Tank t 35 specifications. "Parquet" heavy tank. Comparison with foreign analogues

The Cheboksary bulldozer "Chetra T-35" is an energy-saturated productive bulldozer-loosening unit, one of the most modern and technologically advanced domestic industrial tractors. It is equipped with a semi-rigid three-point suspension with an extended bogie swing axle. This provides high traction and coupling properties and significantly reduces the load on the chassis system. Advanced and progressive engines are distinguished by good efficiency. Read more about other features of this technique below.

Spheres of application of the bulldozer "Chetra T-35"

This powerful technique finds its application in the mining and oil and gas industries, in the hydraulic sector, in the construction of major highways, bridges and road junctions, and significant industrial facilities. Bulldozer and ripping equipment "Chetra T-35" is often literally indispensable in providing fairly complex earthmoving workflows. Such as the development of particularly hard rocky and frozen surfaces.

The construction of the Cheboksary Plant of Industrial Tractors began in the capital of Chuvashia in 1972, and was immediately included in the list of all-Union shock Komsomol construction projects. The first finished product - T-330 bulldozers - was produced by the enterprise in October 1975. In addition to bulldozers, in subsequent years ChZPT mastered the production of pipe-laying tractors, tractors for forestry.

"Chetra T-35" at the factory site. Recently, the company's equipment has a new original color scheme.

The model of the powerful bulldozer "T-35.01" was developed in the late 80s, and was preparing to be put into serial production in the difficult economic conditions of the last years of the existence of the Soviet Union. It was accepted for production, after appropriate tests, in 1991. But the T-35 series was launched only in 1995.

The T-35 bulldozer (as well as other equipment manufactured by ChZPT, renamed in modern times as Promtractor OJSC) received the Chetra brand in 2002.

One of the characteristic features of this model is the modular design of all components and systems of an industrial tractor. This applies to the transmission as well as to the running system, as well as to the working equipment, cooling system, cab, etc. The modular design provides the possibility of the most convenient, affordable and simplified maintenance when checking and refueling all systems of this industrial tractor, facilitates the removal and installation of power transmission units in separate modules, with their possible subsequent repair.

Since 2009-2011, Chetra T-35 bulldozers have been equipped with a number of European-made parts and equipment. In particular, pumps "David Brown Hydraulics" (Britain), instead of the usual "NSh"; bearings "SKF" (Sweden) or "FAG" (Germany) for pump drive gearboxes; springs "INF" (Germany) for valves of the transmission control unit; telescopic element for tensioning or releasing the track (since 2009).

Tractors "Chetra T-35" of the 2010s of release come with new improved sealing rings that increase the tightness of wheels and rollers; with an increase in the number and quality of discs in the brakes; with two additional heaters in the operator's cab; with high pressure sleeves.

Of the other features of the technical device of the Chetra T-35 bulldozer, one cannot fail to mention the semi-rigid suspension, which is attached to the main frame at three points, with the swing axis of the carts moved out. Both power plants of the Chetra T-35 tractor are both domestic and imported , can be described as advanced and modern, with high power and decent economy for this class.

Bulldozers "Chetra T-35" are equipped with two types of diesel engines - the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, or the Cummins company.

The first option is a four-stroke liquid-cooled turbocharged diesel engine of the YaMZ-850.10 type from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. This power unit has twelve cylinders, their arrangement is V-shaped, the camber angle is simultaneous, equal to 90 °. The turbocharging of this engine works on a special principle of "water-air".

The working volume of the engine is 25.86 liters.
Operating power - 382 kW, or 520 horsepower - at 1900 rpm.
The cylinder diameter and piston stroke are 140 millimeters each.
Maximum torque - not less than 2685 N.m - at 1200 ... 1400 rpm.

The second option for equipping the T-35 is the Cummins QSK19-C525 engine manufactured in China by the international engineering corporation Cummins. It is a six-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled diesel engine with gas turbine supercharging and air-to-air cooling of the charge air. The arrangement of the cylinders is in-line. This power unit complies with "Tier-2" / "Stage II".

The working volume of the engine is 19 liters.
Operating power - 360 kW, or 490 horsepower - at 2000 rpm.
The cylinder diameter and piston stroke are 159 millimeters each.
Maximum torque - 2407 N.m at 1300..1500 rpm.

In addition to the engine, a domestic liquid heater "PZhD-600", or "Gidronik-35" of German production is installed.

The bulldozer is equipped with a planetary gearbox with 455 mm diameter clutches that operate in oil and have a high torque transmission capacity. The hydromechanical transmission of Promtractor's own production provides three forward and reverse gears, with gear shifting under load. Switching gears and direction of movement is made by one single lever.

A fully reversible planetary gearbox, matching gearbox and final drive are combined into a single power unit, which is mounted in the rear axle housing. A three-element, single-stage torque converter with an active diameter of 480 mm, a maximum transformation ratio of Ko = 2.64, is installed on the pump drive gearbox and connected by a splined coupling with an elastic coupling mounted on the motor, and connected to the gearbox by a cardan drive. Gear ratios: forward travel - 1: 4.4; 2: 7.9; 3: 13.0; reverse - 1: 5.4; 2: 9.7; 3:15.7.

The onboard transmission is two-stage, the 1st stage is external gears, the 2nd stage is planetary (with the ring gear stopped). To facilitate replacement in the field, the drive sprocket is made of sectors that are bolted on.

The bulldozer "Chetra T-35" is equipped with a 3-point semi-rigid suspension with a remote swing axle of the carts. This design contributes to the manifestation of high traction and coupling qualities of the tractor, reducing shock loads on its structure and improving general working conditions. Self-tightening seals of the “double cone” type are installed on the support rollers and guide wheels.

The total number of track rollers of the undercarriage system is 14 pieces (seven on each side). Number of supporting rollers of the running system: 4 (two on each side).

Onboard clutches - non-permanently closed; stopping brakes are permanently closed. They are made in the form of multi-plate clutches operating in oil and guarantee sufficient smoothness of control of a heavy tractor. The minimum turning radius is 3.55 m.

