Tolerance and intolerance in communication. Tolerance: Is being tolerant good or bad? Current situation and practice

Struggle cannot become a driving force for development if it becomes an end in itself.

D. Schwalbe

TOLERANCE AS A MEANS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMMUNICATION

In the scientific literature, tolerance is seen primarily as respect and recognition of the equality of opinions of partners, the rejection of dominance and violence. Tolerance implies a person's willingness to accept others as they are and to interact with them on the basis of consent. At the same time, tolerance is not a relationship of indifference (indifference) or adaptation to another (conformity). It does not imply a sacrificial position - a complete rejection of one's own interests, or altruism. This is an active position of the parties interested in a joint result, cooperation. The word "communication" originally contained the meaning of "search for common", i.e. the goal is supposed to be the achievement of a certain joint result. This result should contribute to understanding, development of relationships, etc. However, as we already know, conflicts are not a random phenomenon. They have roots in various areas - in the very nature of man, his genetic characteristics, age, personality, social, etc.

Tolerance in communication - the position of the individual mature, independent, having its own values and interests, ready to defend them and at the same time respectful of the positions and values of other people. A tolerant person knows himself well and recognizes others, noticing them before they are asked to. Understanding tolerance is achieved by comparing it with intolerance - intolerance. As many domestic and foreign authors note, manifestations of intolerance are:

Prejudices, prejudices, negative stereotypes (opinion about a person as a representative of a certain group - 1 representative of a different culture, nationality, race, gender, religion, etc.) - nationalism, chauvinism, racism;

Violence in actions and speech - harassment, intimidation, threats; repression; genocide; insults, ridicule, labels, nicknames;

Extremism in views and actions - terrorism, fascism, desecration of religious and cultural symbols;

Exploitation;

Discrimination, isolation in society - on the basis of gender, migrant phobia [see: 9, 18, 58, 80, etc.].

Intolerance is often not an openly expressed position, but a hidden, implicit one. When studying tolerance of our! students, for example, were asked the same question to everyone: should a person follow the laws, should a person in our country obey certain rules, norms of behavior? Almost everyone answered in the affirmative. When they asked more specific questions relating to each person personally (what to do from you, if you have violated the rules of the road; how you will act if your friend is punished for breaking the rules, etc.), ambiguous positions appeared behind the categoricalness of correct judgments, intolerance appeared behind the condemnation of another person. And this is not about youthful intolerance, but about categorical judgments.

The main criteria for tolerance:

Position on an equal footing and taking into account the interests of the other;

Renunciation of violence;

Conscious attitude to oneself, to another, to society;

Obedience to rules, laws (not under duress, but of good will);

Positive goals (aimed at the result and expressed in positive language);

The ability to maintain internal stability, balance in difficult situations;

The ability of personal choice.

In this section, we will try to trace how these criteria are reflected in various types and forms of communication and what functions of communication contribute to the development of tolerance and conflict.

Conflict and tolerance in different forms of communication

To consider the influence of tolerance on the process of communication, we will first try to understand what are the features of this process, briefly review the existing forms and types of communication, and then show what is the role of the phenomenon of interest to us.

the change of tolerance in it, what is the influence of tolerance and how it is connected with conflicts, conflict and tolerance. Communication - a very complex and multifaceted process, which includes interaction of people, exchange of information, perception and understanding of each other. Communication serves to unite people and at the same time to develop each individual. That is why G. M. Andreeva calls it a method of "cementing" and development of individuals. In its form, communication can be direct and indirect.

direct communication involves natural face-to-face contact and the transfer of information through speech (verbal information), as well as gestures, facial expressions, postures (non-verbal information).

mediated communication- in addition to information transmitted in direct communication (verbal and non-verbal), it includes technical devices (TV, telephone, computer, etc.) or other means (Internet, paintings, theatrical performances, books) that mediate this communication. If you look at these forms of communication and compare them with direct communication, then today their share is increasing, crowding out the direct interaction of people. Today's schoolchildren and even preschoolers spend a lot of time at the computer, communicate with their grandmothers and parents more often by phone, watch fairy tales on TV or listen to them using a tape recorder, etc. These means or mediating devices have become so familiar that we no longer notice them. The technical environment itself has become familiar, but it affects a person. By changing the ways of communication, a person changes himself.

Today, the computer is also quietly doing its job. People interacting with each other via the Internet get used to the conciseness and conciseness of information, to the exchange of opinions using written texts, to the expression of emotions using emoticons, etc. Does it affect? Of course it does. Computer scientists often demand the same behavior from others. The eternal problem of fathers and children is aggravated - children believe that parents “detail everything too much”, and parents think that children have forgotten how to read, feel, understand, etc. On the one hand, the computer endlessly expands our capabilities, allowing us to communicate with people who are thousands of kilometers away from us, and on the other hand, it limits our communication with those who are nearby. On the one hand, it makes us more flexible, tolerant of the views and positions of people of completely different cultures, and on the other hand, it sharpens our categorical attitude towards those who are nearby. But just as mankind has not abandoned the radio, telephone, television, etc., it will not abandon the computer either. Another thing is to understand and foresee what the next remedy will bring us, how it will respond to our relations, and try to mitigate the shortcomings and take full advantage of the advantages provided.^ The computer is not only a fact of our life today, but already And factor.

There are also interpersonal and mass communication. interpersonal communication associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs, constant in composition of participants, i.e. communication in the family, school, with friends.

Mass communication- this is a lot of direct contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media.

Separate, in addition, interpersonal And role-playing communication. J In the first case, the participants in communication are specific individuals with individual qualities. In the case of role-playing interaction, its participants are carriers of certain roles: teacher-student, parent-child, boss-j nickname-subordinate, etc. The role currently being played -1 is actually the place that a person occupies in society, in system of social relations. Of course, in itself social! the role in detail does not determine the whole behavior of a person. Much for-| depends on the understanding of one's role - on its performance. For example, all or almost all women become mothers, take on the role of a mother, in the same way all men take on the role of a father, but how differently these roles are performed by different people. There is! parents who sacrifice absolutely everything for the sake of their children, and there are those who can leave them, do not think, do not care about them.] There are also those who bring up their children with dignity, strive to convey to them all the best. They not only fulfill their roles, but are included in the communication process personally, sincerely and deeply. But children, in relation to their parents, play the roles they have taken in different ways. The same can be said about the roles of teachers, students, leaders, friends, and so on. Thus, in communication, people manifest themselves, reveal their psychological qualities for themselves and others. But these qualities are not only manifested through communication, they arise and form in it.

Basic functions of communication

Communication performs many different functions, among which five main ones can be distinguished.

1. The pragmatic function of communication, which is necessary primarily for the implementation of joint activities. This function is called vital or vital. Indeed, in order to survive, you must at least eat, and in order to eat, you need to work, while it is impossible to refuse to interact and communicate with colleagues. The vital importance of this 100

function for a person is that if you create exactly the same conditions for people who will differ only in the fact of communicating with loved ones, then people who communicate will receive significant benefits. This was proven by comparing difficult-to-treat patients in two US clinics. In these clinics, with outwardly identical conditions (personnel qualifications, attentive care), children were treated, but in one hospital, relatives were not allowed to see the babies, and in another, family members were invited to a specially designated room at certain hours, where they could talk a little or play with with your child. Comparing the indicators of the effectiveness of treatment, they found that in the first clinic, mortality was three times higher, despite the best efforts of doctors. In the second, where they were treated in the same way, but parents were allowed in addition to the babies, the mortality rate dropped sharply. Similar experiments were carried out on monkeys. In different cages were mothers with their cubs. When in some cages the mother-monkey was replaced with a stuffed animal (and in one case it was just a silent stuffed animal, in another it was prickly, in the third it was shocking, etc.), it turned out that children who did not have a living communicating mother , were sick, and over time they developed schizophrenia.

2. Formative function of communication, which manifests itself in the process of formation and development of personality. It is known that the child's attitude to the world and to himself is mediated by his communication with adults. Communication between a child and an adult is not only the transfer of skills and knowledge that he mechanically acquires, but also a complex process of mutual influences, enrichment and changes. To build his own thesaurus and his own consistent picture of the world, the child often very critically processes the incoming information. Remember “From Two to Five” by Korney Chukovsky, the TV show “Through the Mouth of a Baby”, etc. The child adopts and in his own way reproduces the experience of others, implements the accumulated knowledge of mankind in life.

