Test exam science and education. The science. The main features of scientific thinking. Is social science a science?
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So what is science? Science is a form of human activity aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth.
The main task of science is to reveal the objective laws of reality, and its immediate goal is objective truth.
Sciences are divided into:
1) Natural - study the natural world;
2) Technical - study the world of technology;
3) Humanitarian - study the human world;
4) Social - study the world of society;
Science is understood as: a form of activity, a system of knowledge and a social institution. Let's look at each of these forms separately.
1. Science as a form of activity is aimed at actually verified and logically ordered knowledge of objects and processes of the surrounding reality.
2. Science as a system of knowledge acts as a body of knowledge that meets the criteria of objectivity, adequacy, and truth.
3. And, science as a social institution is a certain system of relationships between scientific organizations, members of the scientific community, a system of norms and values.
Science as a social institution determines certain functions.
Science functions:
1) Cultural and ideological - since science creates certain values and norms. It performs the function of transferring knowledge from generation to generation;
2) Acts as a productive force, because the knowledge gained by science is later applied in production;
3) The function of social power, for example, the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century changed many aspects of public life;
Thus, we can see that science plays a huge role in the life of society and requires the use of such features as objectivity, internal consistency, evidence and reliability of conclusions.
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© Ivan Nekrasov 2014
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Test in the USE format on the topic: “Science. Scientific knowledge. Education".
Tasks for classification by establishing correspondence (task 5)
1. Establish a correspondence between the functions of science and specific examples illustrating them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES A) environmentalists warned about the pollution of Baikal waters that is dangerous for living organisms B) scientists have developed a new fighter design and organized its mass production B) financial analysts made assumptions about the trends in the development of the banking system for the coming years D) the fields of the agricultural company were sown with corn, which, as a result of the work of genetic engineering specialists, became inaccessible to pests E) meteorologists suggested that as a result of climate change, spring practically disappears in the middle latitudes, after winter colds, summer heat immediately sets in E) pharmaceutical scientists monitor the quality of the manufactured drug | FUNCTIONS OF SCIENCE 1) production 2) predictive |
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and functions of education: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic features and levels of scientific knowledge: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
4. Establish a correspondence between the signs and levels of scientific knowledge (research): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic features and levels of scientific knowledge: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
6. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and functions of the sciences: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and levels of general education: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
CHARACTERISTIC A) mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activity, elements of theoretical thinking B) the development of educational programs is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students C) based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of education D) students who have not mastered the basic educational program of the previous level of general education are not allowed to study E) formation of prerequisites for educational activities, preservation and strengthening of children's health | GENERAL LEVEL EDUCATION 1) preschool education 2) secondary general education 3) primary general education |
8. Establish a correspondence between philosophical disciplines and their distinguishing features: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
9. Establish a correspondence between the methods and levels of scientific knowledge that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
10. Establish a correspondence between the methods and levels of scientific knowledge that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Tasks for choosing positions from the list (task 6.7)
11. The student is working on an essay on the cognitive activity of the student. Which of the following distinguishing characteristics can he consider in his work? (Write down the numbers under which these characteristics are indicated.)
1) focus on obtaining knowledge that is new for all mankind
2) focus on the development of their own volitional qualities
3) focus on acquiring new knowledge
4) focus on the development of physical capabilities
5) focus on mastering certain skills
6) focus on familiarization with the experience of mankind
12. Find in the above list the features that distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of knowledge of the world. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) theoretical justification
2) experimental verification
4) use of special concepts
5) difficulty of assimilation
13. The student is working on the essay "Peculiarities of modern science." Which of the following features can he consider in his work? (Write down the numbers under which these features are indicated.)
1) Its development cannot yet outstrip the development of material production.
2) Its influence on the development of the whole society becomes less pronounced.
3) Material production continues to change with the logic of its development.
4) In connection with her research, new models of social development arise.
5) Its social function becomes more and more obvious.
6) The issue of social responsibility of scientists is acute.
14. Members of the Club of Antiquities Lovers, having visited the excavations of a number of ancient settlements, put forward their own version of their origin. However, the professional community of archaeologists and historians recognized this version as unscientific. Which of the following reasons could form the basis of such an assessment of scientists?
1) the version refuted the provisions accepted in science
2) the conclusions of the club members had no logical justification
3) the assumptions of lovers of antiquities have not received practical confirmation
4) the version contained provisions based on faith and without evidence
5) excavation participants, archaeologists and historians, are not members of the club
6) the developers of the version admit the intervention of an unearthly mind
15. Scientists study the social structure of modern society. What methods that distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of cognitive activity can be applied by them?