Prefabricated, with one grouser caterpillars are made with a seal to seal the liquid lubrication of the hinges for the entire life of the tractor, with detachable master links. The track link pitch is 250 mm. The number of caterpillar shoes - 42 pcs. The track grouser height is 90 mm. Track shoe width - 650 mm. The track contact area is 4.67 m2. Ground pressure - 1.31 kgf / cm2. Track tension can be adjusted using a grease gun.

Specifications in numbers

Length - 9.692 m; Width - 4.710 m; Height - 4.165 m.
Tractor weight - 45 tons.
The total operating weight of the bulldozer with equipment: with the YaMZ engine - 61.360 tons, with the Cummins engine - 60.780 tons.
Blade capacity - 18.5 cubic meters.
The maximum depth is 730 mm.
Diesel fuel consumption - 228 g / kW per hour.
Fuel tank capacity -800 or 960 liters.
The capacity of the attachment hydraulic system tank is 450 liters.
The capacity of the tractor cooling system is 115 liters.
Movement speed - 3-6 km / h in first gear; 7-10 km / h in second gear; 11-15 km / h in third gear.

The structure of the separate-aggregate hydraulic system "Chetra T-35" includes three gear pumps: "NSh-250", "NSh-100", "NSh10" JSC "Hydrosila", Kirovograd, or, in later versions - "David Brown Hydraulics (England). The total capacity of these three pumps is 500 liters per minute, at an engine speed of 1900 rpm.

Two spool valves provide lifting and tilting of the blade, lifting and changing the angle of the ripper tooth. The hydraulic servo control system controls the spools remotely. Other components of the hydraulic system are a tank with filters and hydraulic cylinders. The maximum actuation pressure of the safety valve is 20 MPa (or 200 kgf/cm2).

The torque converter is transparent, with a diameter of impellers of 480 mm, a maximum transformation ratio of K = 2.64 and a maximum efficiency of 0.906. The torque converter ensures the use of the maximum torque of the engine and its stepless regulation, depending on the loads on the working bodies of the bulldozer.

Blade lift/lower hydraulic cylinders have a cylinder diameter of 2160 mm and a piston stroke of 1400 mm. Blade tilting hydraulic cylinder - cylinder diameter 220 mm and piston stroke 360 mm. The ripper lift/lower hydraulic cylinders have a cylinder diameter of 2220 mm and a piston stroke of 560 mm. Hydraulic cylinders for changing the cutting angle of the ripper: - cylinder diameter 2220 mm and piston stroke 500 mm.

Bulldozer "Chetra T-35" works with a U-shaped (spherical) blade 5.2 m long and 2.21 m high; or SU-shaped (semi-spherical) blade 4.71 m long, 2.21 m high. These large blades provide the bulldozer with consistently high performance. The use of diagonal traction when transferring lateral forces from the blade to the side member of the tractor frame contributes to the maximum approach of the blade to the hood and the maximum pressure force on the blade blade. The depth of each type of dump is 730 mm; the maximum tilt adjustment (skew) is +/- 10 degrees.

The capacity of the U blade is 20.6 cubic meters, the capacity of the SU blade is 18.5 cubic meters. The mass of the U-shaped blade - 8950 kg; SU-shaped blade - 8250 kg. The lifting height above the ground, with lugs submerged, is 1610 mm (U-blade) and 1680 mm (SU-blade). The volume of the spherical blade drawing prism is 20.6 cubic meters; hemispherical -18.5 cubic meters.

The rear tooth-ripper of the bulldozer "Chetra T-35", parallelogram type, with adjustable loosening angle, is of two types:

Single tooth, with a maximum breakout force of 49 tons, a mass of 6.17 tons and a maximum depth of 1.54 m; lifting height 1140 mm; pull-out force of 49.4 tons.
Three-prong, with a maximum tear-off force of 48 tons, a mass of 7.23 tons and a maximum depth of 0.9 m; lifting height 1050 mm; pull-out force of 48.2 tons.

T-35.01 K (Ya) - with a radiator from the Orenburg plant, a liquid heater "PZhD-600", with a permanent fan drive, a coarse fuel filter, a fuel tank volume of 800 l, a resistor float-type fuel level sensor "BM-162", hydraulic tractor motion control (with mechanical rods and levers), a semi-rigid undercarriage system, a hydraulic distributor manufactured by Promtractor OJSC with a mechanical control of the blade lifting-lowering spool, a bulldozer equipment design with a screw brace and a hydraulic brace.
T-35.02 K(Ya) - with AKG radiator unit (Germany), Hydronik-35 liquid heater (Germany), with adjustable fan drive, with Fleet-guard fuel coarse filter (USA) - with function fuel heating and water separation, fuel tank volume 960 l, accurate fuel level sensor "UKUT-3502" company "Gekon", Kovrov, electro-hydraulic control of the tractor movement, strengthening of the main gear due to the installation of bearings with a higher load capacity, carriage running system, modernized hydraulic distributors, hydraulic proportional control - joysticks from Bosch, the design of bulldozer equipment with two hydraulic braces.

The letters indicate the type of engine: I - Yaroslavl; K - Cummins.

The T-35.01YaBR-1 package includes: YaMZ-850.10 engine, hemispherical blade, single-tooth ripper. T-35.01YaBR-2 - YaMZ-850.10 engine, spherical blade, single-tooth ripper. "T-35.01KBR-1" - Cummins QSK19-C525 engine, hemispherical blade, single-tooth ripper. "T-35.02KBR-1" - YaMZ-850.10 engine, hemispherical blade, three-tooth ripper. "T-35.01KBR-2" - "Cummins QSK19-C525", spherical blade, single-tooth ripper.

Import analogues of the Chetra T-35 bulldozer are the Caterpillar D6T and Komatsu D63E-12 models.

The cabin of the tractor "Chetra T-35" is single, mounted on the body using shock absorbers. It has wide panoramic windows with excellent visibility, powerful ventilation, heating and cooling systems. The cab is acoustically designed to absorb noise (upholstered with sound-absorbing materials). The seat is sprung and equipped with adjustments for the height and weight of the machine operator.

