Stalin as a historical figure. Characteristics of the personal qualities of I. V. Stalin. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin short biography for children

• Brief introduction
• Rise to power
• Cult of personality
  
• Stalin's purges in the party
• Deportations
• Collectivization
• Industrialization
• Death of Stalin
• Personal life
• Even shorter about Stalin

Addendum to the article:

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (real name - Dzhugashvili) Height CTalin Iosif Vissarionovich - there is no exact data, however, some sources indicate that his growth was 172-174 cm Son of Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich First General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party - Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich and Collectivization Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich and Industrialization Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich and Deportations The personality cult of Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Brief introduction

Iosif Vissarionovich to the military events of the state

. Stage of the First World War, for Joseph began the entry of the empire into hostilities. The future leader of the people was drafted into the ranks of the Russian army. However, his left hand was injured and Joseph was removed from service. He had to go to Achinsk, just 100 km from the Trans-Siberian Railway for a medical examination, and he was allowed to stay there after being expelled from the army.

. 1917, as the beginning of the era of Soviet power. In the run-up to the political upheaval, Stalin became an important figure in the overthrow of imperial rule. He then took a stand in favor of supporting Alexander Kerensky and the provisional government. Stalin was elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee. In the fall of 1917, the Bolshevik Central Committee voted in favor of the uprising. On November 7, an uprising called the Great October Revolution was organized. On November 8, the Bolshevik movement organized assault on the Winter Palace.
. Civil War 1917-1919. After political transformations, society began a civil war. Stalin challenged Trotsky. There is an opinion that the future head of state was the initiator of the elimination of part of the counter-revolutionaries and officers of the Soviet troops who had transferred from the service of imperial Russia. In May 1919, in order to stop mass desertions on the Western Front, violators were publicly executed by Stalin.
. 1919-1921, in the context of the military dispute with Poland. The victory in the revolution became the reason for the cessation of the existence of the Russian Empire. The Soviet Union (USSR) appeared. At this time, the conflict began, which was called the Soviet-Polish war. Stalin was unfazed in his determination to take control of a city in Poland - Lvov (now Lvov in Ukraine). This was contrary to the general strategy set by Lenin and Trotsky, which focused on capturing Warsaw and further north. The Poles defeated the army of the USSR. Stalin was accused and returned to the capital. At the Ninth Party Conference in 1920, Trotsky openly criticized Stalin's behavior.

Stalin's rise to power

Stalin's personality cult

Stalin's purges in the party

Deportations

• They deeply influenced the ethnic map of the USSR.
• It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 almost 3.3 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics.
• According to some estimates, up to 43% of the population "expelled" died from disease and malnutrition.

Collectivization

Industrialization

Stalin's policy in World War II

In August 1939, an unsuccessful attempt was made to negotiate anti-Hitler pacts with other major European powers. After that, Joseph Vissarionovich decided to conclude a non-aggression pact with the German leadership.

On September 1, 1939, the German invasion of Poland became the beginning World War II. Stalin took measures to strengthen the Soviet military, modified and increased the effectiveness of propaganda in the Soviet army. On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler violated the non-aggression pact.
While the Germans pressed on, Stalin was confident in the possibility of an Allied victory over Germany. The Soviets repulsed the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in this effort, this allowed the Soviets to go on the offensive on much of the remaining Eastern Front.
On April 30, the leader of Nazi Germany and his newly-made wife took their own lives, after which the Soviet troops found their remains, which were burned in Hitler's directive. The German troops surrendered after a few weeks. Stalin was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 and 1948.

Death of Stalin

Personal life

• Marriages and families. The first wife of I. V. Stalin was Ekaterina Svanidze in 1906. From this union a son was born, Jacob. Yakov served in the Red Army during the war years. The Germans took him prisoner. They put forward a demand to exchange him for Field Marshal Paulus, who surrendered after Stalingrad, but Stalin refused this offer, saying that they had in their hands not only his son, but millions of sons of the Soviet Union.
• And he said that either the Germans would let everyone go, or his son would stay with them.
• Subsequently, Jacob is said to have wanted to commit suicide, but survived. Yakov had a son, Evgeny, who recently defended his grandfather's legacy in Russian courts. Eugene is married to a Georgian woman and has two sons and seven grandchildren.
• With his second wife, whose name was Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Stalin had children Vasily and Svetlana. Nadezhda died in 1932, officially from an illness.
• But there were rumors that she committed suicide after a quarrel with her husband. It was also said that Stalin himself killed Nadezhda. Vasily rose to the ranks of the Soviet Air Force. Officially dies of alcoholism in 1962.
• No matter what, it's still in question.
• He distinguished himself during World War II as a capable airman. Svetlana fled to the USA in 1967, where she later married William Wesley Peters. Her daughter Olga lives in Portland, Oregon.

Even shorter about Stalin

Stalin's personality briefly

Stalin, in short, is a person who, in terms of scale and assessment of activity, is comparable only to another ruler of Russia - Peter I. They are very similar in tough methods of action to achieve goals, in complex tasks that they had to solve, and in participation in the most difficult wars . And the assessment of these politicians has always been extremely controversial: from worship to hatred.

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, who later, during the years of his participation in revolutionary activities, chose the pseudonym "Stalin", was born in 1879 in the small Georgian village of Gori.

Speaking about Stalin, it is necessary to briefly mention his father. A shoemaker by profession, he drank heavily and often beat his wife and son. These beatings led to the fact that little Joseph disliked his father and became hardened. Having severely endured smallpox in childhood (he almost died from it), Stalin forever left marks from it on his face. For them, he received the nickname "Pockmarked". Another injury is associated with childhood - the left hand was damaged, which did not recover over time. Stalin, being a vain man, could hardly endure his physical imperfection, never undressed in public and therefore did not tolerate doctors.

The main character traits were also formed in childhood in Georgia: secrecy and vindictiveness. Himself short and physically weak, Stalin, in short, could not stand tall, stately and strong people. They aroused in him rejection and suspicion.

He began his studies at a religious school, but the study was given with great difficulty because of Stalin's poor knowledge of the Russian language. Subsequent training in the seminary had an even worse effect on Joseph. Here he learned to be intolerant of other people's opinions, became cunning, very rude and resourceful. Another distinguishing feature of Stalin is the absolute lack of humor. As he grew older, he could play a joke on someone, but he had not tolerated any fun in relation to himself since the time of training.
The revolutionary activity of the future father of the nation began in the seminary. For her, he was expelled from the senior class. After that, Stalin devoted himself entirely to Marxism. Since 1902, he was repeatedly arrested and escaped from exile several times.

In 1903 he joined the Bolshevik Party. Stalin becomes the most zealous follower of Lenin, thanks to whom he is noticed in the leadership of the party. Beginning in 1912, he became a prominent figure among the Bolsheviks.

During the revolution, he was one of the members of the leading center of the uprising. During the years of intervention and the Civil War, Stalin, as a skilled organizer, was sent to the most restless points. He is engaged in repelling Kolchak's offensive in Siberia, protecting St. Petersburg from Yudenich's troops. His active work, charisma, and ability to lead make Stalin one of Lenin's close assistants.
With Lenin's illness in 1922, the struggle for power in the top leadership of the Bolsheviks intensified. Vladimir Ilyich himself was categorically against the fact that Stalin could be his successor. During the last years of joint work, Lenin began to understand his character well - intolerance, rudeness, revenge.

After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin took over the leadership of the country and immediately launched an attack on his former allies. He was not going to tolerate any opposition next to him.
Stalin began collectivization and industrialization in the country. During his reign, a total totalitarian regime was established. Mass repressions were carried out. The year 1937 was especially terrible. Pursuing a course of rapprochement with Germany in foreign policy, Stalin, in short, did not believe that her leadership would decide in the near future to go to war with the USSR. Repeatedly informed about the exact date of the invasion of the German army, he considered this information disinformation.

At the same time, leading a gigantic country for almost 30 years, he was able to turn it into one of the strongest world powers.

He died on March 5, 1953 at a government dacha. According to the official version - from a brain hemorrhage. Until now, there are versions that Stalin's death is the result of a conspiracy in his inner circle.

The cruelest tyranny is the one that

acting under the shadow of the law
and under the flag of justice.

C. Montesquieu

Sometimes people ask: “Is everything that is being said about Stalin true? Maybe this is a new lie? Such questions are understandable: our people have been deceived so much that we cannot demand from them a new blind faith. Such warnings are often heard: “Let's wait until the archives are opened - then we will find out the whole truth.” But truth is drawn not only from document repositories, no matter how important they are. And, besides, where is the guarantee that Stalin and his henchmen did not destroy the most compromising documents.

Joseph or Soso, the fourth child in the family of shoemaker V. Dzhugashvili, was born in the small town of Gori, Tifli province, on December 21, 1879. At the age of 11, Joseph entered a religious school. There he learned the Russian language, which forever remained a stranger to him, and became an atheist. From the lower theological school, the young atheist transferred to the theological seminary in Tiflis. His first political thoughts were brightly colored by national romanticism. Soso adopted the secret nickname Koba, after the name of the hero of a Georgian patriotic novel. Comrades close to him called him by this name until his last years; now they are almost all shot. Already in those years, comrades noted in Joseph a tendency to find only bad sides in others and to distrust disinterested motives with distrust. He knew how to play on other people's weaknesses and push his opponents headlong. Anyone who tried to resist him, or at least explain to him what he did not understand, called on himself "merciless enmity." Koba wanted to command others. Having graduated from a theological school at the age of 20, Koba considers himself a revolutionary and a Marxist. He writes leaflets in Georgian and bad Russian, works in an illegal printing house, explains the secret of surplus value in workers' circles, and participates in local party committees. His revolutionary path is marked by secret transfers from one Caucasian city to another, imprisonment, exile, escapes, a new short period of illegal work and a new arrest.

After the split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in 1903. cautious and slow Koba waits a year and a half away, but then joins the Bolsheviks. In the Caucasus, where the traditions of robbery and bloody revenge were still alive, the terrorist struggle found courageous performers. They killed governors, policemen, seized government money for the revolution. There were rumors about Stalin that he took part in terrorist acts, this has not been proven. However, this does not mean that he stood aside from terrorist activities. He acted from behind the scenes: he selected people, gave them the sanction of the party committee, and he himself stepped aside in a timely manner. It was more in line with his character.

Only in 1912, Koba, who during the years of reaction proved his firmness and loyalty to the party, was transferred from the provincial arena to the national one. Since that time, the Caucasian has adopted the Russian pseudonym Stalin, deriving it from steel. Superficial psychologists portray Stalin as a balanced being, in his own way an integral child of nature. In fact, it's all about contradictions. The main one is the discrepancy between the ambitious will and the resources of the mind and talent. What characterized Lenin was the harmony of spiritual forces: theoretical thought, practical insight, willpower, endurance - all this was connected in him into one active whole. He effortlessly mobilized in one moment the different sides of his spirit. But his mental abilities will be measured by some ten to twenty percent, if we take Lenin as the unit of measurement. In turn, in the field of intellect, Stalin had a new disproportion: an extraordinary development of practical insight and cunning at the expense of the ability to generalize and creative imagination. Hatred for the powerful of this world has always been his main engine as a revolutionary, and not sympathy for the oppressed, which so warmed and ennobled Lenin's human appearance. His ambition haunted him like an internal abscess and poisoned his attitude towards outstanding personalities, suspiciousness and envy. In the Politburo, he almost always remained silent and sullen. Only in the circle of primitive people, resolute and not bound by prejudice, did he become more even and affable. In prison, he made friends with criminal prisoners more easily than with political ones. Rudeness is an organic property of Stalin. But over time, he made a conscious tool out of this property. In the struggle, Stalin never refutes criticism, but immediately turns it against the enemy, giving it the most rude and merciless character. The more heinous the accusations, the better. "Stalin's policy," says the critic, "violates the interests of the people." Stalin replies: "My opponent is a hired agent of fascism."

Stalin is a military man or, in any case, playing the role of a military man. He finally realized his passion for military rank and uniform in the magnificent title of Generalissimo, which he appropriated to himself. However, even in the early revolutionary years, Stalin already wore boots, an overcoat and his famous mustache - a hint of belonging to the military caste of Russian Bolshevism. The mainspring of Stalin's own policy is now the fear of the fear he has engendered. Stalin personally is not a coward, but his policies reflect the fear of a caste of privileged upstarts for tomorrow. Stalin always distrusted the masses; now he is afraid of them. Stalin's alliance with Hitler, which struck everyone so much, inevitably grew out of the bureaucracy's fear of the enemy. In the Fuhrer, the owner of the Kremlin finds not only what he has in himself, but also what he lacks. Hitler, for better or worse, was the initiator of a great movement. His ideas, pathetic as they are, managed to unite millions.

Stalin encouraged applause for his own glory, and sometimes shot those who applauded him a little. Stalin revels in his own power. He showed personal vindictiveness, vindictiveness, sadism and other dark passions inherent in his nature. And at the same time, he did not take into account any class interests and even acted contrary to these interests - revealing exceptional personal cruelty, personal cunning and personal thirst for power.

