Territorial dialects of the Russian language: examples. Dialectisms are words with local flavor
Workshop for building knowledge on the topic "Dialectisms".
Dubinskaya V.K., school-gymnasium No. 3 in Astana.
Tasks:
a) teaching - familiarizing students with the features
dialect speech, deepening knowledge on the topic, enrichment
vocabulary of students;
b) developing - the formation of the ability to find in texts
dialect words, determine their role;
c) educators - instilling respect for the Russian language, its
lexical rules.
Epigraph: “A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative,
eloquent and clear"(K. Paustovsky).
During the classes.
I The mobilizing beginning of the lesson, the message of the topic, the motivation of the teaching.
II Repetition:
Blitz Poll:
Lexicon is...
What words are unambiguous?
What words are called polysemous?
What are the names of the words known to all the people?
What are the names of words that are not known to all people who speak
in Russian?
Work on the card "Dialectisms" (refresh knowledge on the topic).
Dialectisms.
Dialect words (dialectisms) - words used only residents of a certain area: beetroot(beet), sula(zander), kochet(rooster), hefty(very); sash(belt), peplum(beautiful), golitsy,(mittens), oxalis(Red currant), chicken(house), chatter(speak) and etc.
Words known to all the people and used by all are called commonly used. Words that are not known to all speakers of Russian are called uncommon. These include, for example, dialectal and professional the words.
dialect words- these are words used only by the inhabitants of one or another terrain.
The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area is called a dialect.
Three main groups of dialects are distinguished in Russian: North Russian dialects (or North Russian dialect), South Russian dialects (or South Russian dialect), Central Russian dialects (or Central Russian dialects).
Russian folk dialects are divided into two dialects: northern and southern. Between these dialects are Central Russian dialects.
Note. The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consists ofcommon and dialect words.There are fewer dialect words in each of the dialects than the common ones. demanding.
The adverbs of the Russian language differ from each other, in addition, in their phonetics and grammar. For example, northerners pronounce the sound [o] in place of the letterO before stress: [water]; this pronunciation is called ok. Southerners pronounce letters in placeO sound [a]: [vada]; this pronunciation is called akay. Among the Central Russian dialects there are both ok and ok. In Siberia and the Far East there are settlements in which they speak either the northern or the southern dialect.
The same objects (signs, actions) in dialects and in the literary language are often called differently.
Literary
the words
dialect words
northern Russian
adverbs
South Russian
adverbs
rooster
duck
speak
belt
rooster
duck
bait
damper
kochet
pitching
chatter
belt
Dialect words are used in works of art to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area.
Dialect words used in works of art are called dnalectisms.
Dialectisms (dialect words) are called words that are used primarily by residents of one terrain. Yes, the wordchicken (home) used in dialect (dialect) of the Don Cossacks: shoots of rye are called in the northwinter, and in the south greenery; winter felted shoes in Siberia are calledpimami (pim - units h., im. etc.), and in the European part of Russia -boots.. For example, the word yaruga(gully) used lingers in speechvillagers in some places.
In Novgorod and some other northern regions they say - they dreamed (dirty), mud (tops), dyanki (mittens). In some southern regions, they say to demand (disdain), deja (sauerkraut), etc.
In dialects, the names of objects of rural life and economy, flora and fauna, designations of natural phenomena, actions, qualities, etc., are still preserved. For example: rooster - "kochet", "song"; lightning - "lightning"; forest - "forest", "guy"; road - "stitch", "way".
In the dialects of the northern dialect, only dialects are used
words, for example: kriga- "floe" plow- "sweep" basscoy- "beautiful"; in dialects of the southern dialect - others, for example)
kochet- "rooster", rachmanny-"useless".
In the literary language, the verbs of speaking: speak, say, speak- correspond to such dialect words as to play, to babble, to babble, to babble.
Dialects- this is a special variety of the modern Russian language that develops according to its own laws.
Many dialect words become common and are included in synonymous groups, for example: house(common) hut(Northern Russian), hut(South Russian).
Dialectisms are usually used in works of art to convey local color. The east wind is blowing across the native steppe. Loga was covered with snow. Padins and Yaras equalized. There are no roads or paths (M. Sholokhov). Log - ravine. Padina - narrow hollow. Yar - steep steep bank of the river.
