Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering. Thermophysics and theoretical thermal engineering Specialty formula: For physical and mathematical sciences “Thermophysics and theoretical thermal engineering. Thermodynamics and statistical physics

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

"I CONFIRM":

I. o. vice-rector-chief

department for scientific work

_______________________

__________ _____________ 2011

THERMAL PHYSICS AND

THEORETICAL HEAT ENGINEERING

"PREPARED FOR PUBLICATION":

_____________________________//

"______"___________201__

Considered at the meeting of the Department of Mechanics of Multiphase Systems on April 21, 2011, minutes

Meets the requirements for content, structure and design.

Volume 15 pages.

Head department ______________________________//

"______"___________ 2011

Considered at the meeting of UMK IMENIT “___”______________2011, minutes No. _____.

Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education and the curriculum of the educational program.

"AGREED":

Chairman of the Educational Committee ___________________________//

"______"______2011

"AGREED":

Beginning postgraduate department

and doctoral studies___________

"______"______2011

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

State educational institution

higher professional education

TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY

Institute of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies

Department of Mechanics of Multiphase Systems

PAKHARUKOV Y. V.

SHABAROV A. B.

SHASTUNOVA U. Yu.

THERMAL PHYSICS AND

THEORETICAL HEAT ENGINEERING

Educational and methodological complex.

Work program for graduate students of the specialty 04/01/14

“Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering”

Full-time and part-time forms of study

Publishing house

Tyumen State University

2011

, . Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering . Educational and methodological complex. Work program for graduate students of the specialty 04/01/14. Thermophysics and theoretical thermal engineering, full-time and part-time courses. Tyumen, 2011, 15 pages.

The work program is compiled in accordance with the FGT to the structure of the main professional educational program of postgraduate professional education (postgraduate studies).

The work program of the discipline (module) is published on the Tyumen State University website: Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering [electronic resource] / Access mode: http://www. *****., free.

EDITOR IN CHARGE: Head of the Department of Mechanics of Multiphase Systems, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor

Educational and methodological complex. The work program includes the following sections:

1. Explanatory note

1.1. Goals and objectives of the discipline (module)

Purpose of the discipline- to acquaint graduate students with the main problems of modern thermophysics, with thermophysical processes of special production and prepare students for studying special courses, calculating projects and performing individual special practical work.

Objectives of the training course:

· mastery by graduate students of analytical methods for solving problems of thermal conductivity under various boundary conditions, convective heat and mass transfer, and heat transfer processes during boiling and condensation of the medium;

· introduce graduate students to the basic principles of the theory of convective heat transfer, recall the basic concepts for solving problems of free and forced convection, consider the features of transfer processes in a turbulent flow;

· study in depth the equations of the boundary layer (hydrodynamic, thermal, diffusion);

· study in depth the concepts of boiling and condensation of a medium;

· remember and study new methods for calculating complex heat transfer, including when the state of aggregation of a substance changes;

· familiarization of graduate students with the structure and processes occurring in super-heat-conducting heat transfer devices - heat pipes, heat exchangers.

1.2. The place of discipline in the structure of OOP

The discipline “Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering” is a special discipline of a branch of science and specialty, which is included in the basic part.

When studying the course, the knowledge gained by graduate students when studying in a specialist or undergraduate course is used: “Physics”, “Mathematical analysis”, Thermophysics”, “Thermogasdynamics”, “Refrigeration machines and installations”, “ Heat and mass exchange devices for low-temperature installations”, “Theory and calculation of heat exchangers”, “Design and operation of heat exchangers”, “Thermal methods for enhancing oil recovery”, “Engineering and technology of oil and gas production”.

1.3. Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline:

The process of studying the discipline is aimed at developing the following competencies:

· willingness and ability to use the fundamental laws of nature and the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities;

· the ability to understand the essence and significance of information in the development of a modern information society, to recognize the dangers and threats that arise in this process, to comply with basic security requirements, including the protection of state secrets;

· the ability to reveal the physical, natural-scientific essence of problems arising in the course of professional activity, to conduct their qualitative and quantitative analysis;

· the ability to carry out scientific research and develop new promising approaches and methods for solving professional problems, readiness for professional growth, for active participation in scientific and innovative activities, conferences, exhibitions and presentations.

As a result of mastering the discipline, the graduate student must:

· Know:

– basic methods of differential and integral calculus used in solving problems of heat and mass transfer;

– physical basis of heat and mass transfer;

– elements of the mathematical theory of unsteady heat and mass transfer and filtration theory;

– solving the most important stationary problems of heat and mass transfer;

– methods for measuring thermophysical parameters of matter;

Basic principles of convective, radiative transfer, heat and mass transfer during condensation and boiling;

· Be able to:

– apply methods of differential and integral calculus when solving problems of stationary and non-stationary heat and mass transfer;

– obtain calculation formulas for various processes of movement of liquids and gases in a porous medium;

– apply methods for solving problems with phase transitions;

· Own:

– methods for measuring thermophysical parameters of matter;

– methods of analyzing heat and mass transfer in technological processes;

– methods for calculating temperature fields and heat flows;

– technology for reducing heat loss during the operation of industrial facilities.

