Parting

Technical characteristics of household appliances. Household electrical appliances. e place: kitchen stove

It is difficult to imagine our life without reliable assistants - electrical appliances. With their help, bread is baked and food is prepared, food is stored and the room is cleaned. Without electrical appliances, we would not be able to quickly transmit and receive information, for example, get acquainted with technical achievements, sports and film news, weather forecasts. They help to process a variety of materials, illuminate the premises and streets, and perform many other useful jobs.

Devices that operate on electrical energy and are used in everyday life to facilitate the performance of certain work, create comfortable conditions for work and rest, are called household electrical appliances.

In the lessons of labor training and in the future in everyday life you will use, or maybe you already use a variety of similar electrical appliances. To do this, you need to know the purpose of such devices, the principle of their operation and, most importantly, the rules for their safe use.

Regardless of the purpose, in every household electrical appliance there is an element that consumes electrical energy to power its working part. For example: in an electric drill, electric energy drives a motor, on the shaft of which a drill is fixed, in an electric jigsaw - a nail file, in a meat grinder - knives, in a washing machine - a drum with linen, etc. Since such devices work at the expense of consumed electrical energy, they are all called consumers.

Depending on the purpose, principle of operation and design, household electrical appliances are divided into types and types .

The most common types according to the principle of operation are the following: electric lighting, electric heating, electromechanical.

Each type can have multiple species. For example: device type electric lighting devices, and its types: floor lamp, sconce, chandelier, table lamp. Another group - heating electrical appliances, and their types: electric stove, electric iron, electric coffee maker, etc.

To electromechanical include electric meat grinders, food processors, sewing and washing machines, screwdrivers, electric drills and much more (Fig. 184).

With long-term use of household electrical appliances, various types of problems may occur. The most common are: self-unwinding of clamping screws, with the help of which the conductive conductors of electrical cartridges, plugs, sockets are attached; breaking wires; failure of electrical and mechanical parts of devices, etc. As a result, sparking may occur, heating of wires, melting of insulation can occur, resulting in a fire, failure of electrical devices (Fig. 185).

The use of faulty electrical appliances can lead to electric shock to a person and, as a result, lead to serious consequences for health.

To prevent this, the following safety rules must be observed:

1. Before using the electrical appliance, carefully study the instructions that come with each electrical appliance.

2. Use the electrical appliance only with the permission and in the presence of adults.

3. It is forbidden to touch the levers, buttons of the equipment located in the workshop, and turn them on.

4. You can not check the presence of voltage in the electrical circuit by touching the bare wires with your fingers.

5. In case of any minor effects of electric current on the body (tingling, warming) and if there is a sign of damage to the wiring, the smell of a melting insulating sheath of wires, the appearance of smoke, turn off the source of electric current and immediately inform the teacher, and when doing work at home - for adult family members.

6. When using electrical appliances, make sure that the conductive wires are not taut or twisted. material from the site

Rice. 189. Way of release of the victim

7. To prevent electric shock to a person, when turning on electrical appliances in the electric current network, it is forbidden to hold on to the metal pipes of water heating, the wall of the building, the body of another person (Fig. 186).

8. It is forbidden to hold or pull the electric plug from the socket with a cord (Fig. 187).

9. In order to avoid electric shock, it is forbidden to touch bare wires with your hands, to perform any work with consumers connected to the electric current network or other power sources (Fig. 188).

10. If another person was injured by an electric current, it is necessary to put a rubber mat or a stand made of dry wood under your feet and with one hand pull the victim by the collar or other part of the dry clothing from the electrical current-carrying network (Fig. 189).

11. In case of falling into the zone of falling electric wires, it is necessary to urgently get out of it, not jumping, but in small steps, moving the feet without taking them off the road, as shown in Figure 190.

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Consumer power Refrigerator 300 W Electric fireplace 1000 W Iron 1000 W Samovar 1250 W Microwave oven 1300 W Toaster 800 W Fan 20 W TV 75 W Hairdryer 1200 W DVD player 14 W Mixer, coffee grinder 80 W Electric shaver 6 W Kettle W Blender 400 W Electric meat grinder W Refrigerator Iron Fan Refrigerator Fireplace Electric shaver Refrigerator Hairdryer TV Coffee grinder Microwave stove Fan Table lamp Samovar Microwave oven

Calculation of electricity consumption and its cost for the month P 1 - electricity meter readings at the beginning of the month, P 1 \u003d kWh P 2 - electricity meter readings at the end of the month, P 2 \u003d kWh A \u003d P 2 - P 1 (electricity consumption per month ), A \u003d - \u003d 166 kWh C - cost of consumed energy, C \u003d 1.19 rubles * 166 \u003d 197.54 rubles.

The use of energy-saving technologies in everyday life do not turn on lighting and electric heaters unnecessarily; use the economical mode of operation of electrical household appliances; when leaving the apartment, make sure that all electrical appliances are turned off; use energy-saving lamps for lighting.

Safety rules for the operation of household electrical appliances 1. Do not pull the plug by the wire from the socket. When turning off the appliance, hold the socket housing with your hand. 2. Make sure that the electrical cable (cord) is protected from accidental damage. 3. Make sure that cables or wires do not come into contact with metal, hot, wet and oily surfaces or objects. 4. Avoid tension and twisting of the cable (cord). 5. Turn on electrical equipment only after it has been installed in its working position. 6. Protect electrical equipment from shocks, falls, dirt and water. 7. If there is a smell or smoke, strong noise or vibration, immediately disconnect the electrical equipment from the mains. 8. It is forbidden: to independently open and repair household electrical equipment under voltage; leave unattended electrical equipment turned on.

