Mounted grenade launcher ags 30. History of the border service. The main technical characteristics of the grenade launcher
Grenadier - literally, a soldier throwing grenades, the further the better. The military has long wanted a weapon capable of throwing grenades over long distances. Today, our troops have a steel grenadier at their disposal, which not only throws grenades far, but can also do it in bursts - this is the AGS 17 "Flame". Grenade launcher "Flame" - a cross between a heavy machine gun and a mortar, pocket artillery of infantry, paratroopers and special forces.
The first mounted grenade launchers appeared with the Americans in the late sixties. They were heavy, bulky and awkward to handle. Nevertheless, combat experience has shown that the new weapon has good prospects.
The AGS 17 easel grenade launcher was adopted by the Soviet army in the early seventies; compared to its American counterpart, it seemed like a feather. The weapon was strictly classified. In the mid-seventies, the grenade launcher was modernized: the Flame received a fire translator and a mechanical sight. In real battles, it was tested only in 79, on the Vietnamese-Chinese front. At that time, the qualities of the AGS 17 seemed simply phenomenal. Grenade launchers "Flame" literally mowed down Chinese infantry chains. The flame weapon is mobile and easy to use. At a distance of 1000 to 1700 meters from a grenade launcher, you can also shoot along a hinged trajectory. The grenade launcher has a machine that allows you to fire at different angles. "Flame" hits the enemy even in closed positions, on the back of a hill or in the trenches. With an effective range of one and a half kilometers, the automatic grenadier literally bombards the enemy with grenades, 100 rounds per minute. "Flame" is often installed on armored vehicles, helicopters, coast guard ships and river boats. In Afghanistan, craftsmen welded special nests for grenade launchers to armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, the presence of AGS on the armor made it possible to get the Mujahideen in conditions when the regular infantry weapons were powerless. The AGS is effective against manpower, but is unable to hit even lightly armored targets.
The main weapon of such grenade launchers is fragmentation ammunition. Smart grenades were developed for the "Flame": they have a fuse and a self-liquidator, if the grenade flew less than 30 meters, there would be no explosion. In case of an unsuccessful shot, the crew does not need to be afraid of fragments of their own grenade. At the same time, when fired at a distance of more than one and a half kilometers, the detonation will occur automatically. The calculation of the "Flame" is two people - one fires, the second brings grenades and helps carry the grenade launcher. The machine is easily folded and carried by the second calculation number. In battle, the AGS is carried by both grenade launchers by the legs and belts, but if necessary, one person can also handle the flame. For direct fire, optics are used, and mounted fire using a goniometer. The grenade launcher can be fired in a few seconds, already during the battle. An experienced shooter fires in short bursts of three to five shots and adjusts the fire on the explosions of the first grenades.
30-mm automatic mounted grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame"
However, the AGS-17 turned out to be inconvenient for urban and close combat. There is simply no time to drag a two-pound grenade launcher during a head-on collision.
The development of automatic grenade launchers continues today. From the design of Anatoly Filippovich Baryshev, you can shoot even from the hip. AGS-30 - second generation grenade launcher. It is much more mobile - the assembly weighs only 16 kilograms. Combat performance is no worse than that of its heavier predecessor. The ballistics and ammunition of the 30th are identical to the AGS-17, but the rate of fire is four times higher, with significantly less recoil. Another advantage of the AGS-30 is the design of the machine, it can be used to fire from unprepared positions. A wide sector of fire makes it possible to quickly hit a suddenly appeared target. The AGS-30 is in increasing demand on the world arms market. This is not surprising, in the course of local wars and operations against terrorists - such grenade launchers are an indispensable weapon.
- 30-millimeter anti-personnel automatic grenade launcher system.
At the request of the customer, the AGS-30 can be equipped with a day-night sighting system; a radar sight can be used to control the situation and conduct aimed fire in conditions of complete absence of optical visibility.
The small dimensions of the AGS-30 complex, the design features of the machine provide the ability to quickly change the firing position, firing from window openings and unprepared positions.
A large horizontal sector of fire allows you to quickly transfer fire to a suddenly appeared target. In the stowed position, the machine and the grenade launcher are compactly folded and carried behind the back on belts.