2. Structure and labor intensity of the discipline.

This discipline is taught in the 4th semester and contains 144 hours, of which 36 hours of lectures, 18 hours of laboratory classes, 90 hours of independent work. Mandatory writing of 1 test paper and 1 abstract on the topic of the dissertation research. The form of intermediate certification is a candidate exam.

3. Thematic plan.

Table 1.

Thematic plan

	Total hours	types of educational work and independent work, per hour.	4. of which in interactive form	Control role forms
seminar (practical) classes*	laboratory classes*	independent work*

1.Basic laws of thermal conductivity. Stationary problems of heat conduction. Unsteady problems of heat conduction.
2. Initial and boundary conditions for the heat equation. Dimensionless parameters of heat and mass transfer.
3. Heat transfer by radiation. Convective heat transfer. Thermophysical properties of substances and methods for their measurement.
4. Basic principles of the theory of convective transport. Movement of a viscous fluid. Navier-Stokes equation. Dynamic and thermal boundary layers. Diffusion boundary layer.
5. Similarity theory. Criterion equations. Heat and mass transfer during external flow around bodies.
6. Heat and mass transfer during internal flow in pipes and channels.
7. Heat and mass transfer during fluid flow through a porous wall. Heat and mass transfer by radiation.
8. Heat and mass transfer near the liquid-gas surface. Heat and mass transfer during steam condensation. Types of condensation.
9. Heat and mass transfer during boiling.

of which hours in interactive form

Table 2.

Introduction

This program is based on the following sections of physics: thermodynamics and statistical physics; theory of nonequilibrium processes; physics of gases and plasma, phase transitions, solid state physics.

The program was developed by the expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in physics with the participation of Moscow State Regional University.

1. Thermodynamics and statistical physics

Laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic functions. Thermodynamic inequalities. Gibbs distribution. Entropy. Statistical substantiation of the law of increasing entropy. Gibbs distribution for systems with a variable number of particles. Statistical description of an ideal gas. Boltzmann distribution. Thermodynamic properties of a diatomic gas with molecules of identical and different atoms. Law of equidistribution. Quantum statistics of an ideal gas. Bose distribution. Bose condensation. Thermodynamics of black radiation. Fermi distribution. Heat capacity of a degenerate Fermi gas. Condition of chemical equilibrium. Law of mass action. Heat of reaction. Thermal dissociation, ionization, excitation. Non-ideal gases. Expansion in degrees of density. Virial coefficients. Phase transitions of the first and second order. Landau's thermodynamic theory of second-order phase transitions. Fluctuation theory. Gaussian distribution. Fluctuations of basic thermodynamic quantities. Poisson's formula. Correlation of fluctuations. Fluctuations at the critical point. Correlation of fluctuations over time. Surface thermodynamics. Surface tension and surface pressure. Equilibrium between the surface phase and gas. Theory of nucleation formation during first-order phase transitions.

2. Theory of nonequilibrium processes

Transport equations, fundamentals of the thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena. Symmetry relation of Onsager kinetic coefficients. Application of methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to phenomena in continuous media with the simultaneous occurrence of various processes: diffusion, thermal conductivity, viscosity, chemical reactions. Boltzmann kinetic equation. N- theorem. Derivation of the Boltzmann equation based on the particle number balance. Ideas of the Chapman-Ensky and Grad method. Derivation of hydrodynamic equations from Boltzmann equations. Calculation of kinetic coefficients. The influence of chemical reactions and internal degrees of freedom on transport phenomena. Random walks and Brownian motion. Langevin's equation. Fokker-Planck equation. Relaxation phenomena. Basic kinetic equation. Vibrational relaxation. Rotational relaxation. Kinetics of dissociation and ionization. Gas lasers. Collisional mechanisms for creating population inversion. Propagation of sound in gas, dispersion and attenuation of sound. Second viscosity. Shock waves. Conservation laws at the shock wave front. Shock adiabat. Structure of a shock wave in gases. Gas leakage through the nozzle.

