Temperament. Presentation for the career guidance lesson "Types of the nervous system. Types of temperament. Character. Self-esteem" presentation for a lesson in psychology (grade 9) on the topic Presentation on the topic of character and personality temperament
Presentation on psychology on the topic: Temperament. This presentation is a good addition to a lesson on the topic of temperament, since the presentation reveals the basic concepts and characteristics of the 4 types of temperament. From the presentation, students will learn the history of the emergence of 4 types of temperament, and during the lesson, students will be able to take a short and simple drawing test to identify the type of temperament, and then they will be able to find out a complete description of their type of temperament.
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PRESENTATION ON PSYCHOLOGY on the topic: TEMPERAMENT
An excursion into history In the 5th century BC, the great scientist Hippocrates lived in Greece, in whose family there were 17 generations of doctors. Experience and observation helped him describe the now well-known types of people: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Hippocrates compared the four temperaments to the four elements: fire, earth, water, air. The harmony of the four elements creates life on earth, the harmony of the four principles in a person allows him to live a full life.
He believed that there are 4 main fluids in the human body: blood, mucus, bile and black bile. Types of temperament: Choleric – from the word “bile” Sanguine – from the word “blood” Phlegmatic – from the word “mucus” Melancholic – from the word “black bile” Hippocrates The predominance of a particular liquid depends on a person’s temperament, tempo, rhythm, intensity of events occurring in his soul processes
I.P. Pavlov 1849 - 1936 Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion. “The Greek genius Hippocrates caught the capital traits in the mass of countless variants of human behavior.” I.P. Pavlov proved that the 4 types of temperament indicated by Hippocrates are associated with higher nervous activity
Typology of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov: Features of nervous processes Types of the nervous system Weak Strong inert live unrestrained Strength Balance Mobility Weak Unbalanced Mobile or inert Strong Balanced Inert Strong Balanced Mobile Strong Unbalanced Mobile Temperament Melancholic Phlegmatic Sanguine Choleric Reactions Honey slow Strong Slow Strong Fast Moderate Fast Excessive
Comparative analysis Temperament according to Hippocrates Brief description Properties of the nervous system according to Pavlov PHLEGMATIC Efficient Low-emotional Serious Reliable Calm Strong Balanced Sedentary SANGUINE Active Energetic Cheerful Frivolous Carefree Strong Balanced Mobile CHOLERICK Very energetic Hot-tempered Emotional Assertive Sensitive Strong Unbalanced Mobile MELANCHOLIC Withdrawn Vulnerable Reserved Thoughtful Sad Weak Unbalanced Reserved
Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts), mental characteristics that explain a person’s course of action in a given situation. Reflects the dynamic, not the content side of mental activity. Temperament concept
Types of temperament: phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric, sanguine
Let's conduct a short test to identify your temperament: Instructions: Try to imagine yourself in the place of a person whose hat has been “damaged” and choose the appropriate option. You are asked to choose a picture from the cartoons. When testing, be honest with yourself!
Interpretation of data: Choleric Melancholic Sanguine Phlegmatic
Characteristics of sanguine temperaments This is a person of a very cheerful disposition. He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker. A sanguine person quickly ignites, but cools down just as quickly, losing interest in what just recently excited him and attracted him to himself. He promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises, easily and happily comes into contact with strangers, and is a good conversationalist. He is distinguished by kindness and willingness to help. Intense mental and physical work quickly tires. A sanguine person is very active, energetic, he has lively movements and rich facial expressions. Under unfavorable conditions and lack of education, a sanguine person may develop haste, frivolity in actions, and inattention. An example of a sanguine temperament is the famous d’Artagnan, the impetuous, addicted hero of Dumas.
Characteristics of melancholic temperaments A person with a melancholic temperament usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul. A melancholic person is almost always a reserved person and does not waste words. When he cannot fulfill his promise, he sincerely suffers, even if he knows that nothing depended on him. Apparently, Prince Hamlet and Eugene Onegin were typical melancholic people.
