Money

Three points of view of the formation of the word Rus. Discussions about the origin of the word Rus. Settlement of East Slavic tribes

... some [people] who said that they, that is, their people, are called grew up, that their king, named Khakan, sent them to him [Theophilus], as they stated, for the sake of friendship. He [Theophilus] asked in the said letter that, as far as possible, they, by the grace of the emperor, would have permission and help to safely return through his empire, because the path along which they arrived in Constantinople, they made among barbarian tribes, the most terrible, distinguished by immense savagery .
Investigating more carefully the reason for their arrival, the emperor learned that they were from the people of the Sveons, and decided that they were more spies in that country and in ours than petitioners for friendship; he saw fit to detain them until he could truly know whether they had come there honestly or not.

Literally, the German chronicler points to grew up as the name of the people, but it is not known whether he had this information from the Ross themselves or was passed on to him through the Byzantines. Thus, some Swedes (in the 9th century only Vikings traveled among the Swedes) were sent as ambassadors from the Khakan of a people called grew up, but the West Franks recognized them as Swedes, and moreover, they immediately became wary, because they had already begun to fear Viking raids. This happened even before the formation of the Old Russian state, when the Varangians were in no way associated with the Eastern Slavs. The name of the king of the Rus khakan perhaps it is a borrowing from the Khazars, and may also indicate the existence of a state formation in the lands of the Eastern Slavs before the arrival of Rurik, the so-called Russian Kaganate.

XV. In the northern regions there is a certain people, which the Greeks call Rousios by their appearance, but we call them "Normans" by their place of residence. Indeed, in the Teutonic language, "nord" means "north", and "man" - "man"; hence - "Normans", that is, "northern people". The king of this people was [then] Inger [Igor Rurikovich]…

And the word of the Lord came to me: son of man! turn your face to Gog in the land of Magog, the prince Rocha Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him and say: Thus says the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince Rocha, Meshech and Tubal! And I will turn you, and put the bit in your jaws, and I will bring you out and all your army, horses and horsemen, all in full armor, a great host, in armor and with shields, all armed with swords,

Here is an allusion to the effective use by Christians Greek fire against the fleet of Prince Igor in 941. "Dungeon" here it grows into the image of the gloomy cold north.

The ethnonym is also found in other sources of the 9th century: the Byzantine and historical document "Description of cities and regions north of the Danube" (in the form of Ruzzi). In the latter, it is simultaneously reported that the Rus were neighbors of the Khazars. According to Sedov, it is clear from the reports of eastern authors of the 10th century that they considered some tribal group of Slavs of Eastern Europe to be Russ. However, in the same source, the name Caziri can be interpreted not at all as Khazars, but as Pomeranian Slavs from the Kosterye (Koshchere) region. The Khazars should rather be considered the Chozirozi tribe, which is placed next to the Zeriuani tribe (northerners). At the same time, the Ruzzi turn out to be Western Slavs from the Ruyan tribe, who are mentioned under the same name in some other sources. In this case, the place of origin of the ethnonym "Rus" is the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, and this ethnonym initially had nothing to do with the Eastern Slavs.

The identification by some historians of the Rus with the ethnonym Hros from the 6th century is also disputable.

chronicle version

Linguistic Finnish version

The very structure of the word rus allows us to draw a conclusion about the name of a non-Slavic tribe, like the names chud, all, vod, perm, sum, zhmud, yatvyaz and etc.

Collisions or, at least, contacts between Scandinavians, Finns and Slavs are marked archaeologically in the middle of the 8th century in the early layers of Staraya Ladoga. Initially a Finno-Scandinavian trading settlement, soon, by the end of the 8th century, it is characterized mainly by traces of the Slavic presence.

Words ruotsi And Varangians refer to essentially the same people. There is no convincing explanation yet why the Varangians of Scandinavian origin took the word of Finnish etymology for self-name. The Finnish version is confirmed by the message of the so-called Joachim Chronicle that the first prince Rurik came with a retinue from Finland. However, historians doubt the authenticity of the Joachim Chronicle, although there is no evidence of its falsification, which could have taken place in the 17th century.

Among Western historians, there is a version that Rusia meant the Svealand coast of the Baltic Sea - the Ruslagen region north of Stockholm and Uppsala. The version that Sweden was called Ruotsi by the Finns is considered justified precisely because of the inhabitants of Roslagen, who often visited them. At the end of the XIX century. anti-Normanist historian Gedeonov S. A. expressed the opinion that the Finnish name of Sweden (Ruotsi) allegedly goes back to the self-name of the pre-Swedish population - Sami, based on information from the Swedish work of 1832. In addition, Ruslagen did not exist in the -XII centuries, since he was then under water, at a depth of 6-7 meters. The very name of the territory of Roslagen in the form Rodzlagen first appeared only in 1493, and before that it was called Rodhin and in the 16th century, under Gustav Vasa, it continued to be called Roden .

In the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 912, the Varangians with Scandinavian names call themselves "from the Russian family."

Linguistic Slavic version

Names similar in form to the word rus, wore [ ] also Baltic tribes: Kors (Cursh), Zhmud, Yatvyaz (Yatvyags), Golyad, and Slavic tribes Sereb (Serbs) [ ] . Perhaps the word chud also not Finno-Ugric in origin [ ] .

Also names like rus, in the Old Russian language some other non-Finno-Ugric peoples wore: Don (Dans), Mur (Moors), Sur (Syrians), Skuf (Scythians), Latin, as well as social groups: black, Chad, servants. [ ]

The reconstructed prototype of the word *roud-s-b goes back to the root *rъd-/*roud-/*rud-, associated with red (red) color, possibly hair or clothes. It was borrowed by the Finno-Ugric peoples from the Slavs back in the Old Slavic era (about 6th century AD), before the simplification of consonantal groups in the Slavic language. This is confirmed by the meanings of Finnish Ruotsi cognate in other Finno-Ugric languages: Sami (in northern Norway - ruossa), Komizyryan (rot's), Udmurt (dzwts), Ostyak (ruts, rut), Vogul (ros, rus), Nenets dialects (luса ,lusa); and besides, in Tungus and Buryat (luca), Yukagir (lusi, luci), etc., in the meaning of "Russians". In Karelian dialects, the term ruottsi means Finns, Finland. In the light of the law on the greater archaism of peripheral languages, it is precisely the peripheral (that is, "Slavic") semantics of Finnish continuations that should be considered the most archaic.

Toponymic etymology

South Russian or Middle Dnieper etymology

South Russian or Middle Dnieper etymology of the word rus common among Russian and Soviet historians, linking the word to a number of toponyms of the Middle Dnieper and historical ethnonyms.