Indicators are located on the dashboard of the tractor, allowing you to respond in time to technical problems in the operation of its systems. These are engine oil pressure indicators; engine cooling level; battery charge; condition of air and oil filters; oil temperature; oil pressure in the gearbox. The cabin "Chetra T-35" is equipped with an independent heater that runs on diesel fuel. It is possible to install an additional autonomous heater.

For the special conditions of the Far North, a standard kit is provided with a driver's cab insulation, a warm cover, a fuel heater and a protective curtain for the radiator. The double-glazed windows in the cabin of any configuration of the Chetra T-35 are double-glazed, which protects the windows from both icing and fogging. Air conditioning is not provided in the basic configurations of the tractor, but as an additional option, the T-35 cabin can be equipped with air conditioning.

The most famous Soviet tank, which largely ensured our country's victory in the Great Patriotic War, was the legendary T-34. However, the medal "For Courage" does not depict him at all, but the T-35 five-turret tank, which was practically not used in battles, but on the other hand, formidable in appearance.

Fortress on wheels

Paradoxically, the T-35, which Soviet artists liked to depict on campaign materials from the Great Patriotic War, by 1941 was out of production for two years. In total, 61 vehicles of this model of heavy tanks were produced in the USSR. Its main difference from other combat vehicles of the USSR was the presence of five combat towers at once. During the military parades of the 1930s, indeed, the T-35 looked like an invincible bulk. At the same time, it should be noted that if the Germans unsuccessfully tried to put their multi-turreted tanks into mass production only at the end of the war, then in the USSR they were mass-produced starting in 1933. At the same time, no matter how surprising it sounds, but the most powerful tank of the Soviet Union in the period from 1933 to 1939, when it was taken out of production, did not participate in hostilities. You could see him only on Red Square during parades or exercises. To the front, individual samples of this combat vehicle were sent only after the start of World War II. But on the battlefields, they proved themselves extremely unimportant. Heavy, clumsy, often breaking down T-35s quickly broke down or were destroyed by the enemy. At the same time, the fewer samples of this tank remained in the troops, the more the number of its images on propaganda posters, calling for fighting to the last drop of blood, grew. On them, the T-35 was supposed to personify the power of the Soviet army, although in reality it never was.

Birth of a legend

However, the blame for the almost complete inability to fight in the Great Patriotic War lies not with the crew of the tank or its designers, but with the rapid evolution of military equipment, during which the T-35 quickly became obsolete. The appearance of this combat vehicle was due to the work in the USSR in 1930 of the German tank designer Edward Grotte. A talented inventor with a group of assistants worked in the Soviet Union on the creation of the first domestic heavy tank. However, shortly before the completion of the work, the designer was politely sent home, and Soviet military engineers continued his work. As a result, by 1932, the T-35-1 was born, weighing 42 tons. The armor of the tank reached 40 mm, and the crew consisted of 11 people. Five combat towers, two cannons and three machine guns were installed as weapons on the combat vehicle. During the tests, the tank completely satisfied the military, but the designers decided to refine their brainchild a little more. First, by 1933, the T-35-2 tank appeared, and then the T-35A, which went into the series. The latest version of the tank had an improved undercarriage and machine gun turrets significantly changed from the original version. In 1934, a heavy tank entered the army. At the time of its appearance, the five-turreted T-35 tank was the most formidable tank in the world in terms of firepower. Five rotating turrets of the combat vehicle were armed with machine guns and could conduct a circular battle. In turn, three cannons also placed on the towers could create significant gaps in enemy manpower and equipment. The main drawbacks of the tank were thin armor and low movement speed due to the huge mass of the tank. However, by 1941, over the past seven years since its creation, the tank was obsolete, although it still gave the impression of a serious combat vehicle.

Combat use

In the first days of the war, the Red Army had 48 T-35 tanks. Basically, they were on the balance sheet of the 67th and 68th tank regiments, as well as the 34th division of the Kiev military district. As soon as the war began, the command of the Red Army tried to use for its intended purpose, tanks that had never fought before. Unsuccessfully. Thirty-five of them broke down on the way to the front, and only seven died during the fighting. True, in fairness it should be noted that two T-35 tanks performed well during the battle near Moscow. But most of the T-35s were abandoned by their crews due to technical malfunctions. In doing so, one interesting fact can be noted. When the Germans captured the first captured T-35, it was immediately sent to Berlin for study. The tank was in the capital of the Third Reich until May 1945, when the repaired one was used by the Germans during the defense of the city, but was quickly knocked out by the Soviet troops. This episode was the last in the history of combat use of the T-35. However, this tank, which did not take place as a combat vehicle, played a significant propaganda role during agitation during the Great Patriotic War.

The T-35 tank was put into service in 1933, its mass production was carried out at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant from 1933 to 1939. Tanks of this type were in service with the brigade of heavy vehicles of the reserve of the High Command. The car had a classic layout: the control compartment is located in front of the hull, the combat compartment is in the middle, the engine and transmission are in the stern. Armament was placed in two tiers in five towers. A 76.2 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm DT machine gun were mounted in the central turret.

Two 45 mm tank guns of the 1932 model of the year were installed in diagonally located towers of the lower tier and could fire forward-right and back-left. Next to the cannon turrets of the lower tier were machine gun turrets. Carburetor V-shaped 12-cylinder liquid-cooled engine M-12T was located in the stern. The track rollers sprung with coil springs were covered with armored screens. All tanks were equipped with 71-TK-1 radios with handrail antennas. The latest release tanks with conical turrets and new side screens had a mass of 55 tons and a crew reduced to 9 people. In total, about 60 T-35 tanks were produced.

The history of the heavy tank T-35

The impetus for the start of the development of heavy tanks, designed to act as NPP (close infantry support) and DPP (long-range infantry support) tanks, was the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union, begun in accordance with the first five-year plan in 1929. As a result of the implementation, enterprises were to appear capable of creating a modern armament necessary to implement the "deep battle" doctrine adopted by the Soviet leadership. The first projects of heavy tanks had to be abandoned due to technical problems.