What electrical appliances do you know that you use in your household? What is their purpose?
From what documents can you find out about the purpose of electrical appliances?
What safety rules should be observed when using electrical appliances?

Rice. 183. Use of electrical appliances in everyday life

Yes! Common to all household electrical appliances is that they run on electrical energy. Appliances that operate on electrical energy and are used in everyday life to facilitate the performance of certain work, create comfortable conditions for work and rest, are called household electrical appliances.

In the lessons of labor training and in the future in everyday life you will use, or maybe already use a variety of similar electrical appliances. To do this, you need to know the purpose of such devices, the principle of their operation and, most importantly, the rules for their safe use. Regardless of the purpose, in every household electrical appliance there is an element that consumes electrical energy to power its working part. For example: in an electric drill, electrical energy drives a motor, on the shaft of which a drill is fixed, in an electric jigsaw - a nail file, in a meat grinder - knives, in a washing machine - a drum with linen, etc. Since such devices work due to the consumed electrical energy , they are all called consumers.

Depending on the purpose, principle of operation and design, household electrical appliances are divided into types and types. The most common types according to the principle of operation are the following: electric lighting, electric heating, electromechanical.

Each type can have several types. For example: the type of device is electric lighting devices, and its types are: floor lamp, sconce, chandelier, table lamp. Another group is heating electrical appliances, and their types: electric stove, electric iron, electric coffee maker, etc.

Electromechanical include electric meat grinders, food processors, sewing and washing machines, screwdrivers, electric drills and much more (Fig. 184). With long-term use of household electrical appliances, various types of problems may occur. The most common ones are: self-loosening clamping screws, which are used to fasten the conductive cores of electrical cartridges, plugs, sockets; breaking wires; failure of electrical and mechanical parts of devices, etc. As a result, sparking may occur, heating of wires, melting of insulation can occur, resulting in a fire, failure of electrical devices (Fig. 185).

Rice. 184. Types of household electrical appliances

Rice. 185. Possible malfunctions of electrical equipment

The use of faulty electrical appliances can lead to electric shock to a person and, as a result, lead to serious consequences for health. To prevent this, the following safety rules must be observed:

Before using the appliance, carefully read the instructions that come with each appliance.
Use the appliance only with the permission and in the presence of adults.
It is forbidden to touch the levers, buttons of the equipment placed in the workshop, and turn them on.
Do not check for voltage in an electrical circuit by touching bare wires with your fingers.
In case of any minor effects of electric current on the body (tingling, warming) and if there is a sign of damage to the electrical wiring, the smell of a melting insulating sheath of wires, the appearance of smoke, turn off the source of electric current and immediately inform the teacher, and when doing work at home - adult family members.
When using electrical appliances, make sure that the current-carrying wires are not taut and not twisted.
To prevent electric shock to a person, when turning on electrical appliances in the electric current network, it is forbidden to hold on to the metal pipes of water heating, the wall of the building, the body of another person (Fig. 186).
It is forbidden to hold or pull the electric plug from the socket with a cord (Fig. 187).
In order to avoid electric shock, it is forbidden to touch bare wires with your hands, to perform any work with consumers connected to the electric current network or other power sources (Fig. 188).
If an electric shock has occurred to another person, it is necessary to put a rubber mat or a stand made of dry wood under your feet and with one hand pull the victim by the collar or other part of the dry clothing from the electrical current-carrying network (Fig. 189).
In case of falling into the zone of falling electric wires, it is necessary to urgently get out of it, not jumping, but in small steps, moving the feet without taking them off the road, as shown in Figure 190.

Rice. 186. Possible cases of electric shock to a person

Rice. 187. Incorrect pulling of the plug from the socket

Rice. 189. Way of release of the victim

Rice. 190. Exit from the electric wire fall zone

New terms

electrical engineering, sources of electrical energy, consumers of electrical energy, household electrical appliances.

Basic concepts

Sconce- wall lamp or lamp holder.
Chandelier- a pendant lamp with several light sources.
Floor lamp- lamp on a high stand.

Fixing the material

What types and types of household electrical appliances are divided into?
What is common and what is the difference between the types and types of electrical appliances?
What safety rules must be observed when using household electrical appliances?

Test tasks

1. Why is it necessary to save electrical energy?

2. What household appliances are powered by electricity?

3. The use of faulty electrical appliances may result in

4. Why can't you touch bare wires?

Introduction
1. About energy fields
2. Household electrical equipment
3. Cellular
4. Personal computers
5. How EMF affects health
List of sources used

Introduction

The significant growth of all sectors of the national economy requires the movement of information in a short time. Supplying cities and remote areas, where no car will pass and no plane will fly by, with telephone lines and electricity.

Therefore, the new era of technology creates computers, cell phones and other equipment that transmits information thousands of kilometers in fractions of a second and provides firms, businesses and families with information that previously could not even be known in a year. However, it is now possible.

But all this equipment, wires and various other devices create electromagnetic fields that affect the biosystem of all living beings, including people.