The AGS-30 grenade launcher was adopted by parts of the Russian army and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, in the infantry version on a tripod machine, as well as on various armored vehicles, in tower or remote installations.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Shot type: 30 mm VOG-17M, VOG-30, GPD-30 and their modifications.
Sighting range of shots: VOG-17M, VOG-30 - up to 1700 m, GPD-30 - up to 2100 m.
Sight: optical, mechanical, radar (portable radar).
Visible magnification of the optical sight: x 2.7 or x 3.5.
Shooting mode: automatic.
Rate of fire: 400 rounds per minute.
Cartridge capacity: 30 rounds
Weight: AGS-30 without sight and cartridge box - 16.5 kg.
Target detection range: man - at least 2 km, equipment - at least 4 km.
Overall dimensions of the complex in the easel version: 490x735x1165 mm.
Overall dimensions of the complex in the machine version: 143x132x837 mm.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
In the year 78 of the last century, a new automatic grenade launcher AGS-30 (TKB-722K), created in the design bureau of heavy engineering named after A.I. Nudelman under regular ammunition AGS-17. The AGS-30 grenade launcher with the same caliber was two times lighter than its predecessor, and much more compact than all foreign counterparts of that time. This made it possible to reduce the number of the calculation, increase its survivability, as well as the maneuverability of weapons on the battlefield. With the same mass of the entire complex of about 75 kg, the AGS-30 ammunition load is 120 ammunition, while the AGS-17 has only 87.
automatic grenade launcher AGS-30, appearance A machine tool of a special design was created for the new weapon, providing the ability to quickly change position, as well as firing from places unsuitable for this, for example, from window openings in city buildings. In addition, a large horizontal guidance angle makes it possible to quickly respond to changes in the situation and transfer fire to suddenly appearing targets. At the same time, in exceptional cases, even in a combat position, a grenade launcher can be carried by the forces of one soldier.
Device features and equipment
Automation AGS-30 works thanks to the recoil energy of the free shutter. A distinctive feature of this design is the use of the so-called shutter roll-out effect (shooting from the rear sear). Therefore, despite the unique lightness, the AGS-30 is not only not inferior, but even surpasses the much heavier AGS-17 in terms of accuracy of fire.
The barrel of the AGS-30 is rifled, with uninterrupted fire and overheating of the barrel, it is possible to quickly replace it with a spare one. Optics with a PAG-17 index of 2.7x magnification is used as an aiming device, the aiming grid of which is illuminated for direct fire at a distance of up to 700 meters. When firing a canopy over long distances, a quadrant sight is used.
In the year 99 of the last century, TsKIB SOO engineers began designing a 30-mm grenade launcher ammunition under the symbol GPD-30 of a new generation. Initially, only the shape of the ammunition was redesigned. Its drag coefficient was reduced by 1.8 times, which reduced the sensitivity of the ammunition to the effects of longitudinal and lateral winds by one and a half to two times. This made it possible to increase the maximum flight range from 1.7 km for the VOG-17 and VOG-30 to more than 2.1 km without much alteration of the entire ammunition, as well as improve such an important indicator as accuracy by 1.4 times and reduce the duration of the grenade flight at a distance of 1700 meters by 1.4 times. In addition, firing GPD-30 ammunition gives a lower brightness of the muzzle flame, which greatly reduces the chance of detecting a firing position. The GPD-30 shot has the same body as the VOG-30, however, its fragments are formed in the form of a completely symmetrical rhombic stack, where all the fragments are oriented to obtain the largest radius of dispersion.
Results
Thus, by the beginning of the 21st century, the renewal of the grenade launcher armament of the Russian army was due to the adoption of more effective ammunition.
Currently, the production of the AGS-30 automatic grenade launcher takes place at the V.A. Degtyarev Plant JSC and the State Unitary Enterprise Instrument Design Bureau. The light and compact AGS-30 is especially popular in the mobile units of the Russian army (for example, the Airborne Forces) and special forces.
The 30-mm automatic easel grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame" was developed at the KBTM. Nudelman and adopted by the Soviet Army in 1971. In terms of class, it is similar to the American 40-mm Mk.19 automatic grenade launcher, but structurally differs from it not only in caliber, but also in the design of both the weapon itself and the shot.