3. confirmation function, thanks to which a person gets the opportunity, knowing himself, to constantly confirm his existence, to reinforce his value. Even ancient philosophers noted the importance of confirmation for a person. Later, psychologists seriously thought about this, realizing that for a person “there is no more monstrous punishment than to be left to oneself in society and remain completely unnoticed.” Obviously, the punishment in the form of a solitary cell is not accidental. The well-known Russian philosopher and wonderful person Yu.A. Schrader, paraphrasing Descartes, wrote: "I am scolded, so I exist." And this is absolutely true, sometimes it is better to get a negative reaction to some act than not to receive any. Non-confirmation meaning "you don't exist" hurts a lot. strength her. Perhaps that is why children and women, being offended or wanting to punish their communication partner, are silent, ignore, thus demonstrating their non-confirmation to him. Non-confirmation is also seen as an important source of many mental illnesses, primarily schizophrenia and endogenous psychosis. Most often, these diseases fall ill with children whom their parents subject to a subtle, but inevitably persecuting rejection of the child. It is important to consider here another aspect - confirmation. People unconsciously use certain rituals to constantly confirm each other, for example: greetings (nodding the head, smiling, shaking hands, kissing), naming (name, cry ka), rendering various signs of attention (give way to the tram) sports, skip ahead, give flowers, etc.). These procedures are important for the individual, maintaining a certain "minimum confirmation", but they are even more important for the health of each individual and society. How inexpensive it is to notice another and smile, greet, and how much it will add to all of us together. Apparently, it was not in vain that Western psychologists thought about this and taught to greet with a smile and an exclamation even an outsider, just a passerby, with whom he accidentally met his eyes. Many people talk about the insincerity, the duty of these smiles, but what what we do depends on accepted norms, and how we do it depends on each of us. Preserving and maintaining a positive attitude in society in this way, the confirmation of each is important for everyone.

Tolerance and upbringing as qualities of a civilized society begin with a small thing - the ability to notice the other, ot-i give him his due, and if this is done with sincere warmth and kindness, it will be even better. Pay attention to what happens, how you react when you meet a stranger in an elevator. Try to smile next time, greet.

4. emotional function aimed at maintaining interpersonal and social relationships. Of course, emotional interpersonal relationships are not the only type of social connection available to modern man, but they permeate the entire system of relationships between people, often leaving their mark on business and even role relationships. The perception of other people and the maintenance of relationships (from intimate personal to purely business) for any person are invariably associated with the assessment of people. The categorical nature of assessments - either he is good or bad, or a friend or an enemy - often prevents the establishment of positive emotional relationships with those who fall into the category of assessments with a minus sign. From this point of view, tolerance settings allow you to maintain balance and not choose from these “either-or”, but accept a person as he is.

5. intrapersonal function is realized in a person's communication with himself through internal or external speech, built according to the type of dialogue. Such communication can be considered as a universal way of human thinking. Here tolerance is important because it creates the conditions for internal control of one's own dialogue. Everyone knows how it is when faced with injustice or misunderstanding. The resulting feeling of resentment can lead to irritation, aggression, and sometimes to revenge. Tolerance will stop and make you think that another person can make mistakes just like you, will give you the opportunity to see events in a different way, etc. anger.

The main principle in communication between people should be tolerance, and tolerance is not passive, but active, when people are persistently looking not for what separates them, but for what unites them.

People have different views and interests (social, economic, national, religious).

In this regard, tolerance (tolerance) becomes the basis of civilized relations between people. It is especially important today in Russia, when we are going through a period of radical transformations, a reassessment of values, the emergence of polar parties in their convictions, and the stratification of society.

Tolerance is considered a sign of high spiritual and intellectual development of an individual, group, society as a whole. It fully corresponds to the humanitarian tasks that the new century in the new millennium sets before us.

We know that different people should be perceived as they are - with their own customs, traditions, stereotypes of behavior. People should be helped, because helping the weak is our duty, and first of all, to our conscience.

However, in real life, in everyday opinion, a negative attitude towards certain groups of people is often created, aggressiveness is manifested.

Tolerance means respect, acceptance and proper understanding of the rich diversity of our forms of self-expression and ways of expressing human individuality. It is promoted by knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is harmony in diversity.

This quality is a component of the humanistic orientation of the personality and is determined by its value attitude towards others. It represents a setting for a certain type of relationship, which is manifested in the personal actions of a person.

Tolerance is a realized readiness for conscious personal actions aimed at achieving humanistic relations between people and groups of people with different worldviews, different value orientations, and behavioral stereotypes.

Tolerance is an integrated quality. If it is formed, then it manifests itself in all life situations and in relation to all people. At the same time, experience shows that a person can be tolerant in relations with relatives, acquaintances, but dismissive, intolerant of people of a different faith or nationality. In this regard, in our opinion, we can talk about interpersonal, social, national tolerance and religious tolerance. Interpersonal tolerance is manifested in relation to a particular person; social - to a specific group, society; national - to another nation; tolerance - to another faith.

The manifestation of tolerance, which is tantamount to respect for human rights, does not mean a tolerant attitude towards social injustice, a rejection of one's own or a concession to other people's beliefs. This means that everyone is free to adhere to their beliefs and recognizes the same right for others. This means recognizing that people are inherently different in appearance, position,

speech, behavior and values, but have the right to live in the world and retain their individuality. It also means that one person's views cannot be imposed on others.

Tolerance is a structural component of personality and affects all essential spheres of a person.

The relevance of the education of tolerance is due to the processes that disturb both the world community and Russian society.

First of all, this is the growth of various kinds of extremism, aggressiveness, the expansion of conflict zones and conflict situations. These social phenomena particularly affect young people, who, due to age characteristics, are characterized by maximalism, the desire for simple and quick solutions to complex social problems.

Today, the solution to the problem of educating tolerance should permeate the activities of all social institutions and, first of all, those who have a direct impact on the formation of a child's personality. Educators are often adversely affected by the stereotyped thinking of family members, the antisocial norms of informal associations, and the “heroic” aggressiveness promoted by the media.

The school has great opportunities for instilling tolerance in children. They can be implemented in the process of both educational and extracurricular activities. It is in the school community that a child can develop humanistic values and a real readiness for tolerant behavior.

The basis of tolerance is the recognition of the right to be different. It is manifested in the acceptance of another person as he is, respect for a different point of view, restraint towards what you do not share; in understanding and accepting the traditions, values and culture of representatives of another nationality and faith.

At the same time, tolerance does not mean indifference to any views and actions. So, for example, it is immoral and criminal to put up with racism, violence, humiliation, infringement of interests and human rights. If it is impossible to immediately and unequivocally assess what is better, what is more optimal, where is the truth, then it is advisable to respectfully and calmly treat dissent, remaining true to one's convictions.

As part of the pedagogical influence on interethnic communication, it is necessary to talk about the education of interethnic tolerance, because it manifests itself in relations between representatives of different nationalities and implies the ability to see and build interethnic relations, taking into account the interests and rights of the interacting parties.

In the dictionary, "national tolerance" is interpreted as "a specific feature of the national character, the spirit of peoples, an integral element of the structure of the mentality, orienting towards tolerance, the absence or weakening of the reaction to any factor in interethnic relations." Thus, interethnic tolerance is a property of a person, which manifests itself in tolerance towards representatives of another nationality (ethnic group), taking into account its mentality, culture, and originality of self-expression.

Interethnic tolerance is closely related to religious tolerance, which also needs to be educated in the younger generation. Today, various religious organizations, including foreign ones, often unceremoniously invade the spiritual life of Russian citizens. According to Art. 14 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, our state is secular, no religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. Another article (28th) states that “everyone is guaranteed the freedom of conscience of religion, including the right to profess individually or jointly with others any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them” .

Thus, Art. 14 prohibits the obligation and state nature of religion, art. 28 allows it to be freely chosen and distributed regardless of the person's place of residence or position. Therefore, the school teacher can do the same. Moreover, in Art. 29 of the Constitution speaks of the right to freely seek, receive, produce and disseminate information in any legal way, on the prohibition of censorship. At the same time, there is a ban on propaganda of religious intolerance or religious superiority.

However, it should be noted that not all religious associations deserve a tolerant attitude, especially when it comes to extremist religious cults. Some of them, having notoriety in the West, are registered in our country and replenish their ranks at the expense of Russian youth. The activities of these organizations should be considered from the standpoint of their negative impact on the family, children, and youth. Here a person is brought up who rejects his family, traditions, his people. Indeed, such circumstances complicate the activities of teachers in educating religious tolerance in children, but a lot depends on each teacher, on his personal position in solving this problem, on professionalism in approaching this issue in academic and extracurricular work.

In this regard, how should one relate to the teaching of religion at school? It is probably advisable to give children knowledge about various religions, which will ensure a free conscious choice of religion or the rejection of all its varieties. Having become acquainted with all the cultural heritage, the student is able to develop a benevolent attitude towards any other religious or worldview approach.