Characteristics of choleric temperament Such a person is usually very quick-tempered, hot-tempered and unrestrained. At the same time, the choleric person quickly cools down and calms down if they yield to him and meet him. His emotional movements are impetuous, but short-lived, his mood often changes. Let us remember the knight Don Quixote, who quickly replaced anger with mercy, and noble rage with despondency.
Characteristics of phlegmatic temperaments The owner of this temperament is cold-blooded. He is more prone to inactivity than to hard, active work. Such a person slowly becomes agitated, but also gradually calms down. The facial expressions and movements of a phlegmatic person are inexpressive and slow. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, who spent all his time on the sofa, in a lazy half-asleep, is a bright phlegmatic. In life, you rarely encounter “one hundred percent” phlegmatic or sanguine people, since most people combine traits of different temperaments.
Temperament and professional sphere Sanguine Frequent job changes, good organizers and managers Phlegmatic Well-planned activities, punctuality, stereotypical actions Choleric High aspirations, meet difficulties, load themselves with work Melancholic Strong motivation to do monotonous work
Choice of profession and temperament Each type of psyche is more suitable for some activities and professions and less suitable for others. Melancholic people: often people of art. Cholerics: magnificent test pilots, stuntmen. Phlegmatic people: excellent accountants, economists, auditors. Sanguine people: good drivers, sappers, engineers.
Famous personalities and their temperament A.S. Pushkin (choleric) M.Yu. Lermontov (sanguine) N.V. Gogol (melancholic) A.V. Suvorov (choleric) M.I. Kutuzov (phlegmatic)
Role in communication SANGUINE CHOLERICK PHLEGMATIC MELANCHOLIC entertainer, tries to cheer everyone up, subordinates, adamant, powerful, calm, contemplative, ward, defenseless
Self-esteem, depending on temperament, is unstable, elevated, talks about success, in everyone's mind is the highest, desire for primacy, the opponent is understated, modest, not in sight low, shy, keeps a low profile in the group sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic
Confidence depending on temperament SANGUINE CHOLERICK PHLEGMATIC MELANCHOLIC hopes for luck self-confident, hides weaknesses no self-confidence, worries about himself, does not get discouraged Unconfident in himself, exaggerates shortcomings, does not believe in luck
Friendship and love depending on temperament PHLEGMATIC CHOLERICK MELANCHOLIC SANGUINE is friends with few people, bosses his friend around, is strongly attached, prone to anger, jealousy, to breaking up out of inclination experiences sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully not inclined to express vivid feelings, calm attitude towards a partner, amorous, calm affection, devotion, submissive to a couple, ashamed to reveal his feelings, monogamous
Movements and gait sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic impetuous, sharp, tense mobile, fast, “fidgety” slow, smooth, relaxed slow, indecisive
Appetite sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic good, “gourmet” eats quickly, much reduced appreciates the process of eating, takes his time while eating
Sleep sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic with colorful dreams sleeps little, wakes up late, works at night sleeps little, feels tired in the evening, tends to sleep, falls asleep quickly, difficult to wake up
“Every man is the creator of his own destiny” (Sallust) Temperament is given to a person for life. You can't change it. There are no bad and good temperaments. Your temperament can and should be controlled.
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The type of nervous system is a set of properties of the nervous system that constitute the physiological basis of the individual uniqueness of human activity and animal behavior.
Temperament according to Hippocrates Brief description Properties of the nervous system according to Pavlov Outstanding personalities Phlegmatic Efficient Low-emotional Reliable Calm Serious Strong Balanced Sedentary Kutuzov Krylov Newton Sanguine Active Energetic Cheerful Frivolous Carefree Strong Balanced Agile Napoleon Choleric Very energetic Hot-tempered Emotional Alive Assertive Sensitive Strong Unbalanced Movable Peter the Great Pushkin Suvorov Melancholic Introverted Vulnerable Restrained Thoughtful Sad Weak Unbalanced Restrained Lermontov Blok Gogol
Temperament is a personality quality that determines the activity and emotionality of a person’s behavior. TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT Melancholic Phlegmatic Sang Vinik Choleric
What is the basis for distinguishing different types of temperament? How does temperament manifest itself? Is temperament an innate or acquired quality? What is temperament? What types of nervous systems are strong? Speed, strength, balance of our reactions In thinking, speech, manner of communication Biological, innate Temperament is a quality that determines the activity and emotionality of a person’s behavior Phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric
Character is a set of stable individual properties of a person that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, determining his typical modes of behavior.
