The third generation of the Russian branch of the Oldenburg ducal house. Portal of state authorities of the Yaroslavl region Igor Ledogorov in the film "Front behind the front line"

Speech by the Deputy Governor of the region Berezkin S.V.

at the ceremony dedicated to the departure of personnel

Military University (Faculty, Yaroslavl)

to a new location

26.08.2010

Dear fellow cadets!

Dear commanders, teachers and employees of the military university, dear veterans!

Today is a special day in the life of your school. A very important and very glorious stage in the biography of the university is coming to an end.

For more than 70 years, thousands of trained financial specialists of the highest qualification have emerged from the walls of the college, institute, university, academy.

From the moment of its foundation to the present day, the educational institution has had a difficult fate. After its formation in Yaroslavl, the places of deployment were different cities of the Soviet Union, its status and specialization repeatedly changed, but it revived again and again, and since 1957 it has continuously glorified the Yaroslavl region with its stay and deeds.

The region and the educational institution, in fact, became related - both in the literal and figurative sense of the word. And not only because we are almost the same age. Next year the Yaroslavl region will celebrate its 75th anniversary since its formation. We became related because it was the Yaroslavl people who made up the backbone of teachers and cadets, it was the Yaroslavl people who made it possible to create wonderful families, to continue the dynasties.

Finally, it was with you, with your great direct participation, that the most important tasks of the socio-economic development of the region, as well as military-patriotic education, were solved.

I have personally been fortunate to work closely with you, your predecessors, for 30 years. Briefly, I can say: “Wonderful people, wonderful time, wonderful deeds!”

I have great respect for those who headed the educational institution:Lieutenant General Ivan Efimovich Rasshchupkin, Major General Vasily Antonovich Yanushkevich, Major General Vadim Petrovich Cherny, Major General Sergey Alexandrovich Derepko, Colonel Alexander Vyacheslavovich Bychkov.

Among the natives of your walls are my colleagues working in the Government of the region - Kolyvanov Alexander Alekseevich, Yamshchikov Igor Alekseevich, Ivanovsky Valery Mikhailovich. They also went through an excellent school, which still defines their work today.

Dear friends!

Time dictates its conditions. And today, in the difficult conditions of the radical reform of the Russian army, corresponding to today's socio-economic realities and geopolitical tasks, the Minister of Defense decided to relocate the university and its new organizational quality.

I have no doubt that this order will not affect the quality of training specialists for the needs of our army.

On behalf of the Governor and the Government of the region, I express my confidence that you, in your new place, in Moscow, will honorably carry the traditions laid down here, on the Yaroslavl land.

Before parting, I would like to wish you all the best, significant success in military and special training for the benefit of our great Fatherland!

Yaroslavl residents will always remember your university and welcome you with hospitality at our holidays, celebrations and just for a visit. Here is your native land.

Goodbye, see you again!

Igor Vadimovich Ledogorov. Born May 9, 1932 in Moscow - died February 10, 2005 in Hamilton (New Zealand). Soviet and Russian theater and film actor. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1989).

During the Great Patriotic War he lived with his family in evacuation in Tashkent. It was there that he first got into the cinema - starred in the extras of the famous film directed by L. D. Lukov "Two Soldiers". Together with other boys, he portrayed the Nazis who were attacking Soviet positions. The cameraman filmed in such a way that in the frame the gang of boys looked like a group of real German soldiers.

However, at first he did not intend to become an actor. After school in 1958 he graduated from the Polytechnic Institute, where he began to play in an amateur theater. Having shown his abilities, on the advice of the head of the institute circle (he was the Honored Artist of the RSFSR Nikolai Khlibko), he decided to try himself as an actor and entered the Tashkent Theater and Art named after. A. N. Ostrovsky, who graduated in 1964.

Since 1967 - an actor of the Leningrad Theater named after Lenin Komsomol.

Since 1969 - actor of the Leningrad Theater named after Lensoviet, among his works: "Warsaw Melody" (c); "The Road to Calvary"; "Forty-first".

Since 1971 - an actor of the Central Academic Theater of the Soviet Army, was engaged in the play "Holy of Holies" by I. Druta.

Since 1963, he acted in films, making his debut in the film "Your Footprints".

Fame brought him the role of Nikolai Bauman in the 1967 historical and biographical film "Nikolai Bauman" directed by S.I. Tumanov.

Igor Ledogorov in the film "Nikolai Bauman"

A notable work was the role of Dmitry Ovtsyn in the film "The Ballad of Bering and His Friends." His hero is a historical person who left a huge mark on the exploration of Siberia and Alaska.

Then there was the main role in the military drama "The ruins are shooting ...", in which he played the underground worker Jean (aka Ivan Konstantinovich Kabushkin). For this work in 1974 the actor was awarded the State Prize of the BSSR.

Igor Ledogorov in the film "The ruins shoot..."

Successful were the main roles played by the actor in the films Comrade General (General Fyodor Kapitonov), Heaven with Me (Ivan Klinov), Georgy Sedov (Georgy Sedov).

Igor Ledogorov in the film "Georgy Sedov"

The actor's works in the films "The Life and Death of Ferdinand Luce" (Bauer) and "Nobody Instead of You" (Grigore Ciobanu) were interesting.

In 1978, the artist was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR named after the Vasilyev brothers for his performance as the intelligence officer Afanasyev-Reisner in the film Front Behind the Front Line.

Igor Ledogorov in the film "Front behind the front line"

It was easy for Ledogorov to create heroic images - a courageous face, penetrating, gray eyes provided him with a long list of appropriate roles. He was a polar explorer, a revolutionary and more than once tried on the general's shoulder straps.

Igor Vadimovich himself has repeatedly said that in all heroic roles, the surroundings are not important for him. In his characters, he tried to show that inner struggle, that fortitude, when a man in an extreme situation must behave exactly like a man with a capital letter.

In the mid-1980s, he played the role of Sergei Chernikov in the science fiction film "People and Dolphins".

Igor Ledogorov in the film "People and Dolphins"

By the way, in the films “Youths in the Universe”, “Through Thorns to the Stars” and the already mentioned “People and Dolphins”, Igor Ledogorov starred with his son Vadim, first a student at school No. 82, and then a student at a theater university.

The last work on the screen was the main role - the head of the Russian intelligence department, Colonel-General Vadim Petrovich - in the disaster film "Black Ocean". Since the actor went abroad for permanent residence, the role was voiced by Dmitry Matveev.

Igor Ledogorov in the film "Black Ocean"

In 1997, Igor Ledogorov emigrated to New Zealand where his son Vadim already lived and worked. The reason was that in the post-perestroika period, the actor, like many of his colleagues, turned out to be unclaimed, lived poorly and difficultly. And his son Vadim Ledogorov taught in New Zealand at a local theater studio.

In New Zealand, he lived in nature in his house with his wife, son, daughter-in-law and grandchildren. Sometimes he played in the theater in English, in particular, he played Firs in the play based on Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard. He starred in several commercials.

Ledogorov Sr. often attended his son's classes with students and helped novice actors to comprehend the basics of the Stanislavsky system.

In 2001, Igor and Vadim Ledogorovs came to Moscow to dub a new version of the film Through Hardships to the Stars, in which they starred twenty years ago. The negatives could not stand the time, and the son of director Richard Viktorov - Nikolai - decided to revive the picture to a new life. During the restoration, they completed what was not possible in the 1980s due to lack of funds or technical capabilities. As a result, the film became half an hour shorter, but more dynamic and colorful.

The last time he played in 2003, together with Vadim Ledogorov and Galina Samoilova (Ledogorova) in the theater evening "Visiting Chekhov" (Bear, Proposal, Tears Unknown to the World).

He died of cancer on February 10, 2005 in Hamilton, New Zealand. He was buried in a public cemetery in the city of Cambridge (New Zealand).

The growth of Igor Ledogorov: 187 centimeters.

Personal life of Igor Ledogorov:

Wife - Stalin Alekseevna Ledogorova. A son was born in marriage, a theater director and teacher.

Filmography of Igor Ledogorov:

1963 - Your traces - Volodya, newspaper editor
1965 - I want to believe - Sergey Mikhailovich
1967 - Nikolai Bauman - N. E. Bauman
1968 - Transitional age - journalist Nikolai Ivanovich Alekseev
1968 - Our Friends - Altus
1969 - Ambush - Chekist Shpalov
1969 - Triple check - Nikolai Konstantinovich Klimov
1970 - Ballad about Bering and his friends - Dmitry Ovtsyn
1970-1972 - The ruins are shooting ... - underground worker Jean (Ivan Konstantinovich Kabushkin)
1972 - Fifty-fifty - Mullins
1972 - Hot Snow - Colonel Osin
1973 - Comrade General - General Kapitonov
1974 - Georgy Sedov - G. Ya. Sedov
1974 - Front without flanks
1974 - Youths in the Universe - an alien, father of Agapit
1974 - Heaven with me - Klinov
1975 - From dawn to dawn - general
1975 - Ivan and Colombina - Spiridonov
1976 - Family celebration day - Pyotr Savichev
1976 - Nobody instead of you - Grigory Chobanu
1976 - The Legend of Tila - Prince of Orange
1976 - Life and death of Ferdinand Luce - Bauer
1977 - Front behind the front line - scout Afanasyev-Reisner
1977 - Portrait with rain - Anatoly
1977 - On the trail of the wolf - Makarov
1978 - Late Berry
1978 - Persistent Fog (film-play) - Rogachev
1978 - Seeing - Igor Gorchakov
1978 - Procession of golden animals - archaeologist Zimin
1978 - Your son - Vadim Korolev
1980 - Smoke of the Fatherland - Elder Andrei
1980 - Through thorns to the stars - alien Rakan
1980 - Karl Marx. Young years - Weitling
1980 - They were actors - Ryabinin
1982 - Tenderness for the roaring beast - Donat Kuzmich Borovsky
1982 - Cossack outpost - Terenty
1983 - People and Dolphins - Chernikov
1984 - Strategy for victory - journalist
1984 - Echo (film-play) - Sergey Timofeevich Raskatov, general
1984 - Strategy for victory. The day before (documentary) - journalist
1985 - The distant voice of the cuckoo - Zosim Fedorovich
1985 - Housewarming (film-play) - prosecutor
1986 - Assassination attempt on GOELRO
1986 - Head of the Gorgon - Lukonin
1986 - Astrologer - Maxim Sobolev
1988 - Let me die, Lord - director
1988 - Private visit to the clinic - Gaberkorn
1989 - Enter every house - Prabatov
1989 - Holy of Holies (film-play) - Mihai Grui
1989 - Revelation of John the First Printer - Prince Ostrozhsky
1990 - Ravines - Gordey Nikolaich Kabanov
1991 - Your gentle image (film-play) - Count Lubin
1993 - Internal Enemy (film-play)
1995 - Tribunal - President of the Court
1995 - Red cherry (Red cherry / 红樱桃) - Vatkin, director of the interhouse
1997 - Hunting season - Colonel General Ivan Alekseevich Vertletsky
1998 - Black Ocean - Vadim Petrovich, head of the GRU (voicing - Dmitry Matveev)