The first draft of a heavy tank was ordered in December 1930 by the Mechanization and Motorization Directorate and the Main Design Bureau of the Artillery Directorate. The project was designated T-30 and was a reflection of the problems faced by a country that has embarked on a course of rapid industrialization in the absence of the necessary technical experience. In accordance with the original plans, it was supposed to build a floating tank weighing 50.8 tons, equipped with a 76.2-mm cannon and five machine guns. Although a prototype was built in 1932, it was decided to abandon the further implementation of the project due to problems with the chassis.

At the Leningrad Bolshevik plant, OKMO designers, with the help of German engineers, developed the TG-1 (or T-22), sometimes called the “Grotte tank” after the project manager. TG weighing 30.4 tons was ahead of the world level tank building. The designers used an individual suspension of rollers with pneumatic shock absorbers. Armament consisted of a 76.2 mm cannon and two 7.62 mm machine guns. The thickness of the armor was 35 mm. Designers, led by Grotte, also worked on projects for multi-tower vehicles. Model TG-Z / T-29 weighing 30.4 tons was armed with one 76.2-mm cannon, two 35-mm cannons and two machine guns.

The most ambitious project was the development of the TG-5 / T-42 weighing 101.6 tons, armed with a 107-mm cannon and a number of other types of weapons placed in several towers. However, none of these projects was accepted for production due to either excessive complexity or absolute impracticality (this applies to TG-5). It is debatable that such super-ambitious, but unrealizable projects allowed Soviet engineers to gain more experience than the development of designs suitable for the production of machines. Creative freedom in the development of weapons was a characteristic feature of the Soviet regime with its total control.

At the same time, another OKMO design team headed by N. Zeitz developed a more successful project - the heavy T-35. Two prototypes were built in 1932 and 1933. The first (T-35-1) weighing 50.8 tons had five towers. The main turret contained a 76.2 mm PS-3 cannon, developed on the basis of the 27/32 howitzer. Two additional turrets had 37 mm cannons, the remaining two had machine guns. The car was served by a crew of 10 people. The designers used the ideas that emerged during the development of the TG - in particular the transmission, the M-6 gasoline engine, gearbox and clutch.

However, there were problems during testing. Due to the complexity of some parts, the T-35-1 was not suitable for mass production. The second prototype, the T-35-2, had a more powerful M-17 engine with a blocked suspension, fewer turrets and, accordingly, a smaller crew - 7 people. Booking has become more powerful. The thickness of the frontal armor increased to 35 mm, side - up to 25 mm. This was enough to protect against small arms fire and shell fragments. On August 11, 1933, the government decided to start serial production of the T-35A heavy tank, taking into account the experience gained while working on prototypes. Production was entrusted to the Kharkov Locomotive Plant. All the drawings and documentation from the Bolshevik plant were transferred there.

Between 1933 and 1939, numerous changes were made to the basic design of the T-35. The 1935 model became longer, received a new turret designed for the T-28 with a 76.2 mm L-10 gun. Two 45 mm guns, designed for the T-26 and BT-5 tanks, were installed instead of the 37 mm guns in the front and rear gun turrets. In 1938, turrets with sloped armor were installed on the last six tanks due to the increased power of anti-tank artillery.

Western and Russian historians have different opinions about what was the impetus for the development of the T-35 project. Previously, it was claimed that the tank was copied from the British Vickers A-6 Independent, but Russian experts reject this. The truth is impossible to know, but there is strong evidence in favor of the Western view, not least because of the failed Soviet attempts to buy the A-6. At the same time, one cannot underestimate the influence of German engineers who developed such samples in the late 1920s at their Kama base in the Soviet Union. What is clear is that borrowing military technology and ideas from other countries was common for most armies in the interwar period.

Despite the intention to start mass production, in 1933-1939. only 61 were built tank T-35. The delays were caused by the same problems that occurred during the production of the "fast tank" BT and T-26: poor build quality and control, poor quality of parts processing. The effectiveness of the T-35 was also not up to par. Due to its large size and poor handling, the tank did not maneuver well and overcome obstacles. The interior of the vehicle was very cramped, and while the tank was in motion, it was difficult to fire accurately from cannons and machine guns. One T-35 had the same mass as nine BTs, so the USSR quite reasonably concentrated resources on the development and construction of more mobile models.

Despite its young age, the history of tank building is unusually rich and fascinating. Tanks appeared on the battlefield only a hundred years ago, but the development of this type of military equipment was rapid, the tank can be safely called the main military invention of the last century. Only at the end of the 20th century did their importance on the battlefield begin to decline.

During its short but very turbulent history, the tank has changed beyond recognition: its weapons, protective equipment have changed, and the tactics of using it on the battlefield have changed. The modern combat vehicle is also reminiscent of a World War I tank, just as the first aircraft made by the Wright brothers is reminiscent of the latest generation fighter. This became possible thanks to the work of thousands of weapons designers of different times and nationalities.

From the very beginning of the tank era, every self-respecting country sought to create larger armored hordes and equip them with the most formidable equipment. No money was spared for this and the flight of design imagination was not too limited. As a result, cars with completely bizarre appearance and characteristics were born. The vast majority of them remained on paper or in the form of prototypes.

Therefore, the fate of unusual tanks, which not only went into production, but even managed to make war, is of particular interest. One of these vehicles was the Soviet heavy five-tower tank T-35. It was created in the early 30s, it had several modifications and managed to take part in the first battles of the Great Patriotic War. The T-35 heavy tank went down in history as a serial tank with the largest number of turrets.

But it's not just the number of towers, the T-35 is a real symbol of the might of the USSR and the power of its armed forces. None of the central parades could do without this tank. When this Stalinist "dreadnought" drove along the cobblestones of Red Square, it immediately became clear to everyone that "the armor is really strong."

If we talk about symbolism, then it should be said that one of the most revered Soviet medals "For Courage" depicts exactly the T-35 tank.

History of creation

The creation of multi-turreted tanks was by no means a hallmark of Soviet tank building or a reflection of the gigantomania inherent in the USSR. Immediately after the end of the First World War, the installation of several towers on tanks was considered commonplace and fully consistent with the military doctrine of that time.