He understood people like no one else and saw them through and through. Therefore, he chose the shots very skillfully. He destroyed talented or independent people in leadership and surrounded himself with performers who could not compete with him in any way, and were more afraid of this than fire. In addition, surprisingly understanding people, he knew how to arrange them and pit them against each other in such a way that, in the end, it was to his advantage alone. As a result, his victims were located, as it were, in chains, sometimes having previously played the role of executioners. Stalin knew how to charm people with his gentle and courteous manner. He knew how to maintain a mask of impenetrability, behind which something unpredictable was hidden. And he knew how - with only one unhurried intonation -

convey the deepest wisdom in simple and flat language. Power itself attracted him, among other things, as a game of human lives. Knowing people deeply and despising them deeply, Stalin treated them as raw material with which you can do whatever you want, realizing in history a certain plan of your personality and destiny. He was in his own eyes the only actor-director, and the stage was the whole country and, more broadly, the whole world. In this sense, Stalin was an artist by nature. Hence, in particular, Stalin's many deviations from Lenin towards the cult of his own personality. Hence his capricious despotism, as well as the preparation and deployment of trials as complexly fascinating detective stories and colorful performances. And his calm mask in public, the mask of a wise leader who is absolutely sure of his rightness and infallibility and therefore is always calm. Although in his soul, probably, passions boiled in him. Stalin liked to keep a man laid up, leaving him in a high position, but arresting his wife, brother or son. Before being shot, he

it happened that he promoted a person in a position, creating a false feeling in him that everything was fine. Stalin, as it were, tested the strength and magic of his power on people, and if a person showed humility, sometimes he showed mercy. But there was no strict pattern here. A man could crawl in front of him on his belly as he liked, and Stalin trampled on him. Stalin enjoyed owning the life and death of people to whom he could bring evil, but he could also bring good. Stalin is a man corrupted by power, but who, like no one else, understood the nature of power. And one of the main springs of Stalin's power is the secret with which he surrounded himself. Stalin guessed that the power of power is largely in its secret. Stalin is not just a ruthless dictator, but a kind of hypnotist who managed to put himself in the place of God and inspire people with an appropriate attitude. Stalin understood that power must be mysterious, and the cult of Stalin was shrouded in this mystery. Hence the feeling that Stalin knows everything, sees everything. That is, the appropriation of divine powers. Under Stalin, the apparatus of the secret police grew incredibly, penetrating all the pores of Soviet society. But besides its direct, punitive functions, it also had the significance of the greatest secrecy with which the omniscient and omnipotent power carries out its work.

Stalin understood how to make a good impression on his negotiating partners, and just as accurately knew how to do it in relation to the masses. Stalin was, after all, a thoughtful politician who showed attention to the smallest detail, regardless of whether it related to diplomatic negotiations or the content of his speeches. His speeches always met the requirements of the moment. He knew exactly how to go in the direction of the intended goal: straight, through the corpses of enemies or friends, or it was necessary to go on a maneuver, choose roundabout ways. Stalin always tried to disguise his actions, to hide his role in the leadership of the terror machine. Stalin always knew how to find those responsible for the committed "mistakes" and thus directed the discontent of the people in a certain direction. Apparently, a person with a different character could hardly have pursued such a policy.

Stalin never made decisions in a state of insanity. He always studied other points of view, very often he asked for the opinion of one or another specialist.

A distinctive feature of Stalin's character was that he never forgot or forgave the conflicts that took place in the pre-revolutionary period, during discussions in the party, nor criticism, attacks against his person.

The name of Stalin is inseparable from the birth of a new social order in the Soviet Union and beyond. Together with Stalin, his personal dictatorship went to the grave, but the social and economic structure associated with his name outlived its creator. The historical "legacy" of Stalin even now sometimes appears as a ghost,

it puts pressure on the thinking of new generations, on their activities, which is confirmed by recent events in our lives.

The Nation Pays for the Mistakes of Politicians N. Berdyaev

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Introduction

Opinions about this historical figure in the minds of modern residents are contradictory. For some, he is a despot, shooting everyone right and left and driving them into the Gulag. Others see him as a man who brought the state from the plow to the stars.

I want to analyze and understand the motives of his positive and negative actions for the Russian people and other peoples of the USSR. What did he leave behind? Are there any positive aspects in his policy and what was more? Why do people rely on J. Stalin today? Tired of hoping for positive changes, they repeat in their hearts: “If Stalin were alive, he would not have allowed this mess!”.

Why is the personality of I. Stalin important for a person of our days? This is not his political and state activity, although there is something in it that so far many prudent social scientists prefer to bypass. The legacy remains relevant in modern life for us. First of all, the system of social relations that was created in the USSR under his leadership, withstood the upheavals of the 50s and 60s, re-stabilized in the “era of stagnation” and, thus, with certain modifications, survived until perestroika, and hence until today.

1. Stages of the life of I. Stalin

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879 in a small town in Georgia.

In the autumn of 1894, I. Dzhugashvili brilliantly passed the entrance exams to the Tiflis Theological Seminary and was accepted into the boarding school with her.

During his stay at the seminary, Dzhugashvili conducts propaganda in workers' circles and joins the social democratic organization Mesate-Dasi.

Already in those years, comrades noted in Joseph a tendency to find only bad sides in others and to distrust disinterested motives with distrust. He knew how to play on other people's weaknesses and push his opponents headlong. Anyone who tried to resist him, or at least explain to him what he did not understand, called on himself merciless enmity.

In February 1917, Russia was already engulfed in revolution. Russia, as V.I. Lenin in the April theses, has become "the freest country in the world of all the countries fighting in the First World War." Political exiles were the first to feel the arrival of freedom, they were released by the authorities. Stalin and several of his comrades ended up in St. Petersburg. Stalin was admitted to the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), but only with an advisory vote.

2 . Characterand personalityAND.Stalin

Stalin was a lively, passionate, impetuous, but also highly organized and self-controlled person. Would he otherwise be able to manage such a huge modern state and direct such terrible and complex military operations?

Duplicity, treachery, the ability to refuse the word given to him, cruelty are considered differently. It depends on determining the factors that motivated his behavior.

Perseverance, honesty and decency of Stalin admired not only his friends, but also opponents. L. D. Trotsky, the most ardent and implacable enemy of Stalin, was forced to give his ideological opponent a very flattering description: “... Stalin's role in this period increased significantly, he again found himself at the height of a staunch professional revolutionary. During the years of reaction, he did not belong to those numerous thousands who deserted from the party at that time, but to those few hundreds who remained in its ranks. Trotsky L. "Stalin", New York, 1947, vol. I, p. 163.

“The history of his life is a continuous series of victories over a continuous series of monstrous difficulties. There has not been a year since 1917 when he did not commit such deeds that would glorify anyone forever. This is iron man. The surname gives us his image: Stalin is steel. These lines belong to the outstanding French writer Henri Barbusse, which can be found in his book. "Stalin. A man through whom a new world is revealed” M., 1936, pp. 343-344.

3. Stalin and repression

Always many opponents of I.V. Stalin, they talk about innocent people who were killed in concentration camps and shot. Having come to power, I.V. Stalin was well aware that you cannot build a strong state with state thieves, which is why repressions began for a start - against the very top, that is, the teams of Lenin and Trotsky, who were communists. For this I.V. Stalin only continued the tradition of carrying out repressions, but was already based on the articles of the Criminal Code of the USSR of that period, but in the struggle for "Bonapartism" in power, he also applied them in relation to employees of repressive bodies.

First of all, Stalin did not intend to arrange a "terrible tragedy of the people" at all. No matter how paradoxical it may seem, but the fact is that of all the then leadership, it was Stalin who was distinguished by the most moderate approach and the absence of bloodthirstiness. It was Stalin who initiated so many pardons, including those with the replacement of capital punishment - execution - with more lenient sentences. There is also a lot of compelling evidence for this. He insisted more than others on the non-use of extrajudicial powers, especially when passing harsh sentences. Many cases are well documented. Mass executions without investigation and trial were only during the reign of the Lenin Guard from 1917 to 1920. During the reign of Stalin, the number of embezzlers at the state level was reduced as much as possible, thanks to which the money went to the state. budget, and there was a normal development of the Soviet economy, industry and culture.

4. Stalin - statesman

stalin repression rule republic

Historical facts show that Stalin took over the leadership of the country from the hands of Lenin and his team: impoverished, plundered, hungry, on the brink of political instability and civil war, and left it with a developed industry, vast territory and an atomic bomb. He made a strong-willed act, breaking the contract for the supply of raw materials to the West, thanks to which the USSR quickly got on its feet after the war, in just some 10 years after 1945. It is difficult to take on the burden of governing a country like Russia, and for this Stalin deserves respect and gratitude in many respects. It is important to learn the lesson that in world history all great figures are judged not by what they did during their lives and reigns, but by what they left behind for future generations and future victories. We must not forget that the existence of the Russian Federation and the right of politicians to call it independent, great, united Russia, must pay tribute to JV Stalin, who created the new empire of the USSR on the ruins of the Russian Empire. Almost everything that the Russian Federation now uses, it owes to the time of I.V. Stalin, who was able to maintain continuity with the Russian Empire.

Do not follow the historical stereotypes that are imposed and try to lead you away from the logical understanding of that time and the political situation that I.V. Stalin, from the hands of real tyrants and murderers of the Russian people and the Russian mentality of the Lenins, Trotskys and Sverdlovs. You need to think with your own head, and not with other people's thoughts.

Stalin led the great, truly Patriotic, war against German fascism - a terrible threat to the entire human race. His role in this war should not be underestimated: it was certainly great, but even this great victory cannot justify it in the eyes of generations, it is worth remembering with what blood it went to us.

We must not forget who, day after day, solved a lot of practical issues in the construction of domains and power plants, automobile plants and weaving factories, railways and seaports, in the development and production of new brands of tractors and combines, aircraft and tanks, in the development of the North and irrigation of the Karakum, on the creation of theaters and film studios, universities and museums, on the development of a network of schools and clubs, hospitals and kindergartens, on the establishment of benefits for rural teachers, large and single mothers.

They impose on us the opinion that Stalin never admitted his own mistakes, but sent him to camps for criticism. Lie. On May 24, 1945, he made a toast in the Kremlin in honor of the Victory, in honor of the Russian people. Stalin, in the presence of all the "high society" admitted his mistakes.

The perspicacity of I. Stalin made it possible to carry out the pre-war industrialization of the country - due to which now, "we are still keeping afloat." He consolidated society during the Great Patriotic War, did not allow demagogy to be dissolved - even in the form of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Power was centralized, all its activities were aimed at defense, and then to ensure victory in the war. He used the right of the winner for the good of the USSR, for the fastest possible restoration of the national economy. As a result, we got: an atomic bomb, jet aircraft, a stunning breakthrough in the development and production of rocket and space technology. It is worth noting that during the entire reign, I. Stalin did not lose a single km² of the territory of the USSR, there was only an increase, moreover, strategically beneficial.

Conclusion

For me, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin is an example of great diligence, organizational talents and extraordinary abilities. It was this, along with the circumstances, that determined his role in the history of Russia. You can argue a lot, but the result that he achieved is important.

The attitude of the people of our time towards Stalin is not unambiguous. Some people deny the positive historical significance of Stalin, and brush aside his positive role from the threshold. There is another category of people who pay tribute to Stalin's services to the history of Russia. Speaking impartially, one cannot fail to recognize the outstanding role of Stalin in both domestic and world history, because Russia, in terms of its scale, its significance in the world, has had and still has a significant impact on the course of world events.

The greatness of I. Stalin and his immortality lies in the fact that he was the first to take on the terrible, cosmic courage and responsibility to realize an alternative history, an alternative utopia, which T. More, Campanella, Plato spoke about. He took upon himself a terrible, inhuman burden to realize it. The feeling of grandiose accomplishments, grandiose tasks, tragic, but cosmic at the same time, made Stalin a leader. In my opinion, I. Stalin should go down in the history of Russia as a collector of Russian lands, like Ivan Kalita and Ivan the Terrible.

JV Stalin is one of the most enigmatic and mysterious personalities in the history of the whole world. It is impossible to describe all his achievements and failures in one work.

Listused literature

1. Balayan L. Stalin and Khrushchev. Moscow: Eksmo Publishing LLC, 2009

2. Beladi L., Kraus T. Stalin. M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 318 p.

3. Zhurav'ev P.A. Meetings with Stalin. Moscow: Kronus, 2009

4. Mironin S. Stalin's order. M.: AST, 2009

5. Prudnikova E. Joseph Dzhugashvili. Moscow: Medvedkovo, 2008

6. Volkov F. D. Stalin: rise and fall. M., 1995.

7. Volkogonov D. Stalin: a political portrait. Book. 1, 2. M., 1997.

8. The latest history of the fatherland. XX century / Ed. A. F. Kiseleva, E. M. Shchagina. T. 2. M., 1999.

9. Radzinsky E. Stalin. M., 1997.

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Prerequisites for the formation of character and the path to power of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. Political struggle for leadership and victory. Approval of the Stalinist state administration. Foreign policy and military activities of I.V. Stalin 1925-1953

People in the Soviet Union were divided into "right" and "wrong". I wanted to write on the "righteous" and "unrighteous", but it did not work out. Somehow it was written in the first version. Well, let. So even better.

After all, what is “righteous”, what is “unrighteous” is always debatable with us and here we will not come to any consensus, but “correctness-wrongness” in our life has long been established and is not subject to doubt.

My father was "correct". That is, like everyone else. He was arrested on December 3, 1937 and spent 18 years in Stalin's camps (details below). He believed in socialism and its bright future. He worked and lived in the name of this bright future, the living personification of which since April 3, 1937, was me, while lying in diapers, but over time, one must think, having risen in stature - of course, with the country.

Personally, Comrade Stalin, of course, knew nothing about my birth. And he certainly didn't mind. But here the question is: was he not against it, because he did not know? .. Or - if he knew, would he be against it? ..

We will not wait for an answer. Stalin did not speak out on this issue, he kept silent, our great leader.

But we can offer the following on this account: he didn’t think about me at all at that moment.

He had other things on his mind at the time. More important.