Character reflects a person’s attitude towards the world around him. In the system of relationships, four groups of character traits are distinguished: A person’s attitude towards other people A person’s attitude towards his business A person’s attitude towards himself A person’s attitude towards things Sociability Indifference Indifference Sensitivity Hard work Laziness Responsibility Initiative Negligence Modesty Vanity Self-criticism Accuracy Thrift
White sheep, gray sheep Grow a beard Be straight In daring and envy Gray hair Child's face Smooth, soft Idle youth has no use or joy. don't be stubborn. and let go of the mind. but all one sheep spirit. Yes, it tastes disgusting. dissolute old age. but no conscience. Yes, the mind is a brute.
Self-esteem is a Value that is attributed by an individual to himself or to his individual qualities; An individual’s assessment of himself, his capabilities, qualities and place among other people; Types of self-esteem Personal (a person generally evaluates himself and his place among others); Specific-situational (a person evaluates himself and his actions in a specific situation);
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
presentation for the lesson "structure of the nervous system. Spinal cord
This presentation corresponds to the text of the paragraph "Structure of the nervous system. Brain." The presentation is ready to present new material...
The importance of the natural properties of the nervous system in the profession. (Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)
TOPIC: The importance of the natural properties of the nervous system in the profession. (Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)...
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Characteristics of a person. You've probably noticed that you and your school friends react differently to the school bell. Some drop everything and run headlong to class. Others, if they were busy talking, will finish finishing first and only then run to class. Still others, slowly, gradually return to class.
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Characteristics of a person are a feature of the nervous system. These characteristics of a person - fast or slow, impulsive or sedate, alone or always in company, completing a task or giving up in the middle of a task - depend on the characteristics of his nervous system.
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Temperament. The characteristics of the human nervous system are called temperament. In psychology, temperament is understood as a characteristic of a person in terms of intensity, speed, tempo, rhythm of mental processes and states that depend on the properties of the nervous system of this person: strength, mobility and excitability.
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Types of temperament. Conventionally, there are four types of temperament: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.
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Sagvinik. A sanguine person is a balanced, active, agile person who easily experiences troubles and failures, and is practical.
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Phlegmatic person. A phlegmatic person is a person with slow reactions, unperturbed, constant in his feelings, measured in actions and speech.
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Choleric. Choleric is an excitable, impetuous, unrestrained in emotions, with frequent mood swings, a fast-talking person.
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Melancholic. A melancholic person is a person with a weak type of nervous system, very impressionable, touchy, deeply worried about everything, but capable of subtly feeling and perceiving more information than others, which is why he gets tired faster.
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Remember that in life the same people can behave differently depending on the situation. For example, when you are an enthusiastic fan of your favorite sports team, you may behave like a choleric person, that is, jumping, jumping up from your seat, screaming, hugging a neighbor, or desperately scolding an unlucky player.
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Remember that in life the same people can behave differently depending on the situation. When you prepare your homework, knowing that it is important to you, you may appear phlegmatic.
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However! It has been experimentally proven that in extreme situations or when you have to do one thing for a long time, the prevailing type of temperament necessarily begins to play a major role.
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For example, in the face of the approach of any natural disaster, a choleric person will begin to frantically rush and fuss, and if he cannot control the manifestations of his temperament, he will most likely succumb to panic.
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For example, in the face of the approach of any natural disaster, a melancholic person will probably fall into deep despondency and begin to imagine possible terrible pictures of what could happen. This may prevent him from making the right decision.
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For example, when any natural disaster is approaching, phlegmatic people, due to their lethargy, most often underestimate the danger, which is also harmful to ensuring safety.