In the tank classifications of almost all major countries of that time, there were heavy tanks, the task of which was to break through the heavily fortified enemy defensive lines. Such vehicles were supposed to have powerful protection (ideally anti-missile) and powerful weapons, they were supposed to directly accompany the infantry during the attack on enemy positions and methodically suppress enemy firing points.

In the classification that was adopted in the USSR before the war, there were as many as two types of heavy tanks, the first of which was supposed to break through "heavily fortified defensive lines", and the second task was to overcome especially strong enemy fortifications. It was to the second type of machines that the T-35 belonged.

The crew of the T-35-1 consisted of ten people, the car had an engine of 500 hp. with., which allowed her to reach speeds of up to 28 km / h. The maximum thickness of the armor reached 40 mm, and the cruising range was 150 km.

In 1933, the next modification of the tank was made - T-35-2, he even managed to take part in the parade on Red Square. However, already at that moment, the designers were developing the T-35A - a new tank, which was supposed to go into mass production. This vehicle was very different from its predecessors: the length and shape of the hull was changed, turrets of a different design and size were installed on the tank, and the chassis of the tank was also modified. In fact, it was already a completely new car.

In 1933, the T-35A was put into service. Production was established at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant. In 1934, the T-35 heavy tank began to enter the army.

A total of 59 units of this machine were produced.

Various changes and improvements were continuously made to the tank. The thickness of the armor was increased, the power of the power plant was increased, the towers acquired a conical shape. The mass of the tank has increased, in later models it was 55 tons.

Use of the T-35

The T-35 was not used in any of the conflicts of the 30s in which the USSR took part. Five-tower giants were not seen either in the Soviet-Polish war, or in conflicts in the Far East, or in the Finnish campaign. At the same time, in the Winter War, the USSR used heavy tanks, SMK, T-100, KV, heavy vehicles of a new generation, which were supposed to replace the T-35, were tested there. It is obvious that the leadership of the Red Army was well aware of the real capabilities of the T-35 and that is why they kept it away from the front.

The T-35 can be called the main "ceremonial" tank of the 30s: none of the parades on Red Square or Khreshchatyk was complete without showing these giants.

These tanks had to “sniff the gunpowder” at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Most of these vehicles were in units located on the westernmost border, in the Lvov region. T-35s took part in the border battle, and most of them were abandoned by their crews.

The tank showed extremely low fighting qualities, but things were even worse with the reliability of the vehicle. Only seven tanks were lost directly during the fighting, thirty-five vehicles simply broke down and were abandoned or destroyed by the crews.

Several more vehicles (according to one information, five) took part in the defense of Kharkov in 1941, but there is no information about their combat use. The last two T-35s took part in the defense of Moscow.

The first days of the war became a real "high point" for the T-35. The Germans loved to take pictures against the backdrop of the defeated Russian giants. Despite the relatively small number of these tanks, the number of photographs of German soldiers against the background of wrecked or abandoned T-35s simply rolls over.

The fate of two Soviet T-35s, which were captured by the Nazis at the beginning of the war, is interesting. One tank ended up at the Kumersdorf training ground, where it was used as a target, and the other stood at the Zossen training ground throughout the war. The Germans used it during the Battle of Berlin, but it was soon shot down by soldiers of the Red Army from captured faustpatron.

Today, the last sample of this unique machine is located in Kubinka.

Design Description

The T-35 has a classic layout, with the power plant located in the rear of the hull. This is a five-turreted machine, which has two tiers of weapons. The hull is divided into five compartments: the compartment of the front towers with the driver's seat, the compartment of the main towers, the rear towers, as well as the engine compartment and the transmission compartment.

The body of the tank is welded, there are also elements fixed with rivets.

Two towers were installed on the roof of the front compartment: machine-gun and gun. The first was occupied by a machine gunner, and the gunner and loader were located in the second tower.

The main turret of the tank was completely identical to the T-28 turret, which significantly reduced the cost of its manufacture and simplified maintenance. The tower is equipped with a suspended floor for the convenience of tankers.

Small machine gun turrets are completely identical to those of the T-28 tank, and medium gun turrets are identical to those of the BT-5 tank.

The T-35 was equipped with a four-stroke gasoline aircraft engine M-17, which had a power of 500 hp. from.

The gearbox provided four speeds when moving forward and one back.

The chassis consisted of eight (on each side) rubber-coated road wheels, six support rollers, the rear wheels were driven. The suspension of the tank was blocked, two rollers were installed in the cart, two coil springs provided springing.

The undercarriage of the tank was covered with an armored bulwark consisting of several armor plates.

The main task of the T-35 was to support the infantry in breaking through the enemy's defense lines, he had to deal with the destruction of the enemy's fortifications.

As conceived by the designers, a 76-mm gun located in the main tower was to be used to destroy fortifications, and 45-mm guns were intended for simpler targets.

The auxiliary armament of the tank consisted of six 7.62-mm DT machine guns, which could conduct all-round fire. Each gun turret had a machine gun paired with a cannon. In addition, diesel engines were installed in the machine gun turrets, as well as in the aft part of the main turret. On the latest modifications of the tank, an anti-aircraft machine gun was also provided, which was installed on the gunner's hatch of the main turret.

The means of observation of the T-35 were ordinary viewing slots covered with armored glass, the tank commander and the commanders of the tank turrets had periscope panoramic sights.

Depending on the series of the tank, the number of crew could vary from 9 to 11 people. There were three people in the main turret of the tank: the tank commander, the radio operator (loader) and the machine gunner. Each of the small gun turrets had a gunner and a machine gunner. Each of the machine-gun towers housed one shooter.

The compartment of the main tower was separated from the rest of the vehicle, the front and rear compartments were interconnected. Between the front compartments was the driver's seat, which had an extremely limited view.

Evaluation of the machine and its comparison with foreign analogues

In the pre-war period, the T-35 was superior in firepower to any foreign combat vehicles. This tank, armed with three guns and several machine guns, could create a real sea of \u200b\u200bfire around it.

However, the low-power power plant and the low reliability of the engine, chassis, and many other technical defects made it unsuitable for use in real combat conditions. The long march that the T-35s made as part of the 34th Panzer Division in the summer of 1941 turned out to be fatal for these monsters.