3. Physics of gases and plasma

Interaction of molecules. Sources of information about intermolecular forces. Various components of intermolecular forces. Potential functions of intermolecular interactions. Elastic and inelastic collisions. Equation of state of an ideal gas. Van der Waals equation. Law of corresponding states, thermodynamic similarity. Heat capacity. Compressibility. Joule-Thompson effect. Methods for measuring thermodynamic quantities. The phenomenon of transport in gases. Viscosity. Thermal conductivity. Diffusion. Thermal diffusion. Near-wall phenomena in moderately rarefied gas. Thermolecular pressure difference. Kinetic phenomena in highly rarefied gas (Knudsen gas). Methods for studying transfer phenomena. Methods for obtaining ultra-low and high pressures. Diffusion methods for isotope separation. Low temperature plasma. Debye radius. Ionization equilibrium. Sakha formula. Ionization kinetics. The phenomenon of transport in plasma. Plasma radiation.

4. Physics of fluids

Structure of liquid. Radial distribution function. Study of the structure of liquids using X-ray scattering. Equations of state of liquids and dense gases. Density, compressibility, heat capacity. Statistical theory of liquids. Partial distribution functions, methods of integral equations. Model theories. Computer simulation. The phenomenon of transport and relaxation in liquid. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion and self-diffusion. Resistance and heat transfer in laminar flow. Convective heat transfer. Turbulent motion and turbulent heat transfer. Crisis of resistance. Turbulence models. Methods for calculating turbulent phenomena in gas, liquid and plasma. Radiative heat transfer and radiative gas dynamics. Study of thermal motion in liquids by scattering of light and slow neutrons. Space-time correlation function. Surface phenomena. Surface tension, wetting. Osmotic pressure. Exotic liquids, liquid crystals, liquid metals. Quantum liquids. Helium superfluidity.

5. Phase transitions

Status diagrams. Conditions for phase equilibrium. Clapeyron-Clausius law. Critical point and physical properties of the system in the vicinity of the critical point. Relationships between critical indicators. Experimental methods for studying critical conditions. Methods of thermostating and obtaining low temperatures. Boiling. Boiling crisis. Calculation methods. Metastable states. Overheating, hypothermia. Saturated vapor pressure above the solution. Melting, crystallization. Sublimation and sublimation. Heat transfer and resistance in multiphase media.

6. Solid state physics

Structure of solids: crystalline and amorphous solids. Spatial lattice of a crystal. Translational symmetry. Defects in crystals: point defects and dislocations. Lattice vibration, spectral density of lattice vibrations. Anharmonicity and thermal expansion. Heat capacity of crystals. Einstein and Debye models. Electronic states of crystals. Free electron models. Band structure of the energy spectrum of crystals. Conductors, semiconductors and dielectrics. Electronic heat capacity. Thermodynamics of solids. Equation of state of solids. Thermodynamic description of thermoelastic properties. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of solids. Equation of thermal conductivity in solids, thermal conductivity of crystals. Mechanisms of thermal conductivity in dielectrics and metals. Viscosity and its manifestation during sound absorption in solids. Interaction of molecules with the surface of a solid body. Adsorption and chemisorption. Monomolecular and polymolecular adsorption.

Literature

Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M. Statistical physics. M.: Nauka, 2001. Kvasnikov I.A. Theory of equilibrium systems. T. 1: Thermodynamics; T. 2: Statistical physics. M.: Publishing house URSS, 2002. Rumer Yu.B., Ryvkin M.Sh. Thermodynamics, statistical physics and kinetics. Novosibirsk: NSU Publishing House, 2000. Ishihara A. Statistical physics. M.: Mir, 1973. Silin V.P. Introduction to the kinetic theory of gases. M.: Publishing house FI AN, 1998. Girshfelder J., Curtiss Ch., Bird R. Molecular theory of gases and liquids. L.; M., 1961. Stupochenko E., Losev S.A., Osipov A.I. Relaxation processes in shock waves. M., 1965. Gordiev B.F., Osipov A.I., Shelepin L.A. Kinetic processes in gases and molecular lasers. M.: Nauka, 1980. Physics of simple liquids: Sat. M.: Mir, 1971. Stanley G. Phase transitions and kinetic phenomena. M.: Mir, 1973. Raiser Yu.P. Physics of gas discharge. M.: Nauka, 1992. Landau L.D., Lifshits E.M. Hydrodynamics. M.: Nauka, 1986. Loytsyansky L.G. Mechanics of liquid and gas. M.: Nauka, 1973.

“PROGRAM OF CANDIDATE EXAMINATION IN SPECIALTY 01.04.14 “THERMAL PHYSICS AND THEORETICAL HEAT ENGINEERING” (technical sciences) Introduction To the basis...”

PROGRAM FOR CANDIDATE EXAMINATION IN SPECIALTY

01.04.14 “THERMAL PHYSICS AND THEORETICAL HEAT ENGINEERING”

(technical sciences)

Introduction

The program is based on the following disciplines: thermophysical properties of substances; thermodynamic processes; processes of heat and mass transfer in continuous and rarefied homogeneous and heterogeneous media.

1. Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics and its method. Thermodynamic system. Status Options

working fluid. The concept of a thermodynamic process. Ideal gas. Ideal gas laws. Mixtures of ideal gases.

First law of thermodynamics. Heat. Joule's experiment. Equivalence of heat and work. The law of conservation and transformation of energy. Internal energy and external work. Enthalpy. Generalized forces and generalized coordinates. Equation of the first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics. Cycles. The concept of thermal efficiency. Sources of heat. Reversible and irreversible processes. Formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot cycle. Carnot's theorem. Thermodynamic temperature scale. Entropy. Entropy change in irreversible processes. Combined equation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Entropy and thermodynamic probability.

Differential equations of thermodynamics. Basic mathematical methods of thermodynamics. Maxwell's equation. Partial derivatives of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities.

Equilibrium of thermodynamic systems and phase transitions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous thermodynamic systems. Thermodynamic equilibrium. Conditions for phase equilibrium. Phase transitions. Clapeyron-Clausius equation. Phase transitions at curved interfaces.

Thermodynamic properties of substances. Thermal and caloric properties of liquids. Critical point. Van der Waals equation. Thermal and caloric properties of real gases and moist air. Equation of state of real gases. Thermodynamic properties of substances at the line of phase transitions and at the critical point.

Thermodynamic properties of a substance in a metastable state.

Basic thermodynamic processes. Isochoric process. Isobaric process. Isothermal process. Polytropic processes. Throttling, Joule-Thompson effect. Adiabatic expansion of a real gas into a vacuum (Joule process).

Mixing process. Compression processes in a compressor.

Processes of outflow of gases and liquids. Braking parameters. Nozzle, diffuser.

Total and static pressure. Bernoulli's equation. Mach number. Adiabatic exponent.

Thermodynamic cycles. Thermal efficiency. Exergy. Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, Rankine cycles. Heat recovery in a cycle.

Refrigeration cycles. Reverse thermal cycles and processes. Refrigeration units. Air refrigeration cycle. Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Cycle of a steam ejector refrigeration unit. Concept of the absorption refrigeration cycle. Thermoelectric refrigeration cycle. The operating principle of a heat pump. Gas liquefaction methods.

Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Hess's law. Kirchhoff's equations. Chemical equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics. Equilibrium constants and degree of dissociation. Nernst's thermal law.

2. Heat and mass transfer

Thermal conductivity. Temperature field. Isothermal lines and surfaces.

Fourier's law. Energy conservation equation, boundary conditions for heat conduction problems.

The mechanism of thermal conductivity of substances in solid (crystalline and amorphous), liquid and gaseous states. Thermal conduction through a flat wall. Bio number. Heat transfer coefficient. Thermal conduction through a cylindrical wall, critical diameter of thermal insulation. Unsteady temperature field in a flat plate, regular mode of cooling (heating) of bodies. Method of multiplying solutions.

Convective heat transfer in a one-component medium. Equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in a continuous medium. Empirical laws of transport (Newton, Fourier, Fick). Reducing equations to dimensionless form, similarity criteria. Physical meaning of similarity numbers of convective heat and mass transfer. Triple analogy.

Heat transfer during external flow around a body. System of equations of the thermal boundary layer. Analysis of heat transfer during laminar flow in the boundary layer using dimensional methods. Pohlhausen's self-similar solution. Relations for calculating heat transfer at various Prandtl numbers. Conditional thickness of the boundary layer. Integral equations of momentum and energy.

The transition of laminar flow to turbulent flow, the influence of free-stream parameters, mass forces, and characteristics of the streamlined surface on the turbulent transition.

Theoretical and experimental aspects of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Averaged equations of motion and energy for turbulent flow. Apparent turbulent friction stresses, turbulent heat flow. Structure of the near-wall turbulent region. Reynolds' analogy for heat transfer during turbulent flow in the boundary layer, its modernized version (two-layer scheme), calculated relationships for heat transfer. Convective heat transfer at high flow velocities.

Adiabatic wall temperature, recovery coefficient, methods for calculating heat transfer. Heat transfer on a permeable surface. Heat transfer in transverse flow around a single cylinder and tube bundles.

Heat transfer during fluid flow in channels. Mathematical description, average mass velocity and temperature. Stabilized heat transfer under boundary conditions of the 2nd kind. Profiles of velocity, temperature, heat flow in laminar and turbulent flow, Lyon integral. Heat transfer during laminar fluid flow in the initial thermal section of a round pipe. Initial hydrodynamic section. Stabilized heat transfer in laminar flow. Stabilized heat transfer in turbulent flow, research results for non-metallic liquids and liquid metals, calculation formulas. The influence of variability of liquid properties on heat transfer during the flow of droplet liquids and gases in pipes.