The name Rus was proposed to be derived from the hydronym Ros (Old Rus. Rus), the name of the right tributary of the Dnieper south of Kyiv. Archaeologists have not found any significant monuments of the Old Russian era in the immediate area of the Ros River in order to consider the name of this river as a forming factor for the name of the people.

Toponym Rusa (the ancient name of modern Staraya Russa)

In the 2000s, the Russian anti-Normanists A. N. Sakharov and V. V. Fomin attempted to re-propose a connection between the name Rusa and Rus, based on the news of Herberstein

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Russia- originally the historical name of the lands of the Eastern Slavs and the first state of Ancient Russia. First used as the name of the state in the text of the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, earlier evidence deals with the ethnonym rus(i.e rus as the name of the people). According to the chronicler of The Tale of Bygone Years, the name comes from the Varangians of the Rus tribe, called up by the Novgorod Slavs in 862 as a military squad.

In historiography, the question of the existence of an earlier state on the lands of the Eastern Slavs, which received the conditional name Russian Khaganate, is discussed, however, the lack of evidence relates Russian Khaganate to the field of historical hypotheses.

Formation of the state of Rus

The earliest historical document testifying to the existence of the Old Russian state is the Old French (Western Carolingian) chronicle "Annals of the Saint-Bertin Monastery" (Bertin Annals). Its author and eyewitness of the events described by the name of Galindo (later Bishop Prudentius) reports the arrival in May 839 in the capital of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious of the embassy of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus II. The Byzantine delegation included ambassadors of the people of Ros ( rhos) sent to Constantinople by the ruler designated in the text as khakan ( chacanus). These two terms definitely indicate that we are talking about a state whose capital in the 10th century was the city of Kyiv. Similar designations of the people and its ruler in relation to Kievan Rus are present in Arabic ( ar-Rus - hakan) and Old Russian ( rous - kagan) literary traditions of the X-XII centuries.

The earliest domestic chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years (beginning of the 12th century), describes the formation of Russia in this way. The Union of Northern Peoples, which included the Slavic tribes Slovene and Krivichi, as well as the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud and the whole, invited the princes and their military squad from across the sea in order to stop internal strife and internecine wars:

It was with the campaign of 860, if we literally trust the text of the chronicle, that its author connected the beginning of the Russian land:

« In the year 6360 (852), index 15, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this tsar Russia came to Constantinople, as it is written about this in the Greek chronicle».

In the subsequent calculations of the chronicler it is said that " from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to Michael this 542 years”, thus the year of the beginning of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Michael III is incorrectly named in the annals. There is a point of view that by the year 6360 the chronicler had in mind the year 860. It is indicated by the Alexandrian era, which historians also call the Antioch era (5500 years should be taken away to convert it to the modern one). However, the indication of the indict corresponds exactly to the year 852.

In those days, the Varangians-Rus created at least two independent centers. Rurik collected the lands around Ladoga and Novgorod, Askold and Dir, Rurik's compatriots, reigned in Kyiv. Kievan Rus (Varangians ruling in the lands of the glades) adopted Christianity from the Bishop of Constantinople.

As the Old Russian state developed, namely in 882, its capital was moved to Kyiv by Prince Oleg, the successor of Rurik. Oleg killed the Kiev princes Askold and Dir, uniting the Novgorod and Kiev lands into a single state. Later historians designated this period as the times of Ancient or Kievan Rus (according to the location of the capital).

archaeological evidence

Archaeological research confirms the fact of great socio-economic shifts in the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the middle of the 9th century. In general, the results of archaeological research do not contradict the legend of the Tale of Bygone Years about the calling of the Varangians in 862.

The development of ancient Russian cities

In the late 830s, Ladoga burned down and the composition of its population changed again. Now it clearly shows the noticeable presence of the Scandinavian military elite (Scandinavian male military burials, Thor's hammers, etc.)

Origin of the name "Rus"

As follows from chronicle sources, the first multinational state of the Eastern Slavs, Rus, got its name from the Varangians-Rus. Before the calling of the Varangians, the territory of the first Russian state was inhabited by Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under their own names. Old Russian chroniclers, the earliest of which is the early 12th-century monk Nestor, simply note that " since then the Varangian was nicknamed the Russian land».

There are no Varangian Scandinavian tribes or clans with the name rus or close to that, because at present there are several versions of the appearance of the name Russia, none of which is generally accepted. All versions are divided into

historical, derived from the testimonies of contemporary authors;

linguistic, derived from similar-sounding words in Scandinavian, Slavic or other languages.

toponymic, derived from geographical names, somehow connected by location with Russia;

Historical Byzantine version

Literally, the German chronicler points to Ros as the self-name of the people, but it is not known whether he had this information from the Ross themselves or was passed on to him through the Byzantines. Thus, the Byzantines called some Swedes (in the 9th century only the Vikings traveled from the Swedes) the people Ros, but the West Franks were recognized as Swedes, and moreover, they immediately became wary, because they had already begun to fear Viking raids. This happened even before the formation of the ancient Russian state, when the Varangians were in no way associated with the Slavs. The name of the king of the Rus - kagan- possibly a translation of Swedish king into a Turkic language closer and more understandable to the Byzantines khakan, but may also indicate the existence of a state entity in the lands of the Eastern Slavs before the arrival of Rurik, the so-called Russian Khaganate.

About the fact that it was the Byzantines who called the Varangians dew, testifies Liutprand of Cremona, the ambassador of the Italian king Berengaria to Byzantium in 949:

“In the northern regions there is a certain people, which the Greeks call Ρονσιος, Rusios, according to their appearance, but we call them “Normans” by their place of residence ... The king of this people was [then] Inger [Igor Rurikovich] ... "

On the other hand, it is difficult to explain how the Byzantine name of the Rus was borrowed by the latter as a self-name. In addition, this version of the name of the Rus by the redness of their faces does not come from the Byzantines themselves, but from external observers.

The confusion of the name of the Rus and the red color in Greek is illustrated by a typical example, when, translated from the Greek "Chronography" by Theophanes, a modern Russian-language translator writes about the campaign of the Byzantines in 774: " Constantine moved a fleet of two thousand ships, consisting, against Bulgaria, and he himself sat on Russians ships, intended to sail to the Danube River". In fact, they meant the imperial ships, decorated with purple. The Latin translator of the Pope, the librarian Anastasius, who translated Theophanes' Chronography at the end of the 9th century, translated the Greek word in exactly this way ρουσια in rubea(red).