In terms of instilling religious tolerance among schoolchildren, it is possible to offer a special course on the history of the religions of the peoples of Russia, providing, first of all, for studying the religion of their people, then familiarizing adolescents with the beliefs of other ethnic groups living in Russia. At the same time, it is important that someone else's faith be illuminated as a worldview that forms the basis of national culture, when the value orientations, lifestyle and mentality of the people are determined, especially at the early stages of the development of society.

The education of tolerance and religious tolerance is the most important element and condition for the formation of a culture of interethnic communication.

: students of the 10b MBOU of the Bashkir Lyceum named after. M. Burangulova Rybchenko Karina and Kalacheva Ekaterina

Rybchenko Karina Sergeevna

Grade 10b, MBOU Bashkir Lyceum named after M. Burangulov

MR Alsheevsky district

Head Denisenko A.A

We have been living in the 21st century for several years now. Progress, the economy, new computer systems - everything is in the service of man. It would seem that life should be more measured, more confident, more joyful. But, however, in modern society there is an active growth of aggressiveness, extremism, conflicts. Why? We tried to answer these questions in our work.

The United Nations, at the initiative of UNESCO, declared 1995, the year of the 50th anniversary of both organizations, the International Year of Tolerance.

The relevance of research: Tolerance has always been considered a human virtue. It implied tolerance for differences among people, the ability to live without interfering with others, the ability to have rights and freedoms without violating the rights and freedoms of others. Tolerance is also the basis of democracy and human rights, intolerance in a multi-ethnic, or in a multi-confessional, or multi-cultural society leads to violations of human rights, violence and armed conflicts. Intolerance has always been present in the history of mankind. It is the cause of most wars, religious persecution and ideological confrontations.

Purpose of the study : study of the problem of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”.

Object of study : the principle of tolerance in communication between society and ''other children''.

Hypothesis : tolerance in communication between society and “other children” is in crisis and needs to be developed.

Research methods :

Theoretical - literature analysis.
Empirical - conversation, questioning, analysis of the products of students' activities.
Mathematical - information processing.

Stages of scientific research :

The study of scientific literature.
Planning a system of work to study the problem of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”.
Student survey. Collection and processing of factual material.
Formulation of factual material.

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Research work on the topic: “Problems of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”” Completed by: students of the 10b MBOU of the Bashkir Lyceum named after. M. Burangulova Rybchenko Karina and Kalacheva Ekaterina Head: Denisenko A.A.

Introduction “If I am not like you, then I do not offend you, but give you gifts” Antoine Saint-Exupery

The purpose of the study: to study the problem of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”. Object of study: the principle of tolerance in communication between society and ''other children''. Hypothesis: tolerance in communication between society and “other children” is in crisis and needs to be developed. Research methods: Theoretical - literature analysis. Empirical - conversation, questioning, analysis of the products of students' activities. Mathematical - information processing.

Tolerance: essence, role and significance for the individual and society

tolerancia (Spanish) - the ability to recognize ideas or opinions that are different from one's own; tolerance (French) - an attitude in which it is allowed that others may think or act differently from yourself; tolerance (English) - willingness to be tolerant, indulgence; kuan rong (Chinese) - allow, accept, be generous to others; tasamul ' (Arabic) - forgiveness, indulgence, gentleness, mercy, compassion, favor, patience, disposition towards others.

Patience is a level, a psychological threshold of perception by a person (social strata, groups) of unfavorable social, spiritual and other influences, above which he loses psychological and volitional stability and is capable of unpredictable actions.

The Disabled, the Mentally Ill, and Tolerance The recommendation to consult a specialist like a psychiatrist is perceived as a cruel insult.

The main groups of diseases of a disabled child: The main groups of diseases of a disabled child: Neuropsychiatric diseases; Diseases of internal organs; Lesions and diseases of the eyes, accompanied by a persistent decrease in visual acuity to 0.08 in the best seeing eye up to 15 from the fixation point in all directions; Oncological diseases, which include malignant tumors of the second and third stages of the tumor process after combined or complex treatment, including radical surgery; incurable malignant neoplasms of the eye, liver and other organs; Damage and diseases of the hearing organs; Surgical diseases and anatomical defects and deformities; Endocrine diseases.

social, territorial and economic dependence of a disabled person on parents and guardians; at the birth of a child with special features of psychophysiological development, the family either breaks up or takes care of the child, preventing him from developing; the weak professional training of such children stands out; difficulties in moving around the city (there are no conditions for movement in architectural structures, transport, etc.), which leads to the isolation of a disabled person; lack of sufficient legal support (imperfection of the legislative framework for children with disabilities); the formation of negative public opinion in relation to the disabled (the existence of the stereotype "disabled - useless", etc.); the absence of an information center and a network of integrated centers for socio-psychological rehabilitation, as well as the weakness of state policy. the absence of an information center and a network of integrated centers for socio-psychological rehabilitation, as well as the weakness of state policy.

Disability is a limitation in abilities due to physical, psychological, sensory deviations. As a result, social, legislative and other barriers arise that do not allow a person with a disability to be integrated into society and take part in the life of a family or society on the same basis as other members of society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live an independent life.

Social protection of children with disabilities

Interfaith tolerance in society The intolerant attitude of people towards each other on the basis of religious preference and nationality is typical for many countries of the world today, therefore the problem of the formation of humanism and tolerance in society is becoming urgent

Current Situation and Practice In many countries of the world there are laws within the constitutions of those countries expressly prohibiting a state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within the borders of that state. However, in some other countries there may be religious preference, such as the recognition of one or more religions as state religions.

Religious intolerance is intolerance motivated by one's personal religious beliefs or practices, or intolerance itself towards other religious beliefs or practices as such.

Social survey Respondents: students of the classes of the MBOU Bashkir Lyceum named after. M. Burangulova

There were 17 students in class 10B.

Conclusion: none of the participants treat disabled children and children of other nationalities badly, while there are those who do not know what “tolerance” means, which means that it makes sense to hold events related to tolerance in society.

16 people participated in class 10

Conclusion: none of the participants treats disabled children and children of other nationalities badly, moreover, almost half of those who do not know what “tolerance” means, which means that it makes sense to hold events related to tolerance in society.

19 people participated in the 9th grade

Conclusion: none of the participants treat disabled children and children of other nationalities badly, moreover, there are those who do not know what “tolerance” means, which means that it makes sense to hold events related to tolerance in society.

36 people participated in the survey of grades 11a and 11b

Conclusion: some of the participants have a bad attitude towards children with disabilities and children of other nationalities, moreover, there are those who do not know what “tolerance” means, which means that it makes sense to hold events related to tolerance in society.

Tolerance as a problem of education Tolerance is a factor that stabilizes a person from within, as well as from without, as a factor that directs relations in society in a peaceful direction and connects individuals with traditions, norms, culture, which is very important today.

Philosopher Yu.A. Schreider: “The most terrible catastrophe that threatens us is not only atomic, thermal and similar options for the physical destruction of mankind on Earth, but anthropological - the destruction of human society in man.”

Initial principles of tolerance: 1) renunciation of violence; 2) voluntary choice; 3) the ability to force oneself without forcing others; 4) obedience to laws, traditions and customs; 5) acceptance of the Other.

Conclusions on the research work Intolerance has indeed become one of the biggest global problems of the modern world. Its essence lies in the denial and suppression of differences between individuals and cultures. The modern world needs a more adequate understanding of the opportunities and dangers of the existing situation. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Development of the legal framework, public and state institutions that ensure the formation of the principle of tolerance; 2. Development of effective measures and mechanisms for the implementation of social norms of tolerant behavior 3. Improvement and development of the methodological foundations of policy in the field of the formation of civil society. 4 . Development and implementation of a set of effective measures for the formation of tolerant behavior among citizens to counter extremism and reduce socio-psychological tension in society; 5. Development and implementation of methods and mechanisms for monitoring, diagnosing and forecasting the socio-political situation in the country, assessing the risks and consequences of destructive processes in society; 6. Development and implementation of a system of measures that stimulate tolerant behavior, countering extremism in all its manifestations. And all this must be done from an early age, because all the rules of life for a particular person originate from a very early age.