Heat transfer under free convection. Mechanism and mathematical description, Boussinesq approximation. Development of a boundary layer on a vertical flat surface, calculation of the heat transfer coefficient. Free convection on the surface of a horizontal cylinder and sphere. Free convection in closed volumes; heat transfer through the interlayer.

Heat transfer during phase transformations. Mathematical description and models of two-phase media. Universal conditions of compatibility at interphase boundaries. Special compatibility conditions for heat and mass transfer processes. Nonequilibrium at interphase boundaries, quasi-equilibrium approximation.

Film and droplet condensation. Heat transfer during film condensation on a vertical surface: Nusselt solution, analysis of basic assumptions. Condensation on the surface of a horizontal cylinder. Condensation of moving steam. Qualitative patterns of droplet condensation.

Boiling of liquids. Conditions for the nucleation of a vapor nucleus in the volume of a superheated liquid and on a solid heating surface. Basic patterns of growth and separation of vapor bubbles. "Boiling curve". Heat transfer during nucleate boiling in a large volume, heat transfer during film boiling. Large volume boiling crises.

Flow regimes of two-phase flows in pipes. The nature of changes in the average mass temperature of the liquid, wall temperature, and consumption mass vapor content along the length of the heated channel. Boiling of a liquid subheated to saturation temperature. Heat transfer crisis during boiling in pipes.

Combined processes of heat and mass transfer. General characteristics of mass and energy transfer processes. Mixture composition, diffusion flows, diffusion coefficient.

Transfer of energy and momentum in mixtures.

Analogy of heat and mass transfer processes. Calculation of the intensity of energy and mass transfer of a component at moderate and high mass transfer rates.

Heat and mass transfer during chemical transformations. Diffusion accompanied by a homogeneous or heterogeneous chemical reaction. Processes on the surface of a body flown around by a hypersonic gas flow.

Sublimation of the surface of a body flowing around a high-temperature gas flow. Accommodation coefficient. Dependence of sublimation rate on body surface temperature.

Thermal decomposition of a body flown around a high-temperature flow of a chemically active gas.

Chemical interaction on the surface of a body flowing around a high-temperature gas flow.

Destruction of composite materials in a high-temperature gas flow.

Interaction of combustion and evaporation processes.

Heat transfer by radiation. Basic concepts and laws of radiation. The nature of radiation. Integral and spectral radiation flux densities. Absorbing, reflective and transmitting abilities of bodies. Absolutely black body.

Laws of thermal radiation (Planck, Wien, Stefan-Boltzmann, Kirchhoff, Lambert). Radiation from real bodies. Radiation properties of real materials.

Heat transfer by radiation in a diathermic environment. Geometry of radiation (local and average angular coefficients). Zonal method for calculating heat transfer in a system of bodies separated by a transparent medium.

Heat transfer by radiation in absorbing and radiating media. Emission and absorption in gases. The basic law of radiation energy transfer in a radiative-absorbing medium. Natural radiation of gas. Methods for calculating heat transfer.

3. Fundamentals of calculation of heat exchangers and thermal protection means Modern heat exchange systems: steam generators of thermal power plants, nuclear power reactors, combustion chambers of rocket engines, thermonuclear reactor blanket. Heat exchangers: recuperative, regenerative, mixing.

Equations of heat balance and heat transfer. Average temperature difference.

Calculation of heat exchange surface, final temperature of coolants. Basics of hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers. Determination of the power spent on pumping coolants.

Features of the choice of means and methods of thermal protection. Methods of thermal protection against convective and combined (convective-radiant) heating.

Penetrating cooling. Blowing effect. Heat exchange between the porous matrix and the filtered coolant.

Additional sections of the candidate exam program in specialty 01.04.14 “Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering”

– – –

Conditions for human thermal comfort. Heat exchange of the human body. Microclimate parameters and their normalization. External and internal factors (sources and sinks of heat and mass of water vapor) affecting the microclimate parameters in the premises.

Heat transfer through the enclosing structures of heated buildings and structures. Heat transfer through homogeneous single- and multi-layer external enclosures.

Heat transfer through heterogeneous external enclosures. Calculation of heat transfer coefficients through external fences.

Processes of filtration of air and water vapor in external building envelopes. Interconnected heat and mass transfer in the external enclosures of buildings.

Basic literature

1. Shpilrain E.E., Kesselman P.M. Fundamentals of the theory of thermophysical properties of substances. –M.: Energy, 1977. –248 p.

2. Theory of heat and mass transfer. /Ed. A.I. Leontyev. –M.: Publishing house of MSTU named after. N.E.

Bauman, 1997.

