Temperature on the planets of the solar system. temperature on Mars. The planets of the solar system The highest temperature on Mars

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The planet Mars has an equatorial diameter of 6787 km, i.e. 0.53 of the Earth's. The polar diameter is somewhat less than the equatorial one (6753 km) due to the polar compression equal to 1/191 (against 1/298 near the Earth). Mars rotates on its axis in much the same way as the Earth: its period of rotation is 24 hours. 37 min. 23 seconds, which is only 41 minutes. 19 sec. longer than the Earth's rotation period. The axis of rotation is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle of 65°, almost equal to the angle of inclination of the earth's axis (66°.5). This means that the change of day and night, as well as the change of seasons on Mars, proceed in almost the same way as on Earth. There are also climatic zones similar to those on Earth: tropical (tropical latitude ± 25 °), two temperate and two polar (polar circle latitude ± 65 °).

However, due to the remoteness of Mars from the Sun and the rarefaction of the atmosphere, the climate of the planet is much more severe than that of the earth. The year of Mars (687 Earth or 668 Martian days) is almost twice as long as the Earth, which means that the seasons last longer. Due to the large eccentricity of the orbit (0.09), the duration and nature of the seasons of Mars are different in the northern and southern hemispheres of the planet.

Thus, in the northern hemisphere of Mars, summers are long but cool, and winters are short and mild (Mars is close to perihelion at this time), while in the southern hemisphere, summers are short but warm, and winters are long and harsh. On the disk of Mars in the middle of the XVII century. dark and light areas were seen. In 1784

V. Herschel drew attention to seasonal changes in the size of white spots near the poles (polar caps). In 1882, the Italian astronomer J. Schiaparelli compiled a detailed map of Mars and gave a system of names for the details of its surface; highlighting among the dark spots "seas" (in Latin mare), "lakes" (lacus), "bays" (sinus), "swamps" (palus), "straits" (freturn), "sources" (fens), " capes" (promontorium) and "regions" (regio). All these terms were, of course, purely conventional.

The temperature regime on Mars looks like this. In the daytime around the equator, if Mars is near perihelion, the temperature can rise to +25°C (about 300°K). But by evening, it drops to zero and below, and during the night the planet cools even more, since the rarefied dry atmosphere of the planet cannot retain the heat received from the Sun during the day.

The average temperature on Mars is much lower than on Earth - about -40 ° C. Under the most favorable conditions in the summer in the daytime half of the planet, the air warms up to 20 ° C - quite an acceptable temperature for the inhabitants of the Earth. But on a winter night, frost can reach up to -125 ° C. At winter temperatures, even carbon dioxide freezes, turning into dry ice. Such sharp temperature drops are caused by the fact that the rarefied atmosphere of Mars is not able to retain heat for a long time. The first measurements of the temperature of Mars using a thermometer placed at the focus of a reflecting telescope were carried out as early as the early 1920s. Measurements by W. Lampland in 1922 gave an average surface temperature of Mars of -28°C, E. Pettit and S. Nicholson in 1924 obtained -13°C. A lower value was obtained in 1960. W. Sinton and J. Strong: -43°C. Later, in the 50s and 60s. Numerous temperature measurements were accumulated and summarized at various points on the surface of Mars, in different seasons and times of the day. From these measurements, it followed that during the day at the equator the temperature can reach up to +27°C, but by morning it can reach -50°C.

The Viking spacecraft measured the temperature near the surface after landing on Mars. Despite the fact that at that time it was summer in the southern hemisphere, the temperature of the atmosphere near the surface in the morning was -160°C, but by the middle of the day it rose to -30°C. The pressure of the atmosphere at the surface of the planet is 6 millibars (i.e. 0.006 atmospheres). Above the continents (deserts) of Mars, clouds of fine dust constantly rush, which is always lighter than the rocks from which it is formed. Dust also increases the brightness of the continents in the red rays.

Under the influence of winds and tornadoes, dust on Mars can rise into the atmosphere and stay in it for quite some time. Strong dust storms were observed in the southern hemisphere of Mars in 1956, 1971 and 1973. As shown by spectral observations in infrared rays, in the atmosphere of Mars (as in the atmosphere of Venus) the main component is carbon dioxide (CO3). Long-term searches for oxygen and water vapor at first did not give reliable results at all, and then it was found that oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars is no more than 0.3%.

Mars is one of the representatives of the terrestrial group, the average surface temperature of which is below zero. He is the closest of our neighbors, and therefore his study is of particular interest to mankind. In the future, this is a variant of the first interplanetary colonization. And knowledge of temperature regimes is an understanding of the initial conditions of colonization. Information about the temperature regime of Mars will allow us to build theories about the temperatures of other planets.