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Bashkir Institute for the Development of Education

Bashkir branch of the All-Russian organization

Minor Academy of Sciences "Intelligence of the Future"

Section: Social studies

Research work on the topic:

Problems of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”

Rybchenko Karina Sergeevna

Kalacheva Ekaterina Alexandrovna

Grade 10, MBOU Bashkir Lyceum named after M. Burangulov

MR Alsheevsky district

Supervisor

Denisenko Alvina Alfredovna

s.Raevsky 2011-2012 academic year

Introduction……..…………………………….…………………………..…...3
Tolerance: essence, role and significance for the individual and society6
Disabled, mentally ill and tolerance…..………………...…9
Social protection of disabled children………………………….………...12
Interfaith tolerance in society……………………14
Social survey………………………………………………………..19
Tolerance as a problem of education………………………….……25
Conclusions on the research work………………………………….28
References………………………………………………………….30

Introduction

“If I am not like you, then I do not offend you with this, but give you gifts.”

Antoine Saint - Exupery.

The United Nations, at the initiative of UNESCO, declared 1995, the year of the 50th anniversary of both organizations, the International Year of Tolerance.

Tolerance has always been considered a human virtue. It implied tolerance for differences among people, the ability to live without interfering with others, the ability to have rights and freedoms without violating the rights and freedoms of others. Tolerance is also the basis of democracy and human rights, intolerance in a multi-ethnic, or in a multi-confessional, or multi-cultural society leads to violations of human rights, violence and armed conflicts. Intolerance has always been present in the history of mankind. It is the cause of most wars, religious persecution and ideological confrontations.

The immediate purpose of declaring 1995 the International Year of Tolerance was to generate awareness by politicians and the public of the danger associated with the emergence of forms of intolerance in the modern world. Since the end of the Cold War, the number of social, religious and cultural conflicts has steadily increased. Too many conflicts quickly escalated into full-scale armed clashes. Too many basic human rights have been directly threatened, too many lives have been lost.

Naturally, this problem worries governments, the public, and, of course, us. In Paris on November 16, 1995, 185 member states of UNESCO, including Russia, adopted the Declaration of Principles of Tolerance. The Declaration defines tolerance not only as a moral duty, but also as a political and legal requirement for individuals, groups of people and states. It defines the position of tolerance in relation to international instruments for the protection of human rights. The Declaration emphasizes that states should develop new legislation when it becomes necessary to ensure equality in communication and opportunities for all groups of people and individual members of society.

The intolerance of a society is a component of the intolerance of its citizens. Fanaticism, stereotypes, insults or racial jokes are specific examples of expressions of intolerance that take place daily in the lives of some people. Intolerance leads only to counter intolerance. She forces her victims to seek forms of revenge. In order to fight intolerance, the individual must be aware of the connection between his behavior and the vicious circle of mistrust and violence in society. Each of us must ask ourselves: am I tolerant? Do I label people? Do I reject those who are not like me? Do I blame them for my troubles?

The formation of an open civil society, the continuation of democratic reforms should be based on broad public support, the consolidation of society. Constructive interaction of social groups with different values, ethnic, religious and political guidelines can be achieved on a common platform of social norms of tolerant behavior and skills of intercultural interaction. The formation of attitudes of tolerant behavior, religious tolerance, peacefulness, counteraction and constructive prevention of various types of extremism is of particular relevance for multinational Russia.

This is due to the continuing social tension in society, ongoing inter-ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts, attempts to use these conflicts for the political regime, the growth of separatism and national extremism, which is a direct threat to the country's security. All this was most clearly manifested in the actions of terrorists in the North Caucasus, outbursts of xenophobia, fascism, fanaticism and fundamentalism, conflicts in the Middle East, events in South Ossetia, recent events in Greece, protests around the world. These phenomena in the extreme forms of their manifestation are expressed in terrorism, which, in turn, intensifies the destructive processes in society.

In connection with the particular urgency of the problem in Russia, by order of the Ministry of Education, a federal target program "Formation of attitudes of tolerant consciousness and prevention of extremism in Russian society" for 2001-2005 was developed.

In our research work, under the term “other children”, we will consider precisely: disabled children and children socially separated on the basis of religious preference and nationality.

Purpose of the study: study of the problem of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”.

Object of study: the principle of tolerance in communication between society and ''other children''.

Hypothesis : tolerance in communication between society and “other children” is in crisis and needs to be developed.

Research methods:

Theoretical - literature analysis.
Empirical - conversation, questioning, analysis of the products of students' activities.
Mathematical - information processing.

Stages of scientific research:

The study of scientific literature.
Planning a system of work to study the problem of tolerance in communication between society and “other children”.
Student survey. Collection and processing of factual material.
Formulation of factual material.

Tolerance: essence, role and significancefor the individual and society

In order to understand the essence, level and features of the manifestation of tolerance between society and “other children”, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define the meaning of the very term “tolerance”.

For the Russian language, the word “tolerance” is a relatively new, clear, unambiguous interpretation of this term in the public mind.In various dictionaries, encyclopedias, relevant scientific papers, definitions of this concept are almost identical in essence, which differ mainly in the completeness of the description of its specific components and manifestations.

In order to understand it, we propose to make a small linguistic digression:

tolerancia (Spanish) - the ability to recognize ideas or opinions that are different from one's own;

tolerance (French) - an attitude in which it is allowed that others may think or act differently from yourself;

tolerance (English) - willingness to be tolerant, indulgence;

kuan rong (Chinese) - allow, accept, be generous to others;

tasamul' (Arabic) - forgiveness, condescension, gentleness, mercy, compassion, favor, patience, disposition towards others.

So in the "New Philosophical Encyclopedia" (Moscow. "Thought". 2001) tolerance is interpreted as "... a quality that characterizes the attitude towards another person as an equally worthy person and is expressed in the conscious suppression of a feeling of rejection caused by everything that marks in another other (appearance, manner of speech, tastes, lifestyle, beliefs). Tolerance presupposes an attitude towards understanding and dialogue with another, recognition and respect for his rights to difference.

The "Sociological Encyclopedic Dictionary" (Moscow, INFRA M-NORMA, 1998) gives the following definition: "Tolerance - tolerance for someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, opinions, ideas, beliefs."

In the "Declaration of the Principles of Tolerance" (UNESCO. 1995), it is defined as the value and social norm of civil society, manifested in the right of all individuals of civil society to be different, in ensuring sustainable harmony between various confessions, political, ethnic and other social groups, in respect to the diversity of cultures, civilizations and peoples, readiness for understanding and cooperation with people who differ from each other in appearance, language, beliefs, customs and beliefs.

Thus, the main meaning of tolerance is tolerance for “alien”, “other”. This quality is inherent in both an individual and a particular team, a particular social group, society as a whole.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "tolerance" and "patience" (in their social understanding). Patience is a level, a psychological threshold of perception by a person (social strata, groups) of unfavorable social, spiritual and other influences, above which he loses psychological and volitional stability and is capable of unpredictable actions.

Considering the problem of tolerance, two important remarks should immediately be made. Firstly, “alien”, “other” does not mean ideas, behavior, actions, rituals that inevitably lead to degradation, to the destruction of the social, spiritual. The undoubted problem in this case is that in practice their catastrophic, negative value is not always immediately and unambiguously revealed. Hence the difficulties in evaluating these ideas, and, accordingly, personal social difficulties in forming a certain attitude towards them. On the other hand, we should not forget that it is precisely a tolerant attitude, devoid of the desire to immediately prohibit, stigmatize, that makes it possible to reveal the true essence of the “other”. Another observation follows from this. Tolerance does not imply a mandatory rejection of criticism, discussion, and even more so of one's own convictions.

For anyone, and especially for a sociological analysis of this phenomenon, it is important not only to derive its general definition, but also to highlight specific levels of tolerance for the “alien”, “other” and for its bearers.

These levels are defined in the studies as follows: active condemnation, the requirement to apply repressive measures to the “other”; condemnation, the demand for an irreconcilable ideological struggle, exposure, a public ban on the "alien", but without the use of repressive measures; indifferent attitude to "alien", "other"; rejection of the “alien”, but respectful attitude towards it and its carriers; effective respect for the “alien”, “other”, the struggle to ensure that it is not rejected in society and has every right to be adequately represented in it.

The first two levels characterize a person (society) with negative ideological and moral-psychological attitudes towards tolerance. The third is with immature attitudes. The fourth-fifth - with varying degrees of developed tolerance.

It is possible to formulate somewhat different levels of tolerance, but in any case, for research, analysis, it is important to clearly enough imagine in which case it is necessary to characterize it as quite low, in which - medium, in which high.

The role and significance of tolerance in society follows from its very essence. It is the orientation, the level of attitude of the bulk of people to various ideological theories, religious views, to people of different nationalities, to various cultural phenomena that first determine social stability, are an indispensable condition for social and spiritual and moral progress.

Tolerance is a key spiritual and moral principle of civil society. The level of tolerance of an individual largely characterizes his personal qualities, determines his relationship with other people.