The electromagnetic field is a special form of matter. By means of an electromagnetic field, interaction between charged particles is carried out. It is characterized by strengths (or inductions) of electric and magnetic fields.

Now around the world, the use of devices that propagate electromagnetic fields is increasing. And compared to previous years, there are more and more of them. But some countries, realizing the danger of this, are abandoning these devices and creating newer ones.

We will talk here about the invisible pollution that the electric power industry has brought into our life - about harmful man-made electromagnetic radiation (EMR for short), as well as about natural, geopathic radiation.

1. About energy fields

Many diseases are caused by magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic and other energy fields. However, classical medicine does not deal with these issues, and, unfortunately, future doctors are not taught this in medical universities ...

We are all daily in our own apartment exposed to weak magnetic fields of industrial frequency. This is the radiation of electrical household appliances and the electrical wiring of our apartments.

American and Swedish hygienists have independently set a safe limit for the intensity of such fields. This is 0.2 μT (microTesla).

What doses do we actually receive?

Table 1. Intensity of the magnetic field from household appliances

Radiation source	Magnetic field intensity
electric stoves	1-3 μT (at a distance of 20 - 30 cm from the front panel)
Household refrigerators (within a radius of 10 cm from the compressor, during its operation); in refrigerators equipped with the “no frost” system - at a distance of 1 meter from the door	0.2 μT
Electric kettle	0.6 μT (at 20 cm)
electric iron	0.2 μT (at a distance of 20 cm, and only in heating mode)
Washing machine	1 μT (at a height of 1 m, at the console), 0.5 μT (from the side, at a distance of 50 cm)
Vacuum cleaner	100 μT
electric shaver	several hundred μT (thus, shaving is accompanied by a magnetic treatment of the face)
House wiring	exceeds 0.2 μT
Microwave	8 μT (at 30 cm)

More on this will be discussed later.

Industrial frequency magnetic fields are only a tiny part of the harmful energy emissions that pollute our environment. Technological progress has brought a lot of useful things to mankind, making life easier and improving the quality of life. These are aviation, cars, television, mobile phones, computers and much, much more. However, along with this, he brought a lot of trouble.

Nature gave humanity clean, transparent air, clean water bodies and a healing natural electromagnetic background emitted by both space and the plant world. It consists of very weak electromagnetic oscillations, the frequency of which causes the harmonization of all systems of the human body. It is this natural background that is suppressed by technogenic EMP, which is especially typical for large industrial cities and entire regions.

As a result of the research, the most important conclusion was made: weak EMR, the power of which is measured in hundredths and thousandths of watts, also called non-thermal or informational, is no less, and in some cases more dangerous than high-power radiation. This is explained by the fact that the intensity of such fields is commensurate with the intensity of the radiation of the human body itself, its internal energy, which is formed as a result of the functioning of all systems and organs, including the cellular and molecular levels. Such low intensities characterize the radiation of electronic household appliances that are available today in every family. These are computers, televisions, cell phones, microwave ovens, etc. This also applies to electronic devices and devices for industrial use, which are now equipped in almost all workplaces in industry.

These radiations can disturb the bioenergetic balance of the body and, first of all, the structure of the so-called. energy-information exchange (ENIO) between all organs and systems, at all levels of the organization of the human body, between the body and the environment (after all, a person perceives the energy of external sources, for example, solar energy, in the form of heat and light).

The most sensitive systems of the human body are: nervous, immune, endocrine and reproductive (sexual). EMFs are especially dangerous for children and pregnant women (embryos), since the still unformed children's body is highly sensitive to the effects of such fields. People with diseases of the central nervous, hormonal, cardiovascular system, allergy sufferers and people with weakened immune systems are also very sensitive to the action of EMF.

Scientists dealing with this problem especially note the negative impact on human health of cell phones, during the operation of which, the electromagnetic vibrations emitted by them penetrate directly into the human brain, causing inadequate reactions of the body. More details about cellular communications will be discussed later.

2. Household electrical equipment

All household appliances that operate using electric current are sources of electromagnetic fields. The most powerful should be recognized as microwave ovens, air grills, refrigerators with a “frost-free” system, kitchen hoods, electric stoves, and televisions. The actual generated EMF, depending on the specific model and mode of operation, can vary greatly among equipment of the same type. All data below refer to a power frequency magnetic field of 50 Hz.

The values of the magnetic field are closely related to the power of the device - the higher it is, the higher the magnetic field during its operation. The values of the electric field of industrial frequency of almost all household appliances do not exceed several tens of V / m (volts per meter - a unit of measurement of electric field strength) at a distance of 0.5 m, which is much less than the maximum allowable level) 500 V / m.

Table 2. Levels of the magnetic field of the industrial frequency of household electrical appliances at a distance of 0.3 m.

Possible biological effects

The human body always reacts to the electromagnetic field. However, in order for this reaction to develop into a pathology and lead to a disease, a number of conditions must coincide - including a sufficiently high level of the field and the duration of exposure. Therefore, when using household appliances with low field levels and / or for a short time, EMF of household appliances does not affect the health of the main part of the population. The potential danger can only threaten people with hypersensitivity to EMF and allergy sufferers, who also often have hypersensitivity to EMF.

In addition, according to modern concepts, the industrial frequency magnetic field can be hazardous to human health if prolonged exposure occurs (regularly, at least 8 hours a day, for several years) with a level above 0.2 microtesla.