The collapse of the USSR coincided with economic liberalization, hyperinflation and a criminal revolution. Perestroika ended in a shootout. The leading positions in the new Russia of the 1990s were occupied by former employees of the Soviet special services, who, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, found themselves without work or were "seconded" there. As early as the early 1990s, many people from the special services occupied key positions in the young oligarchic industrial and banking structures.

Most of the financial flows, most of the assets are directly controlled by these same Chekists. The figure is called 60%. And this is direct control. The remaining 40% are controlled by them indirectly, through the same officials, big businessmen. If desired, this property can at any time come under the direct control of the Chekists.

“The entrance to the KGB social elevators consists of a system of filters. There is a primary selection, then the staff of existing employees of regional structures. When a person gets into these structures, he has functions and powers that he must perform and implement. If he copes, shows proper qualities, he is promoted further. It enters the system. He starts working with specific enterprises already under the supervision of senior comrades. That is, at this stage, a system hierarchy arises, parallel to the official one. Here the key role is played by "senior comrades" - and these are not only higher-ranking officers, but, first of all, former employees. Financial flows flow through them, they supervise and direct them. They make decisions and set tasks (within the allotted authority and resources). On the one hand, they are no longer employees of the special services and do not directly substitute the system, on the other hand, they have all the powers and opportunities to use full-time employees and structures of the FSB. Well, and further - those who are singled out for certain qualities and included in the system, they grow and gradually grow into “senior comrades”, who already receive the authority and resources to resolve issues,” says one expert in the field of protecting companies from hostile takeovers and forced merger.

And yet, “it is very important that this system eliminates the literal one-man command at the top level. If in such a system there is only one decision-maker, then it becomes too dependent on him and therefore extremely unstable. Therefore, the upper level should be distributed over a group or even groups of heads.

Many allegedly retired intelligence officers were sent as active agents to business, the media and the civilian sector, still reporting to the FSB. A special term was used to designate them - "ODR": active reserve officer. In 1998, the officers of the active reserve were renamed the APS - the apparatus of seconded employees, but the essence remained the same. The status of an agent of the active reserve is considered a state secret, which is forbidden to disclose by law.

If you carefully study the history of one or another oil or metallurgical giant of the 90s, then in the confused offshore scheme there will certainly be an offshore with a strange name, which was created in the 70s - early 80s and from whose accounts the main investments for all major transactions came initial period. At one time, Alexander Privalov, analyzing the first trial in the case of Lebedev and Khodorkovsky, was perplexed: why suddenly Khodorkovsky's lawyers did not raise the question of who really owns the offshore "Kilda" (created in 1974) or "Jamblik" (created in 1984 ), to which all the key threads of the accusation converged. By the way, in 1996, an offshore company with the name "Jamblik" was already the owner of a large stake in the Bratsk Aluminum Plant and other assets of the empire of the Cherny brothers.

The operators invested in the selected companies not only with money. They were also invested by ... the Chekist resource. And this resource was the most important part of the whole scheme. In order to resolve issues in courts and administrations, to help counterparties deal with emerging problems, and, finally, in order to control these very counterparties, to receive full information about them, specific people were needed. Former (and there were a great many of them then) KGB officers, retained and developed close ties with the current employees of the special services, which now often changed heads and names.

The activities were varied, but the base of compromising materials (BCM) became the main tool. If at the level of the struggle for assets, work with compromising evidence was just one of the elements, then at the level of solving personnel issues, relations with officials and general control over the situation in the country, compromising evidence was a defining element.

There were other forms of work. When Khodorkovsky conquered Eastern Siberia, accumulating oil assets, there were many cases when the heads of oil producing enterprises) suddenly drowned or died on a hunt.

In the 90s, the last chairman of the KGB of the USSR, Vladimir Kryuchkov, worked in the leadership of AFK Sistema, the former head of the 5th, ideological department of the KGB, Philip Bobkov, headed the security service of the Most group of Vladimir Gusinsky, the former head of the Public Relations Center of the Ministry of Security of Russia, Alexei Kondaurov went to the information and analytical service of the Menatep group of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, JSC Russian Railways was headed by the former intelligence officer Vladimir Yakunin, the telecommunications business of Alfa Group was headed by the former deputy director of the FSO Anatoly Protsenko, the former head of the Economic Security Department of the FSB Yury Zaostrovtsev became the deputy chairman of Vnesheconombank, and even the ballet school of the Bolshoi Theater was headed by a Chekist.

Analyzing the verdict in the first Yukos case, note that both sides - both the prosecution and the defense - actually ignored the fact that the main beneficiary from the activities of the oil company was supposed to be a certain offshore company "Jamblik". The most interesting thing is that it was registered ... on November 8, 1984.

There is a hypothesis that back in the distant 80s, some major functionaries, mainly from the KGB, made sure that part of the Soviet export earnings remained in foreign accounts. For this, a network of offshores could be created, where money was accumulated. The funds accumulated in this way - and these are tens of billions of dollars - eventually amounted to the initial capital from which the new Russian economy began. It is not surprising that former employees of the organs stood at its origins. Under this model, the oligarchs are simply "operators", people who are allowed to manage property acquired with other people's money (and Khodorkovsky's rebellion and his attempt to "get out of control" naturally provoked harsh responses).

It is interesting that traces of firms like Jamblik, registered before the collapse of the USSR, are also found in the business of other large Russian businessmen. For example, Sibir Energy, a well-known businessman Shalva Chigirinsky, was established in 1996 on the basis of the London-based Pentex Energy plc. And that one has existed since 1981 and was created "to attract investment in the USSR." Or the strange story of the enrichment of the banker Alexander Lebedev, which many in banking circles cannot explain with anything other than the notorious "gold of the party", so suddenly in the mid-90s he accumulated huge funds under his control. Lebedev is a former career intelligence officer who worked undercover at the Soviet embassy in the UK.

The tasks of the day facing the Russian special services were frankly formulated in an instruction that came into the possession of the newspaper Moskovskiye Novosti and published on October 8, 2002. According to the meaning of this instruction, unnamed leaders offered former employees of the Russian special services "direct infiltration" "in economic, commercial, entrepreneurial and banking structures, government and executive authorities". “The creation of institutions and cover companies,” the document said, “will make it possible, through contacts within these structures, to expand the circle of contacts with entrepreneurs and business people, create a wide network of agents, and have a direct opportunity to obtain information of operational interest by familiarizing themselves with various documents.”

At the beginning of 2002, an operation was carried out that largely determined the further development of the country - this was an operation with Sibur and its owner Yakov Goldovsky. Before the New Year, right in the waiting room of the new chairman of the board of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, he was arrested. And by January 10, he wrote a letter of resignation of the CEO, and a controlling stake in Sibur, assigned to a variety of people, was transferred to Gazprom.

The entire process of the oligarchization of the Russian economy took place strictly "under control." By 2003, this process was, in fact, completed and many "retirees" appeared in it (this is just an open list):

Abakumov Mikhail Novomirovich- captain, general director of the Energia-region concern. Born February 21, 1959 in Sverdlovsk. Graduated from the Sverdlovsk Mining Institute, the Higher School of the KGB. Since 1981 engineer-geologist of the institute "Uralgiprotrans". Since 1984 in the KGB in the Sverdlovsk region. Since 1991 director of production and commercial agency "Continent". Since 1992 director of the branch of Grankombank. Since 1993 director of JSC "Continent". In 1994-98, the chairman of the board of Energocombank.

Amirov Pavel Rizvanovich- General Director of Progress. He was born on May 18, 1951. In 1973 he graduated from the Ufa Aviation Institute. Since 1973 he has been a design engineer at the Ufa Design Bureau "Cable". Since 1975 in the KGB. Since 1992 chief engineer, since 1995 director of the Ufa plant "Magnetron". Since 1997 he has been the general director of the Bashkir production association "Progress".

Belyaninov Andrey Yurievich- Director General of Rosoboronexport. Born July 14, 1957 in Moscow. In 1978 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of National Economy. Until 1988 he served in the PGU KGB. He worked at the Soviet embassy in the GDR. He retired from the authorities in 1991. Since July 1992, Deputy Chairman of the Board of REA-Bank (license revoked in 1997). Since September 1994, Deputy, and since September 1995 Chairman of the Board of Novikombank, created by the Association of Foreign Intelligence Veterans. Since December 1999, Deputy General Director of Promexport. Since November 2000, the General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Rosoboronexport".