The AGS-17 grenade launcher is designed to destroy unprotected enemy manpower, located both openly and behind reverse slopes of heights and other similar obstacles, by flat and mounted shooting. In tactical terms, the grenade launcher advantageously combines the property of mortars - the ability to conduct mounted fire, the property of automatic guns - a high rate of fire and the lightness and maneuverability of heavy machine guns. The AGS grenade launcher is very effective at covering areal unprotected targets and accumulations of manpower.
A small propellant charge makes it possible to implement in the automation of a grenade launcher a relatively simple principle of using the recoil energy of a free shutter - a similar principle is used in the vast majority of submachine guns. However, only in the initial sections of the reciprocating motion, the shutter moves as free, in subsequent segments a special hydraulic brake slows down the shutter, interacting with its rod, respectively, with the butt plate of the grenade launcher (during rollback) and box stops (during rollback). This increases the duration of the automation cycle, thereby improving the accuracy of fire. In addition, the hydraulic brake absorbs some of the energy of the bolt and allows the bolt itself to be made lighter, which reduces the overall weight of the weapon. Therefore, strictly speaking, the shutter of a grenade launcher is essentially not free, but semi-free.
In the same way, the name "automatic grenade launcher" is largely arbitrary, and is associated not so much with the design of weapons and ammunition, but with the tactical purpose of weapons, which, along with underbarrel grenade launchers, led to the formation of a new class - "support weapons".
Structurally and according to the previously established classification, the AGS-17 grenade launcher is a small-caliber automatic cannon, and the grenade launcher shot is a small-caliber artillery cartridge with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile. In this regard, both the AGS-17 grenade launcher and its cartridge have some common features with the German 30 mm MK-108 aircraft gun of the Second World War and its cartridge with a short sleeve only 90 mm long and a high-explosive projectile (and the subsequent development of the design of this gun) . This remark does not refute the accepted definition of the AGS-17 grenade launcher, but only helps to understand the design of the weapon.
The shot comes from a closed bolt, the drummer is a separate part and is actuated by a trigger. The short barrel of the grenade launcher is mounted in front of the box of the grenade launcher body and is fixed with a lock with a pin. The rectangular shutter moves along the guide grooves of the box. The movement of the shutter back is due to the pressure of the powder gases acting on the shutter through the bottom of the sleeve, the movement forward is due to the energy of two helical stranded return springs compressed when the shutter rolls back. The hydraulic brake is located in the valve body and has a rod protruding from the rear of the valve. With manual reloading, the bolt is retracted using a cable system, which is a simple block to gain strength. When firing, the reloading mechanism remains stationary.
The trigger mechanism allows both single and continuous fire at two rates: high - 350-400 shots / min, low - 50-100 shots / min. The mechanism for changing the rate of fire is of a hydraulic type, located in the trigger. In the rear of the box on the sides are two horizontal fire control handles. Between them is placed the descent in the form of a wide key (trigger). The translator is located on the left side of the box.
The power supply of the grenade launcher is from a link metal tape with a link of the "crab" type. The links are connected by mutual engagement with the help of stamped bends and cutouts and do not have separate connecting parts (in the form of springs, rings, etc.). The link grips hold the shot not by the case body, but by the grenade body - this is due to the ratio of the grenade and case sizes. The longitudinal movement of the shot is limited by the stop of the sleeve in the bend of the link. The shots are delivered by squeezing them in the transverse direction. Giving of a tape - right-hand. In the infantry version, the tape contains 30 links, but its capacity is 29 shots. This is due to the fact that the tape does not have a shank or false link as a separate part, and this role is played by the last empty link, which is inserted into the receiver tray. The tape is placed in a cartridge box with spiral guides, shaped like a snail. The box is attached to the machine on the right. The tape is equipped both manually and with the help of a loading machine. The latter can also be used to unload the tape.
For direct fire at ranges up to 700 m, an open mechanical sight is used, located on the body of the grenade launcher on the left, which appeared on grenade launchers in the late 70s. Grenade launchers of early releases did not have an open sight. For firing at ranges up to and including the maximum, including from closed positions, the PAG-17 prism optical sight is used. The PAG-17 sight has a 2.7x magnification. At night, the sight scale can be illuminated using a special device mounted on the body of the sight, and a power supply unit mounted on the left leg of the machine.