Indo-Iranian version

Indo-Iranian version insists that the ethnonym "ros" has a different origin than "rus", being much more ancient. Proponents of this opinion, also originating from M. V. Lomonosov, note that the people "grew up" were first mentioned back in the 6th century in "Church History" by Zakhary Rhetor, where it is located in the Northern Black Sea region. From this point of view, he is erected to the Iranian-speaking (Sarmatian) tribes of the Roxalans or Rosomones, mentioned by ancient authors. Most fully substantiated by O. N. Trubachev (*ruksi “bright, holy” > *rutsi > *russi > Rus).

A variant of this theory was developed by G.V. Vernadsky, who placed the original territory of the Rus in the Kuban Delta and believed that they learned their name from the Roxalans (“bright Alans”), who, in his opinion, were part of the Antes. At the same time, he considered the Rus to be ethnic Scandinavians.

In the 60s. In the 20th century, the Ukrainian archaeologist D. T. Berezovets proposed to identify the Alanian population of the Don region with the Rus. This hypothesis is currently being developed by E. S. Galkina.

In the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 912, the Varangians with Scandinavian names call themselves " from the Russian family". However, the text of the agreement is a translation from Greek into Slavic, and does not reflect the original form of self-name of the Varangians Prophetic Oleg. That is, the name of the Rus in Greek was originally recorded in the text of the agreement, which, perhaps, differed from their self-name, but was preserved in a reverse translation into Slavic.

Historical-toponymic Prussian version

While The Tale of Bygone Years (XII century) only reports that the Varangians were called up from across the sea, the Resurrection Chronicle (mid-XVI century) points to Prussia, the territory between the Vistula and the Neman, inhabited by Baltic tribes:

“And from Prus the fourth to ten knee Rurik. And at that time in Novegrad, a certain elder named Gostomysl, ended his life, and summoned the owner of Novagrad, who was with him, and said: “I give you advice, but send wise men to the Prussian land and call the prince from there existing clans” ... And the messengers Novogradsky went to the Prussian land, having found Prince Rurik.

If the Scandinavian Rurik came with a squad from Prussia, it is possible that he brought the name with him Rusya (Rus). Indirectly, the arrival of Rurik from Prussia is confirmed by the direction of trade flows from the Varangians to the Greeks. As archaeologists suggest, the first Arab coins appeared through Russia in the Prussian lands.

Historical hydronym marked in Prussian lands Russ as the name of the Neman in the lower reaches. This is a late German version of the name, which also has an earlier spelling of Russe, that is, Rusa, which is identified with the modern Lithuanian name Rusne (probably generalized from the sleeve of Rusa). In the same Old Prussian region near the modern. Velevo (Braniewo powiat, Poland) there is a river hydronym, written in German form as Russa. Both names come from the Baltic root "to flow slowly". The oldest channel of the Neman was the Nemonin River, which flows into the Curonian Lagoon. Between him, Nemonin and modern. Rusne (Ruksoy) was a huge island, which could have the ancient Skal name Rusya (Rus).

The main argument in favor of the Prussian theory is the word vityaz, which is inexplicable from the point of view of direct borrowing from Scandinavian into Slavic languages (with direct borrowing, it would be vicyag from Scandinavian Viking). The only mediator could be the Prussian language, in which noble warriors are called withings from Late Prussian withingis with soft base. The Scandinavian combination "ki" was adopted by the Prussians as "ti" according to the laws of the Baltic palatalization, while the syllable -ting- naturally gave the Russian -tyaz. It is necessary to take into account identical burials near Kyiv and on the Samland Peninsula, as well as the sign of the trident (the sign of the Ruriks), found on the stones of Samland in the form of an image of a falling falcon (princely sign). At the same time, one of the oldest streets in Novgorod is Prussian (not later than the 12th century). The Prussian theory was substantiated in detail for the first time in 2001 in the Poznan linguistic collection in honor of prof. Dr. M. Hasyuk: Old Prussian share in creating the first Russian State: Break of the Millennium Comments to the Norman Theory./ In: Festschrift Dr. Michal Hasiuk. Poznan, University, 2001.

Toponymic etymology

South Russian or Middle Dnieper etymology of the word Russia common among Russian and Soviet historians, linking the word to a number of toponyms of the Middle Dnieper and historical ethnonyms.

The name Rus is derived from the hydronym Ros (Old Rus. Rus), the name of the right tributary of the Dnieper south of Kyiv. Archaeologists have not found any significant monuments of the Old Russian era in the immediate area of the Ros River in order to consider the name of this river as a forming factor for the name of the people. In addition, linguists doubt the possibility of the transition of the original name Rus to Rus, namely from at the ethnonym Rus is fundamentally known in the Slavic environment. That is, even if the people were called not in Slavic Russian, then this word could not, according to the rules of Slavic word formation, go into Russians. The population living along the Ros River in the annals is called pistons.

Toponym Rusa.

In the Resurrection Chronicle of the middle of the 16th century there is such a version of the origin of the eponym rus: « And the Slovene came from the Danube and sat down at Lake Ladoga, and from there came and sat down near Lake Ilmen, and was called by a different name, and called the Rus of the river for the sake of Russa, and then fell into Lake Ilmen". The mention of the river Russa was an insertion by the chronicler, as evidenced by a comparison with the text of the earlier Sofia First Chronicle of the beginning of the 15th century. Later emergence of the eponym rus they began to associate not with the river, but with the name of the city of Rusa. For the first time, the settlement of Rous (that is, Rus) is mentioned in Novgorod birch bark No. 526, dated to the 2nd half of the 11th century. Archaeological excavations make it possible to attribute the emergence of Staraya Russa not earlier than the end of the 10th century. Linguists also doubt the possibility of transferring the name of the river or city of Rusa to the name of the tribe. The inhabitants of Rus in the annals were called Rushan.

There are hypotheses that trace the name of Russia to the name of the island of Rügen in the Baltic (the legendary Buyan), which was inhabited by the Ruyan Slavs in the 9th century.

Attempts are being made to link rus with similar-sounding ethnonyms - the names of the peoples mentioned by ancient authors in the northern regions of the Black Sea. The candidates were the Iranian-speaking Roxalans and Rosomones, the mythical people of Ros (Hros), mentioned by Pseudo-Zacharias back in the 6th century and opposing the Amazons.

Derived values

Ethnonyms

Russian, Russian, Russian, Russian people- an ethnonym denoting the inhabitants of Kievan Rus. In the singular, the representative of the people of Russia was called Rusyn or "Rousin", and the resident of Russia was called "Russian" or "Row". If in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911 (the treaty of the Prophetic Oleg) it is not entirely clear whether all the inhabitants of Russia were called Rus, or only the Varangians-Rus, then in the Russian-Byzantine treaty

They invited the Varangians from across the sea in order to stop internal strife and internecine wars (see the article Calling the Varangians). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, the Varangian Prince Rurik first sat down to reign in Ladoga, and only after the death of his brothers did he cut down the city of Novgorod and moved there. This version is confirmed by archaeological searches. While the existence of the Ladoga settlement has been noted since the middle of the 8th century, in Novgorod itself there is no cultural layer older than the 30s of the 10th century. But the location of the princely residence in the so-called Rurik settlement, which arose in the first half of the 9th century near Novgorod, was confirmed.