Answering questions in the form of "brainstorming".
What words are called dialects?
What words are commonly used?
What words are called uncommon?
What words does the speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consist of?
For what purpose do writers use dialectisms in fiction?
III Work on the topic.
Studying new material from the textbook and other sources (work in groups with subsequent defense).
Dialectisms (lexical) are words peculiar to local dialects.
a) Reading the dialogue between the grandmother and the grandson and answering the question: “Why didn’t the boy understand the grandmother?”
Go, granddaughter, to the garden, bring beets for borscht.
- What to bring, grandma?
Burakov.
What is it?
- Well, in our village, that's what they call beets.
Word beet common, it is known to everyone who speaks Russian. Word beetroot used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialect word.
Dialect words are outside the literary language, their use in oral and written speech instead of general literary words violates the norms of the literary language and is unacceptable. However, in the language of fiction, dialectisms are usually used for special stylistic purposes: the writer needs dialectisms mainly to create local color and speech characteristics of the characters, the author seeks to give a more expressive speech description of the hero, to evoke in the reader a more vivid idea of the place where the action develops. . So, the bright and original language of M.A. Sholokhov is distinguished by the skillful use of dialectisms. Drawing in the novels "Quiet Don", "Virgin Soil Upturned" the life of the Don Cossacks, the author uses the word kuren instead of the word hut and hut; a place in the yard, fenced for livestock, calls base, backyard grove - levada, etc., for example: From pipes kurenei forest in the morning straight orange plumes of smoke rise. ("Virgin Soil Upturned")
"Where is the owner?" - "No-ma." - "How? not at all?" - "Sovsim". - "And the hostess?" - "I got into the suburbs." “Who will open the door for me?” I said kicking her.
Such masters of the artistic word as Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Nekrasov, Leskov, Melnikov-Pechersky, M. Sholokhov, F. Gladkov, A. Fadeev and others resorted to dialectisms. However, the abuse of dialect words clogs speech, obscures its meaning. But, as soon as we said, for the reliability and credibility of the created pictures of human life, writers use all the richness of the lexical means of the Russian language, therefore, along with general literary words, words that are used only by residents of a certain area can sometimes be included in the fabric of a work of art - dialectisms, for example: kochet (rooster), gutarit (talk), beam (ravine), buchilo (deep pit with spring water).
Some dialectisms, becoming common, gradually enter the literary language, enriching it. Examples are the words strawberries, plowing, tentacle, clumsy etc., included in the literary speech from local dialects.
We see that there is no blank wall between the national and dialect dictionaries: many words that were dialectisms have entered the literary language. Among them are such as nonsense, owl, frail, tedious, smile, take a nap, laborer, mumble, clumsy and many others.
Some of the dialect words most commonly used in works of art are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. When they are given a litter region. (i.e. regional).
Turgenev introduced the dialectism rustle into literary use. In the story "Bezhin meadow" this word was accompanied by the author's explanation: "as we say in the Oryol province."
d) An example is a situation in a lesson with a girl who spoke a dialect.
-Anya! Go to the blackboard! - the teacher addresses the girl sitting at the first desk. - Write the word station.
The girl vaguely writes: station.
The teacher shakes her head.
- Remember! After all, I explained that it was wrong to pronouncestreet, sinisa, station. Learn to speak and write C!
The girl revived. She rapped her chalk briskly on board.
She remembered! The word is written. But why is the teacher shaking her head again? After all, Anya corrected the mistake! On the board is written: _ctan tion.
We understand that the girl, having corrected the mistake, immediately made another one, and a rather strange one at that. Why did this happen? Why are there such unusual errors? Why station? And where did it come from station? Well I wrote to_station - then it's clear.
~ And why, in fact, is it clear? Well, how c in Russian is always solid. But in words fish, cheese, soap we write after solid s, and then c- and. There are, however, exceptions - all the words in the phrase "Gypsy tiptoed to the chicken" tsits "said" - but this does not change much
Stancia- this is not a defect in Anya's individual speech. That's what everyone around her says. Since childhood, Anya did not hear the sound C around her: after all, her grandmother, and her parents, and all her friends in her village spoke Kurisa, yaiso. That's why she said so herself. For her C and With always used to merge into one sound With.