Vinogradov Vladimir Nikolaevich - President of Capital Trust LLC, head of the Vinogradov trading house, president of the Vlata private security company. Born October 8, 1951 in Kuibyshev. He graduated from the Higher Border Military-Political School of the KGB in Alma-Ata. He worked at a ball bearing plant, served in the border troops. From 1975 to 1978 he served in the 9th Directorate of the KGB in the Kremlin Regiment. In 1984 he retired from the state security, until 1989 he was deputy director of an experimental plant for agricultural engineering. Since 1989, Deputy General Director of the "Plastic Center" cooperative. In 1992 he created the private security company "Vlata". Since 1993 has been engaged in the production of alcoholic beverages.

Vodolazsky Alexander Petrovich Colonel, General Director of JSC Domodedovo Airlines. Born July 18, 1947. Since 1972 in the KGB. Dealt with issues of economic security. Since 2000, Vice-President of the Moscow Oil Company. In April 2002, he was elected general director of Domodedovo Airlines OJSC (according to the shareholders of Tyumenaviatrans).

Glazkov Vadim Petrovich-President of CJSC "Petersburg Fuel Company". Born November 16, 1955 in Leningrad. In 1982 he graduated from the Leningrad Technological Institute of the Refrigeration Industry. He was a foreman, deputy secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Elektrosila association. Since 1984 in the KGB. Since 1992 in the Territorial Agency for Fuel and Energy Resources of the St. Petersburg Mayor's Office. Since 1994, Deputy Director of the North-West Department of Surgutneftegaz. Since 1999 CEO, since July 2001 President of the St. Petersburg Fuel Company.

Gulevsky Oleg Nikolaevich-Deputy General Director, head of the main department of marketing and sales of the Kraftway company. He was born on March 1, 1968 in Belgorod. In 1990 he graduated from the technical faculty of the Higher School of the KGB. In 1990-93 he served in the KGB signal troops. In 1993 he quit, then a programmer at the STAN center at the design institute "Orgenergostroy". Since 1995 he has been an employee of the marketing department of the Kraftway company. In 1996-97 head of the department. Since 1998, Deputy General Director, Head of the Main Department of Marketing and Sales.

Huseynov Vagif Aliovsatovich Major General, Director of the Institute for Strategic Assessments and Analysis. Born November 27, 1942. Worked on the radio, edited a youth newspaper. He was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of Azerbaijan, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League for international issues. In the early 80s, he became the first secretary of the Baku City Party Committee. Then the chairman of the sports committee of the Azerbaijan SSR, editor-in-chief of the Moscow magazine "Olympic panorama", an employee of the USSR Foreign Ministry. Since 1988, the head of the department of organizational and party work of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. In 1989 he was appointed chairman of the KGB of the republic, resigned from service after August 1991. In 1992 he was arrested on charges of "crimes against his own people during the entry of Soviet troops into Baku." In June 1993 he was released, in August the case was dismissed for lack of corpus delicti. In January 1994, the decision to close the Huseynov case was canceled, but he had already emigrated to Russia and accepted Russian citizenship. Since 1997 he has been a member of the board of directors of AFK Sistema. In 1998, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Region JSC, information and analytical center AFK Sistema.

Evstafiev Arkady Vyacheslavovich-General Director of OAO Mosenergo. Born March 10, 1960 in Saratov. In 1982 he graduated from Saratov University, in 1986 the Higher School of the KGB, in 1990 the Diplomatic Academy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After graduation, he taught at the Department of Cybernetics. Then an employee of the PGU KGB worked as part of the active reserve under the guise of the information department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1991 in the press service of the government of the Russian Federation. Since 1992, adviser, press secretary of Anatoly Chubais. In 1995 he was appointed deputy general director of CJSC Public Russian Television. Since April 1996 in the apparatus of the government of the Russian Federation. In June 1996, he was detained in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation at the moment when, together with Sergei Lisovsky, he was carrying out about $ 500 thousand in a photocopier box. Since August 1996 General Director of the Center for the Protection of Private Property. In 2000, deputy general director of Mosenergo. In 2001-2002 and. about. General Director of Mosenergo, since 2002 General Director.

Elizarov Gennady Nikolaevich-Major General, director of the security service of Orenburggazprom LLC. Born in Sverdlovsk. He graduated from the Sverdlovsk Law Institute, worked as an investigator at the Internal Affairs Directorate. Since 1970, in various positions in the KGB in the Sverdlovsk region. Created one of the first in the USSR department "B" ("Fight against organized crime and corruption"). In 1991, he was appointed deputy head of the KGB for the Magadan region, then headed the Magadan FSB. Since October 1997, the head of the FSB in the Orenburg region. In February 1999 he retired. In 2000, the head of the security service of Orenburggazprom LLC.

Zhukov Evgeny Colonel, Vice-President for Economic Security of OAO Vostokgazprom. Born in 1960. Worked in Directorate "N" of the Department of Economic Security of the FSB (Odintsovo customs was his area of ​​responsibility). He rose to the rank of deputy director of this department. In July 2001, he came to the post of Vice President for Economic Security at Vostokgazprom OJSC.

Zdanovich Alexander Alexandrovich Lieutenant General, Deputy Chairman of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company for security issues. Born January 1, 1952 in Krasnoyarsk. In 1976 he graduated from the Higher School of the KGB. Since 1970 he served in the Marine Corps of the Pacific Fleet. Since 1972 in the state security agencies, in operational work in military counterintelligence. In 1992-96, an employee of the FSB public relations center, he rose to the rank of first deputy head of the TsOS. Since February 1996 and. o., since October, the head of the TsOS FSB. In November 1999, he was appointed head of the FSB assistance programs department, created on the basis of the FSB TsOS. Since June 2002, Deputy Chairman of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company for security issues.

Zorkin Viktor Nikolaevich-Senior Vice President of AK SIBUR for personnel, security and government relations. Born July 20, 1951 in the Kustanai region of Kazakhstan. In 1972 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Border Command School of the KGB, later the Higher School of the KGB. He served in the military counterintelligence, later in the KGB special unit for combating terrorism (Group Alfa). Since 1992, he served in the main security department, the Security Service of the President of the Russian Federation. In 1996, he retired from military service as deputy head of the SBP, head of the Security Center of the SBP. In 1997-98 he worked in the security department of Mosbusinessbank. In 1998-2000 in the security department of one of the divisions of LUKOIL. Since February 2001, Vice President, General Director of the regional public organization "Association of Veterans and Presidential Security Services." In April 2002, he was appointed SIBUR's Senior Vice President for Human Resources, Security and Government Relations.

Ivanenko Victor Valentinovich Major General, Vice President of the Foundation for the Development of Parliamentarism in Russia. Born September 19, 1947 in the village. Koltsovka of the Tyumen region. In 1970 he graduated from the Tyumen Industrial Institute, in 1971 the Higher Courses of the KGB. Since 1970 he worked in the KGB for the Tyumen region, where he was responsible for the security of the oil industry, led the Nizhnevartovsk department. The last position in the Tyumen KGB was the deputy head of the department. Since 1986 he was a senior inspector, head of department, deputy head of the KGB inspection department. Since May 1991 and. about. Chairman, from August to November Chairman of the KGB of the RSFSR. From November 1991 to January 1992 General Director of the AFB of the RSFSR. In 1992 he worked as a consultant for CJSC Russian Industrial Company, Ltd. In April 1993, he joined Yukos as Vice President. In May 1996, he joined the Board of Directors of CJSC Rosprom. In February 1997, he became deputy chairman of the joint board of Rosprom. From October 1998 to October 1999 Advisor to the Minister of Taxes and Dues of the Russian Federation. In December 1999, he ran for the State Duma from the Fatherland - All Russia bloc. Since January 2000, he has been vice president of the Parliamentarism Development Fund.

Kiselev Evgeny Alekseevich-Chief editor of TVS. Born June 15, 1956 in Moscow. In 1979 he graduated from the Institute of Asian and African countries. Since 1979 he served as an interpreter in Afghanistan. Since 1982 he was a teacher at the Higher School of the KGB, since 1986 he worked at the Central Radio Broadcasting to foreign countries. Since 1987 on Central Television. Since 1990, editor and presenter of the TSN news program. Since 1990 he has been working for RosTV. Since September 1991 he returned to Ostankino. Since October 1993 he has been producing the program "Itogi" on NTV. Since 1993, Vice-President of NTV. In 1997 he became one shareholder, a member of the Board of Directors of Media-Most, a member of the Board of NTV Partners. In December 1997 he was appointed head of the board of directors of the NTV television company. Since February 2000, the general director of NTV. From April 2001 and. about. CEO of TV-6. From May 2001 to June 2002 General Director of MNVK TV-6. Since June 2002 the editor-in-chief of TVS.

Kobaladze Yury Georgievich-Major General, Managing Director of the investment company "Renaissance Capital". Born January 22, 1949 in Tbilisi. In 1972 he graduated from the journalism faculty of MGIMO. Since the mid-70s in the PGU KGB. Worked at TASS. Since 1977 in the UK as a correspondent for the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Since 1984, under the guise of a position as an observer for the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, he traveled to the UK, Malta, the USA, and France. Since 1991, the head of the press bureau of the Foreign Intelligence Service. Since March 1999, Deputy General Director of ITAR-TASS. Since September 1999 Managing Director of the investment company "Renaissance Capital".

Kondaurov Alexey Petrovich Major General, Head of the Analytical Department of Yukos. Born March 26, 1949. Graduated from the Ordzhonikidze Moscow Engineering and Economics Institute. He held the post of deputy head of the Center for Public Relations of the Federal Grid Company, since 1993 the head of the CSO. In 1998, he headed the analytical department of Yukos. In 1999 he ran for the State Duma from the Communist Party.