3. Theoretical mechanics. Thermodynamics. Heat exchange. /Encyclopedia. Mechanical engineering. T. 1-2 /Under general. Ed. K.K. Kolesnikova, A.I. Leontyev. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1999. –600 p.

4. Tsvetkov F.F., Grigoriev B.A. Heat and mass transfer. Textbook for universities. – M.: Publishing house MPEI (TU), 2001.

5. Labuntsov D.A., Yagov V.V. Mechanics of two-phase media. –M.: Publishing house MPEI, 2000.

6. Bazarov I.P. Thermodynamics. 2nd edition. –M.: Higher School, 1976.

7. Novikov I.I. Thermodynamics. –M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1984.

8. Petukhov B.S., Genin L.G., Kovalev S.A. Heat exchange in nuclear power plants. –M.: Energoatomizdat, 1986.

9. *Heat engineering: Textbook for universities. Under. ed. V.N. Lukanina. M.: Higher school. 2005. 671 p.

10. *Heat engineering: Textbook for universities. Ed. V.L. Erofeeva. – M.: ICC “Akademkniga”. – 2008. – 488 p.

11. *Nashchokin V.V. Technical thermodynamics and heat transfer / M.: Higher school. 1980.

12. *Kirillin V.A., Sychev V.V., Sheidlin A.E. Technical thermodynamics. M.:

Energy. 1968. 576 p.

13. *Isachenko, V.P., Osipova V.A., Sukomel A.S. Heat transfer / V.P. Isachenko, V.A. Osipova, A.S. Sukomel - M.: Energy, 1975. - 486 p.

14. *Mikheev, M.A. Fundamentals of heat transfer / M.A. Mikheev, I.M. Mikheeva. – M.:

Energy, 1977. – 344 p.

15. *Kutateladze S.S. Fundamentals of heat transfer theory. –M.: Atomizdat, 1979. –415 p.

16. Sychev V.V. Differential equations of thermodynamics. 2nd edition. –M.:

Higher school, 1991.

17. Thermal power engineering and heating engineering (reference series). Book two. Theoretical foundations of heat engineering. Thermotechnical experiment. M.: Publishing house MPEI, 2001.

18. *Bogoslovsky V.N. Construction thermophysics (thermophysical fundamentals of heating, ventilation, air conditioning). Textbook for universities. - 3rd ed., - St. Petersburg: ABOK North-West - 2006. - 400 p.

19. *Fokin K.F. Construction heating engineering of building envelopes. - 5th ed., - M.: AVOC-PRESS - 2006. - 252 p.

Additional literature 1. *Lykov A.V. Theory of thermal conductivity. – M.: Higher School, 1967. – 600 p.

2. *Gukhman, A.A. Introduction to similarity theory / A.A. Gukhman. – M.: Higher School, 1973. – 296 p.

3. *Ilyinsky V.M. Building thermophysics (enclosing structures and microclimate of buildings). - M.: Higher School -1974. - 320 s.

4. *Tikhomirov K.V. Sergienko E.S. Heating engineering, heat and gas supply and ventilation. Textbook for universities. – 5th ed., M.: BASTET LLC, - 2009.–480 p.

3. *Borodin, A.I. Lectures on technical thermodynamics / A.I. Borodin. – Tomsk:

Publishing house Vol. state architect-builds University, 2008. – 170 p.

4. *Khutornoy, A. N. Thermal protection properties of non-uniform external walls of buildings / A. N. Khutornoy, N. A. Tsvetkov, A. Ya. Kuzin. – Tomsk: Publishing house TGASU, 2006. – 287 p.

Regulatory documents 1. *SNiP II-3-79. Construction heating engineering. - M.: Gosstroy of Russia - 1998. - 42 p.

2. *SNiP 01/23/99. Construction climatology. Adopted and put into effect on January 1, 2000 by Resolution of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated June 11, 1999 No. 45. - 62 s.

3. *GOST 30494-96. Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters: approved by Gosstroy of the Russian Federation; commissioning since 1999. – M., 1999. 9 p.

Note: the sign “*” marks the literature that is available in the TGASU library, the rest of the literature is available in the libraries of NI TPU and NI TSU, access to which is free for graduate students

Specialty code:

01.04.14 Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering

Specialty formula:

For physical and mathematical sciences “Thermophysics and theoretical

Heat engineering" is a field of science that includes theoretical and

experimental studies of the properties of substances in liquid, solid and

gaseous state in the presence of all types of heat and mass transfer in

over the entire range of temperatures and pressures, magnetic hydrodynamics

electrically conductive media, heterogeneous aerodisperse systems,

thermophysics of low-temperature plasma, theory of similarity of thermophysical

processes, theoretical and technical thermodynamics, phase theory

transitions during combustion in heterogeneous systems, numerical and full-scale

modeling of thermophysical processes in nature, technology and

experiment, calculation and design of a new thermotechnical

equipment.