What is the temperature on Mars

The first observations of the red planet began in the 18th century. Then it was just observations that could not say anything about the temperature of Mars. But already in the 20s of the last century, scientists placed a thermometer at the focus of a reflecting telescope, thereby determining the surface temperature. At that time, the indicators of different scientists varied: from -28 degrees to -60. Scientists had different equipment with different measurement errors, but such a large spread is only of scientific interest.

In the 1950s, enough information was accumulated, facts about positive temperatures at the equator became known. In 1956, a group of American scientists conducted studies that confirmed low temperatures at the poles.

The minimum temperature recorded at the pole of Mars is -153 0 С.

The observations during the Great Confrontation, that is, the moment of the closest approach of Mars and Earth, were of the greatest value. Later, with the development of scientific progress, after several unsuccessful attempts to launch rovers, the first pictures of the poles of the red planet were obtained. This made it possible to confirm the temperature at the poles at -125 degrees Celsius. Science does not stand still and new discoveries are made every year.

The average temperature on the surface of the red planet is -63 0 С.

At the same time, at the equator, the thermometer shows the usual 18 0 С. It is quite enough for growing plants and establishing colonies, but there is a very capacious problem. The pressure in it reaches a value of 0.6 kPa, which is very small. For comparison: one atmosphere equals approximately 100 kPa, which is 110 times more than the announced value. Because of this, the airspace is discharged, in this case, at small height differences of 1.5-2 meters, there is a difference of several tens of divisions of the thermometer. In the heat, the top of the soil can warm up to 27 0 C, but on a small hill it quickly drops to zero.

In 2004, one of the rovers of the NASA research missions landed on the planet. The device was called "Spirit". The device operated on the planet until January 2009, and among other data, new information about the temperature on the surface was obtained.

The maximum temperature recorded at the equator of Mars is +35 0 С.

This is 5 degrees more than the previous value, which indicates a possible warming.

The god of war Mars in the ancient Roman pantheon was considered the father of the Roman people, the guardian of fields and domestic animals, then the patron of equestrian competitions. The fourth planet from the Sun is named after him. Probably, the blood-red appearance of the planet evoked associations with war and death among the first observers. They even got the appropriate names - Phobos ("fear") and Deimos ("horror").

red riddle

Each planet has its own mysteries, but none of them has intrigued earthlings as much as Mars. The unusual red appearance of the planet remained inexplicable for a long time, and it seemed interesting what the temperature is on Mars, and whether its color depends on it. It is today that every schoolchild knows that the abundant content of iron minerals in the Martian soil gives it such a color. And in the past there were some questions that the most inquisitive minds of earthlings were looking for answers to.

cold planet

By its age, this planet is the same as the Earth and other neighbors in the solar system. Scientists suggest that her birth occurred 4.6 billion years ago. And although not everything has yet been clarified in the history of the development of the planet, much has already been established, including the temperature on Mars.

Relatively recently, large ice deposits were discovered at the poles in both hemispheres. This is evidence that liquid water once existed on the planet. And the temperature of Mars may have been completely different. Many scientists suggest that if there is ice on the surface, then water must be preserved in the rocks. And the presence of water is a confirmation that there was once life here.

It has been established that the atmosphere of the planet has a density 100 times less than that of the earth. But despite this, clouds and wind are formed in the layers of the Martian atmosphere. Huge dust storms sometimes rage above the surface.

What is the temperature on Mars is already known, and thanks to the data obtained, we can conclude that it is much colder on the red neighbor than on Earth. In the region of the poles, -125 degrees Celsius was recorded in winter, and the highest in summer reaches +20 degrees in the equator.

How is it different from Earth?

There are many differences between the planets, some of them quite significant. Mars is much smaller than Earth, twice. And the planet is located much further from the Sun: the distance to the star is almost 1.5 times farther than that of our planet.

Since the mass of the planet is relatively small, then it is almost three times less than on Earth. On Mars, as well as on our planet, different seasons are observed, but their duration is almost twice as long.

Unlike the Earth, Mars, whose average air temperature is -30...-40°C, has a very rarefied atmosphere. Its composition is dominated by carbon dioxide, which implies the absence of this. Therefore, during the day, the temperature on Mars near the surface changes significantly. For example, at noon it can be -18 ° C, and in the evening - already -63 ° C. At night, the temperature was fixed at the equator and 100 degrees below zero.

> > > Temperature on Mars

What is the temperature on Mars: meaning day and night, summer and winter. Find out the average temperature of the atmosphere and surface of Mars, a description of the climate and research.