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For example, in the face of any natural disaster approaching, a sanguine person will most likely be able to quickly overcome his fear and even find the strength to make fun of what is happening. But he may lack sensitivity to others.
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In a natural emergency, you will be able to overcome the peculiarities of your nervous system. If you train your will (decisiveness, perseverance, control of your emotions, mood). If you train your mental processes (attention, sensations, perception, memory, thinking, speech, imagination).
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To psychologically prepare for a meeting with danger: you need to pay attention to your character.
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Who determines the formation of our character? The basis of a person’s character is his temperament, which is given to us by nature, and character is what we ourselves are responsible for. The older we are, the more the formation of our character depends on ourselves.
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Basic Concepts
Temperament is a stable set of individual psychophysiological characteristics of a person associated with dynamic rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis for the formation and development of character. From a physiological point of view, it is determined by the type of higher nervous activity of a person and is manifested in the nature of a person’s behavior, in the degree of his vital activity. Character is a set of stable manifestations of the human psyche, reproduced in communication and activity, which determine typical modes of behavior in a given situation. Unlike temperament, a person’s character can change throughout life depending on reasons of moral, social and economic content. Abilities are those individual characteristics that are conditions for the successful performance of one or more activities.
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Types of GNI
Depending on the relationship between these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified 4 main types of higher nervous activity: 1) “unrestrained” (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system - corresponds to the temperament of a choleric person); 2) “alive” (strong, agile, balanced type n/s, corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person); 3) “calm” (strong, balanced, inert type n/s, corresponds to the phlegmatic temperament); 4) weak (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n/s, causes the temperament of a melancholic person).
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A choleric person is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not know how to restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, abruptness of movements, hot temper, and unbridledness. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclical change in his activity and vigor: having become carried away by some task, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as it is exhausted. The alternation of positive cycles of uplifting mood and energy with negative cycles of decline and depression determines uneven behavior and well-being, and an increased susceptibility to neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
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A sanguine person is a person with a strong, balanced, agile personality, has a quick reaction speed, his actions are thoughtful, cheerful, and he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his n/s determines the variability of feelings, attachments, and high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person, he easily gets along with new people, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive worker, but only when there are a lot of interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, lethargic, and distracted. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, thoughtfully defends himself, fights for normalization of the situation.
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Phlegmatic - a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n/s, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly; has a high performance capacity, resists strong and prolonged stimuli well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is unable to give up acquired skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, work, friends, and adapts to new conditions with difficulty and slowly. The mood is stable and even. In case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic person remains outwardly calm.
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A melancholic person is a person with weak n/s, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a “breakdown”, confusion, therefore, in stressful situations, the results of a melancholic person’s activity may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and decreased performance (longer rest is required). A minor reason can cause resentment and tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually a melancholic person tries to hide his feelings, although he is very inclined to give in to his emotions, is often sad, is not confident in himself, and may experience neurotic disorders. They often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.
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A person’s character consists of: attitude towards oneself (demandingness, consistency or narcissism, inconstancy of feelings and actions); attitude towards people (attention, politeness or dismissive attitude); attitude to the matter (seriousness, responsibility or indifference, neglect); attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, giving things great importance or a reserved attitude towards them). Character is viewed as a complex entity and largely depends on temperament. The criterion of character is a person’s action in a given situation.
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Character types
1.Introvert. This is, as a rule, a self-sufficient person with a very small social circle. Introverts quickly get tired of people and noise. They, as a rule, have one or two friends, but very close and trusting relationships are established with these people. 2. Extrovert. The opposite type. People of this type, as a rule, establish a very wide circle of contacts for themselves, but there are no close relationships. Extroverts have many friends, but no friends. 3. Sensitive type. Sensitive. People of this type are usually vulnerable, touchy, and tend to suspect others in any circumstances. 4. Demonstrative type. People of this type tend to subjugate others, control, and put themselves in the forefront. 5. Unstoppable type. These are very emotional people, unrestrained in their communication and actions. They are characterized by impulsiveness and inconsistent behavior.