For technical sciences, a scientific specialty that combines

research on the thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic

processes, processes of heat and mass transfer in solid and rarefied,

homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Experimental and theoretical

Research in thermal physics and theoretical thermal engineering aims to -

establishing connections between the structure of substances and their phenomenological

properties, justification of methods for calculating thermodynamic and transfer

properties in different states of aggregation, identification of transfer mechanisms

mass, momentum and energy during convection, radiation, complex heat transfer

and physicochemical transformations, justification and verification of methods

intensification of heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Areas of research:

For physical and mathematical sciences:

1. Fundamental, theoretical and experimental research

molecular and macroproperties of substances in solid, liquid and gaseous

condition for a deeper understanding of the phenomena occurring during

thermal processes and aggregate changes in physical systems.

improving the thermophysical properties of substances in liquid, solid

(crystalline and amorphous) states for subsequent use

in the national economy -

For technical sciences:

1. Experimental studies of thermodynamic and transfer

properties of pure substances and their mixtures in a wide range of parameters

condition.

2. Analytical and numerical studies of thermophysical properties

substances in various states of aggregation.

3. Study of thermodynamic processes and cycles in relation to

energy production and conversion installations.

4. Experimental and theoretical studies of processes

interaction of intense energy flows with matter.

5. Experimental and theoretical studies of single-phase, free

and forced convection in a wide range of coolant properties,

operating and geometric parameters of heat transfer surfaces.

6. Experimental studies, physical and numerical

modeling of mass, momentum and energy transfer processes in

multiphase systems and during phase transformations.

7. Experimental and theoretical studies of joint processes

transfer of heat and mass in binary and multicomponent mixtures of substances,

including chemically reacting mixtures.

8. Development of methods for studying and calculating radiation heat transfer in

transparent and absorbing media.

9. Development of scientific foundations and creation of methods for process intensification

heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Note:

In a scientific specialty, work aimed at

creation of instruments and primary converters for experimental

research of thermophysical properties of substances and processes of thermal and

mass transfer, to optimize technological schemes and designs of heat

and mass exchange equipment.

Branch of sciences:

technical sciences (for the development of systems, devices, instruments,

technological processes and for the application of new developments in folk

farm)

physical and mathematical sciences (for research into theoretical and

experimental direction, which are fundamental in nature

(basic scientific research))__

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

MINIMUM PROGRAM

candidate exam in specialty

01.04.14 “Thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering”

in technical sciences

Minimum program

contains 8 pages.

Introduction

This program is based on the following disciplines: thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic processes, processes of heat and mass transfer in continuous and rarefied homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The program was developed by the expert council of the Higher Certification Commission for Energy, Electrification and Power Engineering with the participation of the Joint Institute of High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics and its method. State parameters. The concept of a thermodynamic process. Ideal gas. Ideal gas laws. Mixtures of ideal gases.

First law of thermodynamics. Heat. Joule's experiment. Equivalence of heat and work. The law of conservation and transformation of energy. Internal energy and external work. Enthalpy. Generalized forces and generalized coordinates. Equation of the first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics. Cycles. The concept of thermal efficiency. Sources of heat. Reversible and irreversible processes. Formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot cycle. Carnot's theorem. Thermodynamic temperature scale. Entropy. Entropy change in irreversible processes. Combined equation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Entropy and thermodynamic probability.

Differential equations of thermodynamics. Basic mathematical methods of thermodynamics. Maxwell's equation. Partial derivatives of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities.

Equilibrium of thermodynamic systems and phase transitions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous thermodynamic systems. Thermodynamic equilibrium. Conditions for phase equilibrium. Phase transitions. Clapeyron-Clausius equation. Phase transitions at curved interfaces.

Thermodynamic properties of substances. Thermal and caloric properties of liquids. Critical point. Van der Waals equation. Thermal and caloric properties of real gases and moist air. Equation of state of real gases. Thermodynamic properties of substances at the line of phase transitions and at the critical point. Thermodynamic properties of a substance in a metastable state.

Basic thermodynamic processes. Isochoric process. Isobaric process. Isothermal process. Polytropic processes. Throttling, Joule-Thompson effect. Adiabatic expansion of a real gas into a vacuum (Joule process). Mixing process. Compression processes in a compressor.

Processes of outflow of gases and liquids. Braking parameters. Nozzle, diffuser. Total and static pressure. Bernoulli's equation. Mach number. Adiabatic exponent.

Thermodynamic cycles. Thermal efficiency. Exergy. Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, Rankine cycles. Heat recovery in a cycle.