As you can see, it is not easy for someone who speaks a dialect from childhood to learn the norms of the literary language. Therefore, dialects live, despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, television.
2. About VIDal's dictionary.
There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl's "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" contains many dialect words collected by him in different parts of Russia.
For example, dialect words are the names of the wind used in the north.
It has long been established in the speech of the northerners a system of names for all major winds: north(northern), flyer(southern) west(west), east(Oriental), deep(northwestern), shelonik(southwestern), night owl(northeastern), diner(southeastern).
3. Reading the dialogue from V. Shukshin's story "Stubborn".
Read the dialogue from V. Shukshin's story "Stubborn", highlight the dialectisms. To whom do they belong? What can replace them? For what purpose does the writer use dialectisms? Compare the speech of the interlocutors: do the replicas of one of them differ from the replicas of the other in stylistic terms?
- Why are you like this today? - asked the grandmother, when they were having breakfast.
- Which? Monya asked calmly and condescendingly.
- Satisfied something. Blink your eyes like a cat in the sun ... I dreamed, or what?
- I dreamed that I found ten thousand rubles in a briefcase.
- Go to hell! The old woman smiled, paused, and asked:
- Well, what would you do with the name?
What? … What about you?
4. Reading a fragment from N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”.
Read an excerpt from N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Peasant Children" and find d dialect word in the speech of a peasant boy. What is the common word for it?
- Hello, boy!
- „Get past yourself!"
- Painfully you are formidable, as I can see!Where are the firewood from?
From the forest, obviously. Father, do you hear, cuts? And I'm taking.
5. The game "Who is faster?"
Explain the meaning of dialectisms and indicate in which works it was found.
Buchilo is a deep pit with spring water. ("Notes of a hunter" Turgenev.)
Yaruga is a ravine. ("Notes of a hunter" Turgenev.)
Greenery - shoots of rye in the south. ("Notes of a hunter" Turgenev.)
Yar is a steep, precipitous bank of a river. ("Notes of a hunter" Turgenev,
"Dead Souls" by Gogol.)
Kuren - the house of the Don Cossacks, the same as a hut. ("Taras Bulba"
Gogol, "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Sholokhov.)
Baz - a place in the yard, fenced for livestock. ("Notes of a hunter"
Turgenev, "Virgin Soil Upturned" and "Quiet Flows the Don" by Sholokhov.)
6. Conclusions on the topic.
The variability of the language is connected with the fact that in it, in addition to the generally accepted normative literary language, there is also colloquial speech. It is not easy for someone who speaks a dialect from childhood to learn the norms of the literary language. Therefore, dialects live, despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, television. Dialects are a special variety of the modern Russian language that develops according to its own laws. Some features are distributed over a vast territory (for example, "okanye"), others are found only in separate islands. But they are always associated with a certain area and can be marked on the map. Such an area, a territory in which one or another linguistic feature is common, is called an area. And the variety of the Russian language itself, containing such features, is called a territorial dialect, or dialect.
Russian folk dialects are numerous and varied. They are mainly distributed in rural areas, which is historically associated with the great isolation of the life and life of the village, with the fact that there is a more stable, permanent population, and long-distance travel is rare.
So, a strictly standardized literary language processed by masters of the word is a living, unorganized element of colloquial speech; the result of the fragmentation of distant feudal times that has come down to our days - territorial dialects - and professional "languages" that are rapidly developing in the age of the scientific and technological revolution - this is what, it turns out, the Russian language is a complicated thing. How many varieties, variants, how many “languages” are in it! It is not surprising that it is not so easy to learn all the patterns, all the subtleties, all the complexities in the structure of this language! It is also not surprising that a lot of effort is needed to perfectly master his literary norms.
7. Creative work - writing an essay on a topic or a fragment of a literary text using dialectisms.
8. Reflection.
Summing up the lesson.
Using dialectisms in speech, one must remember the words of K. Paustovsky: "A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable."
Homework - learn the meaning of the terms and make a task on the topic of this lesson.
Sometimes, when reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as a misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that the whole point is in special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?