By the time of the emergence of Russia, The Tale of Bygone Years relates the raid of Russia on Constantinople in 860, erroneously dating it to 866 and linking it with a private campaign of the specific Kiev princes Askold and Dir.

It was with the campaign of 860, if we literally trust the text of the chronicle, that its author connected the beginning of the Russian land:

« In the year 6360 (852), index 15, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this tsar Russia came to Constantinople, as it is written about this in the Greek chronicle».

In the subsequent calculations of the chronicler it is said that " from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to Michael this 542 years”, thus the year of the beginning of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Michael III is incorrectly named in the annals. There is a point of view that by the year 6360 the chronicler had in mind the year 860. It is indicated by the Alexandrian era, which historians also call the Antioch era (5500 years should be taken away to convert it to the modern one). However, the indication of the indict corresponds exactly to the year 852.

In those days, the Varangians-Rus created at least two independent centers. Rurik collected the lands around Ladoga and Novgorod, Askold and Dir, Rurik's compatriots, reigned in Kyiv. Kievan Rus (Varangians ruling in the lands of the glades) adopted Christianity from the Bishop of Constantinople.

As the Old Russian state developed, namely in 882, its capital was moved to Kyiv by Prince Oleg, the successor of Rurik. Oleg killed the Kiev princes Askold and Dir, uniting the Novgorod and Kiev lands into a single state. Later historians designated this period as the times of Ancient or Kievan Rus (according to the location of the capital).

archaeological evidence

Archaeological research confirms the fact of great socio-economic shifts in the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the middle of the 9th century. In general, the results of archaeological research do not contradict the legend of the Tale of Bygone Years about the calling of the Varangians in 862.

The development of ancient Russian cities

In the late 830s, Ladoga burned down and the composition of its population changed again. Now it clearly shows the noticeable presence of the Scandinavian military elite (Scandinavian male military burials, Thor's hammers, etc.)

According to the research of T. Noonan, in the 2nd half of the 9th century, the number of hoards of oriental coins in Gotland and Sweden increased 8 times compared to the 1st half, which indicates the establishment and stable functioning of the trade route from Northern Russia to Scandinavia. Based on the distribution of early treasures, we can conclude that the “path from the Varangians to the Greeks” along the Dnieper did not yet function in the 9th century: treasures of that time were found in Novgorod land (the Volkhov-Neva waterway), along the Western Dvina, along the Oka and the upper Volga. The path “from the Varangians to the Persians” also went through the Novgorod lands to the countries of Scandinavia, which, as it were, continued the path “from the Varangians to the Bulgars” to the countries of the East.

One of the early treasures found in Peterhof (the youngest coin dates back to 805) contains a large number of graffiti inscriptions on the coins, which made it possible to determine the ethnic composition of their owners. Among the graffiti, the only inscription in Greek (name Zacharias), Scandinavian runes and runic inscriptions (Scandinavian names and magic signs), Turkic (Khazar) runes and Arabic graffiti proper.

Origin of the name "Rus"

As follows from chronicle sources, the first multinational state of the Eastern Slavs, Rus, got its name from the Varangians-Rus. Before the calling of the Varangians, the territory of the first Russian state was inhabited by Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under their own names. Old Russian chroniclers, the earliest of which is the early 12th-century monk Nestor, simply note that " since then the Varangian was nicknamed the Russian land».

There are no Varangian Scandinavian tribes or clans with the name rus or close to that, because at present there are several versions of the appearance of the name Russia, none of which is generally accepted. All versions are divided into

historical, derived from the testimonies of contemporary authors;
linguistic, derived from similar-sounding words in Scandinavian, Slavic or other languages.
toponymic, derived from geographical names, somehow connected by location with Russia;

Supporters of the toponymic theory of the term "Rus" point to the abundance of hydronyms with the root "ros". So, only in the Kiev region there are four of them. These are the rivers Ros, Rosava, Rostavitsa, Roska. At the same time, historians and linguists traditionally refer to hydronyms as the earliest and most convincing evidence of the ethno-cultural affiliation of a particular region in the period of its early history.

Historical Byzantine version

Literally, the German chronicler points to Ros as the self-name of the people, but it is not known whether he had this information from the Ross themselves or was passed on to him through the Byzantines. Thus, the Byzantines called some Swedes (in the 9th century only the Vikings traveled from the Swedes) the people Ros, but the West Franks were recognized as Swedes, and moreover, they immediately became wary, because they had already begun to fear Viking raids. This happened even before the formation of the ancient Russian state, when the Varangians were in no way associated with the Slavs. The name of the king of the Rus - kagan- possibly a translation of Swedish king into a Turkic language closer and more understandable to the Byzantines khakan, but may also indicate the existence of a state formation in the lands of the Eastern Slavs before the arrival of Rurik, the so-called Russian Khaganate.

About the fact that it was the Byzantines who called the Varangians dew, testifies Liutprand of Cremona, the ambassador of the Italian king Berengaria to Byzantium in 949:

“In the northern regions there is a certain people, which the Greeks call Ρονσιος, Rusios, according to their appearance, but we call them “Normans” by their place of residence ... The king of this people was [then] Inger [Igor Rurikovich] ... "

Indo-Iranian version

Indo-Iranian version insists that the ethnonym "ros" has a different origin than "rus", being much more ancient. Proponents of this opinion, also originating from M. V. Lomonosov, note that the fantastic people "grew" (literally in Syrian it sounds like eros or hros) was first mentioned back in the 6th century in the "Church History" by Zakhary Rhetor, where he is placed in the Northern Black Sea region. From this point of view, he is erected to the Iranian-speaking (Sarmatian) tribes of the Roxalans or Rosomones, mentioned by ancient authors. The most fully substantiated by O. N. Trubachev (*ruksi "light" > *rutsi > *russi > Rus).

Historical-toponymic Prussian version

“If you want to hit with a sword or a spear, or a kacem with any weapon, Rusin Grchin or Grchin Rusin, and even dividing the sin to pay a silver liter 5, according to the Russian law”

Here "grchin" - is used in the sense of a resident of Byzantium, a Greek; the meaning of the term "Rusin" is debatable: either "representative of the people of Rus", or "resident of Russia".