In the infantry version, the grenade launcher is used on the SAG-17 tripod machine (SAG - automatic grenade launcher machine). The body weight of the grenade launcher is 18 kg. Machine weight - 12 kg. The weight of the cartridge box with the equipped tape is 14.5 kg. The weight of a grenade launcher with a machine tool and a sight is 31 kg. The maximum effective range of fire is 1700 m. The maximum height of the trajectory for mounted firing is 905 m. The range of a direct shot at a target with a height of 2 m is 250 m.
Initially, the barrel of the grenade launcher had a thin-walled aluminum radiator with a wavy outer surface. Since the beginning of the 90s. the barrel of the grenade launcher is made without a radiator - its role is played by the ribbing of the outer surface of the thickened walls of the barrel.
In addition to the infantry, an aviation version is being produced - AG-17A (213P-A), - adopted for service in 1980. AG-17A is located in a suspended closed GUV gondola (universal helicopter gondola) with an ammunition load of 300 rounds in a single tape and is used to arm combat helicopters. Unlike the infantry version, the aviation version of the grenade launcher is equipped with an electric trigger, has a shot counter, and the rate of fire is increased to 420-500 rounds per minute. The barrel is equipped with a massive radiator that helps cool the barrel at a more intense rate of fire. Since the grenade acquires additional speed when fired from a flying carrier (helicopter), the barrel rifling pitch has been reduced from 715 mm to 600 mm to increase the grenade's rotation speed and ensure its stabilization in flight. Body weight AG-17A - 22 kg.
AG-17 is also used as a weapon for combat boats (AG-17M), in a turret installation. In this variant, the grenade launcher is equipped with a radiator, similar to an aviation one, but has a mechanical trigger. The AGS-17 grenade launcher is also included in the BMD-3 armament complex and a number of designed combat vehicles. On the BMD-3, the grenade launcher is mounted on the course mount, to the left of the driver. If necessary, it can be removed and used as an infantry.
The grenade launcher is served by two fighters - a gunner and a gunner's assistant. The calculation may additionally include an ammunition carrier.
A story about the best automatic grenade launchers would be incomplete without mentioning the Russian one. At one time, the Soviet automatic easel grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame" was sold all over the planet in huge numbers. This model was in service with the armies of most countries of the post-Soviet space, as well as the DPRK, India, Serbia, Cuba, Iran, Finland and other states. The successor to the famous automatic grenade launcher is the second-generation Russian automatic grenade launcher AGS-30.
AGS-30 is the development of specialists of the Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) from Tula, famous in our country and in the world. It was created in the first half of the 90s of the last century. The grenade launcher was put into service in 1995.
Like its foreign "colleagues", this grenade launcher is designed for direct fire support of infantry, airborne units and army special forces units directly on the battlefield. AGS-30 can easily cope with enemy manpower and various types of unarmored vehicles located in open positions, including in trenches and open trenches, and it can also be used to effectively hit an enemy hiding on reverse slopes of heights or in terrain folds.
In the army of the Russian Federation, the AGS-30 replaced the Soviet automatic grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame", which was created in the late 1960s and in 1971 was officially adopted by the Soviet Army. Serial production of a new 30-mm automatic grenade launcher for a 30x29 mm grenade launcher was carried out in the Kirov region at the Vyatka-Polyansky machine-building plant "Molot". The development of the grenade launcher began after the Soviet Union received a sufficient amount of intelligence information and data on the use of such weapons by the Americans in Vietnam. It was in the Vietnam War that the combat debut of the 40-mm easel automatic grenade launcher Mk.19 mod.0 fell. At the same time, the West, without much enthusiasm, perceived the information that the Soviet motorized rifle units in the 1970s began to massively receive automatic grenade launchers AGS-17. The full-fledged combat debut of this Soviet weapon novelty fell on the Afghan war.
AGS-17 in Afghanistan
Despite the fact that the novelty from the Tula gunsmiths satisfied the needs of the military, the automatic grenade launcher had its obvious drawbacks. The main one was its weight, which limited the mobility of the calculation and the mobility of grenade launchers in combat conditions. It was the tasks of weight loss that were considered as priorities in the modernization of generally successful weapons. The work that began in the second half of the 1980s logically ended in 1995, when the new AGS-30 automatic heavy grenade launcher was adopted by the Russian army, which, according to the assurances of KBP representatives, stands out among competitors with a record low mass along with the machine.