1) when purchasing household appliances, check in the Hygienic Conclusion (Certificate) the mark on the compliance of the product with the requirements of the “Interstate Sanitary Standards for Permissible Levels of Physical Factors When Using Consumer Goods in the Domestic Conditions”, MSanPiN 001-96;

2) use equipment with less power consumption: power frequency magnetic fields will be smaller, all other things being equal;

3) Potentially unfavorable sources of the industrial frequency magnetic field in the apartment include refrigerators with a “frost-free” system, some types of “warm floors”, heaters, TVs, some alarm systems, various chargers, rectifiers and current converters - the sleeping place must be at a distance of at least 2 meters from these items if they work during your night's rest;

4) when placing household appliances in the apartment, be guided by the following principles: place household electrical appliances as far as possible from places of rest, do not place household appliances nearby and do not stack them on top of each other.

A microwave oven (or microwave oven) in its work uses an electromagnetic field, also called microwave radiation or microwave radiation, to heat food. The operating frequency of microwave radiation from microwave ovens is 2.45 GHz. It is this radiation that many people are afraid of. However, modern microwave ovens are equipped with sufficiently perfect protection, which does not allow the electromagnetic field to break out of the working volume. At the same time, it cannot be said that the field does not penetrate at all outside the microwave oven. For various reasons, part of the electromagnetic field intended for the chicken penetrates the outside, especially intensively, as a rule, in the region of the lower right corner of the door. To ensure safety when using ovens in everyday life in Russia, there are sanitary standards that limit the maximum leakage of microwave radiation from a microwave oven. They are called “Maximum permissible levels of energy flux density generated by microwave ovens” and have the designation CH No. 2666-83. According to these sanitary standards, the value of the energy flux density of the electromagnetic field should not exceed 10 μW / cm2 at a distance of 50 cm from any point of the furnace body when 1 liter of water is heated. In practice, almost all new modern microwave ovens withstand this requirement by a large margin. However, when purchasing a new oven, make sure the Certificate of Conformity shows that your oven complies with these health regulations.

It must be remembered that over time the degree of protection may decrease, mainly due to the appearance of micro-slits in the door seal. This can occur both due to dirt ingress, and due to mechanical damage. The door and its seal therefore require careful handling and care. The term of the guaranteed resistance of the protection against leakage of the electromagnetic field during normal operation is several years. After 5-6 years of operation, it is advisable to check the quality of protection for which to invite a specialist from a specially accredited laboratory for monitoring the electromagnetic field.

In addition to microwave radiation, the operation of a microwave oven is accompanied by an intense magnetic field created by a 50 Hz industrial frequency current flowing in the oven's power supply system. At the same time, a microwave oven is one of the most powerful sources of a magnetic field in an apartment. For the population, the level of the industrial frequency magnetic field in our country is still not limited, despite its significant effect on the human body during prolonged exposure. In domestic conditions, a single short-term inclusion (for several minutes) will not have a significant impact on human health. However, it is now common for a household microwave oven to be used to heat food in cafeterias and similar work environments. At the same time, a person working with it finds himself in a situation of chronic exposure to a magnetic field of industrial frequency. In this case, mandatory control of the magnetic field of industrial frequency and microwave radiation is necessary at the workplace.

Given the specifics of the microwave oven, it is advisable to turn it on and move at least 1.5 meters away - in this case, the electromagnetic field is guaranteed not to affect you at all.

3. Cellular

Cellular radiotelephony is today one of the most intensively developing telecommunication systems. Currently, there are more than 85 million subscribers all over the world using the services of this type of mobile (mobile) communication (in Russia - more than 600 thousand). It is assumed that by 2001 their number will increase to 200-210 million (in Russia - about 1 million).

The main elements of the cellular communication system are base stations (BS) and mobile radiotelephones (MRT). Base stations maintain radio communication with mobile radiotelephones, as a result of which BS and MRI are sources of electromagnetic radiation in the UHF range. An important feature of a cellular radio communication system is the very efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum allocated for the operation of the system (repeated use of the same frequencies, the use of different access methods), which makes it possible to provide telephone communications to a significant number of subscribers. The system uses the principle of dividing a certain territory into zones, or “cells”, with a radius usually of 0.5–10 kilometers.

Base stations (BS)

Base stations communicate with mobile radiotelephones located in their coverage area and operate in the mode of receiving and transmitting a signal. Depending on the standard, BS emit electromagnetic energy in the frequency range from 463 to 1880 MHz. BS antennas are installed at a height of 15–100 meters from the ground on existing buildings (public, office, industrial and residential buildings, chimneys of industrial enterprises, etc.) or on specially constructed masts. Among the BS antennas installed in one place, there are both transmitting (or transceiving) and receiving antennas, which are not sources of EMF.

Based on the technological requirements for building a cellular communication system, the antenna pattern in the vertical plane is calculated in such a way that the main radiation energy (more than 90%) is concentrated in a rather narrow “beam”. It is always directed away from the structures on which the BS antennas are located, and above the adjacent buildings, which is a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the system.