The concept of “dialectism”
Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the inhabitants of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or villages. Interest in such words arose among linguists as early as the 18th century. Chess, Dal, Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be diverse in their appearance.
There are the following types of dialectisms:
- Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “bears” instead of “bags” or “Khvedor” instead of “Fyodor”;
- Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “I have”;
- Word-building. The population during the conversation changes suffixes or prefixes in words. For example, goose - goose, pokeda - yet;
- Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared on the basis of natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - a cheesecake with potatoes or "ponyova" - a skirt;
- Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybuls. And the needle in the northern dialects is needles.
It is also customary to divide dialects into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately conveys the whole flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, as they are close to the literary norms of the language.
Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's analyze the word "House". In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house in its own way. The canopy and the porch are the bridge, the rest rooms are the hut, the attic is the ceiling, the hayloft is the wind, and the fat is the room for pets.
There are dialecticisms at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but they are not studied separately by scientists.
Examples of “local” words in literature
It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it was possible to hear dialectisms in artistic speech, but over time they become common and are included in the dictionary of the Russian language. Example, the verb "to rustle". Initially, it was used in the work of art “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. It meant "onomatopoeia". Another word is "tyrant". That was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Dialectal used to be such nouns as - tues, grip and owl. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in the explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.
Passing on the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialects. Examples of such words are as follows:
- in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
- in a bowl kvass - in a barrel made of wood;
- dracheny - food from eggs, milk and flour;
- popelitsa - ashes;
- damper - a lid on a Russian stove.
A lot of "local" words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Each sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all skillfully used, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.
- to freeze - to freeze, to cool;
- pokul - bye, goodbye:
- to roar - to rage, to rage.
Mikhail Sholokhov in "Quiet Don" was able to convey the beauty of the Cossack speech through the dialect dialect.
- base - peasant yard;
- haidamak - robber;
- kryga - ice floe;
- chill - virgin soil;
- occupancy - water meadow.
In the author's speech of "Quiet Flows the Don" there are whole phrases that show us the way of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that the object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, harried.
Also in the "Quiet Don" there are many possessive pronouns, which are formed with the help of suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's duck, Christon's back.
But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.
Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects. In the usual explanatory dictionary, you can also find such words. Near them there will be a mark of the region, which means “regional”.
The role of dialects in the modern language
The role of such words is difficult to overestimate. They are designed to perform important functions:
The dialect is now mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary critics and linguists should do a lot of work, they should look for speakers of dialects and add the found dialectisms to a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the link between generations.
The significance of works with dialect usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference with the literary language, they, although slowly, but enrich vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.
Every language has its own territorial dialects. They can be explained by social stratification in society, the historical past of the people. Those modern languages that are now used are the old territorial dialects. The maximum number of them is found in the Russian language, they are summed up in a variety of dialects. Dialectology, which is a special branch of linguistics, deals with the study of the monuments of oral and written speech.
social views
Nowadays, social and territorial dialects are distinguished. The social type implies a variation that is used only by a particular social group.
In some cases, the term "jargon" is used to explain this phenomenon. For example, there are social dialects that are associated with a profession. Representatives of information technology use the "language" of IT people.
In the Middle Ages, the Ofenian language of merchants-pedlars was used. considered the result of social isolation, they have lexical language features.
Territorial views
Based on the name, territorial dialects have a different nature of limitation. They mean the "dialect" used by linguists to describe the oral form of the language, the use of which is characteristic of a certain territory. This part of the national language, which has certain phonetic, grammatical, lexical, syntactic features.
The territorial dialects of the Russian language are associated with the period of development of the ancient East Slavic tribes. The Ukrainian and Belarusian languages are also represented by such dialects that appeared in the Old Russian period.
History reference
How are languages and territorial dialects related? They are distinguished among the non-literary varieties of the national language. In Russian, they were formed during feudal fragmentation. In the last century, as the influence of the literary language increased, the process of their degradation intensified. Nowadays, there are not only oral territorial dialects, examples of expressions characterize their use in everyday communication. Increasingly, people use phrases whose meaning is clear only to a certain circle of people.
Territorial and social dialects differ from jargons in phonetics, syntax, and vocabulary.