Indeed, the second-generation AGS-30 automatic grenade launcher, together with the machine, weighs only 16.5 kg (without a sight and a box with shots), which makes it more mobile and more efficient in real combat conditions. By reducing the body weight of the grenade launcher and the machine, it became possible to transport it with just one calculation number. Small dimensions, light weight, specially designed tripod machine design - this is what provides the grenade launcher not only with a high level of mobility and the ability to quickly change the calculation of the firing position, but also the stealth placement of the grenade launcher on the ground. If necessary, the shooter can easily independently move the grenade launcher in a combat position to a new position and immediately open fire, this is especially important when conducting maneuverable street battles to provide constant fire support for advanced units.
As the developers note, the reduction in the mass of the complex did not entail any deterioration in performance, the grenade launcher only became more convenient and easier to operate. The light tripod machine developed for it makes it possible to achieve good stability of the weapon when firing from any ground, which makes it possible to effectively use the grenade launcher when firing at the enemy, even from unprepared positions. On the tripod machine itself, the designers placed the mechanisms responsible for the vertical and horizontal guidance of the weapon. Fire control from the AGS-30 is carried out using two horizontal handles and a trigger. The cocking of the grenade launcher is carried out using a lever mechanism and is provided at all elevation angles of the weapon without changing the position of the shooter.
The key to the success of Russian weapons is often the simplicity of design. This statement is also true for the AGS-30 grenade launcher. The operation of its automation is based on the principle of using the recoil energy of a free shutter. The automatic grenade launcher is powered by a belt, 30x29 mm caliber shots are loaded into a cartridge belt, which is placed in a cartridge box, the latter is attached to the body of the grenade launcher on the right side of the receiver. With intensive firing, the shooter can fire up to 180 shots without any consequences, after which the rifled barrel of the grenade launcher needs to be cooled, or it is replaced with a spare barrel. Cooling of the barrel - air, if necessary, it is possible to cool the barrel by dousing it with water. The standard AGS-30 sights are optical and mechanical; for firing, it is the PAG-17 optical sight with a magnification of 2.7 that is most often used. The field of view of the sight is 12 degrees, to improve work at night, the sight scale is illuminated. An optical sight, which is suitable for firing at long distances, is mounted on the receiver of the grenade launcher on its left side. In addition, for conducting aimed fire from weapons in the absence of optical visibility, as well as for monitoring the situation and the battlefield with the AGS-30, a radar sight can be used.
For firing from the AGS-30 grenade launcher, the crew can use both ammunition from the previous grenade launcher - VOG-17 and VOG-17M, as well as new VOG-30 and GPD-30 grenades specially designed for it, which are distinguished by increased combat effectiveness. New shots are certainly an important feature of this grenade launcher system. The second generation VOG-30 grenade was created by the specialists of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise FSPC "Pribor". The production technology of the body of the new ammunition, which uses the cold deformation method, makes it possible to form a grid of semi-finished rectangular-shaped striking elements on the inner surface of the grenade. According to the assurances of the developers, the use of a new design of the grenade body allows the explosives to be pressed directly into the body of the ammunition, increasing the filling factor by 1.1 times. At the same time, in aggregate, the effective fragmentation area was increased by more than 1.5 times compared to first-generation ammunition, including the standard NATO M384 fragmentation ammunition of 40x53 mm caliber. With a shot mass of 350 grams, VOG-30 provides an effective area of destruction of 110 square meters.
Automatic mounted grenade launcher of the second generation AGS-30
Especially for the AGS-30 automatic grenade launcher, a high-explosive fragmentation round GPD-30 of increased efficiency was created, this grenade has a slightly lower mass - 340 grams, but at the same time, the area of fragmentation of targets was brought to 130.5 square meters. The designers successfully solved the problem of increasing the area of fragmentation damage to enemy infantry, including body armor, modern helmets and other personal protective equipment, in a comprehensive manner due to the optimization of the average mass of fragments formed during the explosion, increasing the angles and speed of their expansion, using explosives in ammunition in a larger volume and with a more pronounced high-explosive effect. At the same time, the drag coefficient of the grenade and its ballistic coefficient were significantly improved (reduced by 1.8 times). This made it possible to bring the maximum firing range to the required 2200 meters (for VOG-17 and VOG-30 shots - no more than 1700 meters). At the same time, it was also possible to achieve an increase in the accuracy of fire at once by 1.4 times both in range and in lateral deviation. Both types of shots are equipped with reliable instantaneous head fuses. The fuses are responsible for the guaranteed operation of ammunition when meeting with any obstacles, including those on the water surface and on snow. For the safety of the shooter, all VOG grenades are cocked at a distance of 10-60 meters from the muzzle of the AGS-30.