The multi-turret layout of the tank overly complicated its design, increased its mass and made it impossible to strengthen the armor. The bulky size of the T-35 made it an excellent target for both tanks and enemy anti-tank artillery. In combat, the speed of the T-35 did not exceed 10 km / h.

There were other problems: the tank commander had to do the work of the gunner of the main gun, which prevented him from commanding the vehicle in battle.

Already before the start of World War II, it became clear that the engine is as important a tank weapon as its gun. It was on maneuverability and speed that the effectiveness of using this type of armored vehicles depended.

The multi-turreted layout has become a dead end in the development of tanks, the T-35 can safely be called its symbol. This tank is difficult to compare with foreign analogues, because serial tanks that had as many as five towers do not exist. These land dreadnoughts were usually made in single copies and, as a rule, they did not participate in battles.

Specifications

Main characteristics
Combat weight, t	50 (54)
Crew, people	10
Dimensions, mm:
Length	9720
Width	3200
Height	3430 (3740)
Clearance	530 (570)
Armor thickness, mm:
bottom inclined sheet	20
front inclined sheet	50 (70)
top inclined sheet	20
front sheet	20
hull sides, turret box	20 (25)
suspension protection bulwark	10
stern hull	20
hull roof	10
Bottom	10-20
side of the big tower	20 (25)
the roof of the great tower	15
side of the middle tower	20
roof of the middle tower	10
side of the small tower	20
small tower roof	10
Specific pressure, kgf/sm.kv.	0,78 (0,64)
Maximum speed, km/h:
by highway	28,9
along the country road	14
Power reserve, km:
by highway	100 (120)
along the country road	80-90
Fuel tank capacity, l	910
Overcome obstacles:
rise, hail	20
vertical wall, m	1,2
fording depth, m	1 (1,7)
ditch, m	3,5
felled tree thickness, cm	up to 80

Video about T-35

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Main characteristics

Briefly

in detail

1.3 / 1.3 / 1.3 BR

10 people Crew

195% Visibility

forehead / side / stern Booking

30 / 20 / 20 cases

20 / 20 / 30 towers

Mobility

52.0 tons Weight

954 l/s 500 l/s Engine power

18 HP/t 10 HP/t specific

29 km/h ahead
4 km/h back27 km/h ahead
3 km/h back Speed

Armament

96 shells ammo

4.0 / 5.2 sec recharge

5° / 25° UVN

226 shells ammo

2.9 / 3.8 sec recharge

8° / 32° UVN

3,780 rounds of ammunition

8.0 / 10.4 sec recharge

63 rounds clip size

600 shots/min rate of fire

2,520 rounds of ammunition

8.0 / 10.4 sec recharge

63 rounds clip size

600 shots/min rate of fire

Economy

Description

Soviet heavy tank T-35 was a true symbol of the power of the Red Army in the 1930s.

These multi-tower combat vehicles led the columns of military equipment in the parades on Red Square in Moscow and on Khreshchatyk in Kyiv. Moreover, the T-35 tank was depicted on many posters and postcards, it is also present in a stylized form on the obverse of the Soviet soldier's medal "For Courage" - an award given only for military merit.

The T-35 was the only five-turreted tank in the world that was mass-produced, albeit in very limited quantities. The purpose of this tank was to qualitatively strengthen other formations of the Red Army when breaking through heavily fortified defense lines. Powerful armament: three cannons and five machine guns, placed in five towers, provided the “thirty-fifth” with the possibility of all-round fire from at least two guns and three machine guns.

During the war, T-35 tanks took part in the battles in Western Ukraine in the first, most difficult months of the war. It is known, for example, that four "thirty-fifths" were used in the defense of Kharkov in October 1941. All combatant T-35s in these battles were lost, and not so much from enemy fire, but for technical reasons or exhaustion of fuel and ammunition.

To this day, the only instance of the T-35 has been preserved, which is on display at the Military Historical Museum of Armored Weapons in Kubinka, and not so long ago this tank was restored to running condition.

T-35- premium heavy tank in the Soviet tech tree with BR 1.3 (AB/RB/SB). Was introduced in update 1.43.

Main characteristics

Armor protection and survivability

The armor of the T-35 was quite good for its time and could withstand the shells of anti-tank guns that existed at that time, whose caliber did not exceed 40 mm. Hull forehead - 30 mm, VLD - 24 mm with a slope of 77 °, sides - 23 mm, feed - 20 mm. True, the sides are still covered with bulwarks to protect the undercarriage, 11 mm thick, and the side walls of the turret box are 10 mm armored with tool boxes. The towers also do not shine with the thickness of the armor. The 76-mm turret is armored in a circle with 20-mm armor, the mantlet and front part are 20 m, the 45-mm gun turret is 25 mm thick in a circle and the mantlet is 17 mm, the machine-gun turret is 23 and 22 mm, respectively. Theoretically, armor of this thickness should not be a problem for "classmates". In practice, however, they do not always break through it.

The layout of the tank is quite dense, but, oddly enough, the destruction of the vehicle with one hit is extremely rare. A very high survivability for its BR is greatly facilitated by a huge, by tank standards, crew of 10 people and the separation of weapons into independent towers.

Mobility

The T-35 cannot boast of any outstanding speed characteristics. The power of the M-17T for such a weighty (52 tons) machine is clearly not enough. In AB, the tank accelerates to 29.8 km / h, in RB - up to 28 km / h, and on various bumps and climbs, speed is lost quite quickly. Turns the tank so reluctantly that it can be said that it cannot turn at all. And this should be taken into account when choosing a route. It should also be noted that the tank is simply huge compared to other peer-to-peer vehicles and it is very difficult to hide it behind some kind of cover.

The pluses include the fact that, due to the fair length of the hull, various kinds of ditches and trenches, the machine overcomes easily and freely.