The red planet is located farther from the Sun than the Earth, so the planet gets less heat. To be more precise, this is an extremely cold place. The only exception is during the summer. But even at this time temperature on mars drops below 0°C. In summer, the Red Planet can warm up to 20°C, and at night the temperature drops to -90°C.

Mars moves in an elliptical path, so the surface temperature is constantly changing, but not by much. According to the axial tilt of 25.19 degrees, it resembles the earth (26.27), which means it has seasons. Let's add here a thin atmospheric layer and understand why the planet fails to save at least minimal heating. The atmosphere is 96% carbon dioxide. If it were denser, then a greenhouse effect would form and we got a second Venus.

How has the temperature changed on Mars?

What about the past? Mars rovers and probes show areas of erosion that could be caused by liquid water. This hints that earlier Mars was not only warm, but also humid. However, the Red Planet has been dry and frosty for 3 billion years. Some believe that the cooling process started 4 billion years ago. However, the traces of erosion have not disappeared because there is no liquid water or plate tectonics. The wind is present, but not strong enough to transform the surface.

It is important for researchers to monitor warm weather and liquid water because they are essential for the origin and evolution of life. In addition, if we plan further exploration and colonization, then we cannot do without water sources. The mission will take at least a few years. Before the crew arrives, the water ice can be melted and cleaned.

If the temperature of Mars can still be fought, then water is the main obstacle to colonization. It remains only to develop the technology that will safely take us there and back. Now you know how the temperature on Mars is day and night.

Mars- this is a harsh, cold world, the conditions on which are very different from those familiar to us. Despite the fact that the Sun (when viewed from the surface of Mars) seems to be only slightly smaller here than when observed from the Earth, in fact Mars is at a distance from it, that is, much further than our planet (149.5 million km .). Accordingly, this planet gets a quarter less solar energy than the Earth.

However, the distance from the Sun is only one of the reasons why the planet Mars is a cold planet. The second reason is that it is too thin, consisting of 95% carbon dioxide, and unable to retain enough heat.

Why is the atmosphere so important? Because for our (and any other) planet, it serves as a kind of "thermal underwear" or "blanket" that prevents the surface from cooling too quickly. Now imagine that if on Earth, with its very dense atmosphere, in winter, the temperature drops in some regions to -50-70 degrees Celsius, how cold it must be on Mars, whose blanket-atmosphere is 100 times thinner than Earth!

Snow on Mars is a landscape as seen by one of the rovers on the surface of the red planet. To be honest, in Yakutia I saw exactly the same landscapes

Temperature on Mars day and night

So, Mars is a lifeless and cold planet, because of the thin atmosphere, it is completely deprived of the chance to ever “warm up”. However, what temperature is usually observed in Martian conditions?

Average temperature on Mars is something around minus 60 degrees Celsius. So that you understand how cold it is, then here's food for thought: on Earth, the average temperature is +14.8 degrees, so yes, Mars is very, very "cool". In winter, near the poles, the temperature on Mars can drop to -125 degrees Celsius, regardless of the time of day. On a summer day, near the equator, the planet is relatively warm: up to +20 degrees, but at night the thermometer will again fall to -73. You can't say anything - the conditions are just extreme!

As temperatures drop, particles of carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere freeze and fall out as frost, covering the surface and rocks of the planet like snow. Martian "snow" bears little resemblance to the earth's, because its snowflakes do not exceed the size of erythrocyte cells in human blood in size. Rather, such "snow" resembles a discharged fog that settles on the surface of the planet as it freezes. However, as soon as the Martian morning comes, and the atmosphere of the planet begins to warm up, carbon dioxide will again turn into a volatile compound, and again cover everything around with white fog until it completely evaporates.

The ice caps of Mars in a good telescope are visible even from the ground

Seasons (seasons) on Mars

Like our planet, the axis of Mars is somewhat inclined relative to the plane, which in turn means that, just like on Earth, Mars has 4 seasons, or seasons. However, due to the fact that the orbit of Mars around the Sun does not resemble an even circle, but is somewhat shifted to the side relative to the center (the sun), the length of the Martian seasons is also uneven.

So, in the northern hemisphere of the planet, the longest season is Spring, which lasts on Mars as much as seven earthly months. Summer And autumn about six months, but the Martian winter is the shortest season of the year, and lasts only four months.

During the Martian summer, the planet's polar ice cap, which is mostly carbon dioxide, shrinks significantly and may disappear altogether. However, even a short but unusually cold Martian winter is enough to build it up again. If there is water somewhere on Mars, then most likely you need to look for it at the pole, where it is trapped under a layer of frozen carbon dioxide.