Based on this, in many sociological and political theories, the level, degree of tolerance of society is considered as one of the leading, sometimes the main criteria for the spiritual, social, political and state development of society. That is why in the practice of a real political process, state administration, special attention has always been paid to its formation.

We can recall in this connection the struggle for freedom of conscience of the supporters of the Reformation (M. Luther) and the call for respect for dissidents F. Voltaire, P. Bayle, and the interpretation of tolerance from the point of view of political utilitarianism M. Montaigne and J.-J. Rousseau and the struggle for the practical implementation of the ideas of tolerance in the life of society in the Age of Enlightenment, and, of course, the efforts of philosophers and practitioners of liberalism.

At present, the problem of the formation of tolerance is particularly acute. This is due to a number of reasons: a sharp stratification of the world civilization according to economic, social and other characteristics and the growth of intolerance associated with this; development of religious extremism; aggravation of interethnic relations caused by local wars; refugee problems.

An indispensable condition for the effective implementation of these and other programs is, first of all, a clear understanding of the current state of tolerance in Russian society: its level as a whole, in certain areas, trends of change and other parameters.

Disabled, mentally ill and tolerance

In this age of stress and passion, the prevalence of mental illness is high and continues to grow. Moreover, this applies mainly to mental disorders that occupy an intermediate position between the mental norm and severe mental disorders. The so-called "borderline" or "small" psychiatry, in terms of the level of mental disorders, has become an boundless area of knowledge and application.

The natural scientific explanation of mental illness (in the West - psychoanalysis) in our country is present in a very limited amount. People are afraid, and sometimes they simply do not want to look inside themselves, into the depths of their subconscious. The fear of mental illness has deep roots in the human psyche. In our society, they have grown to a huge crown, when the fear of getting a “diagnosis” was added to the natural fear of getting sick. The result of all these fears is, to put it mildly, dislike of psychiatry and complete confusion in terminology.

The underlying prejudice is that psychiatrists only treat "crazy people." Being their patient is shameful and permissible in the most extreme case. The recommendation to consult a specialist of this kind is perceived as a cruel insult. Insane and "fool" in this sense are almost synonymous. To offend a person, they call him crazy, crazy, or just crazy. What kind of tolerance can we talk about?

Disabled children have a different development and perception of the world and behavior, they are not like everyone else. Our society very often does not perceive such children, they are trying to “repel”, offend, they are simply not noticed.

According to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN, 1975), "disabled person" means any person who is unable to provide all or part of the necessities of a normal personal and/or social life by himself or herself due to a deficiency, whether congenital or acquired, of his or her physical or mental opportunities.

The Law “On the Social Protection of the Disabled” states that a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation.

In our country, to identify "disability", a clinical indicator is used - a persistent impairment of body functions in connection with such a social indicator as the degree of participation in labor activity (impairment of ability to work). There is a Medico-Pedagogical Commission in Russia, it includes social educators, doctors, psychologists and other specialists. This commission determines the child's disability depending on the degree of dysfunction, and depending on the degree of dysfunction, determine the degree of health impairment.

There are four degrees:

1. The degree of loss of health is determined by mild or moderate impairment of the child's functions;

2. The degree of loss of health is established in the presence of pronounced disorders of the functions of organs and systems, which, despite the treatment, limit the possibilities of social adaptation of the child (corresponds to group 3 disability in adults);

3. The degree of loss of health corresponds to the second group of disability in an adult;

4. The degree of health loss is determined with pronounced violations of the functions of organs and systems, leading to social maladjustment of the child, provided that the damage is irreversible and the treatment and rehabilitation measures are ineffective (corresponds to the first disability group in an adult).

The main groups of diseases of a disabled child:

Neuropsychiatric diseases;
Diseases of internal organs;
Lesions and diseases of the eyes, accompanied by a persistent decrease in visual acuity to 0.08 in the best seeing eye up to 15 from the fixation point in all directions;
Oncological diseases, which include malignant tumors of the second and third stages of the tumor process after combined or complex treatment, including radical surgery; incurable malignant neoplasms of the eye, liver and other organs;
Damage and diseases of the hearing organs;
Surgical diseases and anatomical defects and deformities;
Endocrine diseases.

From this impressive list, one can guess that many diseases cause disability. These diseases leave a "huge mark" in the behavior of the child, in his perception, in relations with others and parents, in feelings, create certain barriers for the child and his family.

Specialists working with people with disabilities identified the following main problems (barriers faced by a family with a disabled child and the child himself in our country):

social, territorial and economic dependence of a disabled person on parents and guardians;
at the birth of a child with special features of psychophysiological development, the family either breaks up or takes care of the child, preventing him from developing;
the weak professional training of such children stands out;
difficulties in moving around the city (there are no conditions for movement in architectural structures, transport, etc.), which leads to isolation of a disabled person;
lack of sufficient legal support (imperfection of the legislative framework for children with disabilities);
the formation of negative public opinion in relation to the disabled (the existence of the stereotype "disabled - useless", etc.);
the absence of an information center and a network of integrated centers for socio-psychological rehabilitation, as well as the weakness of state policy.

So, disability is a limitation in capabilities due to physical, psychological, sensory deviations. As a result, social, legislative and other barriers arise that do not allow a person with a disability to be integrated into society and take part in the life of a family or society on the same basis as other members of society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live an independent life.

Social protection of children with disabilities

Disabled children are served by institutions of three departments. Children under 4 years of age with a lesion of the musculoskeletal system and a decrease in mental development are in specialized orphanages of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, where they receive care and treatment. Children with not pronounced anomalies of physical and mental development study in specialized boarding schools of the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation. Children aged 4 to 18 with deeper psychosomatic disorders live in boarding schools of the social protection system. There are 30,000 children with severe mental and physical disabilities in 158 orphanages, half of them are orphans. The selection to these institutions is carried out by medical and pedagogical commissions (doctors, psychiatrists, defectologists, speech therapists, representatives of the social protection of the population), examining the child and establishing the degree of the disease, then filling out the documentation.

Children who cannot serve themselves, are in specialized boarding schools of the system of social protection of the population, need care. There are only 6 such institutions in Russia.

Medical rehabilitation leaves much to be desired. In rehabilitation institutions, children study according to the program of a general education school. In accordance with the federal target program "Children with Disabilities", the presidential program "Children of Russia", territorial rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities and territorial centers of social protection for families and children are being created.

In 1997, there were 150 specialized centers in the system of social protection organizations, where there were 30 thousand children with severe mental and physical disabilities and 95 departments for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with disabilities. 34.7% of these institutions are engaged in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy; 21.5% - with disorders of mental and mental development; 20% - with somatic pathology; 9.6% - with visual impairment; 14.1% - with hearing impairment. The federal target program "Children with Disabilities", which is part of the presidential program "Children of Russia", provides a comprehensive solution to the problems of children with developmental disabilities. It has the following tasks: prevention of childhood disability (providing relevant literature, diagnostic tools); newborn screening test for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, audiological screening, improvement of rehabilitation (development of rehabilitation centers); providing children with technical means for household self-service; strengthening personnel with systematic advanced training, strengthening the material and technical base (construction of boarding houses, rehabilitation centers, providing them with equipment, transport), creation of cultural and sports bases.

In 1997, regional programs were operating in 70 regions of the Russian Federation. In a number of regions, quota jobs were created for women raising disabled children; in Moscow, jobs were created for disabled teenagers, and so on.

Interfaith tolerance in society

The intolerant attitude of people towards each other on the basis of religious preference and nationality is typical for many countries of the world today, therefore the problem of the formation of humanism and tolerance in society is becoming urgent. It is also relevant for Russia, a multi-confessional and multinational country. Only in the State Register of the Ministry of Justice as of January 1, 2003, 21,448 religious organizations were registered, representing more than 60 confessions, churches, religious movements and denominations. In addition, a large number of religious organizations and groups operate without registration, without the status of a legal entity. Now almost every region, territory, republic is inhabited by people of at least 50-60 nationalities, followers of 20-30 confessions or religious movements. Naturally, in Russia, especially at the present stage of its development, with sharp social and spiritual changes in the life of society, the formation of a tolerant consciousness is urgently needed. It is important to note that members of a society live and act on the borders of several cultures, so they all need intercultural competence. Mrs. Nirmala Srivastava writes in her book The Modern Age: “All religions from ancient times have said that a man or a woman, through religion, should purify his mind through a righteous life. The goal of all religions has been to strike a balance in each of the paths the seekers will take in order to prepare them for the ascent...

