxis equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons, military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

Under incendiary weapons understand incendiary substances and means of their combat use. It is designed to destroy personnel, destroy and damage weapons, equipment, structures and other objects. Incendiaries include petroleum-based incendiaries, metallized incendiary mixtures, incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions, conventional (white) and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, and triethylene aluminum-based self-igniting in air.

It is important to note that the following incendiary compositions are used to equip incendiary ammunition.

napalms- viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. When they burn, temperatures up to 1200 °C are reached.

Pyrogels- metallized mixtures of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or shavings of magnesium and other substances. The combustion temperature of pyrogels reaches 1600 ° C.

Thermite and thermite compounds- a powdered mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, compressed into briquettes. Sometimes other substances are added to this mixture. The burning temperature of thermite reaches 3000 °C. Burning thermite mixture is able to burn through sheets of steel.

White phosphorus- a waxy poisonous substance, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ spontaneously ignites and burns in air, reaching a temperature of up to 1200 ° C.

Electron- an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. It ignites at a temperature of 600°C and burns with a dazzling white and blue flame, reaching temperatures up to 2800°C. Electron is used for the manufacture of cases of aviation incendiary bombs.

The means of combat use of incendiary substances include incendiary bombs of various calibers, aircraft incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary projectiles, flamethrowers, land mines, hand-held incendiary grenades and cartridges of various types.

The most reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons is achieved with the use of fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, open elements of wooden structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the steepness of the trenches and trenches.

For short-term protection against incendiary weapons, personnel may use personal protective equipment, as well as overcoats, pea jackets, jackets, raincoats.

In case of burns, bandages soaked in water or in a 5% solution of copper sulphate should be applied to the affected area.

To protect armored objects, it is extremely important to tear off trenches and pit-type shelters, to use natural shelters (ravines, excavations, etc.). At the same time, a thrown tarpaulin covered with earth or covered with mats of green branches and fresh grass can serve as good protection.

MEASURES OF RADIATION, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, THE ORDER OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SUB-UNIT

The radiation, chemical and biological protection of the unit is organized by the commander in full when conducting combat, both with and without the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Radiation, chemical, biological reconnaissance conducted to obtain data on the radiation, chemical and biological conditions. It is carried out using radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance devices and visually. The main method of conducting reconnaissance in all types of combat is observation. The post of radiation, chemical and biological observation consists of two or three observers, one of which is appointed senior. The post is provided with RCB reconnaissance and surveillance devices, a large-scale map or terrain map, an observation log, a compass, a clock, means of communication and alerting. The NBC observation post conducts continuous observation and reconnaissance in the indicated area, at the set time, and also during each artillery and air raid, turns on radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices and monitors their readings.

Upon detection of radioactive contamination (radiation dose rate of 0.5 rad/h and above), the senior post (observer) immediately reports to the commander who set up the post and, at his direction, gives a signal: “Radiation danger”.

Upon detection of chemical contamination, the observer gives a signal: “Chemical alarm” and immediately reports to the commander who posted the post. The results of the observation are recorded in the journal of radiation, chemical and biological observations.

Radiation control carried out to determine the combat capability of the personnel and the extreme importance of conducting special processing of the unit. It is carried out using military dose meters (dosimeters) and radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices. The main task of radiation monitoring is to determine the exposure doses of personnel and the degree of contamination of personnel, weapons and military equipment with radioactive substances.

As technical means of radiation control, the following are used: military dose meters for conducting military control of exposure; individual dose meters (dosimeters) for individual control of exposure. Dose meters are usually carried in the breast pocket of the uniform.

Military units (subdivisions) are provided with technical means for monitoring exposure to radiation at the rate of one military dose meter per department, calculation and equal units.

The issuance, removal (reading) of indications, charging (recharging) of military dose meters are carried out in units by direct commanders (chiefs) or persons appointed by them, and accounting for radiation doses is carried out by persons appointed by order of the commander of the military unit.

Removal (reading) of indications of military dose meters, their charging (recharging) are carried out, as a rule, once a day.

The time for taking (reading) testimony, charging (recharging) is set by the commander of the military unit (headquarters), taking into account the specific situation. After each removal (reading) of indications, ready-to-use military dose meters are returned to the servicemen to whom they are assigned.