Kontsevenko Sergey Fedorovich-Deputy General Director of Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Rosspirtprom" for security. Born on October 2, 1953. Since 1980 in state security, he went from junior detective to head of the operational department of the KGB of Uzbekistan. Since 1986, the head of the Lida city department of state security. Since 1988, he oversaw the regional departments of state security of the Siberian region. In 1989 he took the post of head of the KGB department for Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1992 he left for Belarus, where he taught at the National Security Institute. Since 1994, head of the Security Council of Belarus. In 1996 he retired from the special services.

Koshlyakov Lev Sergeevich Colonel, Deputy General Director, Director of the Public Relations Department of JSC Aeroflot. Born February 13, 1945 in Leningrad. In 1969 he graduated from the philological faculty of the Leningrad State University, then the Red Banner Institute of the KGB. From 1969 he served in the PGU KGB. From 1987 to 1991 resident in Norway. In 1994, he retired, created and headed the consulting companies "Business Link M" and "Business League M". Since August 1998, he has been the general director of the Vesti television company. Since 1998, he worked as a senior adviser to the chairman of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company on security issues. In January 2000, he was appointed deputy chairman of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, head of the department of information and external relations. Since 2001 director of special projects at the Interfax agency. In August 2001 he was appointed Deputy General Director of Aeroflot.

Kurasov Dmitry Vladimirovich- Managing Partner of Verysell IT-Express. Born on November 29, 1965. In 1987 he graduated from the Faculty of Applied Mathematics of the Higher School of the KGB. In 1991 he retired from the KGB. Over the following years, he was one of the founders and leaders of the computer companies Uran-Group, Corvette, JIB Group, MDS-2000. Since July 2002 Managing Partner of Verysell IT-Express.

Lebedev Alexander Evgenievich- (Under?) Colonel, Chairman of the Board of the National Reserve Bank. Born December 16, 1959 in Moscow. He graduated from the monetary and financial department of the Faculty of International Economic Relations of MGIMO (1982) and, according to media reports, the Red Banner Institute of Foreign Intelligence. He was assigned to the Institute of Economics of the World Socialist System, and soon went to the Foreign Ministry. Since the mid-80s in the PGU KGB. Officially listed in various positions in the Foreign Ministry. Since 1987 attache, third, second secretary of the USSR Embassy in Britain. Since 1992, the representative of the Swiss bank "Company Financier Tradition" in the CIS. In 1993 he became chairman of the board of the Russian Investment and Financial Company, a member of the board of Imperial Bank. In 1995 he headed the board of the National Reserve Bank.

Lomakin Boris Evgenievich-Deputy General Director of CSKA-Holding. Born December 29, 1940 in Moscow. Served in the KGB. In 1988, he retired due to seniority. Since 1989 he has been vice-president of ASKO insurance company, since 1993 he has been vice-president of Viora insurance company. In 1998, he took the post of deputy general director of CSKA-Holding.

Makarychev Alexander Konstantinovich Major General, Director of the Department of Economic Security of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. Born on October 10, 1947. In the early 90s, he served as deputy head of the department of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation for the Rostov Region. In May 1992 he was appointed Minister of Security of Kabardino-Balkaria. In 1997 he was transferred to Moscow to the post of deputy head of the Department of Advanced Programs of the FSB. Since December 1997, the first deputy head of the Department for the development and suppression of the activities of criminal organizations. In August 1998, he headed the Department of Internal Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Since April 1999, head of the Department of Operational and Technical Measures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since June 1999 Deputy Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Malkov Valery Petrovich- Manager of the Tomsk branch of the bank MENATEP-SPb. Born on September 20, 1954. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Border Command School of the KGB (1977), the Higher School of the KGB (1989), Tomsk State University (1992). Since October 1994, Deputy Chairman of the Board of Neftenergobank. Since October 2000, Head of the Department for the study of credit projects in the bank MENATEP-SPb.

Markov Vladimir Nikolaevich-lieutenant colonel, executive director of OAO "Gold Industry Corporation". Born September 28, 1957. From 1979 to 1995 he worked in the KGB in the Magadan region. Since March 1995, Deputy Head of the North-Eastern Directorate of the Federal Aviation Service of the Russian Federation. In May 1999, he took up the post of production director of Nord-Oil LLC. Since 2000, Executive Director of JSC "Gold Industry Corporation".

Marushchenko Volodymyr Volodymyrovych Colonel, Marketing Director of the Special Information Service. Born January 23, 1950 in Dnepropetrovsk. Graduated from the Kherson Ship Mechanical College, the Higher School of the KGB. He worked as a fitter at a shipyard. Since 1972 in the KGB, he worked his way up to the head of the department. In 1991, he received the rank of colonel ahead of schedule for the creation of his own security service in the KGB. In 1993, he retired to the reserve, headed the security service of OAO Gazprom. In 2000, he was dismissed, took the post of marketing director of the company "Special Information Service".

Molyakov Alexey Alekseevich- Colonel General, President of the All-Russian National Military Fund.
Born October 4, 1939 in the village of Bunkovo, Kalinin Region. In 1970 he graduated from the Higher School of the KGB. He served in the military counterintelligence of the group of Soviet troops in Germany, in the central apparatus of the KGB. Since 1988, he headed a special department for the Moscow Military District. Since 1992, he served as head of the FSB military counterintelligence department, since 1998, deputy secretary of the Security Council and deputy director of the FSB. Since September 1999, President of the All-Russian National Military Fund.

Oleg Mikhailovich Osobenkov- Colonel General, Deputy General Director of Aeroflot OJSC, Head of the Personnel Department. Born August 31, 1946 in Moscow. Graduated from the Faculty of International Economic Relations of MGIMO. Upon graduation, he worked at the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR. Since 1969 in the state security agencies. Recently, he held the position of Deputy Director, Head of the Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning of the Federal Grid Company (FSB). Since 1996 and. about. State Secretary of the FSB. Since 1996 Advisor to the General Director of "Aeroflot" for strategic development, head of the advisory group. In February 1999 he was elected a member of the board of Aeroflot, in May 1999 he was appointed deputy director general.

Paramonov Alexander Vladimirovich Major, manager of the Yekaterinburg branch of Alfa-Bank. Born on May 23, 1958 in Sverdlovsk. In 1980 he graduated from the Ural Polytechnic Institute, in 1983 the Higher Courses of the KGB in Minsk. Studying in absentia at the Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics. In 1980-82 he worked in the commissioning department of the Uralelectromontazh trust. Then for 10 years he served in the 2nd department of the KGB in the Sverdlovsk region, was engaged in counterintelligence support for foreign firms. He retired in the early 90s. Since 1993 he has been an employee of the Ural Ring Corporation. Since 1994, the head of the Sverdlovsk branch of Mosstroybank, since 1996, the regional branch of Inkombank. In 1999, the manager of the Yekaterinburg branch of Alfa-Bank.

Pogodin Alexey Alekseevich Colonel, director of legal affairs, member of the board of OAO Severstal, member of the board of directors of OAO UAZ. Born May 27, 1951. Graduated from the Leningrad Forestry Academy, Higher Courses of the KGB, postgraduate studies at the Higher School of the KGB, Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation. He served in counterintelligence, worked in Nicaragua, Algeria, Yemen, Afghanistan. He retired in 1993. He worked as deputy director of the representative office of OAO Severstal in Moscow, in 1995 he was appointed director of legal affairs at Severstal. From 1996 to 1999 Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC "Research Institute of Economics and Information on Radio Electronics". Since 1997 he has been a member of the Board of Directors of OAO Metallurgical Commercial Bank, since 2001 he has been a member of the Board of Directors of OAO Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant

Rubanov Vladimir Arsentievich Colonel, Vice-President of the League for Assistance to Defense Enterprises of Russia. Born July 2, 1944 in the village. Pervoye Sadovoe, Voronezh Region. In 1970 he graduated from the Voronezh Polytechnic Institute. He worked at the Voronezh Aviation Plant. Since 1971, operational officer, deputy head of the unit for ensuring the security of critical facilities, deputy head of counterintelligence of the KGB in the Voronezh region. Since 1981, deputy head of the information and analytical department, head of the department of the KGB Research Institute. Then he served as assistant to the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1990 he was appointed deputy chairman of the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security. In 1991 he headed the analytical department of the KGB. Since 1993 Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. In 1996-97, he was the head of the information and analytical center of the Kompomash corporation, president of the Financial and Industrial Consulting Center company. He is also the director of community relations for Avaya.

Savostyanov Evgeny Vadimovich Major General, First Vice President of the Moscow Oil Company. Born February 28, 1952 in Moscow. In 1975 he graduated from the Moscow Mining Institute. Since 1975 at the Institute of Physics of the Earth and the Institute of Problems of Integrated Development of the Subsoil of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990, assistant to the chairman of the Moscow City Council, general director of the department of the mayor of Moscow. Since September 1991, head of the KGB (UFSK) for Moscow and the Moscow Region, Deputy Minister of Security of the Russian Federation. Dismissed from the FSK in December 1994. Then he worked in the FNPR. From August 1996 to December 1998 Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration, Head of the Main Personnel Department. Since 2000, Chairman of the Board of the Moscow Fund for Presidential Programs, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the gold mining enterprise JSC KeMos.

Serov Valery Grigorievich-lieutenant colonel, manager of the Yekaterinburg branch of the JSCB "Vozrozhdenie". Born on July 22, 1949 in the city of Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk region. In 1976 he graduated from the Ural Electromechanical Institute of Transport Engineers. Since 1977 in the service of the KGB, he retired in 1994. Since 1994, the manager of the Yekaterinburg branch of the commercial bank "Vozrozhdenie".

Soldatenkov Sergey Vladimirovich-General Director of the St. Petersburg Telephone Network. Born July 16, 1963 in Leningrad. In 1986 he graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation. Then in the organs of state security. Since June 1994 General Director of CJSC Delta Telecom, since June 1999 Deputy General Director of OJSC Telecominvest. From October 1999 and. about. General Director, and since 2000 General Director of OJSC Petersburg Telephone Communications. In 2002 he was also appointed CEO of North-West Telecom, dismissed of his own free will in July 2002. Chairman of the Supervisory Board of North-West Telecombank, member of the board of NPF Telecom-Soyuz, member of the board of directors of the cellular operator Megafon.