Compared with the grenade launcher of the previous generation AGS-17, the new AGS-30 automatic grenade launcher has really built significantly. AGS-17, together with the machine, weighed almost twice as much - 30 kg. In this regard, the Russian easel automatic grenade launcher is really unique. But here we should not forget that all modern automatic grenade launchers in service with NATO countries are designed for more powerful ammunition - 40x53 mm. This standardized grenade is produced today in at least 12 countries around the world. At the same time, the most advanced American-made MK47 mod.0 automatic grenade launcher weighs 41 kg with a machine tool and an aiming system, it is at least twice as heavy as an AGS-30 with a machine tool, but at the same time it has great power (compared to VOG-17 and VOG ammunition -17M) and a wide variety of shots, which additionally includes not only armor-piercing grenades, which allow hitting lightly armored targets, but also modern programmable ammunition with remote detonation in the air.
Advantages of the GPD-30 shot over the VOG-30
At the same time, the 40-mm automatic grenade launcher itself could have appeared in the USSR even before the start of World War II. Prototypes of a magazine-fed automatic grenade launcher (for 5 shots) designed by Yakov Grigoryevich Taubin were tested in the second half of the 1930s. For firing, grenades of 40.8 mm caliber were used, created on the basis of a regular rifle grenade of the Dyakonov system. Of the positive aspects during the tests, the military singled out the fact that at a distance of 1100-1200 meters such a grenade provided coverage with fragments of two recumbent and six standing targets at once. At the same time, 2-3 lethal fragments hit each of the targets. On this, the positive moments from acquaintance with the miracle weapon ended. The automatic grenade launcher was crude, not reliable enough, gave very frequent misfires, which caused rejection by the leadership of the Red Army. In fairness, it is worth noting that the level of Soviet industry of the late 1930s would hardly have allowed such weapons to be brought to mind and put into series. It is no coincidence that in the United States the first automatic grenade launchers appeared only 30 years later, while humanity was already flying into space and the level of development of industrial production was at a completely different level.
At the same time, Russia has its own 40-mm automatic grenade launcher, this is the AGS-40 "Balkan", the development of which was carried out by the specialists of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise GNPP "Pribor". The weapon has gone through a difficult and painful development path, work has been underway since the early 1990s. The model is produced in small batches, but was never officially adopted. The use of new 40-mm caseless ammunition allowed the designers to achieve a maximum firing range of up to 2500 meters, while, according to the assurances of the developers, the efficiency of hitting targets using the new grenade launcher system is twice as high as the existing AGS-17 "Flame" and AGS-30 systems. If we talk about the weight of the new automatic grenade launcher, then it is comparable to foreign counterparts: the body of the grenade launcher with a sight and tripod is 32 kg, the box for 20 shots is 14 kg. It remains only to hope that soon the line of Russian automatic grenade launchers in service will be replenished with the AGS-40 model. In the meantime, the military, apparently, is fully satisfied with the existing grenade launcher systems.
Automatic mounted grenade launcher of the second generation AGS-30
Tactical and technical characteristics of AGS-30:
Caliber - 30 mm.
Grenade - 30x29 mm.
Overall dimensions (with tripod machine) - 1165x735x490 mm.
Weight without cartridge box and sight - 16.5 kg.
The rate of fire is up to 400 rds / min.
The initial speed of the grenade is 185 m / s.
Cartridge capacity - 30 shots.
Sighting range - up to 1700 m (shots VOG-17, VOG-17M and VOG-30), up to 2200 m (shots GPD-30).
Calculation - two people.
Sources of information:
http://www.kbptula.ru
https://comp-pro.ru
http://www.army.lv
http://oruzheika.blogspot.com
http://huntsmanblog.ru
Materials from open sources