1) modeling the processes of social differentiation in conditions of economic instability
2) putting forward and testing hypotheses about the directions of social policy to mitigate income inequality
3) collection of statistical data through questionnaires
4) development and implementation of a set of measures of state support for low-income families
5) description of cases of social differentiation of the population
6) assessment of the facts of social stratification of society from the standpoint of the ideals of equality and justice
16. The Pythagorean theorem is one of the fundamental theorems of Euclidean geometry, establishing the relationship between the sides of a right triangle. On what grounds can it be considered scientific knowledge? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Its discovery was based on observations.
2) Its truth was established by generalizing folk wisdom.
3) The method of theoretical explanation was used to describe it.
4) It is presented in a special language of mathematics.
5) It is difficult to study on your own.
6) To confirm its truth, a proof based on experimentally established data is proposed.
17. A student was doing a biology project. What signs indicate that he used empirical methods of cognition? Choose from the list below these methods of cognition and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) developed an ecosystem model
2) made observations in the field
3) studied the literature on the research problem
4) used the school laboratory to conduct experiments
5) put forward a working hypothesis before the start of the study, which was confirmed
6) described a number of cases that had not previously appeared in the literature
18. Country Z is undergoing education reform. What facts indicate that the reform is aimed at the humanization of education? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) increase in the number of subjects
2) reducing the time of studying natural sciences
3) focus on the interests and inclinations of the student
4) application of health-saving technologies
5) paying special attention to moral education
6) computerization of the educational process
19. Vladimir works at a biological research institute. Which of the following facts indicate that he is engaged in scientific activities? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) regularly visits the library
2) manages the commission for the certification of employees of the institute
3) analyzes publications on the development of biology
4) conducts an experiment in the field of molecular biology
5) is a member of the trade union organization of the Institute
6) made a report on the results of his activities at the symposium of scientists
20. Laboratory scientists conduct research in the field of solid state physics. What features distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of cognitive activity? Select the desired positions from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) reliance on observational data
2) experimental confirmation of the conclusions
3) taking into account the accumulated experience
4) use of forms of rational knowledge
5) development of grounded theories
6) the use of strictly defined concepts
21. Medical scientists have conducted a number of studies and found means of combating the invisible enemies of human health - various viruses and pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases. These funds have entered the practice of treating infectious diseases. What functions of science are illustrated by this example? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) worldview 2) social 3) cognitive
4) productive force 5) predictive 6) epistemological
22. Scientists have solved the mysteries of many diseases by establishing that infectious diseases are caused by various viruses and pathogenic bacteria. This made it possible to develop effective drugs and prevent mass epidemics of many diseases. What functions of science are illustrated by this example? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) worldview 2) cognitive 3) social
4) production 5) predictive 6) educational
23. The scientist biologist Petrov studies the role of poisonous mushrooms in the life of the forest. Choose from the list of empirical research methods used by Petrov. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) He put forward a hypothesis about the protective functions of poisonous mushrooms in relation to some plant species.
2) Established in the laboratory the chemical composition of several types of poisonous mushrooms in the Moscow region.
3) Made a model of mycelium development in various natural conditions.
4) Prepared a list of basic literature on the problem under study.
5) Prepared an illustrated atlas describing the most common types of poisonous mushrooms.
6) I recorded with the help of video the distribution area of the main types of poisonous mushrooms in the Moscow region.
24. Student Pyotr Ivanov is preparing for the exam. Choose from the proposed list of situations in which he acted as a subject of cognitive activity. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Chose study guides for preparation.
2) I was very worried the night before the exam.
3) I forgot to come to the pre-examination consultation.
4) Prepared brief notes on the main issues.
5) I spoke out loud the key provisions of each answer with my classmates.
6) To relieve stress, I listened to light instrumental music on the eve of the exam.
The science- a field of research aimed at obtaining knowledge about a person, society and the world through scientific research. The object of science is the totality of phenomena that science studies. The subject of science is what interests science in a particular object of study.
The beginnings of scientific thought can be found in the history of ancient civilizations, but Ancient Greece is considered to be the birthplace of science. In the Middle Ages, science developed very slowly, as it depended on religion. In the 17th century the scientific revolution began, during which the formation of classical science took place. The discoveries of N. Copernicus, I. Kepler, G. Galileo laid the foundation for a mechanistic picture of the world. Newton is the starting point for modern science (nuclear physics, molecular biology).
Depending on the object of science, there are three main sections: natural sciences (physics, chemistry, etc.); social sciences (social sciences): philosophical sciences (philosophy). Also allocate additional sections sciences that are at the junction of the main sections, but are not included in them: technical sciences, mathematics, psychology, biology, legal sciences.
Science functions: knowledge of the surrounding world and man, explanation of the laws of development and structure, the formation of a worldview, forecasting the development and consequences of phenomena and processes.