Sukharev Alexander Nikolaevich- Deputy Head of the State Unitary Enterprise "East-Siberian Railway" for personnel and social issues. Born October 6, 1957 in Zima, Irkutsk Region. In 1980 he graduated from the Irkutsk Institute of Railway Engineers, in 1998 from the Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation. He worked at the Irkutsk railway station, then served in the border troops. After demobilization, he was on duty in the park, shunting dispatcher, deputy head of the station for technical work. Since 1984, the detective of the KGB in the Irkutsk region. In 1991, he headed the Irkutsk-Sorting station. Since 1996, the first deputy head of the road transport service center. In September 1998, he was appointed deputy head of the road for personnel and social issues.

Tokarev Nikolay- General Director of the state enterprise "Zarubezhneft". Served in the FSB, worked in the Office of the President. Then he headed the security service of the Transneft company, then became vice-president of this company, was responsible for the foreign economic block, foreign projects and information and analytical work. In September 2000 he was appointed General Director of Zarubezhneft.

Tsekhanov Vladimir Stepanovich- Lieutenant General, General Director of the Russian Collection Association of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Born April 29, 1944 in Izhevsk. He worked in the state security agencies in Udmurtia. Since 1992, he headed the Department for Combating Smuggling and Corruption of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation. Since 1993, head of the economic counterintelligence department of the Federal Grid Company. In 1996 he became the general director of the Russian Collection Association ("Rosinkas") of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In June 1999 he joined the board of directors of St. Petersburg Inkasbank. In May 2000, he was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC Inkasstrakh. In November 2001, he became chairman of the board of Rosinbank.

Chemezov Sergey Viktorovich-First Deputy General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Rosoboronexport. Born August 20, 1952 in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk Region. In 1975 he graduated from the Irkutsk Institute of National Economy. From 1975 he worked at the Irkutsk Research Institute of Rare and Nonferrous Metals. Then he worked in the experimental industrial association "Luch". In the 80s he headed the representative office of this association in the GDR. According to a number of media reports, at the same time he worked at the PGU KGB. Since 1989 he worked in the foreign trade association "Sovintersport". Since 1996, he has been in the administration of the President of the Russian Federation, was the head of the department for foreign economic relations of the administration. In September 1999 he was appointed General Director of FSUE "Promexport". In November 2000, he was appointed First Deputy General Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Rosoboronexport.

Sham Nikolai Alekseevich Major General, General Director of the First Leasing Company. Born December 15, 1940. Served in the state security since 1966. Since 1974 in the central office of the KGB. Engaged in operational-technical, scientific activities. In 1986 he was a member of the commission to investigate the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. He rose to the rank of deputy head of the 6th department of the KGB. In 1992, he left the authorities for health reasons. In 1999, he headed the Greenmaster corporation, which produced household appliances and various appliances using defense industry technologies. Then the general director of the First Leasing Company.

Sheiko Alexander Akimovich Colonel, General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise Mosobltara. Born November 28, 1952 in Chita. In 1972 he graduated from the Kupyansky road technical school, in 1978 the Higher School of the KGB. In 1978-91 KGB officer. Since 1991 General Director of the company "Blagovest". Since 1991, the first deputy general director of the Institute of Commercial Security. In 1993-96, Assistant to the President of Buryatia. Since 1994 he has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Guild of Light Industry Enterprises of Moscow. Since 1996 General Director of the Institute of Commercial Security. Since 1997, the general director of the State Unitary Enterprise "Mosobltara". At the same time, he created and headed the National Industrial Holding LLC.

Shestoperov Alexey Ivanovich Major General, General Director of the Rostek company. Born on April 18, 1946 in Moscow. In 1970 he graduated from the Higher School of the KGB. He worked in the state security bodies, rose to the rank of deputy head of department. In 1991, he moved to the position of the first deputy general director of FAPSI. Since 1992 in the reserve of the Ministry of Defense. Since October 1998 General Director of State Unitary Enterprise "Rostek" (is engaged in the provision of paid services to participants in foreign economic activity).

Schegolev Oleg Alexandrovich-Executive Director of OAO NGK Slavneft. Born September 7, 1962 in Moscow. In 1984 he graduated from the Faculty of International Economic Relations of the Moscow Financial Institute. He served in the PGU KGB. In the late 90s, he moved to work in commercial structures in the field of the fuel and energy complex. In 2000, head of the production and processing department of the Sibneft company. Since June 2001, he has been a member of the Board of Directors of OAO Orenburgneft. Since 2002, Deputy Head of the Department of Strategic Policy in the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation. Since May 2002 Executive Director of OAO NGK Slavneft. In May 2002, he was re-elected to the Board of Directors of OAO Krasnoyarskaya HPP. In September 2002, he was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC "Varioganneft".

I don’t presume to say that this trend is good or bad. Time will tell ... One scary thing is that there is a high probability that the trend will lead (or have led?) To the prevalence of personal interests over the interests of the state (I’m not even talking about the interests of the people. .). But under the condition of a rigid corporatism of this group, this will only lead to clan interests.

Recently, a Serbian journalist spoke with horror about how rapidly the attitude towards Russia and Russian investments in his homeland is changing. Everyone was waiting for Russian money, "brothers" who would come and boost the Serbian economy with their investments. However, it did not turn out at all as the Serbian pro-Russian patriots dreamed of. Gloomy people came, who at first shook their money and pointed to their connections with even more money in Russia, and then began to put pressure on the owners and seize their assets for next to nothing.

There is such a concept in the KGB jargon - "the ninth article." This is money allocated for special operations, for which it is strictly forbidden - it is forbidden - to report. This is done so that foreign spies cannot trace the secret operation on the accounting records. So it is unlikely that we will ever know the whole truth ....

Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg (1844-1932)*

The fate of representatives of the Russian branch of the Oldenburg ducal house has repeatedly attracted the attention of both Russian and German historians. In Russian historiography, the largest study specifically devoted to this topic is the monograph by A.A. Papkov, published in 1885 as a separate book (1), in German - the work of Richard Tanzen, published in 1959-1960 in two volumes of the "Oldenburg Yearbook" (2).

The first of these studies was written mainly according to Russian sources, the second - according to German. Therefore, they do not overlap as much as complement each other. In both works, the biographies of the princes of Oldenburg in Russia are detailed up to the death of the most famous of them - Prince Peter Georgievich (Konstantin Friedrich Peter) of Oldenburg (1812-1881). In R. Tanzen's study (which does not contain references to the work of his Russian predecessor), only a very brief chapter IV (Bd. 59. S. 36-42) is devoted to the "third generation" of the princes of Oldenburg in Russia - the children of Peter Georgievich, and even less is said about " the last carriers of the name of the princes of Oldenburg in Russia", that is, about the fourth generation. (Ibid. V. Teil. S. 43-45).

Meanwhile, the son of Peter Georgievich, Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg, was a very extraordinary person, and the fruits of his tireless multilateral activity were preserved many years later after the collapse of the Russian Empire, the expulsion of the princes of Oldenburg from Russia and consigning their name to oblivion. And such of his favorite offspring as the St. Petersburg Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Gagra seaside resort continue to function to this day. Now, at the end of the 20th century, a wide public interest arose again in Russia in the administrative, charitable and educational activities of prominent representatives of the German dynasty, who found their second home in Russia and greatly contributed to its prosperity. Information about them appears in encyclopedic reference books and dictionaries (3). Articles in magazines and collections and popular works are also published (4).

This article aims to characterize the personality and works of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky on the basis of both literary (mainly memoirs) and unpublished sources from Russian archives.

The father of Alexander Petrovich - Prince Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg - was one of the prominent representatives of the highest Russian aristocracy. On his mother, he was a cousin of Emperor Alexander II, on his father - a cousin of the Grand Duke Nicholas Friedrich Peter, who ruled Oldenburg for almost half a century (from 1853 to 1900). He became famous, first of all, on the basis of state charity, health care and public education. In 1889, in front of the building of the Mariinsky Hospital on Liteiny Prospekt in St. Petersburg, a monument was erected to Peter of Oldenburg with the inscription "Enlightened benefactor", and in 1912, in connection with the centenary of his birth, part of the Fontanka River embankment in St. Petersburg was named the Embankment of Prince Peter of Oldenburg ( five).

The mother of Alexander Petrovich - Theresia Wilhelmina (1815-1871) was the daughter of the Grand Duke von Nassau. She constantly helped her husband in his charitable work.

The family of Peter Georgievich and Theresia of Oldenburg had 8 children - 4 sons and 4 daughters. Despite their belonging to the highest Russian aristocracy, Prince Peter Georgievich and his wife retained the Lutheran faith and baptized their children according to the Lutheran rite. At baptism, each of the children received three German names, but outside the family circle they were called by their first and patronymic names, as is customary in Russia.

Alexander was the fourth child and the second son in the family, but the life circumstances of his brothers and sisters developed in such a way that it was he who became the only full-fledged heir and continuer of the family of the princes of Oldenburg in Russia.

His older sister Alexandra Petrovna (Alexandra Friederike Wilhelmine, 1838-1900) in 1856 married Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich (1831-1891), the brother of Emperor Alexander II. Their son, Nikolai Nikolaevich Jr. (1856-1929), was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army at the beginning of the First World War (until August 1915, when Emperor Nicholas II took over the main command). Being deeply religious, Alexandra Petrovna was the first of the family of the princes of Oldenburg to convert to Orthodoxy, and later left her husband, took the veil as a nun under the name of Anastasia and became abbess of the Intercession Monastery founded by her in Kyiv. There she died (6).