Phonetic differences
Consider territorial dialects. Examples of phonetic differences are related to territorial features. For example, the South Great Russian dialect is characterized by akanye, the use of a soft “t” in third-person verbs.
In SVN, an okane sounds, a solid version of “t” for verbs of the 3rd person. Some dialects allow the replacement of "xv" with the sound "f". Dialectisms and lexical features are most visible in dialects. In the Kaliningrad region, residents call a path a globka, and in Ryazan it is a stitch.
The same vegetables sound differently in different places, as there are territorial dialects of the Russian language. Examples of such differences:
- borkan and carrots;
- beetroot and beets;
- temeka and gourd;
- swede, german, gnaw.
Consider the territorial dialects from a historical point of view. who came into the language from the last century: the arrogant, the kids, the tyrant, the little boy.
The Significance of Learning Dialects
In order to get a complete picture of the versatility of the Russian language, it is important to analyze the processes of merging the St. Petersburg and Moscow dialects.
From a social and psychological point of view, we note the need for dialect speakers. Only when considering all the ways of forming dialects, describing the main expressions, can we conclude that the Russian language is specific depending on the territorial feature.
vernacular
Colloquialisms act as a non-literary form of the national language. They are characterized by less defined, wider boundaries. Vernacular is rightly called the urban mass language.
They do not have their own signs of a systemic organization, they are explained by the sum of various linguistic forms that violate the classical norms of the literary language.
Vernacular is a laid-back, rude variety of colloquial Russian. There is its development in two main directions.
One is connected with ignorance of the peculiarities of the application of language norms. The vernacular has typical differences in the field of phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary.
For example, adverbs are used in conversation: forever, yesterday, otsedova. Some inflect nouns incorrectly: in kin, on the piano.
At present, vernacular is being replaced by the literary language, so they can only be found among people of the older generation.
The specifics of vernacular
A distinctive characteristic of vernacular is their emotionality. For example, you can hear such words: shy away, image, clothes, drape.
In the speech of the inhabitants there are commonly used words and various dialects. In fiction, they are used to convey the specifics of the territory that the author uses in his work.
Such words can be found in the novels of Bunin, Gogol, Pushkin, Nekrasov, and other writers. Dialect words that are used in works of art are called dialectisms.
Examples
Each region, region of Russia has its own dialects. Here are some examples:
Ida - let's go.
Shabol - a backpack, a trunk.
Odinorka - one, one.
Sgaibal - crumpled.
Drill - talk.
Bulldyzhka is a chicken foot.
The guy is a young man.
Zhor is food.
Zyr - look.
Scratch - scratch.
To strive is to be afraid.
Shkandybat - go.
To scoff - offend.
Dialect classification
In the twentieth century, detailed dialectological maps of the native language were compiled, it was at this time that monographs of their division were published. In Russian, there are two main dialects and one dialect:
- South Russian;
- northern Russian;
- Central Russian dialect.
In addition to such a large division, minor divisions are also distinguished. For example, Muscovites are characterized by "akanye", and for Vologda residents "okanye".
In the North Russian dialect, groups are distinguished:
- Vologda;
- Ladoga-Tikhvinskaya;
- Kostroma;
- interzonal;
- Onega.
For each group, a lot of dialects and adverbs are distinguished. For example, Tver, Pskov, Moscow, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir regions differ in the Central Russian dialect.
Linguistic characteristic
It includes vocalism, phonetics, syntax. The southern and northern dialects differ in their own dialectical features. In the Central Russian dialects, some features of the southern and northern dialects are combined.
In the dialects of the Russian language, six-form, five-form, seven-form systems of vocalism are noted, as well as "akanye", "okanye" in the form of types of unstressed vocalism.
The main differences in syntax are associated with the use of various cases in the structure, the combination of nouns and prepositions, the use of various forms of the verb. The difference can be traced in the structure of simple sentences: the use of particles, the rearrangement of words.
Finally
Currently, the Russian language is considered one of the richest in the world. Greatness is given to it by a wide vocabulary, versatility of words, unique possibilities of word formation, many synonyms, mobility of stress, harmonious and clear syntax, versatility of stylistic resources. Professionals single out the national and literary Russian language.