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Classification of abilities
Natural (or natural) abilities, basically biologically determined, associated with innate inclinations, formed on their basis in the presence of elementary life experience through learning mechanisms such as conditioned reflex connections (for example, such elementary abilities are perception, memory, the ability to communicate ) Specific human abilities that have a socio-historical origin and ensure life and development in the social environment. Specific human abilities, in turn, are divided into: A) general ones, which determine a person’s success in a wide variety of activities and communication; B) theoretical, which determine a person’s inclination towards abstract-logical thinking, and practical, which underlies the inclination towards concrete practical actions; C) educational, which influence the success of pedagogical influence, a person’s assimilation of knowledge, abilities, skills, the formation of personal qualities, and creative, associated with success in creating works of material and spiritual culture; D) abilities to communicate, interact with people and subject-related abilities.
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Plan:
1. Relevance of the topic. 2. What is temperament? 2.2 Three main properties of nervous processes. 2.3 Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. 2.4 Names of temperaments. 2.5 Hippocrates. 2.6 Mental characteristics of the individual. 2.7 Temperament as an innate type of mental self-regulation. 2.8 Extraversion and introversion. 2.9 Carl Gustav Jung. 2.10 Rigidity and plasticity. 2.11 Types of rigidity. 2.12 Anxiety is a feature of temperament. 3 What is character? 4 Close connection between character and temperament. 5 How does character differ from temperament? 6 The relationship of character with other aspects of personality. 7 Motivational and instrumental personality traits of a person. 8 The main personality traits that make up a person’s character. 9 Conclusion.
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Relevance
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that just as the concepts of individual and personality are not identical, the concepts of temperament and character are also not identical, and this is of certain interest. In addition, if character traits are not represented in the system of interpersonal relationships, then they are unable to analyze the characteristics of an individual's temperament. As a matter of fact, only those individual qualities that are drawn into the leading activity for a given social community act as character qualities. Thus, it is obvious that the structure of a person’s personality is broader than the structure of individuality. Therefore, the first should include not only the traits and general structure of his individuality, most fully expressed in temperament, abilities, etc., but also manifestations of personality, recorded in character, in groups of different levels of development, in interindividual relationships mediated by the leader for this group activities
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What is temperament?
Temperament (Latin temperamentum - ratio, mixing of parts, proportionality) is a complex of psychodynamic properties of an individual, manifested in the characteristics of his mental activity - intensity, speed and pace of mental reactions, emotional tone of life. Temperament is a naturally determined tendency of an individual to a certain style of behavior. It reveals the individual’s sensitivity to external influences, the emotionality of his behavior, impulsiveness or restraint, sociability or isolation, ease or difficulty of social adaptation.
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Three basic properties of nervous processes
The psychodynamic features of human behavior are determined by the characteristics of his higher nervous activity. I. P. Pavlov identified three main properties of nervous processes - strength, balance and mobility. Their various combinations form four types of higher nervous activity, which underlie the four temperaments.
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Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (September 26, 1849 - February 27, 1936) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity, author of classical works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion"
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Names of temperaments
The name of temperaments was first introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who associated the types of temperaments with the predominance of various fluids in the human body: blood (sanguis) - in a sanguine person, yellow bile (chole) - in a choleric person, mucus (phlegm) - in a phlegmatic person and black bile (melainachole) - in a melancholic person.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates (about 460 BC, Kos island - 377 BC) - ancient Greek physician, naturalist, philosopher, reformer of ancient medicine. The works of Hippocrates, which became the basis for the further development of clinical medicine, reflect the idea of the integrity of the body; individual approach to the patient and his treatment; concept of anamnesis; doctrines about etiology, prognosis, temperaments. The name of Hippocrates is associated with the idea of a high moral character and example of ethical behavior of a doctor. Hippocrates is credited with the text of the code of ethics of ancient Greek doctors (the “Hippocratic Oath”), which became the basis for the obligations subsequently accepted by doctors in many countries.