Actually, the idea of ​​the "Great Terror" is not new. It goes back to the ancient establishments of the figure of the leader - first of the tribe (under the tribal system), then the king-king, ruling over his people (under the secular nature of the class society). This proposition is preceded by a "struggle for the throne", which sometimes drags on for the entire period of personal rule. Thus, the theme of maintaining oneself in power is inherent in the psyche of an absolute monarch from the very beginning, that is, from the moment of his appearance on the public arena - hence the need to achieve that mythical sacredness that allows the people to believe in their leader as the main bearer and custodian of his happiness and prosperity.

The experience of history has shown that this sacredness is achieved in the direct and easiest way - through blood.

At the same time, if you want more power, then in this case you need a lot of blood. A sacrifice made in public, by the fire, gives rise to fear - the most multiplied feeling in the collective herd, which responds best to the whistle of a scourge or an ordinary whip. The empire radiates a magical light when the emperor SAM participates in a crime or a crime is performed by obedient executioners at the wave of his hand.

However, the danger of the biological decrepitude of the leader remains, and then the idea of ​​replacing the old king with a new one (young or different) comes up from somewhere treacherously, which leads to unrest both for the crown holder himself and for the society he rules. Here the slavish worship of the king saves, who turns himself into a king-priest, a king-god: the frightened mass must again and again shed their blood in order to maintain the magic and triumph of the idol, the leader acquires new greatness thanks to new victims and new blood, the endless stream of which drives away (at least temporarily) the idea of ​​a replacement. And everything remains the same.

Stalin is a classic example of this primitive idea of ​​how to keep yourself on top.

"King of the Hill" - this children's yard game signals us that fun reflects the horror of the upcoming tragedy in a fun carnival form. Comic fighting and comic killing - a parodic rite of production of violence in real life.

Stalin provided the "Great Terror" with several ideologemes, the main of which contained the wise idea that the class struggle intensifies as socialism is built. Therefore, the revolution continues, violence is legitimate.

By the way, the question of the legality or illegality of violence for a real revolutionary is not worth it. What for Stenka, what for Pugachev, what for the more well-mannered Decembrists who woke Herzen ... Comrade Nechaev (meaning Comrade Bakunin, Kropotkin, Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, Khalturin, Kalyaev, Savinkov, Kaplan and others like them) in his famous catechism everything is honest announced. There is no moral and there shouldn't be. Murder for the sake of the great goal of reorganizing society in a revolutionary way is a holy cause. Therefore, Lenin, and Trotsky, and Stalin, and Mao, and Pol Pot, and Castro, and Che Guevara are all smeared with the same blood - human.

True, Stalin in this matter succeeded best of all. He was a faithful disciple of Lenin, who himself became enraged, and enraged Russia. He died of syphilis of the brain. Stalin was paranoid. The student is not far from the teacher.

But between them, as if to sin, another madman crept in - Trotsky.

This all wanted to inflate the world fire, but there were not enough matches, and Stalin knocked the boxes out of his hands.

Ice pick. “I myself,” he says. - do not go ahead of the father in hell.

And he created his own hell. Stalinskoe. Firm.

"Pests" ... Their ORIGIN in the propaganda bells and whistles invented by Stalin had a foundation on the sand of the so-called "Shakhty case", through which the former mine owners passed - this is understandable, class enemies! - and - attention! - engineers, old specialists. “Enough lawyers in power, the power should belong to us, engineers” - this is from Gorky, in the play “Somov and Others”. CONSPIRACY!

It was May 1928. Five were shot in July, others - more than forty - different terms. It was the first trial balloon.

Two years later, the leader, who is gaining weight, forces his Politburo (he seems to be - for the time being, for the time being - on the sidelines) to make a Decree, according to which the process of a certain Industrial Party, a new wrecking organization allegedly specializing in economic crimes, begins. Again in the dock - techies who frankly confessed to the impending sabotage intervention - Stalin personally in an order letter to Menzhinsky - the head of the then NKVD - in plain text urged at any cost to "pass through the system" of the accused. And although the case of the Industrial Party was entirely fabricated thanks to the leader of the "conspirators" N.K. Ramzin (even before the trial he collaborated with the OGPU), Stalin received the second grandiose experience in detecting and destroying pests in the country.

No one then understood that from the first stage, from the exposure of purely ECONOMIC pseudo-crimes in 1930, Stalin, thanks to the assassination of Kirov in 1934, there was a reason! - will turn the repressive machine towards POLITICS, adding it to the ECONOMY.

At the same moment, PESTS also become "enemies of the people." And the Great Terror (1935 - 1939) can be launched. Here the Gulag arrived in time with its White Sea Canal and the experience of concentration camps on the Solovetsky Islands.

Born in the wise head of the leader, the scheme of EXPANDING the war with his people worked to its fullest both during the fight with the Germans and after it - until the death of the mustachioed villain.

Only now not only techies-engineers could become "saboteurs", but also anyone - doctors-wreckers, teachers-wreckers, cybernetics-wreckers, Weisman-Morganists, historians, poets, prose writers, composers, and the NKVD themselves, as it turned out ... further more: pests - peoples.

And the Trotskyists... They, according to their own demonic concept, had to be destroyed so that they would not interfere with building socialism in one, taken separately, as the wits of that time said, for the ass of the country.

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky spoke beautifully about Trotsky, prone to hatred of the Cockroach and love for Moidodyr and Aibolit - in 33 he wrote in his diary: “Trotskyists have always been hated for me not as politicians, but first of all as characters. I hate their phrase-mongering, their posturing, their gestures, their pathos. Their leader himself was always aesthetically unbearable for me: hair, narrow beard, cheap provincial demonism. A mixture of Mephistopheles and a barrister."

The last words could well have been addressed to Ilyich, in the common people - "Kuzmich", but this patronymic became a nickname much later.

So, the demon Trotsky, who almost voluntarily ceded power to Stalin after the death of Lenin, was sitting abroad, where Stalin sent him (and immediately regretted that he had left him alive) biting his elbows.

Back in 1926, Trotsky publicly, at a meeting of the Politburo, called Stalin "the gravedigger of the revolution" - the leader turned pale, jumped up, slammed the door ... He was offended, in general.

And 10 years later, in 1936, Trotsky wrote an article with the same meaning, “The Revolution Betrayed” - and this gives Stalin a reason to get completely angry with the enemy and fire his starting pistol: the “Great Terror” has begun.

Betrayed by whom?.. Betrayed by me? - the leader apparently grimaced, holding the emigrant text in his hands.

No, Trotsky, you are a traitor ... and your entire gang, whose goal is to overthrow the Soviet regime, kill the leaders of the party and government, destroy the Red Army, etc., etc. now Trotskyists will answer for Trotsky. They are enemy number 1.

The three most famous trials of "enemies of the people" - in August 1936, in January 1937 and March 1938 - coincide with my, Mark Rozovsky, almost head to head coming into this world. Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin, Rykov, Pyatakov, Radek, Krestinsky and other associates of Lenin confessed in the Hall of Columns at public trials in their anti-Stalinist actions and were shot (and at that moment I am lying in a cradle and soiling diapers in Kamchatka).

Immediately following famous names, about 11 million people are subjected to repression, of which 3 million are executed (Robert Conquest's count). My father is a particle in this bloody extras.

How to bring her on stage - all, without a single omitted name, how to look into everyone's face and ask: what do you think about the current attempts to rehabilitate Stalin?

But today they are trying to whitewash Yezhov, and Beria. But as once (at the evening in memory of Platonov at the Central House of Writers) Yuri Karyakin said - "You can't wash a black dog white" - devils will remain devils.

“Numerous acts of violation of socialist legality” were slightly revealed to the world on February 25, 1956, but those three years when I swam in the amniotic fluid in my mother’s womb, and then wet the diapers and ate semolina, were in parallel the most cruel, the most egregious in world history .

And the greatness of the leader, according to the primitive law, immediately jumped to heaven.

The scale of the repression seemed to fuel the cult of personality.

However, the personality of the leader at that time ceased to carry the remnants of a human appearance - the leader turns into a kind of totem, which in ancient times was in the mythological consciousness a figurative SUBSTITUTE for a real king. Among the Slavs, as is known from the history of folklore, it was a bear, around which the tribe began to dance and jump.

Exactly the same thing began around Stalin. Ritual games in an atmosphere permeated with the smell of death were supposed to go on with frantic, truly wild fun.

The smiles of the year 1937 – dazzling, cheerful and, most importantly, life-affirming – are copies of the totemic rite, when the primitive collective showed utter zeal in dancing and singing dithyrambs and odes to the sacred chosen one. Executions and trials were accompanied by invigorating music in festive orchestrations.

All this theatricality - rhythmic stepping under waving flags at the parades of athletes, showering with leaflets of polar explorers, horse neighing at film comedies, general smartness and absolute trust in idiotic slogans - nothing more than the iconic rubbish of all-conquering socialism - has its source in the logic of primitive consciousness that feels the onset of the apocalypse and trying in self-defense at any cost to profane reality with its torture and corpses.

The killing of one's own kind arises from the pathology of an unheard-of faith in the leader of the tribe - now we will begin prosperity and real happiness! Leader - the very existence of the leader AT THE SAME TIME with us is a guarantee that we will receive regular food and a place to live in a cave. The killer receives the rank of a deity and the dark mass calms down after a bloody shock - he will be overtaken by the belief in "now we will live in a good way." The carnival continues.

However, the historical scene, which has known many tragedies and dramas, hints to us that the folklore motif of “crowning” the leader, whose hands are up to the elbows in blood, has a second mandatory part in any ritual game, called “debunking”.

Stalin understood this very well. He did everything to leave no traces. He covered over all his crimes with "necessity", "expediency" and even "forced cruelty". The leader wanted to remain clean and with angel wings in history. His pockmarked face in all the photos is carefully made up. He dressed in simple clothes and always smiled benevolently. There is not a single look with which this actor would betray that he is playing the most terrible villain in the history of the world. Bear in the form of a cute bunny.

This self-directing of Stalinism surprises and delights. In this part, our artist surpassed even Hitler with his "triumph of the will" and torchlight processions of German robots.

Stalin's productions were much more sophisticated - they, like in Chekhov's plays, said one thing, but actions and actions had a completely different meaning. Lies, through the efforts of the supporters of the leader, turned into an act of artistic expression, and here pathos played a special role, sublime rhetoric merged with everyday life, and those who did not participate in the “wedding”, shouting with pathetic intonations, were declared English or Japanese, it doesn’t matter, a spy or a pest.

The people did not deal personally with the dictator (“Kremlin recluse”), but with the image of the dictator, which had an all-pervading quality. That is why all appeals to the leader as the "father of peoples" are so touching - the metaphor is palpable here, but in the psychology of the masses this idea was completely erased and the metaphorical meaning disappeared somewhere. The licking of the leader's boot took a very real form - just like that, in the courage of love, primitive people kissed the footprints of their boss.

No one noticed the parody nature of the "wedding". Well, except that Bulgakov saw everything, and Platonov felt reality ...

But they were surpassed by Mandelstam with a great rhyme equal to suicide (“Listen to the rhyme,” the author himself said to Ehrenburg, “how is he? Nothing?”), Written back in 1934 about “cockroach mustaches” and “thin-necked leaders”.

You take your own hand and lead to execution ... - Nadezhda Yakovlevna later recalled these warning words of Markish to Osip Emilievich.

Why, these words could have been sent to at least eleven million already.

What did Mandelstam do? .. He buffooned in front of the leader. He acted as a fool - in full accordance with the ritual game, where the Magi, knowing, anticipating that they "hang on a hanger", subjected the leader of the tribe to traditional ridicule for this genre.

“Whatever the execution he has, then raspberries!” - and now clarify, dear Iosif Vissarionovich, from Boris Leonidovich himself - is this author “master” or “not master”? ..

Let's think about it, Stalin promised Pasternak that "everything will be all right" with Mandelstam. This meant that after a demonstrative exile to Voronezh, the poet would be given the opportunity to participate in the “wedding”, considering the trick of the 34th year premature, because it came ahead of history and symbolized the “debunking” not yet announced by officialdom.

The brilliant poet in the 37th had to correct himself and he wrote in black and white:

My black-browed glory, Knit me with a viscous eyebrow, Ready for life and death,

Stalin's thunderous name With sworn tenderness, with caress.

It seems to me that the line "ready for life and death" is in conjunction with the words of Pasternak in a telephone conversation with Stalin about the fate of Mandelstam - when asked by the leader what he wants to talk about with him, the leader, the poet replied: "About life and death" .

In the 37th, it’s not supposed to talk or dream about this topic. Mandelstam knows about this and joins the chorus of those crowning as follows:

It is necessary for the heart to beat: Enter the fields, grow into the forests. Here is the first page of Pravda, Here is the page with the verdict.

The road to Stalin is not a fairy tale...

... and you will break through, perhaps, Through the thicket of nicknames and names And you will be called Stalinka In the very future times ... But this is a feeling of shift,

Happening for centuries

And this Stalinist book

In hot sunny hands ...

To add directly at the end, in Bolshevik style:

... so that my work goes well And grows stronger - to fight the enemy.

Dated, I repeat, 37th.

However, it was too late, Osip Emilievich.

It was not enough Cherdyn, Voronezh... Ahead of Suchan.

Oh, if not for the intercession of Bukharin, maybe ...

No. It wouldn't work.

The law of primitive society: the leader is able to maintain magical power only through the blood shed from another victim. Stalin reproduces this law in full measure in 1937, however, in order to win completely and keep himself at the top, he needs to ... kill everyone, otherwise sooner or later the “debunking” will come.

He cannot do this, to his great regret, and besides, I was born here - the one about whom he knows nothing! ... And those like me - the generation that should be at the “dethronement” and continue the “debunking”.

Well, yes, it's later.

In the meantime, everything is going well for the leader: the Great Terror is in full swing, the dirty deed is going well, and in the near future a new world war is shining. Oh, we'll win.