Sons in the family of the princes of Oldenburg were educated at home and prepared for military service. In accordance with the procedure adopted among the highest Russian aristocracy, they enrolled in the imperial guard and received the first officer rank of warrant officer at baptism. By the time they came of age and entered active military service, they were already guards staff officers.

The elder brother of Alexander Petrovich - Nikolai (Nikolaus Friedrich August, 1840-1886) at the age of 21, with the rank of colonel, commanded the Life Guards cavalry pioneer squadron, and a year later he received the court rank of adjutant wing and was appointed commander of the Izyum Hussar Crown Prince of the Prussian Regiment ( 7). A brilliant military career opened before him. However, in the spring of 1863, 23-year-old Colonel Prince Nikolai Petrovich of Oldenburg committed an unexpected act that caused serious consequences not only for himself, but for the entire Oldenburg house.

He married an untitled noblewoman, 18-year-old Maria Ilinichnaya Bulatsel. This unequal marriage, concluded against the will of the parents, was recognized as morganatic. Nikolai Petrovich lost the rights to the parental inheritance. His children were deprived of the right to be called Princes of Oldenburg. Nevertheless, the Grand Duke of Oldenburg reacted to this event less severely than the Russian Emperor. He granted Maria Bulazel the dignity of a count, and the daughters from this marriage were later called countesses of Osternburg. The Russian military service of Nicholas of Oldenburg was cut short. On June 22, 1863, by royal order, he was dismissed "due to illness." Three years later, thanks to the intercession of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, who was married to his own sister, N.P. Oldenburgsky was allowed to return to military service, but his career was irreparably undermined. In 1872, he received the rank of major general, helped his father in his charitable activities, but was never able to prove himself anything significant either in the military or in the public arena. In 1879 he was sent abroad "to inspect the local best hospitals and charitable institutions" and never returned to Russia. He spent his last years on the island of Madeira, where he was treated for consumption. Died in Geneva on January 20, 1886.

The third child - daughter Cecilia died in infancy. Alexander Petrovich (Alexander Friedrich Konstantin) was born on May 21 (according to the new style - June 2), 1844 in St. Petersburg, in a magnificent palace, granted in 1830 by Emperor Nicholas I to Prince P. G. Oldenburgsky. This palace, built in the second half of the 18th century for the famous statesman and public figure of Catherine's time, I.I. For 87 years, he was the "native nest" of the vast family of the princes of Oldenburg. With three facades overlooking the Neva Embankment, the Summer Garden and the Field of Mars, it is now the decoration of the city. Now it houses the St. Petersburg Academy of Culture - a higher educational institution that trains certified librarians, bibliographers, museum and publishing workers (8).

At baptism, Alexander was enrolled as an ensign in the most privileged regiment of the Imperial Guard - Preobrazhensky, whose barracks were located on Millionnaya Street, just between the Imperial Winter Palace and the Palace of the Princes of Oldenburg. From childhood, he was prepared for military service, however, in the family he also received a versatile humanitarian education. His parents led an open lifestyle. Balls were often given in the palace, home concerts and performances were held. Regular visitors to the palace were not only representatives of the St. Petersburg nobility, but also students of the Alexander Lyceum and the School of Law, whose trustee was Alexander's father, Prince P.G. Oldenburgsky. The palace had an excellent library. Later memoirists invariably noted the erudition and encyclopedic knowledge of Prince Alexander.

In summer, the family of the princes of Oldenburg lived in a summer palace on Kamenny Island in the Neva delta, acquired in 1833 by P.G. Oldenburgsky from Prince M.M. Dolgoruky. This large palace, built by the architect S.L. Shustov, is recognized as a masterpiece of Russian wooden architecture (the description of the palace and the life in it of the princes of Oldenburg is given in letters and notes of a guest from Oldenburg - Günter Jansen, who visited St. Petersburg in 1872 (9)).

In January 1868, Alexander married the daughter of Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna (daughter of Emperor Nicholas I) - Eugenia (1845-1925), baptized according to the Orthodox rite. In November, their only son Peter (Peter Friedrich Georg, 1868-1924) was born.

Alexander Petrovich moved up the career ladder extremely quickly. At 26, he was already the commander of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. By this time, many contradictory traits of his character were clearly manifested. He is extremely strict and often petty demanding of his subordinates. At the same time, he is also demanding of himself. He does not give himself or others a moment's rest. Extremely emotional and at the same time stubborn. Hot-tempered, but not vindictive. Inaccurate execution of his order is perceived as a personal insult. He delves into all the details of military training, service and life of officers and soldiers. Ambitious. He cannot allow the thought that his regiment will not be the best on the parade ground, on maneuvers and at the imperial review.

Although the Guards regiments were prepared for reviews and parades rather than for military operations, during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Alexander II decided to move the Life Guards to the Balkans. Major General Prince Alexander of Oldenburg was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Brigade as part of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Life Guards Regiments. N.A. Yepanchin, who served under him, recalled that “Prince A.P. from the regiments of his brigade on a par with the officers "(10).

In the autumn of 1877, the troops under the command of Prince Oldenburg, which were part of the Western Detachment of General I.V. Gurko, distinguished themselves during the capture of Etropol, in December - during the most difficult transition through the snow-covered Balkan passes (11). The prince adequately conducted the entire military campaign against the Turks, was awarded several orders and golden weapons, but did not show any special military talents. It was difficult to show them under the command of the talented and powerful General Gurko, who demanded from his subordinates only the exact and impeccable execution of his orders. At the end of the war, Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky continued to command the 1st Guards Brigade, in 1880 he was appointed commander of the 1st Guards Infantry Division stationed in St. Petersburg, and soon received the rank of Lieutenant General and the rank of Adjutant General of His Imperial Majesty (12).

In 1881, Alexander's father, Prince Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg, died. Even earlier, his younger sister Ekaterina (1846-1866) and brother George (1848-1871) died, and the youngest sister Teresa in 1879 was married to the younger brother of Alexander's wife, Duke George Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg.

In 1882, Alexander's younger brother, General Konstantin Petrovich Oldenburgsky (1850-1906), who served in the Caucasus, exactly repeated the reckless act of their older brother Nikolai Petrovich: he married Agripina Konstantinovna, nee Dzhaparidze, who was in her first marriage to the Georgian prince Tariel Dadiani. . The Grand Duke of Oldenburg granted her the title of Countess of Sarnekau.

Since that time, Alexander Petrovich Oldenburgsky and his wife Evgenia Maksimilianovna became the only legal owners of the magnificent palace on the banks of the Neva, the summer palace on Kamenny Island, and at the same time inherited from P.G. Oldenburgsky numerous cares for charitable, medical and educational institutions, the trustee of which he was. Retaining his high military post, Alexander Petrovich in 1881 became "concurrently" a trustee of the Imperial School of Law, the orphanage of the Prince of Oldenburg and the Holy Trinity Sisters of Mercy.

Evgenia Maksimilianovna Oldenburgskaya became the patroness of the Committee of Trustees of the Red Cross sisters, the chairman of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of Arts, and from her father she also inherited the honorary position of chairman of the Imperial Mineralogical Society.

The social activities of Princess E.M. of Oldenburg undoubtedly deserve a separate study. Here I will only note that the Committee on the Sisters of the Red Cross (renamed in 1893 to the Community of St. Eugenia) launched a wide publishing activity, flooding all of Russia with artistically designed postal envelopes and postcards with reproductions of paintings from the Hermitage, the Russian Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery. Many Russian artists, led by A.N. Benois, were involved in this work. They said about these postcards: "They have only one drawback - it is a pity to send them to the post office." This initiative of E.M. Oldenburgskaya survived the October Revolution. In 1920, the publishing house of the Community of St. Eugenia was reorganized into the Committee for the Popularization of Art Publications and published several excellent monographs about artists, as well as guides to Petrograd and its environs (13).

No less significant was the activity of E. M. Oldenburgskaya in creating a wide network of children's art schools in St. Petersburg, its environs and other provinces of Russia. In the 1900s, Evgenia Maksimilianovna was already seriously ill, losing the ability to move independently and lived mainly on her estate Ramon near Voronezh.

In 1885, Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky was appointed commander of the Guards Corps, that is, the commander of the entire Imperial Guard. N.A. Yepanchin recalled this peak of his military career as follows: “The Guards Corps was commanded by Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg; a kind, noble man, he had an impetuous character, was very quick-tempered, but also quick-tempered. After the outbreak, sometimes saying very unpleasant and inappropriate things, the prince had the civil courage to admit it and apologize" (14).

The memoirs of the uncle of Emperor Nicholas II, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, sound somewhat different about the same period of A.P. Oldenburgsky’s service: “His severity bordered on folly. This manic severity was in apparent contradiction with his reverent devotion to the sciences.He provided generous material support for all kinds of educational and charitable undertakings, as well as scientific expeditions and research. eccentricities" (15).

Apparently, Prince A.P. ", according to the review of N.A. Yepanchin.