Even in the earliest versions of Russkaya Pravda that have come down to us, Russia is already completely equal with the Slavs:

If a husband kills a husband, then take revenge on his brother's brother, or his father's son, or his son's father, or his brother's son, or his sister's son. If there is no one to take revenge, then 40 hryvnias per head, if there is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a hack, or a swordsman. If the outcast is either a Slav, then put 40 hryvnia for him.

In later editions, "Rusyns" and "Slavs" are a continuous enumeration (or instead of "Rusyns" is "citizen"), but there are, for example, fines of 80 hryvnia for a princely tivun.

In a fragment of the treaty between Smolensk and the Germans of the 13th century, the word "Rousin" already means "Russian warrior":

“Nemchich can’t be called to the battlefield of Rousin in Rize and on the Gtsky birch, Rousinow can’t be called Nemchich to the battlefield of Smolensk.”

Toponyms

Other historical names, such as White, Black, Red (or Chervonaya) Russia, come from their geographical location - in the Middle Ages, the north-south and west-east directions had their own "color" counterparts.

In connection with the accession of new territories, the names New Russia appeared - New Russia (the southern part of modern Ukraine and the southern part of the European part of modern Russia) and the less used Zheltorossia - Yellow Russia (first - Turkestan, then - Manchuria, later - the northern and eastern part of modern Kazakhstan and the adjacent steppe territories of the eastern Volga region, the southern Urals and southern Siberia of modern Russia). By analogy, for other and new territories of modern Russia, the names Zelenorossia - Green Russia (Siberia), Blue Russia - Blue Russia (Pomorie) and others were proposed, but almost never used.

culture

Notes

Wiktionary has an article "Rus"

Ancient Slavs, Russ (before the 9th century)
Russian history

Kievan Rus ( -)
Russian principalities (XII-XVI centuries)




Kingdom of Russia (-)
The Russian Empire ( -)

Russia- a historically formed name that the lands of the Eastern Slavs received.

For the first time it was used as the name of the state in the text of the treaty between Russia and Byzantium in 911. Even earlier references characterize Russia as an ethnonym (name of a people, ethnic community). As the chronicle legend "The Tale of Bygone Years", created in the 11th - 12th centuries, testifies, this name originates from the Varangians of the tribe called by the Finno-Ugric and Slavic tribes (Krivichi, Slovenes, Chud, and all) Russia in 862. According to some historical information, the lands of the Eastern Slavs had an even earlier state with the conditional name Russian Khaganate, but this fact did not find sufficient evidence, and therefore the Russian Khaganate refers rather to historical hypotheses.

Formation of the state of Rus

The earliest historical documents confirming the existence of the Old Russian state include the Bertin Annals, which testify to the arrival of a Byzantine embassy from Emperor Theophilus to Louis the Pious, the Frankish emperor, in May 839. The Byzantine delegation consisted of ambassadors of the people of Ros (rhos), who were sent to Constantinople by the emperor, named in the document as khakan (chacanus). The state of Russia, the existence of which during this period there is practically no information, today is conditionally designated by historians as a kind of Russian kaganate.

There are references to Russia in a later record of Jacob Reitenfels from 1680 about the times when Michael I, the Byzantine emperor, ruled: "In 810, the Greek emperor Michael Kuropalat waged war with varying success against the Bulgarians supported by the Russians. The same Russians helped Krunn, King of Bulgaria, when he took the richest city of Mezembria, when he inflicted a terrible defeat on the emperor.

This event is conditionally dated 01.11. 812, however, this information has not yet been confirmed by official historical data. It is not known what the ethnicity of the mentioned "Russians" is and where exactly they lived.

In some chronicles, information has been preserved that the first mention of Russia is associated with the reign of Irina, the Byzantine queen (797-802). According to M.N. Tikhomirov, researcher of chronicles, Byzantine church sources have this information.

In addition, according to the existing legend, Andrew the First-Called came to Russian lands as early as the 1st century AD.

The emergence of Novgorod Russia

In the earliest ancient Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years, records of the formation of Russia are based on legends. They were created after 250 years and dated 862. Then the union of the northern peoples, which consisted of Slavic tribes, Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi and Finno-Ugric tribes all and Chud, invited the overseas princes of the Varangians to stop internecine wars and internal strife (for more details, see the article "The calling of the Varangians"). As the Varangian Ipatiev Chronicle indicates, Rurik first reigned in Ladoga, and after the death of his brothers, he cut down Novgorod and went there.

From the middle of the 8th century, there was an unfortified settlement of Ladoga, while in Novgorod there was no dated cultural layer earlier than the 30s. X century. However, there are confirmations of the location of the residence of the princes, called the Rurik settlement, which arose at the beginning of the 9th century. near Novgorod.

By the same time, historians attribute the events when Russia in 860 made a campaign against Constantinople, however, The Tale of Bygone Years indicates that this event is dated 866 and is associated with the Kiev princes Dir and Askold.

The year 862 is accepted as the beginning of the countdown of the existence of Russian statehood, although this is probably a conditional date. According to one version, this year was chosen by an unknown Kiev chronicler of the 11th century, based on the memory of the first baptism of Rus, which followed the raid of 860.

From the text of the chronicle it follows that the author also tied the emergence of the Russian land to the campaign of 860:

In the further calculations of the chronicler, it is indicated: “from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to Michael this 542 years”, as it is easy to see, the chronicle erroneously indicates the date of the beginning of the reign of the emperor of Byzantium, Michael III. In addition, some historians express the point of view that, in fact, by the year 6360 the author meant the year 860. Since the year is designated according to the Alexandrian era (it is also called the Antioch era), for a correct calculation it is necessary to subtract 5.5 thousand years. Nevertheless, the indict is marked precisely by the year 852.

As indicated in The Tale of Bygone Years, then 2 independent centers were created by the Varangians-Rus: Rurik's tribesmen Askold and Dir reigned in Kyiv, and Rurik himself ruled in the region of Novgorod and Ladoga. Kievan Rus (the Varangians who ruled over the Polyana lands) adopted Christianity from a bishop in Constantinople.

The emergence of Kievan Rus

With the development of the state, in 882, Prince Oleg, the successor of Rurik, moved the capital of the ancient Russian state to Kyiv. Then he killed Dir and Askold, the Kiev princes who ruled there, and united the Kiev and Novgorod lands into a single state. Later, historians designated this period as the beginning of the times of Kievan or Ancient Russia (with a change in the location of the capital).

Some historical hypotheses

A. A. Shakhmatov in 1919 suggested that the Scandinavians called Holmgard Staraya Russa. According to his hypothesis, Rusa is the original capital of the most ancient country. It was from this "most ancient Russia ... soon after" 839 that the movement of Russia to the south began, which subsequently led to the formation in Kyiv in 840 of the "young Russian state."