... Any play requires tuning. The dramaturgy of the Great Terror, for all its floridity and secrecy, had a very simple structure: Stalin giving the go-ahead, the Politburo sending telegrams to local leaders with recommendations on how many and whom to arrest and shoot, and local authorities directly carrying out operations of deprivation of liberty and liquidation.

On July 30, 1937 (I am 4 months without three days), Yezhov, on Stalin's instructions (he did everything only on Stalin's instructions), submits order No. 00447 to the Politburo, according to which 295,450 people should be arrested, of which 72,950 people were shot. Since not all regions have submitted their "considerations" to this point, these estimated figures cannot be considered final - and now - attention! - just as before, that is, during dispossession - from the Center to all districts there is an order to divide all those arrested into two categories: the first category assumes execution, the second - imprisonment from 8 to 10 years.

My father, Shlindman Semyon Mikhailovich, was still walking around Kamchatka in July 1937 to work, being a free Soviet citizen for the time being, but only a few days remained until December 3, when he was taken. In August, the Politburo was inundated with requests to increase quotas. From August 28 to December 15, the local NKVD authorities receive the right from Stalin, that is, from the Politburo, to increase repressive actions, namely, 22,500 people in addition to Yezhov’s order were subject to capital punishment (executive punishment) plus 16,800 people should go to camps . All operations were to be completed by March 15, 1938.

My father falls under these, so far small, numbers, representing a modest one among the people destined for death - the builders of socialism in one country located in a capitalist encirclement. From August 6 to December 21, 1937 (apparently, a gift from the repressive apparatus for the leader’s birthday), at least a tenfold expansion of the validity of Yezhov’s order No. 00447 was carried out (remember the ominous combination of these zeros and numbers), which resulted in the first 000 people (from February 1 to August 29) were taken under interrogation and torture, and then - for 15 months from August 1937 to November 1938 (my father, I emphasize, has been sitting in this company since December) - the number of those arrested and killed goes already by hundreds of thousands, and then by millions of people.

The bloody snowball of the name of Comrade Stalin grows and rolls across the vast country of the Soviets, continuing its ritual songs and dances, full of optimism and faith in the sacred infallibility of the great leader.

Today, Stalin's apologists are pushing into people's minds an immoral version that they say that the leader "did not know" about the repressions and therefore is not responsible for them. The facts say that he not only knew, but personally initiated the murders.

One example. On August 27, 1937, at exactly 5 p.m., the secretariat of the Central Committee received a message from eastern Siberia from the secretary of the district party committee, Mikhail Korotchenko, about the local trial of pest agronomists.

Exactly at 5:10 p.m., Stalin sent a telegram in response (the text is given verbatim): “I advise you to sentence the wreckers of the Andreevsky district to death and publish a message about their execution in the press.” That is, it took 10 minutes for the leader to react. He cut through all the same, the pockmarked devil! ..

However, no matter how hard he tried to cover his tracks and in every possible way create the appearance of legal justice (only at first), the wheel of the Great Terror spun to such an extent that it seemed that the executioners themselves could not stop it. The hand of the punishers daily signed the now extrajudicial lists, consisting entirely of Trotskyists, who knew Comrade Trotsky at best by hearsay, and even then as an ally of Lenin and one of the main promoters of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

Whom to execute is decided SIMULTANEOUSLY by many instances, specially created for this task. Of these, the main three are: the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the Politburo, and, finally, the most efficient organization under the strange name of the Special Conference.

44,000 names of party workers, officers of the Red Army, economists were presented to Stalin by his henchman shorty (height - from a pot of three inches) Nikolai Yezhov. Of that number, 39,000 received the death penalty.

And only three years ago this "neglican" Pasternak wanted to talk with the leader "about life and death! ..

It is clear why, the leader, having heard this topic from the lips of the Poet, hung up the phone without hesitation.

And now, thanks to the opened archives, we learned documents blatant in the endless historical space: Stalin's signature with the resolution to "shoot" is on 362 lists, Molotov - on 373, Voroshilov - on 195, Kaganovich - on 191 lists, Zhdanov - on 177 lists, Mikoyan - at 62...

People say in such cases: a stigma in a cannon. But here is not a stigma, here is a huge, utterly sized Snout, stretching its vile mustachioed face over a country petrified in fear.

"Spies" and "Saboteurs" did not have to be looked for. They were everywhere and everywhere - in schools, institutes, libraries, factories, factories, construction sites.

Every second, third, fifth, tenth turned out to be a Trotskyist, a Zinovievite, a Bukharinite, a Rykovite… All were either “kulaks” or “sub-kulakists”… Former White Guards or non-working elements… “fellow travelers” and… philatelists, Esperantists, radio amateurs, artists, football players – take it whoever you want...

And innocent Rus writhed Under the bloody boots And under the tires of "black marus". A.A. Akhmatova. Requiem.

“Black Marusi” are black funnels that transported the arrested to prisons.

The centralized nature of the repressions, with all the efforts of Stalin and his entourage, still could not objectively satisfy such a gigantic demand for the cruelty demanded by the leader himself.

"We can't handle it!" - the judiciary self-critically admitted the shortcomings of their work - "We are glad to try, but we do not keep up with the course of the struggle against the counter-revolutionary rabble."

And Stalin decided to help his legal proceedings. At the end of 1937, in the regions EVERYWHERE, the leader ordered to switch to EXTRA-JUDICIAL sentencing with the help of the so-called TROYKA.

What kind of troika?.. Isn't the troika a bird, about which Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol described so poetically and wisely?

No, not a bird. This trio everywhere, I emphasize, consisted of the local head of the NKVD, the prosecutor and the chief of police. They were given a completely innovative form of violence in world jurisprudence: the issuance of a verdict on the basis of investigative protocols - and that's it.

The three of us signed and please shave! Or - in the camp of the Gulag system. Or - against the wall, get a bullet in the back of the head.

This Stalinist innovation put death on the conveyor, because now in geographically remote places from the metropolis it has become possible to work much FASTER and more efficiently with human material.

"Troikas" all over the country (by the way, their experience very soon returned from the regions to the capital and Leningrad) began to machine-gun at such a speed that the leader only grunted with satisfaction and twisted his Caucasian mustache that curled down. The period between arrest and execution was reduced significantly. Murder was put on stream and was carried out from now on using truly Stakhanovite methods.

The Troikas, of course, justified themselves, brilliantly coping with the increased workload. After all, now Stalin moved from “liquidating the enemies of the people” to “deporting the families of the enemies of the people” - and this was an absolutely correct step in the cause of the general destruction of his people.

Of course, Trotsky irritated Stalin the most. “Kinto is in power” - this expression of Lev Davydovich infuriated Joseph Vissarionovich and millions of people became hostages of their political fight.

The leader's vindictiveness, based on an ordinary inferiority complex, seasoned with peppers and mustard of principled disputes about the ways of building socialism, made him an unpredictable dragon, ready for anything. By hating, a person loses humanity. So hating, as Stalin hated, a person generally turned into a beast, which the smell of blood only provokes and leads to further slaughter right through, without any control over himself. From intoxication with power to intoxication with blood.

Stalin physiologically could not stop, he was stuffed with the flattery of the environment, exalted by nationwide kneeling and, like a swollen toad, could only burst from the consciousness of his own genius.

But sensing a catch here, he played “the most modest”, “the simplest” ... He was Leninist and Napoleonic small in stature, physically weak, but he needed to give the impression of a giant and therefore the importance (consider - balance and weight) of his aphoristic arguments hid their banality, he preferred to speak quietly, monotonously, and the slowness of gestures emphasized their world-historical significance. However, sometimes, even in old age, he demonstrated impetuosity and speed of plasticity - evidence of a certain artistry. He played. In essence, he was a puppet from the theater of Karabas-Barabas, a phantom, a portrait reflection of himself in the mirror and then a thousand monuments to himself, his beloved. He bronzed, and everyone saw it, and everyone rejoiced at it. He did not admit his mistakes. If he made a decision, then everyone immediately had to carry it out, without thinking, without discussing, without discussing. All the discussions in which Stalin participated ended in his final speech, which at that very moment was an indisputable guide to action. If something was wrong, the participants in the debate were declared opposition, then the opposition became a counter-revolution, and the counter-revolution had to be destroyed in the bud. And they destroyed it. And they destroyed it.

“I am always right” - both everyday and philosophical demonism is based on these three words. And look closely, ordinary rudeness. Disgusting.

Hey! - Stalin shouted to his wife, who got up from the table to leave the banquet.

I don't "Hey!" - answered Nadezhda Alliluyeva and these were her last words in life. An hour later, either she shot herself, or she was shot. Why not Shakespeare? .. But her remark is really brilliant. She is amazing.

When Stalin's mother died, he did not go to Georgia for her funeral.

Is he human after this?

In the famous book “Revolutionary Silhouettes”, Lunacharsky called Trotsky “the second great leader of the Russian Revolution”, which was absolutely true, but Stalin - this seems to have happened during the celebration of the 10th anniversary of October (let us recall in passing Mayakovsky’s poem “Good”, where about Stalin almost nothing) - this "falsification" of history did not suit.

And let's imagine a picture: Stalin leafs through Lunacharsky's pamphlet and ... what? .. He does not find himself in "Revolutionary Silhouettes"!

What do we do with poor Lunacharsky after that?

Correctly. We remove him from his job (and the post of Minister of Education, by the way, Lunacharsky was dismissed the next day after the coup) and sent for Mozhay, that is, as an plenipotentiary to Spain, where he disappears - probably, fortunately, for our clerk from Lenin's guard before the Great Terror, - would probably have been sitting on a hot bench in the Hall of Columns somewhere between a colleague - Rykov and a colleague - Bukharin.

During the NEP years, Stalin was underestimated, so he had to make up for Lenin’s death after Lenin’s death ... Starting from the year 1929, Stalin went into all serious trouble - he imagined in the year of the great fracture of the backbone of our economy - the collectivization of agriculture - that the dictatorship of the proletariat was invented for that only so that everyone understands the meaning of the deep identity of the words "steel" and "Stalin".

"Lenin", however, according to this logic, was somehow more associated with "laziness", but it no longer mattered - the firmness, steadfastness, inflexibility of the new leader turned into a myth. From a narrow specialist on national issues, he, a fighter for the unity of the party around him, is becoming the supreme omnipotent by the throat of all life in the global expanses of the Soviet Union.

The times of the post-revolutionary triumph of the Bolshevik campaign against the rebellious Kronstadt, when thousands of sailors were immediately shot, and thousands of others were sent to Solovki, where they died in batches (out of five thousand, one and a half thousand survived), times of decossackization, dispossession of kulaks and all kinds of purges, seizure of church property - all this was, so to speak, not yet the Great Terror, these were flowers, berries came later ...

The "Philosophical steamer", which sailed from the Crimea on the orders of Lenin with the most precious cargo from Russia - intellect - (160 people - among them Berdyaev, Frank, Lossky, Evreinov, Osorgin, Trubetskoy, Karsavin and other best free minds of Russia) - this is also not Stalinist methods.

But since 1929, Stalin's "civil war" with his people has taken on more open forms. SLON (Solovki Special Purpose Camp) has been operating since 1922 and has become a role model - a whole network of similar camps is being built in the Komi forests and at the mouth of the Pechora, in 1929 Stalin is reforming the detention of prisoners in these barracks, at logging sites - and please, the "Gulag archipelago" is ready!

Now a new eve of the Great Terror - the Stalinist famine in Ukraine, on the Don, on the Lower Volga, in Kazakhstan, in the North Caucasus - where, you ask, was it not? - the result is modest: only 6 million lives.

Bread - this is the earth's axis! On it spin and us, and freedom!

Mayakovsky exclaimed and continued his exclamations:

I see the Volga region day and night, chewing straw, lying in straw!

No one exclaimed anything about the Stalinist famine of 1932-34. Mayakovsky, with a bullet through his heart, fell silent in 1930; the only one who said a word of truth about the Holodomor named after Comrade Stalin was Vasily Grossman - in the story "Everything flows." It was a writer's feat. Yes, and there are photographs, it’s worth seeing ... The corpses lay on the sides of the roads, no one removed them for weeks.

In order to “bring the peasants closer” to the land even more (otherwise they become “runaways” in search of food), Stalin introduces REGISTRATION for urban residents (that is, a mark in the passport about the place of residence) and ... deprives villagers of their passports.

In other words, he turns life in freedom into life without freedom. Again, millions of people find themselves in a kind of "camp", but on the other side of the barbed wire. Since the 1934th year, the OGPU has been renamed the NKVD - this body was to become the main instrument of the Great Terror in the next five years, and immediately a new idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe leader - the exposure of the Leningrad "counter-revolutionary" organization (further condemned en masse, neither more nor less than 6,500 people led by Zinoviev and Kamenev) after the "vile murder of Comrade Kirov" - became a dress rehearsal for the coming nightmare.

1935 - 267,000 arrested. 1936th - 274,000 (this is until September, when Nikolai Yezhov - Stalin's appointee - took over as head of the NKVD). Further, the numbers of those innocently killed and imprisoned grow exponentially and amaze with an asymmetric irrational scale.

If all the blood shed by Stalin and his henchmen were collected together and released into the Pacific Ocean, he would overflow.

Never in the history of mankind has there been anything like it.

From now on, Stalin becomes a titan of tyranny, in comparison with which all the inquisitions, all the most gigantic crimes against humanity pale as miserable amateurish attempts at violence. The Great Terror marks the onset of such Thermidor, in which any past revolution that devours ITS children seems like child's play. Stalin's Great Terror surpassed all Hiroshima and Nagasaki - in terms of the number of victims and, most importantly, he created a people-slave, once and for all intimidated and crushed by the leader's boot.