National speech covers all areas of speech activity of the people, regardless of upbringing, education, place of residence, professional activity. It contains jargons, special vocabulary, numerous dialects.
Rural residents, speaking different dialects, speak a literary language, know how to write, read, know the cultural traditions and characteristics of their people. Often jargon is used in conversation without thinking about its true meaning.
A special role belongs to folklore. With the careful preservation of folk works, the transfer of Russian traditions, one can count on the respectful attitude of the younger generation to the national heritage.
A regional component is being introduced in Russian schools, which is aimed at introducing schoolchildren to the unique possibilities of national dialects. As part of such an additional course, Russian children have a real opportunity to understand the beauty of their native language and its distinctive features much deeper.
The dialect expressions that the language is rich in can become an interesting topic for your own research work, a unique project.
Russian folk dialects, or dialects(gr. dialektos- adverb, dialect), have in their composition a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia, the stag is called grip, clay pot- mahotka, bench - condition etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; in an official setting, dialect speakers usually switch to a common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.
The original language of the Russian people was imprinted in the dialects, in certain features of local dialects, relic forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source of restoration of historical processes that once affected our language.
Dialects differ from the common national language in various features - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.
1. Lexical dialectisms - words known only to native speakers of the dialect and beyond its borders, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are words beetroot (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak); in the northern sash (belt), peplum (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "Pies prepared in a special way", others a nk- "special potato pancakes", nardek- "watermelon molasses", man a rka- "kind of outerwear", poneva- "a kind of skirt", etc. Ethnographisms do not have and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect: bridge- "floor in the hut", lips- "mushrooms of all varieties except porcini", scream(someone) - "to call", myself- "master, husband", etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in a dialect cai (tea), chep (chain)- consequences of "clatter" and "clatter", characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and under.
5. word-building dialectisms - words that have received a special affixal design in the dialect: song (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), theirs (theirs) etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go); the ending -am nouns in the instrumental plural ( under the pillars); the ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: me, you and etc.
Dialect features are also characteristic of the syntactic and phraseological levels, but they do not constitute the subject of study of the lexical system of the language.
Dialectisms are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular locality. Now dialect words are rare even in the speech of rural residents. The dialect words most commonly used in our time are included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. A mark is given next to the word region(regional).
There are special dialect dictionaries. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our country.
Dialect words are sometimes used in literary works to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area. The above dictionary contains many examples of dialect words that children can write out for a Russian lesson in grade 6.
Dictionary of dialect and obsolete words and phrases for schoolchildren of the 6th grade.
Altyn - a coin of three kopecks.
Andel is an angel.
Archangel is an archangel.
Arshin is a measure of length equal to 0.71 meters.
Badag - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, to desire.
Baika - a lullaby, a refrain when a child is put to sleep; from the verb baikat - to lull, rock, lull.
Balamolok - talker; from balamolit - to chat.
Balki are sheep.
Barenki are sheep.
Basalai - dandy, dandy, rake, bouncer.
Basque - beautiful, handsome, elegant.
Bayat - to speak, tell.
Bozhatka - godmother, named mother.
Birch, birch bark, birch bark - made of birch bark.
Painful - painful.
Brazumentochka, prozumentochka, prozument - from the word braid - braid, ribbon, usually embroidered with gold or silver, galloon.
Brany - woven with patterns.
Bude, will be - full, enough, enough.
Buka is a fantastic creature that scares children.
Vadit, vyvazhivat - educate, feed.
Vasiliev evening - New Year's Eve, December 31, according to Art. Art.
Basil's Day is a Christian holiday in honor of Basil of Caesarea, coinciding with the New Year (January 1, old style).
Suddenly a row - a second time, another time, a second time.
Vereiki, Vereya - one of the pillars on which the gates are hung.
Lent is the seven-week fast before Easter.
World-wide, world-wide - a child born out of wedlock.
Vyazyga - a picky or absurd person; dorsal string (chord) of red fish, eaten.
Gaitan - a lace on which a pectoral cross is worn; generally lace, braid.
Galile - here: to serve the ball or ball in play.
Govena - from fasting: fasting, eating nothing, preparing for church confession.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Year - to live, stay, stay somewhere for a whole year.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - unlined leather mitten.