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Mental characteristics of the individual
1. Speed and intensity of mental processes, mental activity, muscle-motor expressiveness. 2. The predominant subordination of the command to external impressions - extraversion or its predominant subordination to the inner world of a person, his feelings, ideas - introversion. 3. Plasticity, adaptation to changing external conditions, fluidity of stereotypes, their flexibility or rigidity. 4. Sensitivity, sensitivity, receptivity, emotional excitability, strength of emotions, their stability. Emotional stability is associated with levels of anxiety and tension. In certain types of temperament, there is a “mixing” of the considered qualities in individual proportions.
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Temperament as an innate type of mental self-regulation
The four types of temperament discussed above are usually not presented in their pure form. People, as a rule, have mixed temperaments, but one or another type of temperament predominates. Theoretically dividing temperaments into four types, one should distinguish between the individual type of temperament and the corresponding complex of features of higher nervous activity. Thus, within the weak type of higher nervous activity, several varieties are distinguished in terms of the balance and mobility of nervous processes. Temperament, despite its natural conditioning, can be classified as a personality trait, since it combines the natural and socially acquired qualities of a person.
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Extraversion and introversion
Foreign psychologists divide temperamental characteristics mainly into two groups - extraversion and introversion. These concepts, introduced by the Swiss psychologist C. G. Jung, mean the predominant focus of individuals on the external (extrovert) or internal (introvert) world (from the Latin extra - outside, intro - inside and verto - turn). Extroverts are distinguished by their predominant focus on the outside world, increased social adaptation, they are more conformist and suggestive (subject to suggestion). Introverts, on the other hand, attach the greatest importance to the phenomena of the inner world; they are uncommunicative, prone to increased introspection, have difficulty entering a new social environment, are nonconforming and suggestive. Among the qualities of temperament, rigidity and plasticity also stand out.
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Carl Gustav Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychologist and philosopher, founder of "analytical psychology". Introduced the technique of “free associations”. He developed the doctrine of the collective unconscious, in whose images (the so-called archetypes) he saw the source of universal symbolism, including myths and dreams (“Metamorphoses and Symbols of Libido”). He introduced the terms “introversion” (absorption in oneself) and “extroversion” (a constant desire for conflicts with other people). Jung considered the center of personality to be “self” - the desire for individuality. He developed a typology of characters depending on the dominant personality function. The goal of psychotherapy, according to Jung, is the individuation of the individual. Influenced cultural studies, comparative religion and mythology.
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Rigidity and plasticity
Rigidity is inertia, conservatism, difficulty in switching mental activity, and the opposite quality of rigidity is called plasticity, flexibility, mobility, adequacy.
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Types of rigidity
sensory - prolongation of sensation after the cessation of the stimulus; motor - difficulty in restructuring habitual movements; emotional - continuation of an emotional state after the cessation of emotional influence; memory - overservation, obsession with memory images; thinking - inertia of judgments, attitudes, methods of solving problems.
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Anxiety is a feature of temperament
The characteristics of temperament also include such a mental phenomenon as anxiety - tension, increased emotional excitability in situations interpreted by the individual as threatening. Individuals with a high level of anxiety are prone to behavior that is inappropriate to the degree of threat. An increased level of anxiety causes a desire to escape from the perception of threatening events, involuntarily narrowing the field of perception in a stressful situation. So, a person’s temperament determines the dynamics of his behavior, the uniqueness of the course of his mental processes. Temperament determines a person’s way of seeing, experiencing events and relaying them verbally.
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What is character?
Character (from the Greek charakter - trait, sign, omen, peculiarity) is a combination of stable mental characteristics of a person that determine his behavior in life circumstances and, first of all, when interacting with people around him. Character is closely related to other aspects of a person’s personality, in particular, to temperament, which determines the external form of expression of character. Character is most influenced by the social conditions in which the personality was formed - that is why people who were formed in similar conditions have many character traits the same. In psychology, characters are distinguished between definite (with one or more dominant traits) and indefinite (without such traits), contradictory (implying contradictions between the awareness of the goals of the activity and the activity itself) and integral (without such contradictions).