Academician S.F. Platonov noted in 1920 that further research would, of course, make it possible to collect more extensive material to understand and confirm A.A. Shakhmatov’s assumption about the existence of a Varangian center on the Ilmen South Coast. He concluded that now the hypothesis has all the characteristics and is qualitatively scientifically constructed, and is able to open up a potential historical perspective for us: the city of Rusa and the region of Rusa acquire a new and quite significant meaning.

GV Vernadsky expressed his opinion: in the IX century. near Lake Ilmen, a community of merchants - Swedes was formed, connected in a certain way, due to commercial activities, with the Russian Khaganate (according to the historian's assumption, this is approximately the area of the mouth of the Kuban River in Taman). Thus, Staraya Rusa, most likely, was the center of this northern "separation".

According to Vernadsky, in the "calling of the Varangians", in accordance with the Ipatiev list ("Rkosha Rus, Chud, Slovene, and Krivichi and all: our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit in it: yes, go reign and rule over us") - take part "under the name "Rus" members of the Swedish colony in Staraya Rusa, mainly merchants trading with the Russian Khaganate in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Their goal in "calling the Varangians" was, first of all, to reopen the trade route to the south with the help of new detachments of Scandinavians.

V. V. Fomin already in 2008 did not rule out that at the time of Rurik’s reign, the territory of Staraya Russa could be inhabited by Rus, and also that the early appearance of Rus in these places is explained by such a fact - in those days, salt, the need for which was experienced by vast territories Russia, was extracted exclusively in the Southern Priilmenye (including leather processing, furs, which were then exported).

archaeological evidence

Archaeological research confirms the fact of significant socio-economic improvements in the territory of the Eastern Slavs in the 9th century. In general, the results of various archaeological studies correspond to the Tale of Bygone Years, including the events of 862 - the calling of the Varangians.

Old Russian cities: development

In the VIII century, 2 buildings were founded along the Volkhov River: the Lyubsha fortress (built by the Ilmen Slovenes on the territory of the Finnish fortress in the VIII century). According to some assumptions, a little later, 2 kilometers from the fortress on the opposite bank of the Volkhov, Ladoga was formed - a Scandinavian settlement. In the 760s. she was subjected to invasions of the Ilmen Slovenes and Krivichi. Already by the 830s, its population had become overwhelmingly Slavic (according to assumptions, Krivichi).

Ladoga burned down in the late 830s and its population changed again. Now there is clearly a noticeable presence of the military elite of Scandinavia (Scandinavian military male burials, and also, "Thor's hammers", etc.).

A wave of wars and fires passed through the northwestern territory of Russia in the 860s. The Lyubsha fortress, Ladoga, Rurik's settlement burned down (according to the arrowheads found in its walls, the capture and siege of Lyubsha were carried out exclusively by non-Scandinavian, but mainly by the Slavic population). Lyubsha disappeared forever after the fires, and as for the population of Ladoga, it has become almost completely Scandinavian. And from these times the city became not much different from the Danish and Swedish cities of this period.

8th-9th centuries archaeologists consider the time of the emergence of the Rurik settlement, not far from which in the 930s. 3 settlements were formed (Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes and Finno-Ugric peoples). Later they merged into Veliky Novgorod. By the nature of the settlement, Rurik’s settlement can be called a military-administrative center with a clear Scandinavian culture, not only in the military layers, but also in household (families). The relationship between Rurik's settlement and Ladoga is observed by the special features of the beads, which were especially common in both settlements. Some information about the origin of the newcomer population of the Rurik settlement is provided by studies of pottery, which was found in the south of the Baltic.

Archaeological excavations in Kyiv prove the existence from the beginning of the VI-VIII centuries. several small isolated settlements that were located on the territory of the future capital. Since the 8th century, defensive fortifications have been noticeable - the main city-forming feature (in the 780s, the northerners built fortifications on Starokievskaya Gora). Archaeological research indicates that the central role began to belong to the city only from the 10th century. Since that time, the presence of the Varangians has also been established.

In the second half of the ninth century Russia covered a network of cities (Sarsky mountains near Rostov, Gnezdovo near Smolensk, Timerevo near Yaroslavl). The Scandinavian military elite was present here. The settlements were engaged in servicing trade flows with the East, and at the same time were centers of colonization for local tribes. Some cities (Smolensk, Rostov) are mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles as tribal centers of the 9th century. No cultural layers older than the 11th century have been noted here, although small settlements have been found.

Arab coins: treasures

In the 780s, the Volga trade route began, which was called "From the Varangians to the Bulgars." It was in this decade that Arab silver dirhems were found (the oldest treasure in Ladoga is dated 786). On the lands of the future Novgorod, the number of treasures before 833 noticeably exceeds the number of similar ones in Scandinavia. Thus, only local needs were initially served by the Volga-Baltic route. While through the basin of the Upper Dnieper, Don, Western Dvina, Neman, Arab dirhams (main streams) entered the South Baltic and Prussia, the islands of Bornholm, Rügen and Gotland, where the richest treasures in the region at that time were discovered.

In the 9th century, Arab silver came through Ladoga to Central Sweden. However, after Ladoga burned down (860), the flow of silver to about. Gotland to and Sweden.

According to T. Noonan's studies, in the second half of the 9th century the number of coin hoards in Sweden and Gotland increased by 8 times, in comparison with the first half. This speaks of the stable functioning and the final formation of the trade route passing to Scandinavia from Northern Russia. The distribution of early treasures indicates that in the 9th century the path “From the Varangians to the Greeks” did not yet function along the Dnieper: treasures dating back to that period in the Novgorod land were found along the Oka, the upper Volga, and the Western Dvina (the Neva-Volkhov route).

Through the territory of the Novgorod lands, the path “from the Varangians to the Persians” to the countries of Scandinavia passed, which was a continuation of the path to the Eastern Stans “from the Varangians to the Bulgars”.

One of the earliest treasures that were found in Peterhof (the earliest coin is dated 805) has many graffiti inscriptions on the coins, thanks to which it became possible to determine the ethnic composition of their owners. Among the graffiti was found an inscription in Greek (name Zacharias), runic inscriptions (magic signs and Scandinavian names) and Scandinavian runes, Khazar (Turkic) runes and, directly, Arabic graffiti.

Between the Dnieper and the Don in the forest-steppe in the 780-830s. coins were minted - the so-called "imitation of dirhems", which were in use among the Slavs, who had the Volyntsev (later Borshevsky and Romny) culture and the Alans, who had the Saltov-Mayak culture.

It was through this territory that the most active flow of dirhems of the earliest period passed - until 833. According to many historians, the center of the Russian Khaganate was located here at the beginning of the 9th century. And already in its middle, the minting of these coins was stopped after the Hungarian defeat.