Brief technical characteristics of the standards of the cellular radio communication system in force in Russia

Standard name BS operating frequency range MRI operating frequency range Maximum BS radiated power Maximum MR radiated power Cell radius

NMT-450 Analog 463 - 467.5 MHz 453 - 457.5 MHz 100 W 1 W 1 - 40 km

AMPSanalog 869 - 894 MHz 824 - 849 MHz 100 W 0.6 W 2 - 20 km

D-AMPS (IS-136)Digital 869 - 894 MHz 824 - 849 MHz 50 W 0.2 W 0.5 - 20 km

CDMADigital 869 - 894 MHz 824 - 849 MHz 100 W 0.6 W 2 - 40 km

GSM-900Digital 925 - 965 MHz 890 - 915 MHz 40 W 0.25 W 0.5 - 35 km

GSM-1800 (DCS)Digital 1805 - 1880 MHz 1710 - 1785 MHz 20 W 0.125 W 0.5 - 35 km

BS are a type of transmitting radio engineering objects, the radiation power of which (load) is not constant 24 hours a day. The load is determined by the presence of cell phone owners in the service area of a particular base station and their desire to use the phone for a conversation, which, in turn, fundamentally depends on the time of day, location of the BS, day of the week, etc. At night, the BS load is almost zero , i.e. the stations are mostly “silent”.

Studies of the electromagnetic environment in the territory adjacent to the BS were carried out by specialists from different countries, including Sweden, Hungary and Russia. According to the results of measurements carried out in Moscow and the Moscow region, it can be stated that in 100% of cases the electromagnetic environment in the premises of buildings on which BS antennas are installed did not differ from the background, typical for this area in this frequency range. In the adjacent territory, in 91% of cases, the recorded levels of the electromagnetic field were 50 times less than the MPC established for the BS. The maximum value during measurements, which is 10 times less than the remote control, was recorded near a building on which three base stations of different standards were installed at once.

The available scientific data and the existing system of sanitary and hygienic control during the commissioning of cellular base stations make it possible to attribute cellular base stations to the most environmentally and sanitary and hygienic communication systems.

4. Personal computers

The main source of adverse effects on the health of a computer user is a means of visual display of information on a cathode ray tube. The main factors of its adverse effects are listed below.

Ergonomic parameters of the monitor screen:

decrease in image contrast in conditions of intense ambient light
specular reflections from the front surface of monitor screens
the presence of flickering images on the monitor screen

Emissivity characteristics of the monitor:

electromagnetic field of the monitor in the frequency range 20 Hz - 1000 MHz
static electric charge on the monitor screen
ultraviolet radiation in the range of 200-400 nm
infrared radiation in the range of 1050 nm - 1 mm
x-rays > 1.2 keV

Computer as a source of alternating electromagnetic field

The main components of a personal computer (PC) are: a system unit (processor) and a variety of input / output devices: keyboard, disk drives, printer, scanner, etc. Each personal computer includes a means of visual display of information called differently - monitor, display. As a rule, it is based on a device based on a cathode ray tube. PCs are often equipped with surge protectors (for example, the “Pilot” type), uninterruptible power supplies and other auxiliary electrical equipment. All these elements during the operation of the PC form a complex electromagnetic environment at the user's workplace.

PC as an EMF source

Source Frequency range (first harmonic):

Monitor network transformer power supply 50 Hz

static voltage converter in a switching power supply 20 - 100 kHz

vertical scanning and synchronization unit 48 - 160 Hz

line scanner and synchronization unit 15 110 kHz

monitor accelerating anode voltage (only for CRT monitors) 0 Hz (electrostatic)

System unit (processor) 50 Hz - 1000 MHz

Information input/output devices 0 Hz, 50 Hz

Uninterruptible power supplies 50 Hz, 20 - 100 kHz

The electromagnetic field generated by a personal computer has a complex spectral composition in the frequency range from 0 Hz to 1000 MHz. The electromagnetic field has electric (E) and magnetic (H) components, and their relationship is rather complicated, so E and H are evaluated separately.

Maximum EMF values recorded at the workplace:

Field type, frequency range, field strength unit Field strength value along the screen axis around the monitor

Electric field, 100 kHz-300 MHz, V/m 17.0 24.0

Electric field, 0.02-2 kHz, V/m 150.0 155.0

Electric field, 2-400 kHz V/m 14.0 16.0

Magnetic field, 100kHz-300MHz, mA/m LF LF

Magnetic field, 0.02-2 kHz, mA/m 550.0 600.0

Magnetic field, 2-400 kHz, mA/m 35.0 35.0

Electrostatic field, kV/m 22.0 –

The range of electromagnetic fields measured at the workplaces of PC users:

Name of measured parameters Frequency range 5 Hz - 2 kHz Frequency range 2 - 400 kHz

Variable electric field strength, (V/m) 1.0 – 35.0 0.1 – 1.1

Variable magnetic field induction, (nT) 6.0 - 770.0 1.0 - 32.0

Computer as a source of electrostatic field

When the monitor is operating, an electrostatic charge accumulates on the screen of the kinescope, creating an electrostatic field (ESF). In different studies, under different measurement conditions, the values of ESTP varied from 8 to 75 kV/m. In this case, people working with the monitor acquire an electrostatic potential. The spread of electrostatic potentials of users ranges from -3 to +5 kV. When ESTP is subjectively felt, the potential of the user is the decisive factor in the occurrence of unpleasant subjective sensations. A noticeable contribution to the total electrostatic field is made by the surfaces of the keyboard and mouse electrified by friction. Experiments show that even after keyboard operation, the electrostatic field rapidly increases from 2 to 12 kV/m. At individual workplaces in the area of the hands, static electric field strengths of more than 20 kV/m were recorded.