Armament

The main feature of the tank, which distinguishes it from the general range, is the range and location of weapons. The same feature was one of the reasons why such tanks did not receive further development. It turned out to be almost impossible for one commander to control the fire of five towers located in two tiers. Insufficient visibility did not allow him to cover the entire battlefield, so the commanders of the towers were forced to independently search for and destroy targets. To facilitate the work of the commander, the Special Technical Bureau for Special-Purpose Military Inventions (“Ostekhbyuro”) received the task of developing a fire control system for the T-35 tank. Its manufacture was to be carried out by Ostekhbyuro, and installation and testing were planned to be carried out in Kharkov, at the KhPZ. However, the work was not finished.

Judging by the description, the T-35 fire control system was supposed to consist of a tank artillery fire control device and a naval rangefinder.

main gun

The T-35-1 used the 76-mm PS-3 cannon designed by Syachintov as the main gun, but it was never brought to mass production. Instead, the T-35A and early T-28s were fitted with the 76mm KT cannon (which can be found on the T-26-4 in the game, for example). The T-35 tower of the early series was unified with the T-28 tower of the corresponding period. The turret provides horizontal guidance of the gun in the range of ±180° and vertical - -5/+25°. The horizontal pointing speed is 33 ° / sec, vertically - 7.2 ° / sec. Piston gun breech, unified with regimental cannon arr. 1927, reloading the gun takes about 4.3 seconds. The ammunition load of the main gun is 96 rounds, of which 22 rounds are best unloaded, thereby freeing the upper side stowage. The following shells are available for the gun:

W: Sh-353 - 6.2 kg / 85 g TNT, 381 m / s, armor penetration along the normal - 27 mm at 10 m, 25/100, 21/500;
OF: OF-350M - 6.2 kg / 710 g TNT, 387 m / s, high-explosive armor penetration - 11 mm, regardless of distance;
BB: BR-350A - 6.3 kg / 155 g TNT, 370 m / s, normal armor penetration - 37 mm at 10 m, 37/100, 33/500, 30/1000.

Since our tank is premium, the entire range of shells is available initially, unlike the linear T-26-4. Therefore, it makes no sense to load shrapnel at all - its armor penetration and armor action are still worse than those of the chamber BR-350A. The HE shell works well on unarmored vehicles and very mediocrely on vehicles with at least light armor. For some reason, kinetic armor penetration for an HE shell was not delivered, and only a high-explosive beating of 11 mm remained.

Additional weapon

The T-35's secondary guns are the well-known 45mm 20-K guns mounted in two diagonal small turrets. Initially, the small turrets on the T-35-1 were equipped with 37 mm Syachintov PS-2 guns, but later the small turrets on serial tanks were unified with the BT-5. Turret mounts provide horizontal guidance of guns in the range of -50/+123° for the front turret and -48/+117° for the rear. Elevation angles are identical for both turrets - -8/+32°. The horizontal pointing speed is 22 ° / sec, vertically - 7.2 ° / sec. The shutter of the wedge gun, reloading the gun takes about 3.2 seconds. The ammunition load of each gun is 113 rounds. The following shells are available for the guns:

BB: BR-240SP - 1.43 kg, 757 m/s, normal armor penetration - 73 mm at 10 m, 71/100, 62/500;
BB: BR-240 - 1.43 kg / 19 g A-IX-2 (29.2 g TNT), 760 m / s, armor penetration along the normal - 69 mm at 10 m, 68/100, 59/500.

The main purpose of the "forty-five" was the fight against armored vehicles, therefore, unlike the main gun, they do not have HE shells in their ammunition load. The armor penetration of a solid projectile for this BR seems even redundant, so it's up to you to decide whether it is worth taking them. The chamber projectile quite confidently hits all opponents, and the presence of a charge brings a much better armor impact.

Machine gun armament

7.62-mm DT machine guns on the T-35 are installed in the amount of five barrels. One - in the ball mount of the main turret, two - as twins in small gun turrets and two more - in small machine gun turrets. At least three of them can work in a circle, leaving no areas that cannot be shot through. Small machine gun turrets provide horizontal guidance of -10/130° for the front turret and -20/140° for the rear turret. Pointing speed - 37 ° / sec. The ammunition load of each machine gun is 1260 rounds in magazines of 63 rounds with non-pumpable packing BZ-BZT.

Use in combat

Actually, the methods of using a tank in battle directly follow from its characteristics. A very tenacious tank with powerful and varied weapons and mediocre speed and maneuverability. Therefore, we choose the direction of the main blow and push through it, supporting the attack of our teammates. As for weapons. For a successful battle on the T-35, you will have to master a strong sorcery called "shooting from a multi-turreted tank". You can, of course, shoot from the main and auxiliary guns with a doublet - in the short term this method of shooting brings wonderful results in the form of a “shot-corpse”, but at a distance serious differences in the ballistics of the main and auxiliary guns come into force and one projectile will almost certainly be wasted. Well, in parallel with the development of separate firing, the words that it was difficult for the T-35 commander to control the fire of so many guns and machine guns will become clearer than ever.

Advantages and disadvantages

In general, we have a heavy tank, on its BR it fully meets its purpose - to support the attack of lighter brethren in the most important direction. Due to low speed and maneuverability, a quick throw to the other flank for the T-35 is impossible under any circumstances, so think over the trajectory of movement in battle in advance.

Advantages:

Good survivability;
Powerful and varied weapons;
Large crew;
The possibility of separate firing from the main and auxiliary guns.

Disadvantages:

Low speed and maneuverability;
Big sizes;
Difficulty in weapon control.

History reference

Two legends are associated with the T-35 tank. One of them says that the T-35 was copied from the English "Independent", the second - that it was developed by a group of German engineers led by Edward Grotte, who worked in the USSR for some time and was engaged in heavy tanks. Both legends are far from the truth. In fact, the starting point for the emergence of the T-35 was the report "On the organization of work in the field of tank building", made on October 8, 1924 at a meeting of the leadership of the GUVP (Main Directorate of the Military Industry). It considered promising types of tanks, such as: maneuverable, escorts And positional. If everything was more or less clear with maneuverable (later - fast) tanks and infantry escort tanks, then literally the following was said about positional tanks:

It must be admitted that, with all the considerations in favor of a broad maneuver for the future clash of the Red Army, one cannot but reckon with the possibility of the need to overcome fortified positions in advance or in general for a long time, in which case the power of tanks of the maneuver type will be insufficient. In view of this, there is a need for a third type of heavy, powerful tank capable of overcoming obstacles encountered in a positional war. This kind of tank can only be a special tool given to troops when overcoming heavily fortified positions (breakthrough tank). Supplying the Red Army with such tanks is a task of the second order. This kind of tank of a heavy type is hereinafter referred to as positional (heavy).