Intercultural competence, openness towards the ideas and socio-cultural values of other peoples is an indispensable condition for the formation and development of the civil maturity of the population. From our point of view, tolerance is an important form of behavior of a member of society, expressing his civic position. A person with a tolerant consciousness is mentally and emotionally stable, he has a low level of anxiety, a developed sense of empathy, there are no ethnic prejudices, he is distinguished by a breadth of thinking, he proceeds from the fact that all people are equal, he has an active life position, he is disciplined and responsible.

The development of tolerance is associated with the education of feelings, the ability to empathize, sympathy. Of course, it occurs through the formation of behavioral models of tolerant consciousness. And one of the ways of their formation is the spiritual perfection of the personality.

As noted, a person with a tolerant consciousness is characterized by a low level of anxiety, a developed sense of empathy. Comprehending the emotional states of another person, he experiences and sympathizes with him. Empathy is the core of communication. In communicative activity, it contributes to the balance of interpersonal relations, gives a person the right social guidelines.

Religious intolerance is intolerance motivated by one's personal religious beliefs or practices, or intolerance itself towards other religious beliefs or practices as such. It manifests itself both at the cultural level and as part of the dogma of some religious groups.

The mere assertion on behalf of a religion that its own system of beliefs and practices is correct and any contrary beliefs are wrong does not constitute religious intolerance. There have been many instances in history where major religions have been tolerant of other practices. Religious intolerance is when a group (society, religious group) refuses to tolerate practices, individuals or beliefs on a religious basis.

Religious intolerance can be either exclusively religious or serve as a cover for hidden political or social motives.

Current situation and practice

In many countries around the world, there are laws within the constitutions of those countries expressly prohibiting a state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within the borders of that state. For example, the first amendment to the constitution of the United States, the 4th article of the basic law of Germany. It should be noted that such constitutional provisions do not necessarily guarantee that religious intolerance will be absent from all elements of the state at all times, and practice may vary widely from country to country.

However, in some other countries there may be religious preference, such as the recognition of one or more religions as state religions. In Finland, for example, the state religions are the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (English) and the Finnish Orthodox Church, although the right to freedom of religion is protected by Article 11 of the Finnish constitution (English).

Some countries have blasphemy laws, which can sometimes be a way to justify religious intolerance. While in some countries there are laws prohibiting any form of blasphemy (as in Germany, where in 2006 Manfred van H. (English) was convicted of blasphemy against Islam).

The UN protects the right to freedom of religion in the 18th article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in the 2nd article it prohibits discrimination on religious grounds. Article 18 also allows for the right to change religion. This declaration is not legally binding, but in 1998 the US passed the International Religious Freedom Act, creating the International Religious Freedom Commission and ordering the US government to take action against any country found to be violating the religious freedoms described in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

In the 2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, the US Department of State listed China, Myanmar, Iran, Iraq, and Sudan as countries that persecute people for their religious beliefs and practices. The report, which covers the period from July 1999 to June 2000, describes US policy towards countries where the right to freedom of religion is violated from the perspective of the US State Department. The Freedom House advocacy group in 2000 provided a report "Religious Freedom in the World" in which it classified countries by taking as a criterion the degree of religious freedom in them. The countries that received a score of 7, indicating the lowest level of religious tolerance for other religions in these countries, were Turkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Myanmar and North Korea. China received a score of 6, although Tibet was separately included in category 7. The countries that received a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious tolerance, were Estonia, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United States.

In those countries that openly support religious tolerance, there is debate about the limits of tolerance.

In France, incitement to religious hatred can be sentenced to up to 18 months in prison. Attempts by Tony Blair's Labor Party to pass a similar law in the UK were abandoned in April 2006 after the law was criticized as infringing on free speech. In the state of Victoria in Australia, under the Racial and Religious Tolerance Act, it is against the law to conduct that incites hatred, disrespect, disgust or harsh ridicule of other people or groups based on religious beliefs.

In the period from 2001 to 2010, the UN and UNESCO world communities propose to direct the efforts of all mankind only towards peace and non-violence, the basic principles of which must be laid in the pyramid of behavior of each state, the whole society and the individual.

The basis of this pyramid of behavior should be the "universal" mentality of the society, in which social and cultural tolerance, with its structural component - inter-confessional tolerance, occupy a dominant position. The ideas of tolerance in general and religious tolerance in particular are not only a condition and factor in the development of a democratic society, but also require this society to develop mechanisms for its materialization. Mechanisms for the materialization of religious tolerance are laid down by state-church relations and the inter-confessional culture of society.

Basically, modern society has come to the threshold of social intolerance, on the one hand, and the democratic basis of development dictates the need for inter-confessional tolerance in society, on the other hand, which in turn requires clearly delineating the boundaries as a tolerance threshold.

The relationship between two branches of the same problem is extremely complex: the legal requirement for freedom of conscience, from which religious tolerance or inter-confessional tolerance of society directly follows, and the legal requirement by state and religious organizations to limit tolerance. A very delicate but key question arises: with regard to which religious organizations or communities, or cults, restrictions on tolerance are required under the conditions of national and religious security?

This issue is so serious that it dictates the need for an urgent and mandatory conceptual solution at the level of adopting a law on religious security, as well as developing an independent concept of religious security. The latter is directly related to the doctrines of economic, political and personal security.

In this regard, it is possible to single out several levels of consideration of the problem posed, since the implementation of the principles of religious security, and in the sphere of state-church and interfaith relations.

Since the issues of freedom of conscience are declared as a priority direction of US foreign policy, Russia is simply obliged to legally determine the boundaries of religious tolerance, taking into account the preservation of the interests of the state, society and the individual. However, legislative acts are not enough to form a mentality in society with a pronounced tolerance and understanding of its boundaries. It is clear that in Russian society, which for many years faced the factor of uncertainty of further development, instability in all spheres of life, anxiety and intolerance prevailed, which gave rise to numerous facts of violence and extremism. In addition, we must not forget that the process of educating a tolerant personality in society was interrupted for a decade and a half.

Social poll

Respondents: students of 9th, 10th, 11th grades of MBOU Bashkir Lyceum. M. Burangulova

B 10B There were 17 people in the class.

At 10V 16 people participated in the class

B 9b 19 people participated in the class

In poll 11a and 11b 36 people participated in the classes

Tolerance as a problem of education

Tolerance, as one of the characteristics that largely influence not only the development of the social climate, interpersonal relations, politics, seems to be the most urgent task for the development of a modern person and his upbringing. After all, as the Russian philosopher Yu.A. Schreider noted: “The most terrible catastrophe that threatens us is not only nuclear, thermal and similar options for the physical destruction of mankind on Earth, but anthropological - the destruction of human society in man.”

Tolerance as a factor stabilizing personality.

Tolerance is a factor that stabilizes a person from the inside, as well as from the outside, as a factor that directs relations in society in a peaceful direction and connects individuals with traditions, norms, culture, which is very important today. However, in such a turbulent and unpredictable period of our development, when it is necessary to prepare the younger generation for life in rapidly and dramatically changing conditions, tolerance for uncertainty is necessary, readiness for change is necessary, which is even more important. Therefore, when dealing with the problem of fostering tolerance in society, it is necessary not to lose sight of both aspects of tolerance and, what is important, to work with them in parallel.

Conditions are necessary for the germination of the ideas of tolerance, but the seeds sown in time will surely sprout. It is important to “sow” consciously and purposefully, and then we will not have to “pull grass from the ground”, and when spring comes and the sun warms, it will grow by itself. Moreover, it is important to look at them from the standpoint of a systematic approach that reveals the interdependencies and mutual influences of systems at different levels.

Initial principles of tolerance:

1) renunciation of violenceas an unacceptable means of introducing a person to any idea;

2) voluntary choice, emphasis on the sincerity of his convictions, "freedom of conscience". Just as in Christianity "sermon and example" are ways of converting to one's faith, the idea of tolerance can become a kind of guideline, a kind of flag of a movement that unites like-minded people. At the same time, one should not condemn or blame those who are not yet "enlightened";

3) the ability to force oneself without forcing others.Fear and coercion from the outside does not generally contribute to restraint and tolerance, although as an educational factor at a certain moment it disciplines people, while forming certain mores;

4) obedience to the lawstraditions and customs without violating them and satisfying social needs. Submission of the law, and not the will of the ruler or the majority, is an important factor in the development and movement in the right direction;

5) acceptance of the Other, which may differ on various grounds - national, racial, cultural, religious, etc. Everyone's tolerance contributes to the balance of the integrity of society, the disclosure of the fullness of its parts and the achievement of the "golden mean" on the basis of the golden rule of morality.