And this, as it turned out, was the main and most terrible meaning of the Crime with a capital letter - to destroy the spirit of free Russia - for centuries, for millennia to come, to poison the air of the Motherland with the rot of mass servility, servility, denunciation, to make every citizen an obedient cog in a huge state machine, in one word (Pushkin's) turn the people into BLACK.

Yes, Russia knew Ivan the Terrible, and Peter, and Nicholas - one and the second - and other rulers who stained themselves with bloody abominations, but Stalin's atrocities are beyond competition.

Break people. Reforge. Knock out confessions. Intimidate. Intimidate. And then kill.

Again, let us recall the fatal verses of Mandelstam, thrown into eternity in 1934 (now we give the shock verse in full):

We live beneath us without feeling the country, Our speeches are not heard ten paces away And where there is enough for half a conversation, They will remember the Kremlin highlander. His thick fingers are fat like worms, And his words are true, like pood weights, The cockroach's mustaches laugh And his bootlegs shine.

And around him is a rabble of thin-necked leaders, Who whistles, who meows, who whimpers He alone babaches and pokes, As a horseshoe forges a decree for a decree: Who in the groin, who in the forehead, who in the eyebrow, who in the eye. No matter what his execution is, it is raspberry And the broad chest of an Ossetian.

Well-known now, classical text. Poetry is action. Heroic deed. And here are other verses from the same Author:

Stalin's eyes parted the mountain And the plain squinted into the distance. Like a sea without wrinkles, like tomorrow from yesterday - Furrows from a giant plow to the sun. He smiles the smile of a reaper Shaking hands in conversation, Which began and continues without end In the expanse of six oaths.

There is no truer truth than the sincerity of a fighter. For honor and love, for air and steel There is a glorious name for the strong lips of a reader. We heard him, and we caught him.

This is already the 37th year, the year of the Great Terror, from which there is no escape, to which the "age-wolfhound" appointed to be a leader in the professional butchery in a conveyor way. As proof, let's make a woeful mark: the great Russian poet Osip Emilievich Mandelstam died on December 27, 1938 at 12:30 pm in the hospital of a transit camp near the station Vtoraya Rechka near Vladivostok.

At that moment I lived 1 year 7 months 24 days.

My mother was 28 years old.

My father sat in a cell of the Kamchatka NKVD, tortured during interrogations, for a little over a year.

And Comrade Stalin had a little less than a year before his glorious sixtieth birthday.

And now the anniversary has arrived.

Congratulations poured in: "To the great successor of Lenin's work - Comrade Stalin" - that was the simple name of the Greeting of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. further The decree on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor on Comrade Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin and two resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars - on the establishment of prizes and scholarships named after Stalin in literature ... The Pravda newspaper in its issue of December 21 published an editorial entitled "Dear Stalin", Molotov headlined his congratulations so: "Stalin as the successor of Lenin's work", Voroshilov otherwise: "Stalin and the construction of the Red Army." Kaganovich in his own way: "the great machinist of the locomotive of history" ... Kalinin was original: "On the 60th anniversary of Comrade Stalin", Mikoyan, on the contrary, was traditional: "Stalin is Lenin today." Andreev spoke in his own direction: "Stalin and the great collective farm movement", Khrushchev - in his own way: "Stalin and the great friendship of peoples", Shvernik titled his article as follows: "Stalin and concern for man", Malenkov as follows: "Stalin about the Bolshevik cadres" , and Lavrenty Beria simply and directly: "The greatest man of our time." But, perhaps, even simpler and more direct Shkiryatov: “Stalin and the people”, Poskrebyshev and Dvinsky complicated: “Teacher and friend of mankind”, but Shcherbakov strengthened: “An impregnable meeting” ... And then off we go: Bulgarian Georgy Dimitrov - “Stalin and international proletariat", Dolores Ibarruri (this is the one that "Better to die standing than to live on your knees") - "I saw Stalin", Andre Marty (this is the one who lay down on the rails) - "Stalin in my life", Earl Browder (not I know who it is) - “Stalin is greeted by the peoples of the whole world”, but Martin Andersen-Nekse, of course, said best of all - he titled “Stalin” in one word, and that’s all.

Martin has good taste. Our writers also joined: Sholokhov and b. Count Alexei Tolstoy.

The latter will utter a slogan that has become especially popular during the years of the war that has not yet begun: “For the Motherland! For Stalin!"

The flow of greetings continued ad infinitum.

Also, in sync, the flow of people entering the prisons and camps of the Gulag increased - by the beginning of 1941 (that is, before the war) - up to 2 million 300 thousand people.

It was the apogee. Now a new period was approaching, when the extermination of his people in peaceful conditions (the war with the Finns is trifles. Just think, only a few tens of thousands killed!) dialectically passed into the phase of another unprecedented massacre, into which the same leader plunged the country, showing a highly political myopia and irresponsibility.

Three days before the start of the war - June 19, 1941 - the media were forbidden to use the word "fascist". In order not to tease a potential enemy.

Stalin did not believe his own, he believed Hitler. Or rather, he believed when he made a deal with Adolf on the redistribution of Europe, which eventually led to a “sudden” attack by one “authority” on another “godfather”.

Undoubtedly, according to the popular expression, “two boots - a pair” looked, at a glance, in different directions.

But they have a lot in common.

Firstly, the satanic principle “the end justifies the means”, according to which (read F.M. Dostoevsky) “everything is permitted”. Violence is chosen by both executioners as the surest way to defeat dehumanism over all the fundamental values ​​that humanity has developed.

Secondly, the sole Fuhrership within its border limits and the desire to gain dominance beyond these limits. The world is at my feet. I divide this world, grabbing pieces, I rule by dividing. Tyrant beyond criticism. He is a god and a king with unlimited ambitions and powers. Sun Man. Without any spots.

Thirdly, mutual hatred of freedom as a determining factor in the life of an INDIVIDUAL person and civil society as a whole. The bet is not on a multi-qualitative personality, but on a gray crowd, transformed by the force of will of the usurper into a trained detachment, into a global organization clogged with cane discipline, in which all-subordination requires a complete absence of independent thinking. Both systems - Hitlerism and Stalinism - mirrored each other forged a "new man" with the same brains and the same heartlessness. Complete rejection of dissent.

Fourth, complete disregard for the value of human life. People are pebbles, insects, microbes, united by delight at the number of deaths of their own kind, experiencing the illusion of happiness from participating in the general bacchanalia of reprisals and crimes.

Fifthly, racism, open and hidden anti-Simetism, rabid chauvinism, thanks to which entire peoples are declared “second-class”, “unreliable”, “superfluous” and subjected to deportations, genocide, “final solution”, up to the complete elimination of ALL to one, including old people and children.

Sixth, diseases and pathologies in personal life. Both had delusions of grandeur. Mania of persecution - too. Hitler is a maniac whose deviations from the norm were more open. Stalin, who was diagnosed with "paranoia" by the eminent scientist Professor Bekhterev, was less visible in the form of a mentally ill person. But the fact that Stalin had some human qualities (fatherhood, sincerity, mercy, shyness, gullibility, and finally, ordinary decency) were either blunted or absent altogether - as they say, a medical fact.

Hitler suffered from constipation and psychosis. His nervous system represented an absolutely shattered chariot, all the wheels of which constantly rotated at different speeds. He existed in the image of a handsome family man, an exemplary "father of the nation", while living with his sister, and got officially married to Eva Braun in his death throes. Stalin, proclaimed the "father of nations", was also uncontrollable in anger and, in fact, unusually cowardly - when he fought, he was never seen at the fronts, he was buried in armored trains, and in the rear he hid, like Hitler, in deep underground bunkers. Both swaggered in public, taking salutatory poses from the arsenal of the provincial theatrical scene. Stalin treated his children disgustingly, each of whom has a tragic fate. Hitler is completely childless.

To this it must be added that both heroes - one with a mustache, the other with a mustache - although they were fond of militarized parades, were mediocre commanders-in-chief. They leaned over the maps, not knowing how to read them, drew with arrows the direction of the "main blows", leaving their valiant armies in the "cauldrons" and encirclements.

Stalin liked to work exclusively at night, while Hitler slept fitfully. Both loved to disappear from sight at the most difficult, most crucial moments in history. So, they waited for Stalin 10 days after his seclusion at the beginning of the war (it turns out that he wrote his historical propaganda appeal to "brothers and sisters"), Hitler before his finale disappeared for his people and troops in a concreted dungeon (it turns out that here and now he wrote his testament to posterity, in which there is nothing but a heart-rending anti-Semitic cry).

“Mark a victim, prepare everything, take merciless revenge, and then go to sleep” - this confession of Stalin over a bottle of wine to a comrade in the revolutionary struggle Kamenev could well have been born in the mouth of Hitler.

They both called their party comrades "comrades-in-arms", which did not prevent them from being killed in turn, using the most sophisticated methods of liquidation. At the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin, speaking figuratively about his rise to the pinnacle of power, likened it to the movement of a political cart, from which the old leaders of the party fell out on sharp turns.

The details of this "falling out" remained in the deepest secret of history.

Hitler acted in similar ways. The enumeration of persons who were listed as friends and associates, but then were destroyed on the orders of both, is dumbfounded by its utter volume.

Quite often a childish question is posed: which of the two dictators was smarter? Although it would be more correct to say - smarter.

Of course, Stalin was somewhat ahead of Hitler. For example, the Gulag system was an order of magnitude more powerful than the German concentration camps. Magadan and Vorkuta, the White Sea Canal, Solovki and Siberia would give a hundred points to Maidanek and Auschwitz. Although the Nazis, with their gallows and gas, must also be given their due. But the Nazis had less time - twenty years, and better climatic conditions - nevertheless, they managed without the Arctic.

Stalin was small in height - only 162 cm, Hitler was a little taller, but both had complexes about their appearance. Stalin, they say, had one six-toed foot, Hitler farted a lot because of the constant disturbances in his stomach.

Both were illiterate, uncultured people, complexed because of their lack of education. Of the lumpen, seeking to advance higher. Shoemaker's son and shopkeeper's son.

Both are from the province. Both are half-taught and self-taught. Mediocrity?

Eh, no. Stalin was not mediocre. As Trotsky put it, he was "an outstanding mediocrity." And I would focus on the first of these two words...

And about Hitler - I doubt it. Although both Hitler and Stalin knew how to influence people and often fell in love with all sorts of superficial people or people who benefited from being superficial.

Both were good speakers. At the same time, Stalin liked to pronounce chased formulations such as: “We did not have an automobile industry. We have the automotive industry." Or: “Life has become better. Life has become more fun." Or "There will be a holiday on our street."

This is what he said - simply, clearly, understandably - so that it would be easier to quote him.

But Stalin had a pronounced Georgian accent, which he deliberately hid in order to be closer to the Russian people. Stalin deliberately was laconic. He tried to speak briefly and succinctly, so that the listeners would catch all the greatness and indisputability of his judgments. It was hypnotizing.

Hitler also cared about the magic of his speeches.

But he went the other way. He gushed. So much so that I wanted to shout: “Shut up the fountain!” He sparkled and raged in his performances. He lit up, as they would say about him today, because in the stands he looked like a pop star. Leni Riefenstahl gave him a gift with her video.

Although, in essence, Adolf was an ordinary talker, a dummy, exaggerated and shallow. Charlie Chaplin felt this well in the film The Dictator, brilliantly showing not so much a caricature of Hitler as he is.

The same thing happened with the image of Stalin in the cinema. The more “like” he turned out to be, the more ridiculous he was.

Not Stalin, but a parody of Stalin.

Both were in prison when they were young. There is such an anecdote legend (or maybe it’s true?): Stalin robbed banks, for which he sat on the bunk, and there he met a certain Bolshevik named Lado Ketskhoveli, who said to the young bandit:

Come to us. You will do the same, but not in a gang, but in a party.

Stalin became interested in this party, its promising ideas, followed the advice of his senior comrade and as a result became General Secretary, but retained a criminal leaven for the rest of his life - this should have been kept in mind by the smart Churchill and honest Roosevelt when they met with Comrade Stalin much later than the Batum raids. Yalta to divide the post-war world. Stalin was a "godfather" with a purely criminal psychology and a belief in "life according to the rules."

Hitler also had ties to the criminal element, enjoying discussing the problems of seizing power in Munich pubs. In "Mein Kampf" one can clearly see an inveterate swindler and a very evil character with huge ambitions of an "underground man".

Both in their youth showed a craving for creativity, for art. Hitler painted something like that with a brush - some landscapes at dusk (now they are sold at auctions as mediocre rarities). Stalin tried his hand at poetry.

And know - who fell like dust on the ground, Who was once oppressed, He will rise above the great mountains, Inspired by bright hope.

If you do not know that these are Stalin's poems, you can sentence them to graphomania - it is unlikely that the words "land" and "great" are a good rhyme. But if you know, each line is full: the first - with the theme of death, the second - with a revolutionary spirit, the third - with insight into one's own biography, the fourth - with the light of faith in utopia.

It is a pity, of course, that Stalin became a professional revolutionary, and not a professional poet - maybe then the world in the 20th century would have been completely different? ..

Finally, Hitler and Stalin are not real surnames. Both monsters took pseudonyms, which received eternal fame. And Shikelgruber and Dzhugashvili - who seriously needs them, who is interested ?!.

Before the opening of fire in June 41st, both quietly sympathized with each other. At the same time, Hitler was not afraid of Stalin, and Hitler's Stalin was rotten. Hitler underestimated Stalin, and Stalin wanted to please Hitler. Some pathology. It is enough to re-read their mutual telegrams and toasts of congratulations - it is not a dry text stamped in diplomatic language that will catch your eye, but a desire to show your sincere motives.

“If we are talking about our sympathies for any nation, then, of course, we must talk about our sympathies for the Germans” - these words of Stalin are significant, but for some reason they are never quoted.