That is, what this heaviest tank should be like - there was no clear idea, and the task of creating it seemed clearly of secondary importance, but it did not become simpler from this. The point is also that there was no own school of tank building either in the Republic of Ingushetia or in the USSR, everything had to be started from scratch. That is why the Grotte group was invited to work. The result of the work of the Grotte group was the TG tank, which was not suitable for production in a number of parameters, but its design gave the necessary initial experience to Soviet designers who worked with the Germans. As for the Independent, in fact, negotiations were underway with Vickers not about buying it, but about developing heavy tank according to the Soviet TK of 1929. But - it didn't work out.

And so, in November 1930, the development of a heavy tank based on the tactical and technical requirements developed by the UMM of the Red Army began at the Main Design Bureau (GKB) of the Gun-Weapon-Machine-Gun Association. The work was delayed, created by the end of 1931, the project of the multi-turreted T-30 tank was rejected. It was followed by the development of the T-32 tanks and, in parallel, the medium TA-1, TA-2 and TA-3. None even reached the prototype. After the departure of the Grote group, the design bureau was reorganized. It additionally included domestic designers M. Siegel, B. Andrykhevich, A. Gakkel, Y. Obukhov and others. The new design bureau was headed by Nikolai Barykov, who at one time worked for E. Grote as a deputy. The new design bureau received the task from the UMM of the Red Army "to develop and build a new 35-ton breakthrough tank of the TG type by August 1, 1932." Work on the design of a new machine, which was supposed to have a mass of 35 tons, a running gear and a “power unit” of the TG type, armament and layout - of the T-32 type developed by N. Barykov and M. Siegel, began in November 1931 . Soon the tank was assigned an index - T-35.

The assembly of the first prototype, which received the designation T-35-1, was completed at the Bolshevik plant in Leningrad on August 20, 1932. On September 1, the tank was shown to representatives of the UMM of the Red Army, led by G. Bokis, who made a strong impression on them. As a result, the tank incorporated many features of previous projects. Armament was arranged according to the Independent type, a transmission was taken from the TG, the design of the undercarriage was greatly influenced by the German Grosstractor of the Krupp company, which was tested a year earlier at the Kama school training ground near Kazan and was available for study Soviet military experts. According to the results of field tests, it became clear that the design of the transmission and pneumatic control is too complex and expensive for mass production. Therefore, it is quite clear that the main attention in the design of an improved version of the T-35-2, which began in November of the same year, was paid to the utmost simplification and reduction in cost of the sample. The T-35-2 received a new engine - the M-17, a different transmission and gearbox, and a PS-3 gun with progressive rifling was mounted in a large cylindrical turret. Otherwise, the T-35-2 practically did not differ from its predecessor, except for the modified bulwark design.

At the time when the prototype T-35-2 was being assembled, the design bureau was finishing work on the project of the T-35A tank, which was to be mass-produced. Moreover, the T-35-2 was considered only as "transitional, identical in terms of transmission to the serial model." In terms of power plant, running gear and transmission, the new vehicle was similar to the T-35-2, but had an elongated hull of a modified design, a chassis reinforced by one bogie, small machine-gun turrets of a new design, oversized medium turrets with 45-mm guns and a modified shape corps. In accordance with the decree of the Government of the USSR in May 1933, serial production of the T-35 was transferred to the Kharkov Comintern Locomotive Plant (KhPZ). There, at the beginning of June 1933, the T-35-2, which had not yet passed the tests, and all the working documentation for the T-35A were urgently sent. In addition to KhPZ, several other plants were involved in the cooperation, including Izhora (armored hulls), Krasny Oktyabr (gearboxes), Rybinsk (engines), Yaroslavl (rubber rollers, oil seals, etc.).

Production of the T-35 was difficult and slow. The plant handed over several tanks a year, which is not very surprising, since the car turned out, even after all the simplifications, complex and expensive. Suffice it to say that the T-35A cost the state 525 thousand rubles (for the same money it was possible to build nine BT-5 light tanks). In parallel with the production of T-35 tanks, the plant worked to improve its design and increase the reliability of components and assemblies. At the same time, work on the power plant of the tank was considered a priority. The M-17T engine, which was installed on the "thirty-fifth", was a variant of the M-17 aircraft engine. On the "tank" version, the candles were moved inside the collapse of the cylinders, and to increase the engine's life, the number of revolutions was reduced, as a result, the maximum power decreased to 500 hp. The M-17 engine installed on the 14-ton BT-7 provided the tank with very high dynamic characteristics, but for the 50-ton T-35, the “engine” turned out to be rather weak. He often did not "pull" a heavy car, he overheated a lot. The issue of manufacturing the T-35B, a machine with the installation of an M-34 engine with a power of 750 hp, was raised several times, but things did not go beyond the project, although references to the T-35B are found in documents and correspondence for 1936. In addition, a BD-2 diesel engine was experimentally installed on one tank.

In total, by the beginning of the war, taking into account the experimental T-35-1 and T-35-2, only 59 tanks of all modifications were produced. The Red Army had 48 T-35 tanks, which were in service with the 67th and 68th tank regiments of the 34th tank division of the Kiev OVO. The rest were at the disposal of military educational institutions and under repair (2 tanks - VAMM, 4 - 2nd Saratov BTU, 5 - under repair at plant No. 183). In addition, the T-35-2 was, as an exhibit, in the BT Museum in Kubinka, and the T-35-1 was decommissioned in 1936. All combat tanks were lost in the first months of the war, one was captured by the Germans and transported to the training ground in Kummersdorf, and there are references that in 1945 he took part in the hostilities. At the same time, there are also photographs of this tank taken by our fighters in 1945 in the Zossen area and, judging by the lack of tracks, the car had not been on the move for a long time.