Methods of Science- a set of research methods used in science. Depending on the sections in science, different methods are used:
1) general scientific methods are used at separate stages of scientific knowledge, with their help they determine the approach to the study of objects as a whole: observation, analysis (decomposition), synthesis (combination), deduction (inference), induction (generalization), historicism (chronology), functional method (definition of functions );
2) system-logical methods cover all branches of scientific knowledge and are used by all sciences:
materialism uses the theoretical method of cognition and relies on deduction and the laws of dialectics (nothing can be considered true until it becomes clear and simple; in the study of something, one should start moving from simple to complex; each problem must be divided into particular tasks). The main source of knowledge in materialism is theory (thoughts and concepts);
idealism relies on the inductive method (generalization of individual facts into general provisions). The main source of knowledge in idealism is observation, comparison and experiment;
3) private scientific methods are used by specific sciences based on their needs: sociological, comparative, statistical, modeling (creating an image), experiment (experiment).
Types of experiments: research (research, search for information about new phenomena, processes and properties of the surrounding world); analytical (hypothesis analysis, verification of truth by comparison with other hypotheses or theories).
Man, which consists in collecting data about the world, then in their systematization and analysis, and, based on the above, in the synthesis of new knowledge. Also in the field of science is the promotion of hypotheses and theories, as well as their further confirmation or refutation with the help of experiments.
Science appeared when writing appeared. When five thousand years ago, some ancient Sumerian carved pictograms on a stone, where he depicted how his leader attacked a tribe of ancient Jews, and how many cows he took away, history was born.
Then he knocked out more and more useful facts about livestock, about the stars and the moon, about the construction of a cart and a hut; and newborns of biology, astronomy, physics and architecture, medicine and mathematics appeared.
In the modern form of science began to be distinguished after the XVII century. Before that, as soon as they were not called - craft, writing, being, life and other near-scientific terms. And the sciences themselves were more different types of techniques and technologies. The main driving force behind the development of science are scientific and industrial revolutions. For example, the invention of the steam engine gave a powerful impetus to the development of science in the 18th century and caused the first scientific and technological revolution.
Classification of sciences.
There have been many attempts to classify sciences. Aristotle, if not the first, then one of the first, divided the sciences into theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge and creative. The modern classification of sciences also divides them into three types:
- Natural Sciences, that is, sciences about natural phenomena, objects and processes (biology, geography, astronomy, physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology, etc.). For the most part, the natural sciences are responsible for the accumulation of experience and knowledge about nature and man. The scientists who collected the primary data were called natural scientists.
- Technical science- sciences responsible for the development of engineering and technology, as well as for the practical application of the knowledge accumulated by the natural sciences (agronomy, computer science, architecture, mechanics, electrical engineering).
- Social and Human Sciences- sciences about a person, society (psychology, philology, sociology, political science, history, cultural studies, linguistics, as well as social science, etc.).
The functions of science.
Researchers identify four social functions of science:
- Cognitive. It consists in the knowledge of the world, its laws and phenomena.
- educational. It consists not only in training, but also in social motivation, the development of values.
- cultural. Science is a public good and a key element of human culture.
- Practical. The function of producing material and social benefits, as well as applying knowledge in practice.
Speaking of science, it is worth mentioning such a term as "pseudoscience" (or "pseudoscience").
Pseudoscience - This is a type of activity that depicts scientific activity, but is not it. Pseudoscience may arise as:
- fight against official science (ufology);
- delusions due to lack of scientific knowledge (graphology, for example. And yes: it's still not a science!);
- element of creativity (humor). (See Discovery's "Brainbreakers").
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Science is a historically formed form of human activity aimed at the knowledge and transformation of objective reality. This is both a system of knowledge, and their spiritual production, and practical activities based on them.
Science is viewed from three perspectives:
As a special system, a body of knowledge about nature, society, man;
As a special type of activity, a system of scientific research aimed at obtaining new knowledge;
As a system of specific organizations and institutions.
For any scientific knowledge it is important what is researched and how it is researched. The question of what is being researched reveals the nature of the subject of science, and the answer to the question of how it is researched, by what methods is the method of research. According to their subject, sciences are divided into:
Natural-technical, studying the laws of nature and ways of its development and transformation;
Public, studying various social phenomena and the laws of their development, including socio-economic ones, as well as the person himself as a social being (humanities).
The subject of science influences its methods, i.e. techniques, methods of object research. So, in the natural sciences, one of the main methods is experiment, and in the social sciences - abstract generalization, statistics.
Each science has a different empirical level, i.e. accumulated factual material - the results of observations and experiments; and the theoretical level, i.e. generalization of empirical material, expressed in the relevant theories, laws and principles.
The specifics of scientific knowledge:
This is purposeful knowledge that solves quite specific problems;
It is characterized by certain forms and methods of cognition, it corresponds to accuracy, strict certainty;
The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain new, deeper knowledge.
The development of science is the most important factor in the renewal of all spheres of human life: material production, socio-economic relations, and spiritual life.