According to the generalized data, functional disorders of the central nervous system occur on average 4.6 times more often in those working at the monitor from 2 to 6 hours a day than in the control groups, diseases of the cardiovascular system - 2 times more often, diseases of the upper respiratory tract - 1.9 times more often, diseases of the musculoskeletal system - 3.1 times more often. With an increase in the duration of work on the computer, the ratio of healthy and sick among users increases sharply.

Studies of the functional state of a computer user, conducted in 1996 at the Center for Electromagnetic Security, showed that even during short-term work (45 minutes), significant changes in the hormonal state and specific changes in brain biocurrents occur in the user's body under the influence of the monitor's electromagnetic radiation. These effects are especially pronounced and stable in women. It has been noticed that in groups of people (in this case it was 20%), a negative reaction of the functional state of the body does not appear when working with a PC for less than 1 hour. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it was concluded that it is possible to form special criteria for professional selection for personnel using a computer in the process of work.

Influence of air ion composition of air. The areas that perceive air ions in the human body are the respiratory tract and skin. There is no consensus regarding the mechanism of the effect of air ions on the state of human health.

Impact on vision. The visual fatigue of the VDT user includes a whole range of symptoms: the appearance of a “veil” before the eyes, the eyes get tired, become painful, headaches appear, sleep is disturbed, the psychophysical state of the body changes. It should be noted that complaints about vision can be associated both with the above-mentioned VDT factors, and with lighting conditions, the state of vision of the operator, etc. Long-term static load syndrome (LTS). Users of displays develop muscle weakness, changes in the shape of the spine. In the US, it is recognized that ADHD is the occupational disease of 1990-1991 with the highest spread rate. With a forced working posture, with a static muscular load, the muscles of the legs, shoulders, neck and arms remain in a state of contraction for a long time. Since the muscles do not relax, their blood supply worsens; metabolism is disturbed, biodegradation products and, in particular, lactic acid accumulate. A biopsy of muscle tissue was taken from 29 women with prolonged static load syndrome, in which a sharp deviation of biochemical parameters from the norm was found.

Stress. Display users are often under stress. According to the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention (1990), VDT users are more prone to developing stress conditions than other professional groups, including air traffic controllers. At the same time, for most users, work on the VDT is accompanied by significant mental stress. It is shown that the sources of stress can be: the type of activity, the characteristic features of the computer, the software used, the organization of work, social aspects. Work on the VDT has specific stress factors, such as the delay time of the response (reaction) of the computer when executing human commands, “learnability of control commands” (ease of memorization, similarity, ease of use, etc.), method of visualizing information, etc. A person's stay in a state of stress can lead to changes in a person's mood, increased aggressiveness, depression, irritability. Registered cases of psychosomatic disorders, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, sleep disturbance, changes in pulse rate, menstrual cycle. A person's stay in conditions of a long-acting stress factor can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Complaints of personal computer users are possible causes of their origin.

Subjective complaints Possible causes:

1) pain in the eyes visual ergonomic parameters of the monitor, lighting in the workplace and indoors

2) headache aeroion composition of air in the working area, mode of operation

3) increased nervousness electromagnetic field, color scheme of the room, mode of operation

4) fatigue electromagnetic field, mode of operation

5) memory disorder electromagnetic field, operation mode

6) sleep disturbance work mode, electromagnetic field

7) electrostatic hair loss, operation mode

8) acne and redness of the skin electrostatic field, aeroionic and dust composition of the air in the working area

9) Abdominal pains Improper sitting position caused by incorrect workplace arrangement

10) low back pain user's incorrect posture caused by workstation device, operation mode

11) pain in the wrists and fingers; incorrect configuration of the workplace, including the height of the table does not match the height and height of the chair; uncomfortable keyboard; working mode

Basically, protective filters for monitor screens are offered from the means of protection. They are used to limit the impact on the user of harmful factors from the side of the monitor screen, improve the ergonomic parameters of the monitor screen and reduce the radiation of the monitor in the direction of the user.

5. How EMF affects health

In the USSR, extensive research into electromagnetic fields began in the 1960s. A large clinical material was accumulated on the adverse effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields, it was proposed to introduce a new nosological disease “Radio wave disease” or “Chronic damage by microwaves”. Later, the work of scientists in Russia found that, firstly, the human nervous system, especially the higher nervous activity, is sensitive to EMF, and, secondly, that EMF has a so-called. information action when exposed to a person at intensities below the threshold value of the thermal effect. The results of these works were used in the development of regulatory documents in Russia. As a result, the standards in Russia were set very strict and differed from American and European ones by several thousand times (for example, in Russia, the remote control for professionals is 0.01 mW/cm2; in the USA - 10 mW/cm2).

Biological effect of electromagnetic fields

Experimental data of both domestic and foreign researchers testify to the high biological activity of EMF in all frequency ranges. At relatively high levels of irradiating EMF, modern theory recognizes a thermal mechanism of action. At a relatively low level of EMF (for example, for radio frequencies above 300 MHz it is less than 1 mW/cm2), it is customary to speak of a non-thermal or informational nature of the impact on the body. The mechanisms of action of EMF in this case are still poorly understood. Numerous studies in the field of the biological effect of EMF will make it possible to determine the most sensitive systems of the human body: nervous, immune, endocrine and reproductive. These body systems are critical. The reactions of these systems must be taken into account when assessing the risk of EMF exposure to the population.