The end of his military career, in fact, served for the 45-year-old Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky as the beginning of his main career, in which he was able to prove himself much brighter and more significant than in military service. From his father, he inherited, in particular, the desire to develop and improve healthcare in Russia. But if Peter of Oldenburg was mainly occupied with the practical side of the matter - he opened new hospitals and generously financed them, then his son decided, first of all, to achieve an increase in the scientific level of biomedical research in Russia. To this end, at his own expense, with the support of the state and with the involvement of contributions from private individuals, literally from scratch he created the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), which at that time had no analogues not only in Russia, but also in Europe. He took the Pasteur Institute in Paris as a model, but if the Pasteur Institute dealt with a relatively narrow range of problems, then Prince Alexander decided to organize a multidisciplinary institute with relatively autonomous departments that develop the fundamental problems put forward by the modern development of world biomedical science. Alexander Petrovich bought a vast plot of land on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, on Aptekarsky Island, and began to build the buildings of the future institute on it. At the same time, he began to select the staff of the institute from among the most prominent biologists, chemists, physiologists and doctors in Russia. IEM was created and perfectly equipped in an unusually short time. The scientific potential of its leading employees was very high. The outstanding physiologist academician L.A. Orbeli recalled many years later: “I still don’t know if he (A.P. Oldenburgsky) understood anything in physiology, but in general he was an enlightened person. In 1890 he founded the Institute experimental medicine. At this institute, he wanted to organize a physiological department. He found out (I don’t know who enlightened him in this respect) that we have an outstanding physiologist, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, and he suggested that he first become the director of the institute, and when from this Ivan Petrovich refused to head the physiological department. Then this department was created. I must say that this was the period when Pavlov was already a fully formed scientist, and the laboratory at the clinic of S.P. Botkin could no longer satisfy him "(16). It was in the IEM laboratories that IP Pavlov conducted his famous research on the physiology of digestion, which brought him the Nobel Prize in 1904 and worldwide recognition.

No less interesting are the memoirs of another IEM veteran, D.A. Kamensky: Koch tuberculin and the whole world pounced on the use and study of it. Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky sent Anrep to Berlin, obliging him to receive this remedy, and was extremely happy when he was brought from abroad. Prince Oldenburgsky generally wished that "him" the institute was the first in the world, and was glad that the first studies of tuberculin would be done at his institute" (17).

A.P. Oldenburgsky was in constant correspondence with prominent European physicians and biologists (in particular, with L. Pasteur and R. Virchow). In obtaining and studying foreign scientific literature, he was actively assisted by his personal librarian Theodor Elsholz, who was at the same time the chronicler of the Oldenburg family. His two-volume handwritten work "Aus vergangenen Tagen" ("From Past Days"), stored in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, is still waiting for its researcher (18).

The Institute of Experimental Medicine throughout the 20th century remained and still remains one of the leading medical and biological scientific institutions in Russia.

However, the name of its founder was forgotten for many years. Only in 1994, a memorial plaque was fixed on the building of the institute: "The Institute of Experimental Medicine. Founded by Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg in 1890" (19).

In 1896, cases of plague were discovered in the Caspian steppes. In January 1897, by decree of Nicholas II, a "Special Commission was formed to prevent the introduction of plague infection and fight it if it appears in Russia" under the chairmanship of A.P. Oldenburgsky. The prince immediately left for the Astrakhan province and took the most stringent sanitary and quarantine measures there. Many senior officials found these measures excessive, damaging Russia's foreign trade and its budget (as is known, caviar was exported from Astrakhan). But the prince was adamant. And most importantly, the measures he took achieved their goal: the focus of the epidemic was quickly localized and the plague did not penetrate into the central provinces of Russia. It must be said that A.P. Oldenburgsky was theoretically well prepared for this difficult and dangerous mission: numerous extracts, clippings, and notes on plague epidemics in Europe made by T. Elsholz (20) have been preserved in his archive.

Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, who chaired the plague commission in the absence of the Prince of Oldenburg, recalled how once "the prince sent a telegram demanding that certain goods be banned from Russia because of the appearance of the plague." The commission refused, so as not to raise a commotion in Europe, and Nicholas II agreed with this. The prince was very offended by Witte, but he did not know how to be angry with anyone for a long time. Soon, through the Minister of the Interior, D.S. Sipyagin, he made it clear to Witte that he would like to make peace with him. Witte went to visit him. The prince "tearfully said that this incident had an enormous effect on him, that since then his heart ached and that he attributed his heart disease to this incident." Here, Witte describes a funny everyday episode, which is the best evidence of the extravagant character traits of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky. Suddenly, in the middle of a conversation, the prince ran out of the office and some time later ran back with a loud cry: "Woke up, woke up!" It turned out that his old nanny had not woken up for several days. "And so, he says, I came there and rolled her a huge clyster, and as soon as I made her a clyster, she jumped up and woke up." Prince of Oldenburg was in a very good mood about this, and I parted with him on the most friendly terms "(21).

The second "favorite brainchild" of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky after the Institute of Experimental Medicine was the Gagra climatic resort. In 1900, the prince set about creating on the picturesque, but then deserted Caucasian coast between Sochi and Sukhumi, a well-maintained, but relatively cheap resort that could successfully compete with the luxurious and expensive resorts of the Crimea. He managed to interest Emperor Nicholas II in this idea, who, by decree of July 9, 1901, entrusted the Prince of Oldenburg with the care of creating the Gagra climatic station. The prince himself became the head of construction, road, land reclamation and other works, delved into all the little things, invested all his considerable funds in the implementation of his favorite idea. But soon this money became scarce. The prince obtained from the emperor an order for an annual leave from the State Treasury of 150,000 rubles for the construction of a resort. Articles began to appear in newspapers alleging that the prince was spending public money to satisfy his ambitions and whims. Count Witte, who, as Minister of Finance, was forced to sign state appropriations for the needs of the resort, even argued that the Gagra resort could be created much cheaper, “if the money that Prince A.P. , would be given to ordinary Russian inhabitants". According to Witte, "the whole merit of the prince was that he is a mobile person and has such a property of character that when he sticks to persons, including sometimes persons, standing higher than the prince himself, they agree to the issuance of hundreds of thousands of rubles from the state chest, if only he would get rid of them "(22).

In the organization of the Gagra resort, his son Pyotr Alexandrovich, who married in 1901 the younger sister of Emperor Nicholas II Olga Alexandrovna, provided constant assistance to his father. This is evidenced by the preserved correspondence of Peter Alexandrovich with his bride, and then his wife. On May 7, 1902, he wrote to her from the Ramon estate near Voronezh: “Yesterday there was a very serious conversation about the Gagra affairs. These cases are so complicated that there are no words. Dad is responsible for them both morally and financially. ...] I undertake to arrange these affairs if I am given the right to act completely independently. And on May 30 from Gagra: "Things are gradually unraveling, but it is still very, very difficult to bring them to clean water" (23).

Be that as it may, in 1903 the Gagra resort was solemnly opened and for almost 90 years, until the collapse of the Soviet Union, remained one of the best climatic resorts on the Black Sea coast (24).

Very vivid pictures of the life of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky in Gagra with inimitable folk humor were captured by the Abkhazian writer Fazil Iskander in his famous novel "Sandro from Chegem".

Prince Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg, having married the emperor's sister Olga, converted to Orthodoxy and received a palace on Sergievskaya Street in St. Petersburg as a gift from Nicholas II. This marriage was unsuccessful. Olga Alexandrovna for many years sought permission for a divorce from her brother-emperor and, finally, in 1916 she achieved it. This, however, is a different story, and I will not go into it here in detail.

By the time of the First World War, A.P. Oldenburgsky already had the highest military rank of infantry general, and in May 1914, when the 50th anniversary of his active military service was solemnly celebrated, he also received the title of His Imperial Highness, that is, officially was equated with the royal family. Shortly after the start of the war, "by the Highest Order of September 3, 1914, listed in the Guards Infantry, member of the State Council and trustee of the Imperial School of Law, Adjutant General, Infantry General, His Imperial Highness Prince Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg is appointed Supreme Head of the Sanitary and Evacuation parts" (25).

With the appointment to this position, first created in Russia, A.P. Oldenburgsky received extremely wide duties and powers. The entire military medical service in Russia was subordinate to him - field and rear hospitals with all their personnel, ambulance trains; he was responsible for providing medical institutions with medicines, food and necessary equipment, for preventing epidemics, and returning cured soldiers to the front.

Materials about the activities of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky in this post are stored in the extensive archival fund of the Office of the Supreme Head of the Sanitary and Evacuation Unit, stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (26).

Reporting to the emperor for the first year of his activity (from September 1914 to September 1915), A.P. Oldenburgsky wrote: I made a detour of the front line, the rear area and the largest centers within the area located on the evacuation route. The impression of the first detours turned out to be unfavorable. " The prince complained about "extreme diversity of command, which actually boiled down to anarchy", constant friction with local authorities, and a lack of medical personnel (in Germany, according to his data, there were 1,960 inhabitants per doctor, in Russia - 5,140). At the same time, he noted the great help from the Red Cross and other public organizations, a huge influx of people wishing to become sisters of mercy. Among the priority measures he took, A.P. Oldenburgsky called the organization of early graduation of doctors from medical schools, which gave front and rear hospitals an additional 3023 doctors; attraction of volunteer female doctors, creation of 357 military hospital trains. By July 1, 1915, about 1,571,000 wounded and sick were evacuated from the front, and more than 597,000 beds were deployed in hospitals.

“Almost from the very beginning of the war,” he wrote further, “our military hospital trains began to be bombarded by enemy aircraft. In view of this, an order was made to paint the roofs of all military hospital train cars white with the image of the Red Cross. Based on "(27) .

The prince completely reoriented the Gagra resort and other resorts in Russia for military medical needs. In addition to the fact that medical institutions for convalescents were organized there, the cultivation of medicinal plants was also established there.

Official archival documents on the activities of Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky as the Supreme Head of the sanitary and evacuation unit can be supplemented, and partly corrected, by the testimonies of memoirists. So, A.A. Polivanov, who until May 1915 was under the Prince of Oldenburg, and in June of the same year was appointed Minister of War, reproached his former boss that at the beginning of the war he overestimated the effectiveness of protection against gases with the help of "gas masks ", which consisted of several layers of gauze impregnated with certain compounds, and thereby delayed the development of more effective means - gas masks. “Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky,” Polivanov later recalled, “grabbed to this new business (making dressings) with his characteristic exceptional energy, but then, as always in all his new undertakings, instead of carefully monitoring the use of the new means and, on the basis of the experience of ours and our allies, to introduce into it the improvements suggested by practice, stubbornly stopped at his own point, got annoyed when he learned that other types of gas masks were being developed in public organizations, and, in the end, statements came from the army that the supply of its gas masks is unsatisfactory, especially when comparing the same means that appeared among the Germans.The prince's desire to take on new undertakings with indomitable speed went beyond the field of military sanitary and evacuation affairs, which he generally led without a system and without even perseverance, but through random explosions of his , exceptional energy for his age" (28). At the beginning of 1916, between A.P. An open conflict arose between the Oldenburg and Minister of War Polivanov due to the fact that the prince unexpectedly became interested not in protection against poisonous gases, which was part of his duties, but in questions of their manufacture, which was entirely within the competence of the Minister of War. The emperor had to intervene and resolve this issue in favor of Polivanov (29).