The Importance of Finding Ways to Educate Tolerance

So, now it is of great importance to realize the importance of the phenomenon of tolerance for our society. The problem of education of tolerance should unite people of different, first of all, specialists of different directions and levels - psychologists, teachers, educators, managers, leaders and ordinary specialists, as well as representatives of different age groups.

One of the principles of tolerance is “the ability to force oneself without forcing others”, which means not coercion, violence, but only voluntary, conscious self-restraint. Involuntarily, a parable about a sage comes to mind, to whom a mother brought her son with a sweet tooth and asked him to convince him not to eat sweets. The sage told them to come in a month. “Do not eat sweet things,” said the wise man, addressing the boy. “Why didn’t you say this right away, why did you make me wait a whole month?” - the woman was indignant. And then the sage admitted that he could not do this because at that time he himself ate sweets. This is precisely the example of tolerance, self-restraint, which requires starting with oneself personally. It is possible that the ability to attract others to positions of tolerance by one's own behavior and example is initially necessary for psychologists and very important for the development of tolerance.

Research Conclusions

In our work, having studied a fairly extensive list of references, conducting a sociological survey among, analyzing these studies, we came to the following conclusions:

Intolerance has indeed become one of the biggest global problems of the modern world. Its essence lies in the denial and suppression of differences between individuals and cultures. Raised to the level of a collective and even state position, intolerance undermines the principles of democracy and leads to the violation of individual and collective human rights. Intolerance is opposed to diversity, which is the most important enriching factor of human development.

The modern world needs a more adequate understanding of the opportunities and dangers of the existing situation.

Therefore, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Development of the legal framework, public and state institutions that ensure the formation of the principle of tolerance;

2. Development of effective measures and mechanisms for introducing social norms of tolerant behavior into social practice and countering extremism, interaction with the media and their support for reorientation from counteracting destructive processes in the form of counter-propaganda to active work to anticipate and prevent crises;
- full use of the capabilities of the domestic education system in solving the problems of forming attitudes of tolerant behavior among young people, preventing nationalism and extremism, and reducing the risk of social explosions;
3. Improvement and development of the methodological foundations of policy in the field of the formation of civil society.

4. Development and implementation of a set of effective measures for the formation of tolerant behavior among citizens to counter extremism and reduce socio-psychological tension in society;

5. Development and implementation of methods and mechanisms for monitoring, diagnosing and forecasting the socio-political situation in the country, assessing the risks and consequences of destructive processes in society;

6. Development and implementation of a system of measures that stimulate tolerant behavior, countering extremism in all its manifestations, including:

a) development of a system of curricula for all levels and forms of education;
b) development of effective socio-cultural technologies for spreading the norms of tolerant behavior and counteracting various types of extremism, ethnophobia and xenophobia;
c) development of a methodological and regulatory framework in the field of prevention of extremism;

d) implementation of a set of measures to establish and improve the effectiveness of interethnic and interfaith dialogue.

And all this must be done from an early age, because all the rules of life for a particular person originate from a very early age.

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15. http: //dl.biblion.realin.ru/text/11_Bogoslovskij_Sbornik._g.Tobolsk,_2002g/dlya-…

An important personality trait, significant in general and professionally significant for a wide range of professions of a socionomic type, is psychological tolerance. The effectiveness of communication as a whole, including professional communication, as well as the effectiveness of the process1 of interpersonal cognition, largely depends on the development of this quality. Often in the process of communication a positive result is not achieved or even critical conflict situations are created. The reason for this is the presence of rigid attitudes of the personality, the inability of a person to take the position of an interlocutor, to treat a different opinion with an open mind, that is, the underdevelopment of tolerance as a personal property. The well-known physiologist academician A. A. Ukhtomsky noted that a person is a real victim of his dominants wherever he gives himself up to prejudice, bias, and even worse when he himself does not notice it. Developing this thesis and speaking directly about the problems of communication, he singled out the ability to approach people he met, if possible, without abstraction, the ability to hear each person (Ukhtomsky A., 1966).

Unfortunately, the phenomenon of tolerance has not yet become the subject of serious research in social and educational psychology, although sometimes this term is used in connection with the problem of tolerance. The traditional understanding of tolerance in psychology is purely psychophysiological. Tolerance is a weakening of the response to any adverse factor as a result of a decrease in sensitivity to its effects. Tolerance leads to an increase in resistance (tolerance) to some unfavorable factor. The socio-psychological understanding of tolerance is associated with tolerance for different opinions, open-mindedness in assessing people and events.

Types of tolerance. From our point of view, the concept of "tolerance", including "tolerance", is not limited to it, but is more general. What can lead to tolerance? Why is one person more and the other less tolerant? Here we propose two mechanisms. In one case, socio-psychological tolerance may be due to the low socio-psychological sensitivity of the individual ("hard", "cold", etc.). In essence, with this option, tolerance is determined by tolerance, and is associated with an increase in the threshold of socio-psychological sensitivity to various influences of communication partners.

Another way to ensure the socio-psychological tolerance of a person is the specificity of his attitudes (“All people can make mistakes”, “The more points of view, the better”, “Everyone has the right to his own opinion”, etc.). In this case, the increase in tolerance is associated with the formation of appropriate attitudes of the individual.

As already formulated earlier, two types of tolerance can be distinguished in the structure of the general phenomenon of tolerance: 1) sensual tolerance of the individual and 2) dispositional tolerance of the individual (A. A. Rean).

Recall that sensory tolerance is associated with the resistance of the individual to environmental influences, with a weakening of the response to any adverse factor due to a decrease in sensitivity to its effects. Sensory tolerance, thus, is associated with classical tolerance, with an increase in the threshold of sensitivity to various environmental influences, including the influence of subjects of interpersonal interaction. Figuratively speaking, sensual tolerance is callous tolerance, tolerance is a wall. Dispositional tolerance is based on a fundamentally different mechanism that ensures the tolerance of the individual in interactions with the environment. In this case, we are talking about a predisposition, a person's readiness for a certain (tolerant) reaction to the environment. This readiness is manifested at the cognitive (social-perceptual), affective and behavioral levels of response. Behind dispositional tolerance are certain attitudes of the individual, his system of relations to reality: to other people, to their behavior, to himself, to the influence of other people on himself, to life in general.

Conditioning factors. These phenomena reveal the phenomenon of tolerance, as it were, “from within the personality”. Looking at this issue from a broader perspective, we highlight three more factors that determine tolerance:

sociogenetic;
microenvironmental (or psychogenetic),
biogenetic.

Under sociogenetic factor we understand the influence of subjective-objective factors on the formation and manifestation of tolerance in society, in various groups (including professional ones) and among specific individuals. We are talking about the formation and manifestation of tolerance under the influence of currently prevailing social attitudes, standards, stereotypes, under the influence of the general orientation of society: humanistic, democratic, cooperation, pluralistic, etc. or anti-personal, authoritarian, manic-suspicious, etc. .

Psychogenetic (microenvironmental) factor- this is the influence on the formation and manifestation of tolerance of the immediate environment of the individual: family, educational, labor collective (including pedagogical), informal group, etc. Tolerance as a personality trait (if there is no blocking effect of the sociogenetic factor) is determined to a decisive extent precisely micro-environmental factor.

Under the biogenetic factor we understand the influence of psychophysiological characteristics, the hormonal status of an individual on the formation and manifestation of tolerance. We are talking about the features of the manifestation of tolerance, depending on gender and age characteristics and temperament. It must be emphasized that even at this level of analysis, not everything is determined by the biological factor. For example, "male" and "female" behavior is determined not only by biogenetics, but also by social stereotypes of masculinity and femininity.

Tolerance, as a property of a person, is obviously a professionally significant quality for all professions of the “man-to-man” type. In the structure of the personal qualities of the teacher, it occupies a special place, because it is associated with the effectiveness of the teacher's knowledge of the personality of the student, the productivity of pedagogical communication and activity. In addition, the formation of socio-psychological tolerance in the personality of students in itself can be considered as one of the manifestations of the effectiveness of pedagogical activity, since the end result of this activity is the formation of psychological neoplasms in the personality of the student.

Finally got to the next post. So today we are talking about tolerance.

Tolerance. Accept the imperfections of others.

Those who stand and wait also serve...

John Milton

We in the West are not used to tolerance. When a manager gives us a task, we usually ask: “By what time should the work be done?”. The answer is always the same: “Everything should have been done yesterday. Its meaning is quite clear - you should not waste time in vain. Everything must be done and done quickly. Very often we become impatient with technology, cars and possessions (turning on the computer, driving a car, buying new clothes).