The biological effect of EMF accumulates under conditions of long-term long-term exposure, as a result, the development of long-term consequences is possible, including degenerative processes of the central nervous system, blood cancer (leukemia), brain tumors, and hormonal diseases. EMF can be especially dangerous for children, pregnant women (embryo), people with diseases of the central nervous, hormonal, cardiovascular system, allergy sufferers, people with weakened immune systems.

Effect on the nervous system

A large number of studies carried out in Russia, and monographic generalizations made, give reason to classify the nervous system as one of the most sensitive systems in the human body to the effects of EMF. At the level of a nerve cell, structural formations for the transmission of nerve impulses (synapse), at the level of isolated nerve structures, significant deviations occur when exposed to low-intensity EMF. Changes in higher nervous activity, memory in people who have contact with EMF. These individuals may be prone to developing stress responses. Certain structures of the brain have an increased sensitivity to EMF. Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier can lead to unexpected adverse effects. The nervous system of the embryo exhibits a particularly high sensitivity to EMF.

Impact on the immune system

At present, enough data has been accumulated indicating the negative effect of EMF on the immunological reactivity of the body. The results of research by Russian scientists give reason to believe that under the influence of EMF, the processes of immunogenesis are disrupted, more often in the direction of their suppression. It has also been established that in animals irradiated with EMF, the nature of the infectious process changes - the course of the infectious process is aggravated. The emergence of autoimmunity is associated not so much with a change in the antigenic structure of tissues, but with the pathology of the immune system, as a result of which it reacts against normal tissue antigens. in line with this concept. The basis of all autoimmune conditions is primarily immunodeficiency in the thymus-dependent cell population of lymphocytes. The effect of high-intensity EMF on the body's immune system is manifested in a depressing effect on the T-system of cellular immunity. EmF can contribute to nonspecific suppression of immunogenesis, enhance the formation of antibodies to fetal tissues and stimulate an autoimmune reaction in the body of a pregnant female.

Influence on the endocrine system and neurohumoral response

In the works of Russian scientists back in the 60s, in the interpretation of the mechanism of functional disorders under the influence of EMF, the leading place was given to changes in the pituitary-adrenal system. Studies have shown that under the action of EMF, as a rule, stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal system occurred, which was accompanied by an increase in the content of adrenaline in the blood, activation of blood coagulation processes. It was recognized that one of the systems that early and naturally involves the body's response to the impact of various environmental factors is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system. The research results confirmed this position.

Effect on sexual function

Sexual dysfunctions are usually associated with changes in its regulation by the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. Related to this are the results of work on the study of the state of gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland under the influence of EMF. Repeated exposure to EMF causes a decrease in the activity of the pituitary gland

Any environmental factor that affects the female body during pregnancy and affects embryonic development is considered teratogenic. Many scientists attribute EMF to this group of factors.

Of paramount importance in studies of teratogenesis is the stage of pregnancy during which EMF is exposed. It is generally accepted that EMF can, for example, cause deformities by acting at various stages of pregnancy. Although there are periods of maximum sensitivity to EMF. The most vulnerable periods are usually the early stages of embryonic development, corresponding to the periods of implantation and early organogenesis.

An opinion was expressed about the possibility of a specific effect of EMF on the sexual function of women, on the embryo. A higher sensitivity to the effects of EMF was noted in the ovaries than in the testes. It has been established that the sensitivity of the embryo to EMF is much higher than the sensitivity of the maternal organism, and intrauterine damage to the fetus by EMF can occur at any stage of its development. The results of the epidemiological studies conducted will allow us to conclude that the presence of women's contact with electromagnetic radiation can lead to premature birth, affect the development of the fetus and, finally, increase the risk of congenital malformations.

Other biomedical effects

Since the beginning of the 1960s, extensive studies have been carried out in the USSR to study the health of people who have contact with EMF at work. The results of clinical studies have shown that prolonged contact with EMF in the microwave range can lead to the development of diseases, the clinical picture of which is determined primarily by changes in the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It was proposed to isolate an independent disease - radio wave disease. This disease, according to the authors, can have three syndromes as the severity of the disease increases:

1) asthenic syndrome;

2) astheno-vegetative syndrome;

3) hypothalamic syndrome.

The earliest clinical manifestations of the effects of EM radiation on humans are functional disorders of the nervous system, manifested primarily in the form of vegetative dysfunctions of neurasthenic and asthenic syndrome. Persons who have been in the zone of EM radiation for a long time complain of weakness, irritability, fatigue, memory loss, and sleep disturbance. Often these symptoms are accompanied by disorders of autonomic functions. Disorders of the cardiovascular system are usually manifested by neurocirculatory dystonia: lability of the pulse and blood pressure, a tendency to hypotension, pain in the heart area, etc. Phase changes in the composition of peripheral blood (lability of indicators) are also noted, followed by the development of moderate leukopenia, neuropenia , erythrocytopenia. Changes in the bone marrow are in the nature of a reactive compensatory tension of regeneration. Usually these changes occur in people who, by the nature of their work, were constantly exposed to EM radiation with a sufficiently high intensity. Those working with MF and EMF, as well as the population living in the area of EMF action, complain of irritability and impatience. After 1-3 years, some have a feeling of internal tension, fussiness. Attention and memory are impaired. There are complaints of low efficiency of sleep and fatigue. Considering the important role of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in the implementation of human mental functions, it can be expected that prolonged repeated exposure to maximum permissible EM radiation (especially in the decimeter wavelength range) can lead to mental disorders.