Origin of the name "Rus"

As chronicle sources testify, it was according to the Varangians - Russ, that the Slavic state of Russ acquired its name. Before the arrival of the Varangians, there were Slavic tribes on the territory of the Russian state and bore their own names. It was “since then the Varangian was nicknamed the Russian land,” note the ancient Russian chroniclers, the earliest of them, the monk Nestor (beginning of the 12th century).

Ethnonyms

Russian people, Russian, Russian, Russian- an ethnonym that denotes the population of Kievan Rus. A representative of the people of Russia in the singular was called Rusyn (“rousin” graphically, due to the inherited method of transferring the letter [y] from Greek graphics), one inhabitant of Russia was called “Russian” or “Russian”. Despite the fact that it is not entirely clear from the content of the Russian-Byzantine agreement of 911 (the Treaty of the Prophetic Oleg), all the inhabitants of Russia, or only the Varangians-Rus, were called Rus, the Russian-Byzantine agreement of 944 (Igor Rurikovich) allows us to conclude that Russia applies " to all the people of the Russian land».

Fragment of the agreement of the Greeks with Igor from 944 (according to the dating of PVL-945):

In this case, "Grchin" is used in the meaning of "Byzantine", Greek; but the meaning of the word “Rusin” is not exactly known: it was a “representative of the people of Rus”, or maybe a “resident of Russia”.

Already in the earliest versions of the Russkaya Pravda that have come down to us, Russia and the Slavs became completely equal:

The words “Rusyn” and “Slav” become synonymous (or instead of “Rusyn” “citizen” is used) only in later editions, in addition, fines of 80 hryvnia appear, for example, for a princely tivun.

In the text of the German-Smolensk treaty of the XIII century, "Rousin" means "Russian warrior":

Russia

At the end of the fifteenth century, the Moscow principality was given the name of Rusia, and the great John III, the Moscow prince, became the Sovereign of all Russia: “We are John, by the grace of God, Sovereign, of all Russia, Volodimersky, and Moscow, and Novogorodsky, and Pskov, and Tfersky, and Yugorsky, and Vyatka, and Perm, and Bulgarian, and others.

The turn of the XV-XVI centuries. was marked by the fact that initially as a church-bookish and common people, and then in official documentation, the name "Russia" appeared, close to the Greek "Pwaia". Thus, instead of the designations White, Little and Great Russia, Great Russia - Great Russia, Little Russia - Little Russia, Belarus - Belarus - White Russia began to be used. In addition, Galician Russia was sometimes called Red (Chervona) Russia - Red Russia, Western Belarus - Black Russia - Chernorossia. Also, there were designations Horde, Purgas Russia, South-Western, Lithuanian, North-Eastern, Carpathian Russia, etc.

Due to the annexation of new territories, the names New Russia - Novorossia (the south of Ukraine today, the southern part of European Russia) and the not so common Yellow Russia - Zheltorossia (began with Turkestan, and then Manchuria, after - the eastern and northern part of modern Kazakhstan) were formed , as well as the bordering steppe territories of the Volga region, southern Siberia and the southern Urals of modern Russia). By analogy, other and new territories of Russia were proposed, but the names Green Russia or Zelenorossia (territory of Siberia), Blue Russia or Blue Russia (territory of Pomorye), etc., were practically not used.

4) under the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich

The Russian princes considered the ancestor of their dynasty:

1) Askold

6. The people's assembly among the Eastern Slavs was called

3) Anthony

4) Hilarion

8. The oldest chronicle code, which has become the main historical source on the history of Ancient Russia -

1) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

2) "Russian Truth"

3) "The Tale of Bygone Years"

4) "Izbornik Svyatoslav"

2) Carpathians

4) Middle Dnieper

10. The first set of laws "Russian Truth" is associated with the name

1) Vladimir Monomakh

2) Yaroslav the Wise

3) Vladimir Svyatoslavich

4) Svyatoslav Igorevich

11. "Ladder law" in Russia assumed

1) the principle of succession of power "in turn", by tribal eldership

2) the election of princes

3) the vertical principle of inheritance of princely power, from father to son

4) occupation of positions by nobility

12. What element is superfluous in the series "Dependent population of Ancient Russia"?

4) ryadovich

13. “And if the fireman is killed like a robber, and people do not look for the murderer, then the rope where the murdered was found pays the virva.” Vira is

1) payment in favor of the prince for the murder of a free man.

2) a fine to the relatives of the deceased

3) funds to find the killer

4) punishment of community members for a crime committed

A. Subsistence farming dominated in ancient Russia.

B. The main occupation of the inhabitants of Russia is nomadic cattle breeding.

1) Only A is true

2) Only B is true

3) Both A and B are true

4) Neither A nor B is correct.

A. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Kyiv.

B. The biggest victory of Russia during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise was the defeat of the Pechenegs.

1) Only A is true

2) Only B is true

3) Both A and B are true

4) Neither A nor B is correct

16. During what period was Vladimir Monomakh a great prince of Kiev?

17. The reasons for the conversion of Russia to Christianity were

1) lack of writing; intensification of the struggle between representatives of the nobility

2) the location of Russia in Eurasia; the difficulty of establishing contacts with the Christian world

3) the established unified Old Russian nationality; the desire of Vladimir Svyatoslavich to intermarry with the royal houses

4) non-compliance of pagan religion with the level of development of ancient Russian society; destruction of cultural ties with Byzantium.

18. The congress of princes in Lyubech was convened with the aim

1) adoption of the all-Russian code of laws

2) stop strife

3) establishing a new procedure for collecting tribute

4) an agreement on a joint struggle against the Polovtsy

19. What is the significance of the baptism of Russia?

1) overcoming alienation in relation to Christian countries; introduction to the cultural values of Byzantium; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.

2) establishment of written laws; urban growth; strengthening of princely power.

3) alienation from European countries; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.

4) the development of handicrafts and the growth of cities; establishing written laws; establishment of an autocephalous church.

20. Match

3) Svyatoslav

4) Vladimir I

A) Treaty with Tsargrad 911

B) The defeat of the Pechenegs in 1036

C) the defeat of Khazaria

D) Establishment of "lessons and graveyards"

D) Construction of border fortress cities

21. Who are we talking about?

“Taking tribute, he went to his city. When he was walking back, after thinking, he said to his squad: “Go home with tribute, and I will return and look like more.” And he sent his retinue home, and he himself returned with a small part of the retinue, desiring more wealth. ______________

22. Distribute which acts can be attributed to the activities of Prince Svyatoslav (1), and which - VladimirI Svyatoslavich (2).