Functions of science: -cultural and ideological; - the direct productive force of society; - a catalyst for the process of continuous improvement of production;
Social force is directly included in the processes of social development and their management.
According to their focus, scientific research is divided into fundamental, applied and development. Fundamental sciences learn the laws that govern the interactions of nature, society, and thinking. The goal of applied sciences is to apply the results of fundamental research to solve not only cognitive, but also practical problems. At the intersection of applied, fundamental sciences and practice, there is a special area of research - research and development (R&D). Scientific activity presupposes the freedom of creativity of a scientist. The system of ethical values of science: -universal requirements and prohibitions;
Ethical norms that imply a disinterested search for and upholding the truth; -freedom of scientific research and social responsibility of a scientist.
Throughout a person's life there is a process of his socialization. This process is carried out in two ways: - in the course of the natural influence of the surrounding reality on a person;
As a result of a purposeful impact on him by society, in the process of personality formation through the system of education and upbringing that has developed in society and meets its needs. Since society is heterogeneous, each class, social group, nation has its own idea of the content of education. Therefore, the state assumes the function of regulating the education system that meets the level of civilization. In the age of scientific and technological revolution, computerization, society needs highly educated, self-confident specialists who are able to make responsible decisions, familiar with the basics of modern technology and technology, economics, psychology, and sociology. In a number of developed countries, in order to form such people, they prefer an individual approach to the student, taking into account the personal qualities of each child, teenager. Such a system of education and upbringing requires a sufficient number of teachers.
A certain level of education is an indispensable property of every person. Education requires large expenditures, lack of funds leads to a decrease in the quality of education.
The place and role of education has changed in the history of society. From an element of a person's daily life, it has turned into a sphere of independent scientific and educational activities of society. There is an internal contradiction between the content of education (what to teach) and the methods and forms (how to teach). The lag of the school from modern requirements has put many countries in front of the need for school reforms.
Reform is currently taking place in the Russian system of secondary and higher education. Among the many problems, the following can be distinguished: humanization, humanitarization and internationalization of education.
Humanization implies a great attention of society to the individual, his psychology, interests, requests, needs, rights and obligations. Humanization implies the priority of human values, the main of which is the person himself. In the field of education, humanization is manifested in the ability of an individual to choose an educational path in accordance with the needs and capabilities of the individual.
Humanitarianization means increased attention to the entire spectrum of social sciences, the humanities, which are of paramount importance in the life of a modern person: economic theory, history, sociology, political science, literature, law, art.
In Russia, education is currently being reformed in the direction of introducing a multi-level structure, the purpose of which is to expand the capabilities of higher education in meeting the diverse cultural and educational needs of the individual and society, in improving the general cultural, scientific and general professional training of specialists, taking into account the modern needs of the economy and the labor market.
The introduction of a multi-level system of education in Russia will make it possible to carry out its internationalization - the creation of a unified system of education for different countries.
In the modern world, education is considered as one of the main values, without which the further development of mankind is impossible.
Assignments to the text
1. Science is:
one). A body of knowledge about the environment.
2). Research system for obtaining new knowledge.
3). specific organizations and institutions.
4). All of the above.
2. Are the judgments correct? Science is understood as: A. A system of knowledge.
B. Knowledge production.Answer options:
Only A is true. 3) A and B are true.
Only B is true. 4) Both are wrong.
3. The sciences that study the laws of nature are called:
Physical. 3) Mathematical.
Humanitarian. 4) Natural and technical.
4. The laws of the development of society are studied by the sciences:
Philosophical. 3) Humanitarian.
Economic. 4) Historical.
5. The main method of the natural sciences is:
Experiment. 3) Statistical method.
Abstraction. 4) Descriptive method.
6. Education involves:
one). Obtaining knowledge about the world, society, man.
2). Creation of new knowledge.
3). The assimilation of ethical norms and values.
4). Learning from someone else's experience.
7. A person is educated as a result of:
Adaptations. 3) Growing up.
Socialization. 4) Aging.
8. The education system is regulated by:
State. 3) Social group.
Society. 4) Individuals.
9. An individual approach to the child involves: one). The study of a large number of subjects.
2). Reducing the volume of disciplines studied. 3). The presence of a large number of teachers. 4). Strengthening the influence of the church on the school.
10. The humanization of education is:
one). Refusal to give low marks.
2). Free attendance at schools.
3). Greater attention to individual personality traits.
4). Reducing the teaching load.
What problems are facing science and education in modern Russia (in addition to the text or the development of those already listed)?
Do you agree with the following theses:
one). Science proves only that society today is on a dead end path of development.
2). The forms of school reform in modern Russia have proved that our state needs obedient executors more than highly qualified specialists capable of making responsible decisions (general testing fever, the Unified State Examination, etc.).