One way or another, but memoirists and historians agree that the military medical service in the Russian army during the First World War was well organized. This, and not only the notorious "severity" of the prince or his proximity to the Imperial House, can explain his high authority not only in the army, but also among ordinary soldiers and officers.

When a revolution broke out in Petrograd in February 1917, Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky was among those generals who urged Nicholas II to abdicate (30). He was one of the first to announce his support for the Provisional Government. A genuine telegram has been preserved, which A.P. Oldenburgsky sent on March 9 (22), 1917 from Mogilev, where the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command was located, to Petrograd to his son Peter: “Sent [G.E.] Lvov the following dispatch: “On behalf of his wife I declare my full desire and readiness to vigorously support the Provisional Government for the glory and good of our dear Motherland. "Inform my mother. Prince Alexander of Oldenburg" (31).

These were almost the only cases when A.P. Oldenburgsky spoke openly on topical political issues. Prior to that, he preferred, like his father, to stay away from both foreign and domestic politics, being engaged, in addition to military activities, mainly in charity, health care, and public education.

However, A.P. Oldenburgsky’s relations with the new government, apparently, did not work out. He had to leave the post of the Supreme Head of the sanitary and evacuation unit, sold his palace on the banks of the Neva to the Provisional Government of Russia and, shortly before the October Revolution, left for Finland. His wife and son came to him from Ramon. From there they moved to France, leaving Russia forever.

With this begins the final and very sad chapter in the history of the Russian branch of the princes of Oldenburg. Alexander Petrovich with his wife and son settled on the Atlantic coast of France, not far from the Spanish border. Information about their life there is very scarce. An unexpected source turned out to be a memoir essay by I.A. Bunin, written in 1931 and entitled "His Highness" (32). Bunin says that he met Pyotr Aleksandrovich Oldenburgsky in 1921 in Paris. “I was surprised by his height,” Bunin writes, “his thinness, [...] his skull, completely naked, small, thoroughbred to obvious signs of degeneration.” P. A. Oldenburgsky presented Bunin with a booklet of his stories "Dream", published by him in Paris under the pseudonym "Peter Alexandrov". "He wrote about the "golden" people's hearts, suddenly seeing the light after the dope of the revolution and passionately surrendering to Christ. [...] He wrote passionately, lyrically, but completely clumsily, naively. [...] Once at one big evening, where most of the guests were old revolutionaries, he, listening to their lively conversation, quite sincerely exclaimed: “Oh, what lovely, charming people you all are! And how sad that Kolya [Nicholas II] never attended such evenings! Everything, everything would be different if you and he knew each other!" [...] "Some," writes Bunin, "called him simply "crazy". Everything is so, but after all, the saints, the blessed ones were “abnormal”. Bunin further quotes the letters of Peter Oldenburgsky from 1921-1922 that he has preserved: “I settled in the vicinity of Bayonne,” P.A. Oldenburgsky wrote to I.A. Bunin, - on my own small farm, I do housework, I have a cow, chickens, rabbits, I dig in the garden and in the garden. On Saturdays I go to my parents who live nearby, in the vicinity of Saint Jean de Luz.

Bunin mentions the remarriage of P.A. Oldenburgsky, his transient consumption, his death in a sanatorium in Antibes on the French Riviera. His memoirs in no way contradict the information known to us from other sources. The little book of stories mentioned by Bunin was also found in the Russian State Library. Its content fully corresponds to the characterization given to it by Bunin (33).

Peter of Oldenburg was seriously ill and died before his parents. A year later, on the night of May 4, 1925, his mother died in Biarritz. Alexander Petrovich outlived his wife by seven years. In the Parisian Russian newspaper "Latest News" No. 4187 dated September 8, 1932, a brief announcement appeared: "Prince A.P. ". A longer obituary signed "Ch." was published in the newspaper "Vozrozhdenie" for September 7.

So the direct Russian line of the Oldenburg ducal house was cut short. The study of the biographies of the descendants of the counts of Osternburg and Zarnekau remained outside the scope of this study.

Notes

(*) Materials of this article were published in Germany in German: Tschernych V.A. Die dritte Generation des russischer Line des Hauses Oldenburg. Prinz Alexander Petrowitsch (1844-1932) // Das Haus Oldenburg in Ru?land. Oldenburg, 2000. S. 171-188 (Oldenburger Forschungen. Neue Folge. Band. 11).

(1) Papkov A.A. Life and Works of Prince P.G. Oldenburgsky. SPb., 1885.

(2) Tantzen R. Das Schicksal des Hauses Oldenburg in Ruland // Oldenburger Jahrbuch. bd. 58. 1959. S. 113-195; bd. 59. 1960. S. 1-54.

(3) I will name for example: Grebelsky P.Kh. Dukes and Princes of Oldenburg // Noble families of the Russian Empire. T.2. Spb., 1995. S.18-21; [Chernykh V.A.]. Oldenburgsky Georgy Petrovich // Tver region. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Tver, 1994, p. 183 (Unsigned).

(4) For example: Annenkova E.A., Golikov Yu.P. Russian Oldenburg and their palaces. SPb., 1997; Stepanets K.V. Enlightened benefactors of Oldenburg: the contribution of the family to the development of medical and educational institutions. // Petersburg Readings - 97. St. Petersburg, 1998. P. 118-122; Yakovleva E.B. Charitable activities of the Oldenburg family in Russia // Germans and the development of education in Russia. SPb., 1998. S. 182-186; Golikov Yu.P. Prince A.P. Oldenburgsky - organizer and trustee of the Institute of Experimental Medicine // Germans in Russia: problems of cultural interaction. SPb., 1998. S. 279-286.

(5) See: Iskjul S.N. Prinz Peter Georgiewitch von Oldenburg gilt als einer der grossen russischen Philantropen // Das Haus Oldenburg in Ru?land. Oldenburg, 2000. S. 157-170 (Oldenburger Forschungen. Neue Folge. Band. 11).

(6) Danilov Yu.N. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Paris, 1930. S.20-21; Kyiv. Encyclopedic reference book. Kyiv. 1986. P.492.

(7) Complete track record of the adjutant wing of Colonel Prince [Nikolai] of Oldenburg. Compiled on January 1, 1863 // Russian State Military Historical Archive (hereinafter: RGVIA). F. 400. Op. 9. D. 525. L. 13-18.

(8) Bazhenova E.M. House of I.I.Betskov on the Field of Mars // Collection of materials dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the St. Petersburg State Academy of Culture. SPb., 1993. S. 154-163.

(9) Schieckel H. Briefe und Aufzeichnung des oldenburgisches Vortragenden Rates Gunter Jansen uber seine Dienstreise nach Petersburg im Mai 1872 // Geschichte in der Region. Zum 65. Geburtstag von Heinrich Schmidt. Hannover, 1993. S. 351-376.

(10) Epanchin N.A. In the service of three emperors. M., 1996. S.96-97.

(11) Yepanchin N.A. Essay on the actions of the Western Detachment of Adjutant General Gurko. Ch. 1-3. SPb., 1889-1890.

(12) Brief note on the service of Lieutenant General Prince of Oldenburg // RGVIA. F. 400. Op. 17. D. 1066. L. 3-4.

(13) Snegurova M. Community of St. Evgenia // Our heritage. 1991. No. 3. S. 27-33. See also: Benois A. My memories. T. 2. M., 1990; Tretyakov V.P. Open Letters of the Silver Age. SPb., 2000.

(14) Yepanchin N.A. In the service of three emperors. M., 1996. S. 170.

(15) Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke. Book of memories. M., 1991. S. 127-128.

(16) Orbeli L.A. Memories. M.; L., 1966. S. 49.

(17) I.P. Pavlov in the memoirs of his contemporaries. L., 1967. S. 104.

(18) Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library (hereinafter: OR RNL). F. 543. No. 39, 40.

(19) See Annenkova E., Golikov Yu. Decree. op. S. 168.

(20) OR RNB. F. 543. No. 45.

(21) Witte S.Yu. Memories. M., 1960. T. 2. S. 565-567.

(22) Ibid. S. 564.

(23) State Archive of the Russian Federation. F. 643. Op. 1. D. Z0. L. 20-21, 31.

(24) See: Gagra. Climatic station on the Black Sea coast. SPb., 1905; Pachulia V.P. Gagra. Essays on the history of the city and resort. Sukhumi, 1979.

(26) RGVIA. F. 2018. 1060 items.

(27) Ibid. Op. 1. D. 950.

(28) Polivanov A.A. From diaries and memoirs. 1907-1916. T. 1 M., 1924. S. 164-165.

(29) Ibid. pp.166-167. Wed:. RGVIA. F.2018. Op. 1. D. 969. L. 19-24.

(30) The fall of the tsarist regime. M.; L., 1926. T. 6. S. 411-412.

(31) RGVIA. F. 2018. Op. 1. D. 98. L. 168.

(32) Bunin I.A. Memories. Paris, 1950, pp. 130-140.

(33) Peter Alexandrov. Dream. Paris. Printing house "Zemgora". 216, Bd Raspail. 1921. 46 p.

(Reprinted from the site: http://www.allabout.ru.)