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Close connection between character and temperament
Firstly, the dynamic features of character manifestation depend on temperament. For example, sociability in a sanguine person and a phlegmatic person will manifest itself differently; Secondly, temperament influences the development of individual character traits. Some properties of temperament contribute to the formation of certain character traits, others counteract them; Thirdly, depending on the type of temperament of the child, it is necessary to use individual methods of influencing him in order to cultivate the necessary character traits; Fourthly, there is also an inverse dependence of the manifestations of temperament on his character - thanks to certain character traits, a person can restrain manifestations of temperament that are undesirable under given circumstances. So, literally translated from Greek, character means stamping, imprint. In psychology, character is understood as a set of individually unique mental properties that manifest themselves in a person under typical conditions and are expressed in his or her inherent ways of acting in such conditions.
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How is character different from temperament?
The main differences between character and temperament are as follows: Firstly, a person’s temperament is innate, and character is acquired. Secondly, temperament is determined by the biological characteristics of the human body, and its character is determined by the social environment in which a person lives and develops. In different social conditions, people develop different types of characters, while the same cannot be said about types of temperament. Thirdly, a person’s temperament determines only the dynamic features of his psyche and behavior, while character is the real value, moral and other content of his actions. Fourthly, types and properties of temperament are not assessed in value terms, while types and character traits are amenable to such assessment. It is impossible to say about a person’s temperament, for example, that he is good or bad, while such definitions are quite suitable for assessing character. Fifthly, in relation to the description of a person’s temperament, the term “properties” is used, while in relation to character, the term “traits” is used.
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The relationship of character with other aspects of personality
Character is interconnected with other aspects of personality, in particular with temperament and abilities. Character, like temperament. is quite stable and little changeable. Temperament influences the form of manifestation of character, uniquely coloring certain of its traits. Abilities are inextricably linked with character. A high level of abilities is associated with such character traits as collectivism - a feeling of an inextricable connection with the team, a desire to work for its benefit, faith in one’s strengths and capabilities, combined with constant dissatisfaction with one’s achievements, high demands on oneself, and the ability to be critical of one’s work. When communicating with people, a person’s character is manifested in his behavior. in the ways of responding to the actions and actions of people. The manner of communication can be more or less delicate, tactful or unceremonious, polite or rude. Character, unlike temperament, is determined not so much by the properties of the nervous system as by a person’s culture and upbringing.
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Motivational and instrumental personality traits of a person
Motivational character traits encourage, direct, and support activities, while instrumental ones give it a certain style. Character can be considered one of the instrumental personal properties. It is not the content that depends on it, but the manner in which the activity is performed. True, as was said, character can also be manifested in the choice of the goal of action. However, when the goal is defined, the character acts more in its instrumental role, i.e. as a means to achieve a goal.
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The main personality traits that make up a person’s character.
Firstly, these are those personality properties that determine a person’s actions in choosing goals (more or less difficult). Here, rationality, prudence, or the qualities opposite to them can appear as certain characterological traits. Secondly, character structures include traits that relate to actions aimed at achieving set goals: perseverance, determination, consistency and others, as well as alternatives to them (as evidence of a lack of character). In this regard, character comes closer not only to temperament, but also to the will of a person. Thirdly, character includes purely instrumental traits directly related to temperament: extroversion - introversion, calmness - anxiety, restraint - impulsiveness. switchability - rigidity, etc. A peculiar combination of all these character traits in one person makes it possible to classify him as a certain type.
Slide 22
Conclusion
Temperament is a natural predilection of a person. But throughout his life, a person can develop the qualities he needs, realize harmony and disharmony in himself, and find ways of evolutionary growth. People with different temperamental properties see the world around them differently, come into it with different problems and develop in different ways. By endowing each person from birth with a certain temperamental predilection, nature at the same time made sure that all the functions of human presence on Earth were embodied for a harmonious life in society. By getting to know oneself and flexibly using the accumulated knowledge of centuries, a person will not be in dissonance with the world around him and will be able to fully realize the biological and social potential inherent in him.