In our personal lives, we constantly expect instant gratification. Tolerance is one of the seven basic character traits of a loving person. Only a conscious decision to love will allow us to make our world more tolerant.

Tolerance is a skill that will allow a person to be imperfect.

Tolerance manifests itself in different ways in different ways. But being tolerant in one area of our lives helps us be tolerant in others.

Let's look at two key factors that contribute to the acquisition of tolerance and its successful application in everyday life.

WORDS OF HOPE.

Tolerance is manifested in the fact that we perceive others in the same way as we would like to be perceived ourselves. People are not machines, from which it is quite natural to expect perfect results of work. In the heat of everyday relationships, we forget that all people have different emotions, desires, ideas, and perceptions of reality. Every person is capable of making a choice. To be tolerant means to love a person even when you do not agree with his choice.

Not everyone shares our priorities. We must understand that in any relationship there is always a human factor. This factor must be taken into account when we make some demands on other people. Otherwise, we will remain intolerant people and will begin to show our intolerance in a way that does nothing to strengthen relations between people.

We are all constantly changing - sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse. If we become aware of this process, then we can become more tolerant of relatives, colleagues and friends, even if at the moment they do not act as we would like. If we respect their choice, we are more likely to have a positive impact on them. We should not control other people. We can only influence each other. Tolerance creates an atmosphere in which positive influence is possible.

REALIZE THE POWER OF TOLERANCE

Like any other character trait of a loving person, tolerance changes people. Remember Aesop's fable "The North Wind and the Sun". This ancient fable may well be attributed to human relations. Harsh, cruel words only spoil the connection with other people and push us to commit acts that are inappropriate for a loving person.

By becoming intolerant, losing my temper, and making unfair accusations against my wife Caroline, I become her enemy, not her friend. Caroline's reaction is completely natural: she either fights the enemy or runs from him. As a result of our quarrel, no one wins, both suffer because they move away from each other - absolutely not the relationship that should exist between spouses. In any case, we are losing the potential for positive mutual influence. But when I show tolerance, restrain and express my concerns in a calm, peaceful way, as befits a loving spouse, I manage to keep our relationship good and have a positive impact on my wife.

Of course, it is much easier to be tolerant of those who are tolerant of us. But by refusing to communicate with an intolerant person, we lose the opportunity to realize the power of tolerance. In difficult situations, we understand that tolerance can change a person, but for this you need to truly love him.

When someone is being intolerant of you, use this opportunity to be tolerant.

TOLERANCE IN ACTION

Tolerance is not inaction at all. I knew people who, with stone faces, could listen to screams and insults, and then, without saying a word, get up and leave the room. This is not patience, but ordinary inaction. This is egocentrism. A man with a stone face does not want to enter into the position of an interlocutor.

Tolerance is attention and care for another person. This is a willingness to sympathetically listen, to understand what is happening in the soul of the interlocutor. Such a process takes time and is in itself a manifestation of love. Tolerance is the ability to remain calm when a person says unpleasant things to you. Tolerance says: “I am attentive to you, whatever you say and whatever you do. I will stay and listen instead of leaving and leaving you."

Tolerance is the willingness to accept a cold attitude or an overly emotional reaction from another person in order to find out the real reason for their dissatisfaction. Tolerance is the ability to continue to listen even when the words of the interlocutor hurt or offend you. You need to show that you understand the feelings of the interlocutor and listen carefully.

When a person is angry, listen carefully. Only then can you understand the reasons for his irritation.

We have all been in situations where we ourselves or someone else created incredible tension, showing intolerance and not being able to control our own speech. Anger has its own right to exist. Time after time we get angry for one simple reason: none of us are perfect! Feelings of pain, anger, disappointment and depression are inherent in a person. There is nothing wrong with these emotions. The most important thing is how we respond to them. Our harsh, rude, harsh words only make things worse. When we are tolerant, we get time to sort out our own feelings.

Tolerance is not at all an obligation to “agree” with the interlocutor in everything in order to avoid a quarrel. Tolerance is the ability to conduct a dialogue that will allow you to understand the thoughts, feelings and behavior of another person. We may not like this behavior. But, having understood what is happening in the soul and mind of the interlocutor, we will be able to respond to his actions more constructively. By learning to listen before speaking, we will find the right, healing words.

There are times when you feel like your anger is justified. But even then, you still have a choice. If you show intolerance, it is easy to fall upon a person with accusations. But he will probably start scolding, you will quarrel and ruin your evening. And if you express your anger in a different way, speaking honestly about your feelings, but at the same time being tolerant of the imperfection of the other and being able to find positive words, then this will save the situation.

Hard words always create tension. Tolerance calls us to always be guided by love.

In many ways, we value time even more than money. The idea of tolerance runs counter to a busy work schedule. What if tolerance turns into laziness or leads to missed deadlines? We hardly have enough time for everything, and what happens if interaction with people begins to flow more slowly than it is now? But "patience" does not mean "slowness" or "inefficiency." How do you combine tolerance and the need to meet deadlines?

Emotions, conflicts, and human needs are rarely organized and should not be expected. But it is very important to learn how to process them in a positive way. By being tolerant, we emphasize that human relationships are much more important than timetables and schedules. The surprising thing is that once you put relationships at the forefront at home and at work, how productivity and quality of work increase dramatically.

In relationships with people, you should never rush. This does not mean that we should put off urgent work in order to talk. It's just that we must consciously put people above results in our actions and words. Success is not only achievements, but also relationships. Each time, showing tolerance in relations with a person, without succumbing to anger or irritation, we better understand the value of our interlocutor.

Tolerance is the wisest and most effective choice you can make.

By loving consciously, we realize the need for haste and can slow down. At such moments, we remember the human relationships that are dear to us. Investing in human relationships in the future will bring success not only to our spouse, colleague, child, but also to us.

By cultivating tolerance, we increase our chances of success and achievement. Having made the decision to truly love the world and people, we can focus on the most important thing at the moment, and, if necessary, wait patiently.

BE PATIENT WITH YOURSELF

As we learn to be patient with others, we must not forget to be patient with ourselves. We, too, are changing, even if it's just a matter of developing a habit of tolerance. Most of us are constantly under stress, and in such conditions we are more prone to intolerance than ever. We become perfectionists: we want to do everything right and on time. And when we experience failure, we get angry and begin to mentally scold ourselves: “I can’t believe what I did! How could I be such an idiot? Why didn't I spend more time on this? I was so stupid." Such an internal monologue does not contribute to our development. On the contrary, it deprives us of faith in our own strength.

If we want to truly love other people, we must be tolerant of ourselves.

If we are impatient with others, then most likely we are intolerant with ourselves. We make the same high demands on other people as we do on ourselves. Very often these requirements are completely unrealistic.

What to do in such a situation? Do not think that it is necessary to lower the criteria for self-esteem. You just need to coordinate the process of your development. If you're not satisfied with your job, try to find the good in it and ask yourself, "What can I learn from this experience?" By being tolerant, we show respect for ourselves and others. We understand that every failure can be a step towards success.

THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING TOLERANCE

Being self-centered creatures, people usually say and do what seems best for them. The instinct of self-preservation makes us instantly react to the person who hurts us. But each time, showing intolerance in relations with others, we deprive ourselves of the opportunity to show love.

Tolerance distinguishes the good legacy we have left from the bad legacy.

Very often, the path to patience begins with the recognition of past failures. I have found that when I apologize to others for my intolerance, they are always ready to forgive me.

Having dealt with the burden of the past, we can destroy past standards of intolerance and replace them with standards of tolerance and love. The only way to get rid of old standards is to expose them. Ask yourself: “How do I most often react when I am angry or disappointed with someone?”

The Bible gives two good pieces of advice:

“If you have done foolishness in your arrogance and thought evil, then put your hand on your mouth; for as churning milk produces butter, and a blow to the nose produces blood, so stirring up anger produces strife” (Prov. 30:32,33)

Find a way to get rid of old standards formed over the years . When you realize that you are saying something that you shouldn't, stop. This can even be done literally by covering your mouth with your hand in such situations. Some people count to one hundred, others take a long walk before reacting to a situation, or simply leave the room for a few minutes.

“A gentle answer turns away wrath, but an insulting word stirs up wrath” (Prov. 15:1)

Replace negative behavior with positive . Even in an irritated state, you need to speak quietly and calmly. Calm speech does not arouse anger in the interlocutor. A quiet voice makes people listen.

The next step is realizing that intolerance does not contribute to changing the situation, and it is not only futile, but also destructive.

The last step to gaining tolerance is ability to focus on solutions and not on the problem. Tolerance focuses on the problem, not the person, i.e. on solving problems, not on conflict with the person himself.