However, what seemed to be just words, had in reality a purely practical basis. Today, sad and surprising as it may seem, we must conclude that Stalin and Hitler did a COMMON BUSINESS in history. The Gestapo and the NKVD had similar functions, sometimes their interests were intertwined. And then…

On May 15, 1937, through the ambassador in Prague, Stalin received from the Nazis the long-awaited compromising evidence on Marshal Tukhachevsky. A joyful smile must have twitched the leader's mustache - now the main competitor in military affairs could be safely shot and then uncover a terrible "military conspiracy".

Which is what was done.

Here's just one nuisance: the dossier on Tukhachevsky turned out to be completely falsified by the Nazi secret services: many allegedly authentic letters from the marshal to the German command and his answers to the Soviet commander were made. There is reason to believe that the Germans were happy to fulfill the order of the NKVD (the idea belonged to Stalin personally and he carried out its implementation through the agent Skoblin). After all, they had their own scores with Tukhachevsky, who BEFORE 1935 absolutely precisely defined Hitler’s strategy: he published an article in Pravda stating that Germany would first strike France in order to then carry out a blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union. In fact, he predicted the 41st year. Everything converged - after all, in "Mein Kampf" Hitler spoke bluntly: "The future goal of our foreign policy will be an Eastern policy aimed at acquiring the necessary land for our German people." But Stalin, apparently, carefully read other pages from Hitler - about how important it is to destroy the Jews and that the destruction of the Jews is not only important, but also necessary.

Together with Tukhachevsky, to the delight of Hitler, Stalin shot the commander of the Kiev military district Yakir, the commander of the Belarusian military district Uborevich and other high commanders - Eideman, Kork, Putna, Yegorov, Feldman, Blucher, Primakov ... Arrested the entire military elite of the country - 980 people. Then came the executions, from which, in the context of the impending war, you can go crazy.

For two years (1937-1939) the Red Army lost:

3 marshals out of 5; - 13 commanders out of 15; - 8 senior ranks of the fleet; - 50 commanders out of 57; - 154 commanders out of 186;

In total, repressions among army workers - entirely officers, including senior officers - reached 30 thousand people during the Great Terror.

Hitler could not help but rejoice.

Stalin, as they say, "substituted" and now, speaking in the same thieves' language, the question arose: "who will throw whom first."

The death of the best, professional military personnel on the eve of the war, inspired by the leader, who was devoured by suspicions that Tukhachevsky was preparing some kind of coup, led to the decapitation of the already weak Red Army on the eve of the war. Therefore, the opinion that the main "enemy of the people" was Stalin, and no one else, is beyond doubt.

Indirect evidence of this Stalinist crime is the fact that those representatives of the military elite who, being caught by Yezhov (this shoulder master PERSONALLY participated in the torture of Tukhachevsky, leaving traces of gore on the pages of the case), nevertheless managed to survive in the dungeons of the NKVD and broke free , during the Patriotic War they showed themselves to be "excellent", fighting against the fascist invaders - these are K.V. Rokossovsky, K.A. Meretskov, M.P. Mager, K.N. Galitsky, A.V. Gorbatov, V.A. Zaitsev ... One can imagine in this potentially heroic series the unfortunate generals killed by Stalin before the war.

Assisting Hitler - willingly or unwittingly - Stalin treacherously strengthened fascism. Incidentally, he did this before, when he first turned the Comintern into his appendage, and then completely dispersed it.

Based on his global sympathies for the Nazis, even before Hitler came to power in 1933, for three years he imposed on the communists of Germany his very strange view, according to which the main opponents were declared not at all the National Socialists, but the Social Democrats.

This created a split and confusion in the communist ranks, which helped Hitler to rise to the pinnacle of power in Germany.

“If the National Socialists come to power in Germany, they will deal exclusively with the West, that is, France, so that we will calmly build socialism.” These words of Stalin are a mistake for which our people paid with their lives in almost every family.

The Great Terror was just a symbol of this "calm".

The most striking sign of Stalin's duplicity and political thoughtlessness was the sharp reorientation of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union from anti-fascist to pro-fascist. Direct evidence of this is the extradition of German anti-fascists to Hitler, the purge of the Comintern, and cooperation with the Gestapo.

Whatever Stalin's well-wishers say about the need for the Molotov-Ribentropp Pact, the fact remains: a week (!) After its signing, on September 1, 1939, the Second World War began.

Previously, Hitler was frank, but the deaf Soviet leader did not react in any way to these confessions of his German counterpart: “Probably, I cannot avoid an alliance with Russia. I'll keep it as the last trump card.

Perhaps this will be the decisive game of my life. It cannot be started prematurely. […] But she will never stop me from changing course and attacking Russia after I have achieved my goals in the west.”

Stalin also had a choice: to be with France and England, or to go over to Hitler, whom Stalin looked at with lust - that's Adolf gouging the West and the bourgeois core of Europe will fall. And with my foster twin brother from the country of Goethe and Bach, I will somehow agree - we will begin to divide Europe, this and that for you, and this and that for me ... The gangster logic of dividing someone else's and appropriating the loot has triumphed.

The Munich conspiracy of Chamberlain and Daladier with Adik, thanks to which Czechoslovakia was disgraced by giving the Sudetenland to Germany silently, showed Stalin an example: how an iron dictator should talk to liberals.

What do you want? - as if asking Adolf Joseph.

Let's take Poland first.

Let's. And you let me grab the Baltics and Western Ukraine for this.

But then England, sensing these threats, boldly declared that she would not allow, at least the capture of Poland, and once again offered Stalin to remain on the anti-fascist front. It was a chance to hold back the beast, which had already begun to devour the European countries - Austria (Operation Otto), France (without a fight, practically), then Czechoslovakia (Operation Grün), Denmark and Norway (Operation Weserübung) and , finally, Poland (Operation Weiss).

Under these conditions, Churchill, who understood the situation better than anyone and saw the Bolsheviks through and through, with purely English irony tries to explain that in order to repel the German aggressor (he was the most dangerous at that moment), an alliance should be made "even with the devil."

However, this same devil named Stalin was by no means going to demonstrate his anti-Hitlerism.

Stalin did not give a damn about England, to sneeze at France, and to Poland, speaking in Russian, just don't give a shit. That is why he preferred the saving for all principle of collective security in Europe (which the sane Minister of Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov unsuccessfully tried to promote) fraternization with fascism. The initiative for this fraternization came from Stalin. On May 3, 1939, in support of his position, Stalin removes Litvinov from his post and puts Molotov on it, who will now carry out the mission of signing the non-aggression act plus the so-called secret protocols to it in the form of the most expensive addition: Lithuania - to the Germans, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Bessarabia - to us.

Poland - to cut, butcher, as a butcher cuts a piece.

Thus, the Nazi danger and the Soviet greed came together in mutual agreement "Eurok", who gets what part. The two cannibals began the eating ceremony.

Now the Stalinists are hanging noodles on our ears, shouting that the Molotov-Ribentropp pact made it possible to postpone the war with Germany for a couple of years and, with the help of the delay, strengthen the defense of the USSR.

Good. Let's say. But then how to understand Stalin's phrase, thrown into the hearts after the war: "Oh, with the Germans we would be invincible!"

He thought that he "cheated" Hitler, in fact, Hitler cheated Stalin.

After all, by signing the "act of non-aggression", Stalin gave Hitler the most wonderful gift - he gave a strategic opportunity to fight not on two fronts. What Adolf dreamed of, Joseph presented him on a silver platter. He turned his back on his future allies, who were shocked by Stalin's betrayal, and found a new one.

Diagnosing Hitler as an ally in the class struggle with bourgeois Europe, Stalin was deceived for one simple reason - he, being a deeply immoral person, supported immorality. Yes, Chamberlain and Daladier were also not so hot angels, but in their countries they did not set fire to parliament and did not arrange Kristallnacht or the "night of long knives" ...

Yes, Stalin rushed about. Either he believed that war was inevitable and immediately began to convince everyone that we would only fight “on enemy territory”, then he forgot about his hat-throwing and turned to stone before the threat, like a rabbit before a snake.

He had a German military armada under his nose, and he insisted that it was impossible to respond to provocations.

One got the impression that the plan "Barbarossa" these two were a couple.

"They are trying to pit us" - this Stalinist phrase, repeated on the very eve of the massacre with the stubbornness of an idiot, cost the Soviet people dearly. Richard Sorge paid with his life for warning about the coming war, but Stalin considered this information disinformation. He could not believe that the aggression of his friend-Hitler was a reality. A day before the start of the war, one of the German communists single-handedly crossed the border in order to convey to his native Soviet communists the secret news of the German invasion of the territory of the USSR. Stalin ordered the defector to be shot. The same disease had an effect: to see an enemy in an honest man.

Stalin was inadequate. Those who have the right to shoot would do well to start with themselves. But he called a patriot provocateur. He himself helped the Germans, absolutely not understanding what was happening.

In the first half of 1941, German reconnaissance aircraft violated the border with the Soviets 324 times. There were cases when their engines malfunctioned and the Germans were forced to land at our airfields. Here our technicians (!) graciously repaired them and let them fly back with their tanks filled with gasoline. Idyll, and more!

On June 14, 1941, in the central newspapers, Soviet people read a "refutation" (on behalf of TASS) of rumors about an impending war with Germany - and how not to believe our newspapers, which called these rumors "clumsy fiction."

It was on this day that my grandmother, Alexandra Danilovna Gubanova, with her four-year-old grandson Marik (that's me) went to the children's resort in Anapa.

The train traveled for two days.

On June 17, our resort life began. Exactly five days remained before the start of the massacre organized by Hitler and Stalin.

It is well known what kind of commander Stalin was. All the battles he won are marked by sad statistics: seven dead on our side per German. "Human material" - for Stalin never cost anything. Cheaper than human life for this rich man (183 million citizens of the USSR before the war) was only dirt under the nails of a beggar.

"Camp dust" is not an image, it is indeed a living being erased into nothingness.

Exactly from the same ideological (Bolshevik) positions, he fought, leading the fronts and armies.

Do you understand me, Comrade Stalin? - General Zhukov repeated his question several times to the leader, dumbfounded with horror, who announced at four-and-a-half in the morning on June 22, 1941 that fascist planes were bombing Minsk, Kyiv, Sevastopol, Vilnius ... It could be formulated more sharply:

Did it get to you?

While it “reached” (according to Zhukov, Stalin simply remained silent for the first three hours after the fateful news), people were dying - the Soviet power evaporated - providing heroic resistance to the advancing Nazi machine on their own initiative.

Stalin instructed Molotov to announce the start of a "treacherous" (how treacherous it is, if Stalin had been warned dozens of times), and he himself began modeling the next wartime.

A former accomplice of Hitler becomes in the pose of his sworn enemy. I didn’t want to, but life made me! ..

We must give him his due. In the first ten days, the sober head of the leader began to work thanks to the instinct of self-preservation, perhaps for the first time in the right direction.

He called the war Patriotic, people's, addressing the people with the only possible appeal to defend themselves from Hitler and Hitlerism - to the very people against whom he had just organized the Great Terror and united with the Nazis.

Stalin brought out of oblivion the patriotic feelings and values ​​that had been forgotten in the days of the forced construction of socialism, but dormant inside every citizen, and, sitting on this faithful horse, led the masses into battle.

Nothing that these masses were often unarmed and untrained volunteers, who with their bodies blocked the path of an armored enemy. It's nothing that machine guns of detachments were scribbling behind the backs of those going into battle and the "Smershevites" caught and shot "cowards and deserters", their own - their own, this is the most fruitful Stalinist method. Nothing that the principle "we will not stand up for the price" - as evidence of the commander's genius of the leader - triumphed on every millimeter of the military map. It's nothing that entire peoples were deported to the steppe of Kazakhstan by echelons for supposedly "aiding" the enemy. For example, Checheno-Ingushetia was under German occupation for only about two months in 1942, so what kind of “nationwide” cooperation with the Germans (and in what language?) could be in this shortest period of time so that Stalin, this specialist on national issues (Hitler , by the way, considered himself the same), could punish a huge part of the population with mass deportation - the consequences of this, to say the least, resentment are still going through recent history.

It is believed that Stalin won the war.

This is partly true, but only partly. Twice during this time he staged directorially impeccable gala spectacles - he led thousands of prisoners on foot through the streets of Moscow and threw fascist banners at his feet at the Victory Parade. Stalin is the victor of the appropriated victory. He is the Generalissimo, who threw the corporal on the shoulder blades. However…

Hitler was defeated by the people whom Adolf considered "subhuman" in comparison with the Aryans. The Slavic race, according to Hitler's idea, was to become slaves of the "blond beasts" and, at least, was REDUCED by half. Hitler intended to destroy the Jews and Gypsies totally, to reduce their number literally to zero.

In the 39th year, 10 days before the start of the 2nd World War, Stalin continued to support and shield Hitler in every possible way, creating from him the image of a good-natured victim, and representing his future allies in the form of villainous aggressors. Here I have before me a publication from Pravda of that time (I quote in full): “ABOUT THE FALSE REPORT OF THE GAVAS AGENCY. The editor of Pravda turned to Comrade Stalin with the question: How does Comrade. Stalin to the report of the Gavas agency about the "Stalin's speech", allegedly made by him in the "Politburo" on August 19, where the idea was allegedly carried out that "the war should continue as long as possible in order to exhaust the belligerents." Tov. Stalin sent the following reply: “This message from the Havas agency, like many of his other messages, is a lie, I, of course, cannot know in which particular cafe-shantana this lie was fabricated. But no matter how the gentlemen of the Havas agency lie, they cannot deny that:

a) not Germany attacked France and England, but France and England attacked Germany, taking responsibility for the current war;

b) after the opening of hostilities, Germany turned to France and England with peace proposals, and the Soviet Union openly supported Germany's peace proposals, because it believed and continues to believe that a speedy end to the war would fundamentally ease the situation of all countries and peoples;

c) the ruling circles of England and France rudely rejected both the peace proposals of Germany and the attempts of the Soviet Union to achieve a speedy end to the war. These are the facts. What can oppose these facts to the cafeteria politicians from the Gavas agency. I. Stalin.