List of sources used

1. Bardov V.G. Hygiene and ecology; ed. "New book" 2007.
2. Lepaev D. A. Household electrical appliances; ed. "Light industry" 1993.

Abstract on the topic “Household electrical appliances and their impact on human health” updated: August 17, 2017 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Using modern household appliances, we do not think about what they were at the dawn of their appearance. Sometimes we don’t notice that when we get up in the morning, we turn on any of the home devices, without which our life is not possible, and if for a moment we imagine that there is no TV, refrigerator, microwave oven or iron, one involuntarily thinks about how modern humanity depends on from electronic devices that make life easier and save a lot of time. Some hundred years ago, all this did not exist, and what awaits us in a century is very difficult to say, one can only speculate. So, how did home appliances appear and what do they represent today?

TV set

The idea of transmitting an image over distances comes from ancient times, remember the Russian fairy tale about the “saucer with a pouring apple”, which also showed an image. The first incarnation of this idea began at the end of the 19th century, and only in 1907, the inventor Max Dieckmann demonstrated the first similarity of a mechanical type television with a twenty-line 3 by 3 cm screen and a frequency of 10 frames / s. The principle of electronic television broadcasting was patented in 1923 by our compatriot Vladimir Zworykin, who emigrated to the states.

And in 1927 the United States began the first television broadcast, then in 1928 the UK also began broadcasting, followed by Germany in 1929. The VHF band for mass television broadcasting was introduced by Germany in 1935. From that moment on, the rapid development of televisions began, which were owned by 180 thousand American families in 1947, and by 1953 this figure had grown to 28 million. The modern television has not changed its purpose, only the functionality and screen size have undergone changes that allow you to feel what is happening on the screen in full force.

Fridge

Residents of temperate and northern latitudes knew how to store food with the help of cold, in southern countries they did not even imagine that ice could be useful for domestic needs, and only rich southerners could order snow from mountain peaks. Our ancestors made cellars. Which are not much different from the current underground refrigerators that our grandparents still use. The first artificial ice was made in 1850 by John Gorey, who used a compression cycle in his device, a similar design is still used today.

In 1879, ammonia began to be used in the compressor, and many meat industries and others began to purchase ice-making devices. The first household electric refrigerator was made in 1913 and used quite toxic substances in its design. In 1927, General Electric mass-produced the Monitor-Top refrigerator, which was very popular and sales reached 1 million units. Freon began to be used in 1930, and is used today. A modern refrigerator is an attribute of every family, which has intelligent control that allows you to store food for a long time.

Microwave

American military engineer Percy Spencer, while conducting experiments with microwave radiation, noticed the property of heating food and patented his invention in 1946. The world's first microwave was released by the American company Raytheon in 1947 and was called Radarange. At first, it was used exclusively by the military for defrosting food in soldiers' canteens and was the size of a human being.

The first household microwave oven was introduced by the Tappan Company in 1955. And only in 1962, the Japanese company Sharp released the first production model to the mass market, which at first was not in great demand. A modern microwave is a device that includes a grill, convection, microwaves and has a lot of automatic modes for preparing a variety of dishes. This device has firmly entered our everyday life, thanks to
the speed with which tasks are completed.

Washing machine

Until the 19th century, things were washed by hand, and there was such a profession as a laundress, which required hard physical labor. To facilitate washing, primitive tools such as mallets with notches were used to better erase the dirt. In 1874, William Blackstone put into mass production the first washing machine with a manual mechanical drive, which greatly facilitated this hard work.

The electric washer appeared in 1908, and the fully automatic in 1949 in the United States. At the present stage of development, devices can wash, rinse and wring, as well as do it with a given temperature and intensity, which allows you to wash any type of fabric and you only need to put the laundry in the unit and press the button.

Vacuum cleaner

Huber Cecil Booth, a British by birth, was the first to think of sucking up dust when cleaning the premises, who patented his invention in 1901. The inventor realized that the device would be in demand, and designed the Puffing Billy, a bulky wagon-driven unit that ran first on fuel and then on electricity. The device had a 30-meter hose and was brought as close as possible to the door of the house for cleaning the premises.

The first household electric vacuum cleaner was patented by P. A. Fisker in 1910, it weighed more than 17 kilograms and could well be used by one person. In 1919, the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association was formed. The first bagless vacuum cleaner was patented by Amway in 1959. Now vacuum cleaners have more powerful parameters with special brushes and air purification filters, as well as light weight and compact dimensions.

Iron

This household appliance has a very ancient history, the principle of hot ironing was used in the time of the ancient Greeks, and looked like an iron rod in the form of a rolling pin, which was heated on fire. In the Middle Ages, "woofs" were used, metal mugs filled with hot water. In the 18th century, an iron with hot coals appeared, but heating irons were the most popular. The first electric iron was created by Earl Richardson in 1903. The latest models of irons have a wide temperature range, as well as a steam function that makes ironing easier.