A grosz is a coin worth half a penny.
Gulyushki are pigeons.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Granature, set - dense silk fabric.
The hryvnia is a silver ingot that served as a monetary and weight unit in Ancient Russia.
Gunya - dilapidated, torn clothes.
Dolon - palm.
Doselny - the past.
Woody - small.
Drag, dangle - grow, get denser, get healthy, get stronger.
Egary, Egoriev's Day - a holiday in honor of the Christian Saint George the Victorious. The people celebrated two Egories: autumn (November 26) and spring (April 23, according to the old style).
Hedgehog - food.
Elen is a deer.
Yolkha, slokha - alder.
Belly - livestock, wealth, life.
Harvest - harvest time, time to harvest bread from the field; the field from which the grain is harvested.
Fun - beloved, dear.
Zavichat (bequeath, zavetat) - command, severely punish or order.
The conspiracy is the last day before fasting, when you can eat fast food.
Zaroda, zaroda - a stack, stack of hay, straw, sheaves, elongated.
Cornerstone - the nickname of an illegitimate child.
Matins is an early, morning church service.
Winter Christmas time - the time from Christmas to baptism: from December 29 to January 6, according to Art. Art.
Zipun is a peasant working caftan. Zybka - a cradle, a cradle.
And mother - to catch.
Kaby - if.
Kamka is a silk patterned fabric.
Loaf - round big bread.
To cast - to dirty, dirty, harm.
Rolled wire - felt boots.
Kaftan is an old men's outerwear.
China is a type of cotton fabric.
Koval is a blacksmith.
Peel, peel - skin.
Kolyada is a mythological creature.
Kokoshnik is the headdress of Russian women.
Gingerbread man, kolobok - a product made of dough of a round, spherical shape.
Box - a chest woven from a bast or curved from a rag; sleigh lined with bast.
Pigtail, braid - here: the tail of the rooster.
Bonfire - the tough bark of plants suitable for yarn (hemp flax).
Kostroma, Kostromushka - a mythological creature that was depicted by a girl or a scarecrow.
Cats - women's shoes, a kind of half boots, boots, shoes with high fronts.
Kochedyk - an awl, a tool for making bast shoes.
Kochet is a rooster.
Croma - a loaf of bread, a crust; beggar's sum.
Kuzhel, kuzhen - tow, a bunch of flax prepared for yarn.
Kuzhnya - basket, braid, box.
Kulazhka, kulaga - a tasty dish: steamed malted dough.
Kumach is a scarlet cotton fabric.
Kunya (fur coat) - from marten fur.
To mock - to mock, to mock.
Kut is the corner of a peasant's hut.
Kutia is a cult food served at wakes and on Christmas Eve (porridge made from barley, wheat, rice with raisins or other sweets).
Gore, gore - quadrangular multi-colored inserts in the sleeves of women's shirts.
To lie under the images (icons) - the dead were laid under the icons.
Lohan - wooden utensils for household needs.
Lubya, bast, bast - the subroot layer of linden and some other trees, from which baskets are made, bast shoes are woven.
Luchok - arc, bow.
Bast is the fibrous inner part of the bark of linden and some other deciduous trees.
Lytat - shy away from work, run away from business.
Lyadina, lyada - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.
Fry - from small: kid, child,
Maslenitsa - a holiday of seeing off winter among the ancient Slavs, timed by the Christian church to the week before Lent; during Shrove Tuesday, pancakes were baked, cheese and butter were plentifully eaten, and various entertainments were arranged.
Mizgyro is a spider.
Mouse (tree) - possibly distorted: mast (tree).
Nadolba - a pillar, a pedestal along the road.
Nadolon, nadolonka - a piece of fabric, leather, sewn onto a mitten from the side of the palm.
A daughter-in-law is a married woman in relation to her husband's relatives.
Night - last night.
Needed, necessary - poor, beggar, miserable, meager.
Mass is a church service for Christians.
Drop - drop, lose.
Barn - a building in which sheaves were dried.
Ovsen (avsen, batssen, tausen, usun, the personification of the New Year.
Clothing - the remains of hay from a haystack or the bottom layer of hay, straw in luggage
Ozimye is a field sown with winter crops.