A wonderful document! .. After such statements on the Nuremberg dock, it is quite possible to imagine Joseph Vissarionovich. Many thanks to Comrade Stalin from Comrade Goebbels. Fascism received from communism all the rights to permissiveness.

And with this abomination, Stalin played giveaway even during the time he himself proclaimed the Great Patriotic War.

Stalin - a traitor to the Motherland?

On April 15, 2005, I was invited to participate in the program "Vremena" with the host Vladimir Vladimirovich Pozner. It was about the problems associated with the revision of the results of the Second World War, and, naturally, a conversation arose about previously hidden secret documents, without which the truth looks incomplete and, even sadder, distorted.

Opposite me at the round table sat A. Prokhanov, known for his nationalist, and therefore pseudo-patriotic views. In exact accordance with them, he spoke of the "Russian victory", forgetting that in the Great Patriotic War, along with the heroic Russian people, who, of course, were in the majority, fought and died shoulder to shoulder for their homeland no less heroic Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars , Georgians, Jews, Chuvashs and all other peoples of the Soviet Union.

Prokhanov, unfortunately, none of us corrected, or rather, did not have time to correct. For the main battle with his views took place personally with me regarding the assessment of documents published in Vladimir Karpov's book "Generalissimo" (M., 2005, volume 2).

Under the conditions of the TV show, it was impossible to bring them in full. Therefore, I considered it necessary, as an afterword to The Times, and as proof of my position, to present evidence that shocked me, taken from secret archives. It seems to me that this is extremely important, because once again it demonstrates the criminal activities of Stalin against his people.

Let's start with January 1, 1942 - on this day in Washington, 26 countries created an anti-Hitler coalition, which included the bleeding Land of Soviets. I was not even five years old then, but I remember reports from the fronts and the voice of Levitan talking about the gallows in Smolensk.

And today, after many years, I read:

OFFERS TO THE GERMAN COMMAND

1) From May 5, 1942, starting at 6 o'clock, stop hostilities along the entire front line. To declare a truce until August 1, 1942, by 18:00.

2) Starting from August 1, 1942 and until December 22, 1942, the German troops must withdraw to the lines indicated on the diagram number 1. It is proposed to establish the border between Germany and the USSR along the length indicated on the diagram number 1.

3) After the redeployment of the armies, the armed forces of the USSR by the end of 1943 will be ready to start military operations with the German armed forces against England and the USA.

4) The USSR will be ready to consider the conditions for declaring peace between our countries and accuse international Jewry in the person of England and the USA of instigating the war, to conduct joint military offensive operations in the next 1943-1944 in order to reorganize the world space (scheme number 2).

Note: In case of refusal to comply with the above requirements in paragraphs. 1 and 2, the German troops will be defeated, and the German state will cease to exist on the political map as such. Warn the German command of responsibility.

Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR I. Stalin ... ".

With this appeal of Stalin to Hitler, dated February 19, the deputy commissar of the NKVD Merkulov (later shot) secretly arrived in the city of Mtsensk, near the city of Orel, for negotiations with Wehrmacht General Karl Wolf. Negotiations went on for a whole week (!) - from February 20 to 27. Ended up with nothing. The jackal and the wolf did not agree.

This is evidenced by Merkulov's report to Stalin immediately upon his return to Moscow.

First Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs No. 1/2428 February 27, 1942 To Comrade Stalin

During negotiations in Mtsensk on February 20-27, 1942, with representatives of the German command and the chief of the personal staff of the Reichsführer SS, SS Gruppenführer Wolf, the German command did not find it possible to satisfy our demands. Our side was asked to leave the borders until the end of 1942 along the front line as is, ceasing hostilities.

The government of the USSR must immediately put an end to Jewry. To do this, it would be necessary to initially resettle all Jews in the Far North, isolate, and then completely destroy. Moreover, the authorities will carry out the protection of the outer perimeter and a strict curfew on the territory of the group of camps. The Jews themselves will deal with the destruction (killing) and disposal of the corpses of the Jewish population. The German command does not rule out that we can create a united front against England and the USA.

After consultations with Berlin, Wolf stated that during the reorganization of the world, if the leadership of the USSR accepted the demand of the German side, perhaps Germany would push its borders in the east in favor of the USSR.

The German command, as a sign of such changes, will be ready to change the color of the swastika on the state banner from black to red.

When discussing positions under scheme number 2, the following discrepancies arose:

1) Latin America. Should belong to Germany.

2) Difficult attitude to understanding "Chinese civilization". According to the German command, China should become an occupied territory and a protectorate of the Japanese Empire.

3) The Arab world should be a German protectorate in northern Africa.

Thus, as a result of the negotiations, a complete divergence of views and positions should be noted.

The representative of the German command, Wolf, categorically denies the possibility of defeating the German armed forces and defeat in the war. In his opinion, the war with Russia would drag on for several more years and end with a complete victory for Germany. The main calculation is that they, in their opinion, Russia, having lost strength and resources in the war, will be forced to return to negotiations on a truce, but on more stringent conditions after 2-3 years.

First Deputy of the NKVD of the USSR Merkulov.

That, in fact, is the whole story. The one you don't want to admit. The one that Prokhanov does not even want to hear about. He had nothing to say in response. That's why he yelled, not allowing the truth to break through. And yet I want to say something from what was not said on the TV show, where Vladimir Pozner interrupted our skirmish with his cheerful whistle (I think this whistle will go down in the history of television on Channel 1!).

Prokhanov explained Stalin's actions as "tactics". Good tactic! It can be seen from the first document that Stalin in 1942 offered Hitler not a truce, but surrender, the only tempting condition of which was to turn the troops united with the Nazis against the democratic countries.

I emphasize that by that time there were already allied countries.

Is this not a betrayal of their people and the peoples of those 26 states that just, literally a month and a half ago, decided to fight the Nazis?!

In legal language, this is called treason. Perhaps Prokhanov will still agree that capitulation is in some way inconsistent with victory and, I would even say, contradicts it. In appearance, Stalin's ultimatum words that "German troops must withdraw" and Hitler's warning about the impending rout and responsibility for this rout in 1942, before Stalingrad and Kursk, are nothing more than intimidation of his opponent, at that time clearly stronger. In the same way, one thug waves his fists and swears in the face of another urka, who has a knife in his hands. Scary, already horror! .. Therefore, let's save each other by attacking the third! The logic is absolutely crazy.

Stalin was a coward and a scoundrel. And this is now undeniable. According to the laws of wartime, SMERSH shot traitors, but Stalin invented SMERSH to threaten everyone - both honest and dishonest, but at the same time preserve himself and his system.

He did not care about the people who fought against fascism with all their might. Even before the war, this mustachioed atheist conspired with the devil with the help of the shameful "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" and congratulatory toasts and telegrams addressed to the German leader: "The friendship between the peoples of Germany and the Soviet Union, sealed by blood, has every reason to be long and strong" (from Stalin's telegrams in response to the congratulations sent to him by Ribbentrop on the occasion of the leader's 60th birthday).

In his book, Hero of the Soviet Union V. Karpov, unlike Prokhanov, sees Stalin's "strategic thinking" and not "tactics" in criminal separate conspiracies with Hitler's thugs. In turn, Prokhanov on the program, with discouraging impudence, blamed the damned "liberals" for the post-war disclosure of the archives of the damned "liberals", apparently including the intelligence writer Karpov among them.

Understand among yourselves, gentlemen-comrades!

It is impossible to understand Stalin's "correctness" in decapitating the Red Army on the eve of the war by arrests and executions of high command personnel - generals, marshals, who constituted the country's professional military elite. This robbery cost our people millions of unnecessary victims.

So the vile betrayal of Stalin, revealed to us, has a long history of the fall of this absolutely immoral Communist-Leninist, a villain of villains. "Blood bonded" - how!

Undoubtedly, the blood meant Jewish. Here the anti-Semite Hitler would agree with the anti-Semite Stalin. Yes, but Hitler, in the event of his victory, thank God, which did not take place, thanks to the feat of the anti-fascists, according to the plan, had to destroy also 40% of the Slavs, and make the rest slaves of the "Aryans".

It is not out of place to remember this pseudo-patriot Prokhanov - especially since the program was on the Day of the Holocaust.

Both Stalin and Hitler needed not citizens, but loyal subjects. To cut a map of the world at your own discretion, taking hostage entire countries and even continents, was the most important task of communism and fascism.

Stalin was terribly frank when he said in the presence of his then still immature daughter: "... What a fool this Hitler is! With his equipment and our army, we would own the whole world."

We talked a lot on the show about the need for repentance. However, they forgot to clarify: repentance requires the height of the spirit that fears the highest judgment. From atheists like A. Prokhanov repentance, as a most serious act of restoring the truth, we will never wait. Bandits do not repent. And if they repent, then at that moment they cease to be bandits. In the nature of Stalinism - eternal banditry in theory and practice. Prokhanov, a character so much in demand these days, panders to the neo-fascism of today, which is why he is dangerous to the new, free Russia, in which, according to him, he does not want to live. He wants to drag us back to the "wolfhound age", which is why he so zealously defends the bloody abomination of Stalin's immorality.

Some historians consider Karpov's publication a "fake" proclaiming a "falsification" of the documents of Stalin's secret negotiations with Hitler. In an effort to whitewash Stalin by any means, to remove him from suspicion of treason (that's a scandal for the whole world!) Stalinists are ready to burn archives - once, to think up unsubstantiated arguments on the principle "this cannot be, because it can never be" - two and blame everything (just as unsubstantiated) on the German intelligence of the Third Reich - three. Like, it was she who bungled a fake.

And why, then, has the case of Merkulov, who was shot by Stalin, not been opened so far?.. Perhaps, precisely because it contains stunning confirmation of the “Mtsensk abominations”?.. Why do you need to know?.. There is no need! The fight against "falsifiers" is conducted in Stalin's style - by falsifiers.

Today we are being artificially moved away from our own history, saying that this is the business of “specialists”.

But then what to do with the writer N.M. Karamzin, who wrote the "History of the Russian State"? After all, he’s not an expert! .. Or with Pushkin, who, before The Captain’s Daughter, told us the “History of the Pugachev Rebellion”? .. Also an amateur by this logic! and hard labor. Some kind of doctor, a scribbler ... Not from the authorities!

But our historians - those who are fed by the state for ensuring its security - of course, with a learned look of an expert, will continue to call black white. Probably, these "historians" in a past life were counterfeiters. They have the trust of officialdom, because they do not serve the truth, but fulfill the order on the principle of "whatever you want."

Ends in the water - the fundamental method of self-defense of the Stalinist system is still valid today.

But, as A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "Honest books about that war will multiply - and no one will call Stalin's government otherwise than the government of madness and treason" ("Gulag Archipelago", vol. 1 That Spring, p. 232). Madness?

And how then to explain, say, the total death of thousands of patriotic militias, whom our Father “threw with Berdanks of 1866, and then one for five” against heavily armed Germans (Ibid.).

There was no SMERSH on him! ..

“And yet, for some reason, he is not a traitor” (Ibid.).

In an effort to prove the unprovable, the Stalinists squeal about the "fabricated" documents, which allegedly contain lexical slovenliness and are connected more with the German language than with Russian. But in this way one can deny any Soviet “clerk”, whose bureaucratic squalor has manifested itself many times and at the highest level. Language errors and inconsistencies are an integral part of the hardware games of semi-literate officials who needed constant editing. And editing eliminates absolute secrecy.

The bottom line is that people who are under Stalin's hypnosis today CONTINUE Stalin's madness and Stalin's betrayal.

At the end of the war, at first it seemed that Stalin the victor was slightly weakening the terror, a temporary respite is not from a good life: something must be done so that the people, living from hand to mouth, still receiving grub on cards, do not give up, as the goners gave up in the camps . And Stalin comes up with how to finish off the beggars - every year he spends State loans from the population, I remember how my mother gave her salary, receiving in return wide rustling paper fictions called "bonds". But in order to become a benefactor, Stalin regularly "reduces prices" - the fooled mob still likes to remember this pseudo-joy. At the same time, 53,300 people end up in camps for stealing spikelets from already empty collective farm fields in November-December 1946. For stealing three cucumbers from a public garden, they were sentenced to 8 years in a strict regime labor colony.

Stalin did not let up. It seems that after the assassination of Trotsky in 1940 there were fewer Mensheviks and Trotskyists, but where can we get new ones? ..

Yes, there are still barely surviving poor fellows, who had a term of 10 years, in the 47th year they tuned in to freedom to leave - however, “without a hundred cities”, - what to do with them? New processes to inflict?.. With new "triples"?.. Why the hell to bother?!. Those who didn't get spanked, let's get a new one. To never come out.

This is called "rotting in prison". Well, well - not in prison, but in exile. And now, at the end of the camp term, many hundreds of thousands of prisoners who had previously completed their term under Articles 58.8, 58.9 and 58.10 arrive in the areas of Kolyma already inhabited by barracks and in the resorts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Novosibirsk Region. (My father is one of them).

Auschwitz is closed, Babi Yar is in the past, but the Stalinist Gulag is victoriously celebrating a new wave of terror.

Winners are not judged. The winners are judged.

At the beginning of 1953 (the life of the leader is close to immortality in the Mausoleum) there were about two and a half million "Zeks" in the Gulag. Plus about three million exiled settlers (my father is one of them).