Refrigeration cycles. Reverse thermal cycles and processes. Refrigeration units. Air refrigeration cycle. Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Cycle of a steam ejector refrigeration unit. Concept of the absorption refrigeration cycle. Thermoelectric refrigeration cycle. The operating principle of a heat pump. Gas liquefaction methods.

Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Hess's law. Kirchhoff's equations. Chemical equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics. Equilibrium constants and degree of dissociation. Nernst's thermal law.

Heat and mass transfer

Thermal conductivity. Energy conservation equation, Fourier's law, boundary conditions for heat conduction problems. The mechanism of thermal conductivity of substances in solid (crystalline and amorphous), liquid and gaseous states. Thermal conduction through a flat wall. Bio number. Heat transfer coefficient. Thermal conduction through a cylindrical wall, critical insulation diameter. Unsteady temperature field in a flat plate, regular mode of cooling (heating) of bodies. Method of multiplying solutions.

Convective heat transfer in a one-component medium. Equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in a continuous medium. Empirical laws of transport (Newton, Fourier, Fick). Reducing equations to dimensionless form, similarity criteria. Physical meaning of similarity numbers of convective heat and mass transfer. Triple analogy.

The transition of laminar flow to turbulent flow, the influence of free-stream parameters, mass forces, and characteristics of the streamlined surface on the turbulent transition. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Averaged equations of motion and energy for turbulent flow. Apparent turbulent friction stresses, turbulent heat flow. Structure of the near-wall turbulent region. Reynolds' analogy for heat transfer during turbulent flow in the boundary layer, its modernized version (two-layer scheme), calculated relationships for heat transfer. Convective heat transfer at high flow velocities. Adiabatic wall temperature, recovery coefficient, methods for calculating heat transfer. Heat transfer on a permeable surface. Heat transfer in transverse flow around a single cylinder and tube bundles.

Combined processes of heat and mass transfer. General characteristics of mass and energy transfer processes. Mixture composition, diffusion flows, diffusion coefficient. Transfer of energy and momentum in mixtures.

Analogy of heat and mass transfer processes. Calculation of the intensity of energy and mass transfer of a component at moderate and high mass transfer rates.

Sublimation of the surface of a body flowing around a high-temperature gas flow. Accommodation coefficient. Dependence of sublimation rate on body surface temperature.

Thermal decomposition of a body flown around a high-temperature flow of a chemically active gas.

Chemical interaction on the surface of a body flowing around a high-temperature gas flow.

Destruction of composite materials in a high-temperature gas flow. Interaction of combustion and evaporation processes.

Heat transfer by radiation. Basic concepts and laws of radiation. The nature of radiation. Integral and spectral radiation flux densities. Absorbing, reflective and transmitting abilities of bodies. Absolutely black body.

Laws of thermal radiation (Planck, Wien, Stefan-Boltzmann, Kirchhoff, Lambert). Radiation from real bodies. Radiation properties of real materials.

Heat transfer by radiation in absorbing and radiating media. Emission and absorption in gases. The basic law of radiation energy transfer in a radiating-absorbing medium. Natural radiation of gas. Methods for calculating heat transfer.

Basics of calculation of heat exchangers and thermal protection equipment

Modern heat exchange systems: steam generators of thermal power plants, nuclear power reactors, combustion chambers of rocket engines, thermonuclear reactor blanket. Heat exchangers: recuperative, regenerative, mixing.

Equations of heat balance and heat transfer. Average temperature difference. Calculation of heat exchange surface, final temperature of coolants. Basics of hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers. Determination of the power spent on pumping coolants.

Features of the choice of means and methods of thermal protection. Methods of thermal protection against convective and combined (convective-radiant) heating.

Penetrating cooling. Blowing effect. Heat exchange between the porous matrix and the filtered coolant.

Basic literature

1. Theory of heat and mass transfer. /Ed. A.I. Leontyev. –M.: Publishing house of MSTU named after. N.E. Bauman, 1997.

2. Kirillin V.A., Sychev V.V., Sheindlin A.E. Technical thermodynamics. 4th edition. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1983.

3. Tsvetkov F.F., Grigoriev B.A. Heat and mass transfer. Textbook for universities. –M.: Publishing house MPEI (TU), 2001.

4. Sychev V.V. Differential equations of thermodynamics. 2nd edition. –M.: Higher School, 1991.

5. Thermal power engineering and heating engineering (reference series). Book two. Theoretical foundations of heat engineering. Thermotechnical experiment. M.: Publishing house MPEI, 2001.

Further reading

1. Theoretical mechanics. Thermodynamics. Heat exchange. /Encyclopedia. Mechanical engineering. T. 1-2 /Under general. Ed. K.K. Kolesnikova, A.I. Leontyev. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1999. –600 p.