Ozorbdy - germ, stack. Surround - die.
Opara - sourdough for bread dough.
Oprbska - from clearing; to liberate - here: to liberate.
Yell - plow the land.
Ochep (Ocep) - a flexible pole on which a cradle was hung.
To harm - to harm, to pollute.
Dad, folder - bread (children's language).
Brocade - gold or silver fabric; silk fabric woven with gold and silver.
Parchevnik - old clothes made of brocade.
Easter is a Christian spring holiday in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Plow (floor, hut) - revenge, sweep.
Pelegovat - to touch with the fingers, to move the hands in vain.
before, before, before, before, before, at first
Perelozhek, fallow - a field that has not been plowed for several years.
A pestle is a pusher for grinding something in a mortar.
Pester is a basket woven or sewn from birch bark or bast.
Petun is a rooster.
A story - a flooring over a barnyard where hay was stored, a roof over a barnyard.
A povoynik is a headdress of a married woman.
Chaser - whip.
Graveyard - cemetery, burial ground.
Podgrebica - a building above the cellar.
Pozhnia is a meadow during haymaking.
Half a shelf - a shelf for storing food, utensils.
Polushka is an old coin worth a quarter of a penny.
To commemorate - to participate in the rite of commemoration of the deceased.
A commemoration is a ritual meal in memory of the deceased.
More polite - og clear: friendly, courteous.
Spinner - supryadki, gatherings, evening parties; good yarn.
A helper is a helper.
Postav - each individual dish at the table, meal, change.
A chain is a chain.
Honor - respect.
Hole - hole.
Pulanok - according to the performer's explanation - a sparrow.
Bullet - snot.
Get out of paper - have fun, disperse, roam.
Stripping, stripping - a clergyman, deprived of dignity, title.
Ripachok ribachok - from rpbushi: rags, rags, tattered clothes, cast-offs.
Christmas is a Christian holiday (December 25 old style) dedicated to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Horn - a dressed cow horn with a dried nipple tied from a cow's udder - for feeding a baby.
Sazhen is an old Russian measure of length, equal to 2.13 m.
To swindle - to be cowardly, to go astray, to lie.
Semik is a national holiday celebrated on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.
Hay girls - courtyard serf girls, servants.
Sibirka - a short caftan in the waist with a stand-up collar.
Skolotochek, skolotok - a child born out of wedlock.
Malt - bread grain, germinated in warmth, dried and coarsely ground; used for making beer, mash, kvass.
Solop, salop - women's outerwear, a kind of raincoat.
Magpies - a holiday in honor of the forty martyrs, March 9, according to Art. Art.
Christmas Eve is the eve of the church holidays of Christmas and baptism.
Candlemas is a Christian holiday in honor of Christ (February 2, O.S.).
Stretu - towards.
The wall is a shadow.
A pod is a pod.
Sugreva - dear, sweet, cordial.
Susek - a chest for grain in a barn.
Wort is a sweet broth made from flour and malt.
Shlyuzit, khlyuzit - - prevaricate, deceive, from khlyuzd: a deceiver, a swindler.
Syta - water sweetened with honey, honey decoction.
Tiun - clerk, manager, judge.
Oatmeal - crushed oatmeal; oatmeal food.
Tonya is a net, a fishing net.
Tochivo - a peasant canvas, a whole tube, in a piece.
Trali - trawls, nets in the form of a bag for catching fish.
Reeds are marsh thickets or marsh plants.
Tuesok, tues - a kind of bucket with a birch bark lid.
Tukachok, tukach - upholstered, threshed sheaf.
Tikmanka - a poke in the head with the knuckles.
Tour - a stove pillar in a hut, the base of which is painted with paints.
Ustoek, ustoi - cream on settled milk.
Fork - a kind of iron pitchfork, with the help of which pots are put in and taken out of the oven.
Flail - threshing tool for threshing sheaves.
A child is a child, a child.
Sheludi - scabs, scabs, rash.
Shendrovat - distorted: to be generous - to go home with songs on New Year's Eve, receiving a reward from the owners for this.
The damask is a silk sundress.
The brother-in-law is the wife's brother.
Yalovitsa is a non-calf cow, a heifer.
Yarka - a young sheep