Chemical control(control of chemical contamination) is organized and carried out to determine the extreme importance and completeness of special processing (degassing) of weapons and military equipment, structures and terrain, to establish the possibility of personnel actions without protective equipment. Chemical control is carried out using chemical reconnaissance (control) devices by specially trained departments (crews) of subdivisions to establish the presence of agents in the areas (on routes) of their operations, to detect contamination of standard (service) weapons and military equipment, materiel and sources water, determining the degree of danger of their contamination for the personnel of the unit.

The warning of personnel about the immediate threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as the notification of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, is carried out by single and permanent signals established by the senior commander, which are communicated to all personnel.

Upon receipt of the warning signal, the personnel continue to perform their tasks, transfer protective equipment to the “ready” position.

When an enemy inflicts a nuclear strike, personnel take protective measures in response to an explosion: while in combat vehicles, they close hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turn on the system of protection against weapons of mass destruction; when in open vehicles, he must duck, and when located outside the vehicles, he must quickly take cover nearby or lie on the ground with his head in the direction opposite to the explosion. After the passage of the shock wave, the personnel continue to perform their tasks.

Upon warning signals of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, personnel operating on foot or in open vehicles, without stopping the performance of their tasks, immediately put on personal protective equipment when they are in closed mobile objects that are not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, - only respirators (gas masks), and in facilities equipped with this system, closes hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turns on this system. Personnel in shelters include a system of collective protection. At the signal "Radiation danger" the personnel put on respirators (gas masks), at the signal "Chemical alarm" - gas masks.

Timely and skillful use of personal and collective protection equipment, protective properties of terrain, equipment and other objects is achieved by: constant monitoring of their availability and serviceability; advance preparation and training of personnel in the use of these means in various situations; the correct determination of the time for the transfer of personal protective equipment to the "combat" position and their removal; determining the mode and conditions of operation of systems for protection against weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment and the procedure for using objects equipped with filter-ventilation devices.

Special processing consists in carrying out sanitization of personnel, decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of weapons, military equipment, protective equipment, uniforms and equipment. Given the dependence on the situation, the availability of time and the funds available in the unit, special processing can be performed partially or in full.

Partial special processing includes partial sanitization of personnel, partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of military equipment. Such processing is organized by the unit commander directly in combat formations, without stopping the task. It is carried out immediately after infection with toxic substances and biological agents, and in case of contamination with radioactive substances - within the first hour directly in the infection zone and is repeated after leaving this zone.

Partial sanitization of personnel consists of:

in the removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms and protective equipment by washing with water or rubbing with tampons, and from uniforms and protective equipment, in addition, by shaking out;

in the neutralization (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents in open areas of the body, in certain areas of uniforms and protective equipment using individual anti-chemical packages.

Partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment and vehicles consists in the removal of radioactive substances by sweeping (rubbing) the entire surface of the object being treated and in the disinfection (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents from the surface areas of the objects being processed, with which personnel come into contact during completion of the assigned task.

Partial special processing is carried out by crews (calculations) using personnel funds located in subdivisions.

After partial special treatment, personal protective equipment is removed (in case of contamination with radioactive substances - after leaving the contaminated area, and in case of infection with toxic substances and biological agents - after complete special treatment).

Aerosol countermeasures against enemy reconnaissance and weapon control equipment carried out in the unit using smoke bombs and grenades, unified systems for launching Smoke grenades (system 902) and thermal smoke equipment.

To mask the fighting of a platoon, it is advisable to assign two to three soldiers with 10–12 hand-held smoke grenades or 3–5 smoke bombs for each in each squad.

On the battlefield, smoke grenades and small smoke bombs are carried in duffel bags. A box with fuses and graters is placed on top of the checkers. Carry fuses in pockets prohibited, as friction can cause them to catch fire and cause severe burns. Checkers with lids can be carried with fuses inserted and lids closed. Norms of supply with aerosol means are indicated in table. 6.

Before and after the use of aerosol agents, the soldiers assigned to set up an aerosol curtain act as arrows (numbers of crews, crews).

It is extremely important to have intervals between aerosol centers when setting up aerosol curtains: with a frontal wind - up to 30 m; with an oblique wind - 50–60 m; with a flank wind - 100-150 m.