In the post-war years, life "in the wild" is no less dangerous than bestial existence in prison.

In 1947 Stalin defiantly abolished the death penalty, but in 1950 he reinstated it. Why, why such inconsistency?.. The leader seemed to be playing for the audience: look, I tried to be kind and merciful, but what happened?..

The so-called "Leningrad case" - honest party members Kuznetsov, Popkov, Rodionov, together with the chairman of the State Planning Commission Voznesensky, were hastily shot an hour after the verdict was passed. For what?.. And for the same thing - for pushing through the ideas of the very same Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev. Here they are, the "new" defendants according to the old proven recipes.

Yes, exactly ... Stalin did not let up. The aging "king of beasts" in the tunic of the Generalissimo tore and threw.

Having received in his pocket an atomic bomb stolen from the razzyav-Americans (helped by the communist leftists who were dying of sympathy for the Soviet Union in its holy struggle against Hitlerism), Stalin completely unrestrained himself. He liked the "cold war", opened by the clever Churchill in his speech in Fulton - finally getting rid of the hated allies, it became possible ... oh-oh, now a lot has become possible again!

First of all, to return to the former secret veneration of Hitler. Let the carpet with the body wrapped in it be burned, let the ashes of the fascist leader be dispelled and thrown into the dustbin of history, I am like a vampire who has not drunk enough blood, thirsty - more! more more! - I begin a new round of atrocities - in memory of the defeated brother and colleague in black deeds. General satanism again makes itself felt - Stalin defiantly goes on the Hitlerite path of zoological anti-Semitism. On January 13, 1948, on his personal order, Mikhoels was killed in Minsk - not only the great "King Lear" of the Jewish stage, but also an actor-thinker, a public figure - the Chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.

Following this, Stalin unleashes a vile campaign to combat cosmopolitanism, slandering both the great Russian patriotism and the rejection of any xenophobia inherent in a normal intelligent person.

It was the triumph of National Socialism on Soviet soil. Yagoda, Yezhov, Beria, Kruglov, Serov, Abakumov, Kobulov, Ryumin - all these fellows who shot people were later shot themselves. But over all their deeds and atrocities always hung one man named Joseph Stalin, the most inhuman autocrat in world history.

In 1946, he, Stalin, unleashed his chain dog Zhdanov (of the same breed that Goebbels under

Hitler), who, relying on the Decree of the Central Committee on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad, poisons Zoshchenko, Akhmatova and Khazin.

On August 12, 1952, Stalin executes the entire Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (13 of the purest, most innocent people), then new sentences are passed on this fabricated case - a total of 125, of which 25 are mortals, and then ... Next, a "Zionist conspiracy" against doctors, the so-called "killers in white coats." Again a series of arrests, again torture, interrogation, interrogation and torture...

And suddenly, when, they say, a plan for the deportation of all Jews from Moscow to Siberia was already on the leader's table, - a bolt from the blue.

Year 1953. On March 5, the day of the most playful, the most cheerful, the most theatrical Jewish holiday Purim, since ancient times, since the times of the Old Testament dedicated to the victory over anti-Semitism, Stalin dies at his dacha in Kuntsevo.

And immediately, in the next moment (!) “debunking” began - according to the already known law of primitive life.

March 27 (in the future this day will be Theater Day, and in my biography it will also accidentally turn out to be the Birthday of the Theater "At the Nikitsky Gates") 1953, that is, just a couple of weeks after the leader left for hell, the GULAG moves from the Ministry of Internal Affairs (formerly the NKVD and the MGB) under the control of the Ministry of Justice and an Amnesty is declared.

True, it concerns only criminals, and not "political ones", since Beria, who immediately disguised himself as a reformer in the struggle for supreme power, writes a letter to the Presidium of the Central Committee on March 24, in which he unexpectedly declares that out of two and a half million sitting, only 221 thousand are on really dangerous for the state criminals. On April 3 (my birthday), the “killer doctors” are rehabilitated and released, recognizing (for the first time in the years of Soviet power) violations of the law by state security agencies.

Stalinism crackled slightly, as the Lubyanka began to devour itself for the umpteenth time. Beria was arrested on July 10, and three days later a wave of uprisings swept through the Gulag camps - in Norilsk, Vorkuta, in Kengir (near Karaganda), these riots were brutally suppressed by special forces, including tanks. The instigators were shot according to the Stalinist custom, but the "troikas", the notorious "troikas" that kneaded without trial or investigation, were soon canceled. True, Beria was also killed without trial, with the sentence “to a dog - dog death!”

"Stalin's heirs", as Yevgeny Yevtushenko aptly put it, continued to fight among themselves - the anti-party groups into which they budded were immediately exposed, but their fate was already decided more humanely than under the mustachioed leader - they were sent to retire, although they were not deprived of rations .

The tribe continued to "play with the bear", but now with the dead. A buffoon in a bearskin DESIGNED a beast, but was not himself. The totem from the category of a living king-owner passed into a sign of remembrance of the king.

Former reverence was replaced by ridicule. This new rite was unusual. And kind of cruel. At Christmas time, for example, along with bear games, there was a game of a dead man or "died", as he was called in Russia. The game of "umruna" was a "game of the king" - very popular in ancient times.

Ritual farewell to the next world is the very game of “dying,” in which the king was first killed, then buried, and then, to the general squeal and chant, they were sure to be resurrected - theatrically, in costume, using painted masks and scenery.

So they played with Stalin.

First, they laid his corpse stuffed with spirits and balms to lie down in the Mausoleum, next to the same hollow Lenin, then, after Khrushchev's speech at the 20th Congress, they took him out and buried him 10 meters away, near the Kremlin wall.

However, whether our "died" or resurrected is still unclear. The games of the primitive tribe continue.

But here, too, there is something to think about.

In fact, a stroke hit him earlier, on March 3rd, - the leader is alone, at first none of his relatives, none of the guards approach him ... they are afraid to approach him ...

And he ... According to the available reliable evidence ...

For more than a day he lies under the table in the living room, in a puddle of his own urine.

So, dad, mom, me and Stalin ...

These four are the protagonists of a play that I so much want to write and stage, but it doesn’t work out.

Something interferes. Firstly, a co-author named History - she crushes me with her genius and greatness. She has no equal in her ability to build stunning plots, show characters, push people into insoluble conflicts, pile up events, confuse cards, then (ultimately) put everything in its place and draw the right conclusions with a guarantee of new mistakes and new mysteries of being.

History is the cash cow of Literature. She is a great playwright, offering writers an endless variety of dramas, comedies and tragedies taken from reality, she is an evil and good researcher of a past life as a warning to future times. You only hear from her: “Don’t invent anything! .. Don’t add anything! ..”

But you can't do that in the theatre. How is the Theater without additions?.. The theater needs the truth, yes, but theatrical. That is, one that turns life into a game, a true, reliable story into a fact of art. How to do it? How to achieve?.. Oh, this is not an easy job...

Secondly, I am hindered by the fact that I myself, voluntarily or involuntarily, am a participant - an accomplice in the story being told. Here the famous theatrical "alienation" will not help either: to become a stage image means, even for a while, to cease to be oneself.

Representation - it is a REPRESENTATION.

Which actor will play my father?!. Which actress is a mother?! Yes, and I am me, and no one in the world.

Just as Stalin, although there have been all sorts of attempts to portray him before, will theatrically reveal himself on these stage pages not so much personally, but in his inaccessible, outwardly invisible form - let his presence be felt, but no more, - he went to hell, in short!.. This character will not have any text, no replicas, but his role is very significant, because it is sinister. However, he himself, as you know, chose it. And History rewarded him for it. Or will reward.

Let's start the play with a prologue.

The spectator will enter a semi-dark hall and what will he see when he looks at the stage while the action has not yet begun?

Suppose he sees a huge white wall, standing a little obliquely from the wings to the wings. Why askew? Because the wall will be a screen and old photographs from my family archive and specially taken pages of many letters will appear on it every now and then, without which our documentary narrative is indispensable. And now, I want these documents to be announced “not in the forehead”, that is, illustratively, but a little bit poetically, as if from non-existence, from the blackness of a bygone time, today for us, in many respects, surreal.

Thanks to a special effect, two main characters will appear from the wall - dad and mom. I, as a real person, will take the stage from the backstage.

And Stalin... No, Stalin won't appear in my play at all. He will be invisibly present in it. It will hang over every word of this story, over every movement on the stage, it will be poured into the very atmosphere of this space - like an evil spirit, personifying God's absence.

Time to start...

And from what7 .. From silence or from a musical introduction? ..

Better with silence. Why is it better - I don’t know, I don’t understand, but I feel that way. Perhaps some kind of epigraph should precede the play? ..

My mother loved poetry and read a lot by heart, especially from Akhmatova ...

We have not rejected a single blow from ourselves ...

That's for sure. Or maybe from my favorite Mandelstam?

A century-wolfhound throws itself on my shoulders ...

Or - from it:

I live on a black staircase, and a bell torn out with meat hits my temple And all night long I wait for dear Shevel's guests With shackles of door chains.

Huh?.. Not bad either. Brilliant, you might say.

But it was written back in 1930, in December ... Country, listen to your poets! ..

Then, maybe, something to take from afar and Pushkin, for example, to quote? Or Block? Or (recently I came across a line that struck me) - from Aristotle (!):

Few know what is known.

This is directly related to my work. And justifies it.

Well, what are you telling us… We have known all this for a long time… Nothing new!

I agree. Well, what “new” can be said to me, a dwarf, after the great expressions of Varlam Shalamov and Alexander Isaevich? ..

But why, then, does the heart ache so much when reading the documents of this era - merciless to man and immoral by definition. It whines and doesn't go away.

Probably because every OTHER person is a different life, a different story - and there is no REPEAT here and cannot be.

After Stalin's death, 5 million people were in captivity - and each has its own stunning fate, its own pain, its own suffering. Plus, “members of the families of traitors to the Motherland” - I belong to this category and while I am alive, I must fulfill MY duty - in memory of the sufferers - mother and father.

No, my play will not have any epigraph. And not because I can't choose. I just want, without being the first (and it doesn't matter to me!) FOR THE TIME to give a contemporary and descendant a deeply PERSONAL look at what happened, as they say, "with me and the country."

The lights in the hall go out. The show starts...

Essay.

My thoughts about Stalin, repressions.

In the life of a Russian person, our life with you, the letter “R” plays an important role. Motherland... Russia... But "R" is also "Repressions"...

The 20th century became a century of unprecedented upheavals for our country: two world wars and a civil war, devastation, famine, political repressions that claimed tens of millions of lives.

Repressions... Much has already been said about this, but, surprisingly, this topic continues to be relevant even now.

We children XXIcentury, we know about Stalin's repressions only from books, films and adult stories. Nowadays, we often ask the question: “Why talk about repressions after which so many years have passed?”. But will we fall, forgetting about those who are destroyed or expelled from the parental home?

The history of Russia is the history of the people, the history of generations. We must remember what we once experienced, because without the past there is no future.

In the Stalinist camps were, for the most part, innocent people. It is our duty to mourn them, brand the executioners with shame, wake up the souls of people so that such crimes do not happen again!

In the years that have passed since the 20th Congress, especially in the last few years, so many books have been published that tell about Stalin's repressions that it is not even possible to list them. And I would like, without dwelling on literary works, to reflect on this topic.

Stalinism. Stalin. Terrible time. The victims of that time are innumerable. The number of victims of repressive policies runs into the millions. We can say that this time was the greatest tragedy in the history of our Fatherland.

Sad articles continue to appear in periodicals about mass violations of the law associated with the name of Stalin. Why is the thirties and fifties still in the spotlight? In my opinion, these are the most difficult, most dramatic pages in the history of our country, our society.

I don't think it's a coincidence. We do not want a repetition of such tragedies.

Stalin is a great personality, a brilliant leader of the country. But in his image we see a lover of power, obsessed with the idea of ​​immeasurable power. People for him are only material for achieving goals. He believed that only suffering generates the greatest energy. This means that people can be forced to starve, to work through force, to put them in camps. A person must be forced to make a sacrifice. this requires a strong power capable of inspiring fear. And fear must be maintained by any means. But we see that this idea covers the main thing - the desire for unlimited power, the creation of a cult, the cult of one person - Stalin.

The cult of personality, This is our memory and pain. Arrests, executions, thousands of crippled destinies: comrades-in-arms, scientists, cultural masters, ordinary workers, women. All this is the victims of the Stalinist machine of destruction. Not only “enemies of the people”, but also their families, close and distant relatives and friends were subjected to repressions. Together with adults, their children were also subject to repression. It was more difficult for them to get used to the new conditions of life, they suffered more from diseases, cold and hunger. But even more, because they were considered the children of "enemies of the people." Many of them have felt this stigma throughout their lives.

I would like to tell the story of my family, especially my great-grandfather. He lived in one of the districts of Bashkiria with his family. Everything was in abundance. The new government proclaimed a policy of eradicating from society anyone who had at least some wealth at that time. My relatives also fell under the ruthless pressure of repressions. They have lost everything. And yet, in spite of everything, having gone through the tortures and tapas of the Gulag, they managed not only to endure and not lose heart, but also to maintain a reverent attitude towards the Motherland, saying: “It was such a time.”

Now, some people are talking about the need to strengthen order, discipline, which in itself is right. However, they take the Stalinist period as a model: here, they say, then there was discipline and order, forgetting about the atmosphere of fear, humiliation of the honor and dignity of a person.

For many decades to come, we will have to cleanse ourselves of Stalin's "legacy". And so we must learn from the truth, learn not to repeat past mistakes. Nothing in history should be forgotten!

Essay

My thoughts about Stalin, about repressions.

Teacher: Sultanov Irek Galimovich