A) Danube campaigns

B) Creation of several lines of defense on the border of Russia with the Pechenegs

C) Victory over the Volga Bulgaria

D) Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

D) The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate

E) An attempt to reform paganism

G) Exit to Korsun

H) Completion of the defeat of the Polovtsians.

Polycentrism in Russia: Russian lands and principalities inXII- earlyXIIIcenturies (§§ 8-9)

No. of test tasks

Causes of the collapse of the Old Russian state.

Vladimir-Suzdal principality,

Novgorod the Great,

Galicia-Volyn principality:

political system, economic development,

culture.

7, 9,10,13,14,16,18,21.

3, 4, 5,11, 15, 19.

Choose the correct answer

The Old Russian state entered the final phase of land isolation

at the beginning of the 12th century.

in the second quarter of the 12th century.

by the end of the 12th century.

at the beginning of the thirteenth century.

All-Russian table in Russia in the XII century. was NOT

Pereyaslav principality

Kiev principality

Chernihiv Principality

Velikiy Novgorod

During the period of polycentrism in Russia, boyar republics existed in

Kyiv and Vladimir

Vladimir and Novgorod

Novgorod and Pskov

Pskov and Galich

The most extensive in Russia XII-XIII centuries. was the territory

Vladimir-Suzdal Rus

Galicia-Volyn land

Smolensk principality

Novgorod land

His position in Novgorod became elective from the end of the 12th century. He collected taxes, negotiated with foreigners, and possibly performed some military functions. Who are we talking about?

Posadnik

Tysyatsky

Archbishop

A fertile region with fertile soils and a mild climate, vast forests, significant deposits of rock salt -

Suzdal Principality

Pskov land

Galicia-Volyn principality

Kiev principality

In which principality did large patrimonial landownerships, powerful fortified boyar estates exist?

Galicia-Volyn

Smolensk

Kiev

Pereyaslavl

What is the main feature of the political structure of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia?

Involvement of foreigners in domestic affairs

Strong princely power

Contractual relations between the prince and the boyars

The unity of the princely family and the absence of serious strife

Which of the listed princes was NOT the ruler of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality?

Andrey Bogolyubsky

Yury Dolgoruky

Vsevolod Big Nest

Yaroslav Osmomysl

The archbishop was not only the head of the church, but also controlled the standards of weights and measures in

Chernihiv

Novgorod

Which principality bordered the kingdoms of Poland and Hungary?

Galicia-Volyn

Kievskoe

Ryazan

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Assumption Cathedral, Golden Gate - architectural monuments

Southwestern Russia

Novgorod land

Northeast Russia

Kievan Rus

In the XII-XIII centuries. Novgorod primarily developed as

farming center

shopping center

religious center of Russia

all-Russian political center

The years of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky

The prince transferred the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir

Vsevolod Big Nest

Vladimir Monomakh

Yury Dolgoruky

Andrey Bogolyubsky

The first birch bark letters were found by archaeologists in

Novgorod

A) Fragmentation - "the time of the political, economic and cultural flourishing of many Russian principalities"

B) Fragmentation is “disintegration”, “crisis”, “weakening of Russia”

Only A is true

Only B is true

True A and B

Neither A nor B is correct

What is the name of the icon taken out by Andrei Bogolyubsky from Kyiv?

"Unbreakable Wall"

"Vladimir Mother of God"

"Our Lady of Oranta"

"Our Lady of the Great Panagia"

Choose the correct answers

List the important advantages of the geographical location of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality

distance from the Steppe

had access to the Baltic and the Black Sea

border protection by impenetrable forests

long borders with foreign states

developed river system

The reasons for the formation of a polycentric state structure in Russia were

intricate system of transfer of princely power according to seniority in the family

an increase in the number of Polovtsian raids

natural character of the economy

differences in the cultural development of the lands

preservation of pagan beliefs

Fill in the blank

What Volyn prince (he was killed in the war with Poland) did the chronicler write about?

“____________ rushed at the Polovtsy like a lion, was angry like a lynx, and raced across their land like an eagle, he was brave like a tour! He competed in pursuit of glory with his great-grandfather Monomakh!”

Culture of pre-Mongol Rus (X-StartXIIIcenturies)

Checked Content Elements

No. of test tasks

Culture of Ancient Russia

Christian culture and pagan traditions

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 11, 22.

4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16.

Choose the correct answer

Which of the works is chronicle?

Ostromir gospel

A word about Igor's regiment

Izbornik

Tale of Bygone Years

The writing "Words about Igor's Campaign" refers to

end of the 10th century

the beginning of the 11th century.

end of the 12th century.

the beginning of the 13th century.

What event is described in the Tale of Igor's Campaign?

On the campaign of the Seversk princes against the Polovtsians in 1185.

On the strife of the Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov princes

About the death of the princes - saints Boris and Gleb

The Tale of Boris and Gleb

A Word on Law and Grace

A word about Igor's regiment

Radziwill chronicle

The first stone building in Russia was

Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

Prince's tower in Chernihiv

Tithe Church in Kyiv

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv was built with

end of the 10th century

The temple art of Ancient Russia was subordinated to the style that prevailed in

Greek architecture

pagan tradition

Byzantine tradition

Volga Bulgaria

The most ancient Russian code of laws that has come down to us

Pocon virny

The Truth of the Yaroslavichs

Russian Truth

The split of the Christian Church into Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox occurred immediately after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in

The main elements of ancient Russian women's clothing were

Sundress, saffiano boots

kokoshnik, korzno, bast shoes

shirt, ports, pistons

epancha, shirt, kika

Mosaics, frescoes and iconography belong to

arts and crafts

monumental painting

hagiographic genre

architecture

St. George and St. Irina, Vydubitsky, Kiev-Pechersky -

chronicles

For the first time a Russian metropolitan was appointed

Vladimir I

Yaroslav the Wise

Vladimir Monomakh

Yuri Dolgoruky

Eliminate the extra element in the row:

Filigree

Painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water -

miniature

What was condemned by the church as pagan, "filthy" customs?

buffoonery

Brotherhood

Legends and songs

grave lamentations

"Poem in stone" is called the carving on the facade of this cathedral

Kyiv Sofia

Dmitrievsky

Georgievsky

Novgorod Sofia

The Slavic alphabet was created

1) Hilarion, Anthony

2) Boris, Gleb

3) Cyril, Methodius

4) Cyril of Turovsky, John Chrysostom

Choose the correct answers

The folk genre is

sayings and proverbs

annals

riddles and fairy tales

historical legends and songs

Cultural monuments of pre-Mongolian Rus include

Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir

"Trinity" by Andrei Rublev

"Ostromir Gospel"

"The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu"

"Journey beyond three seas" Afanasy Nikitin

"Titular"

The characteristic features of the ancient Russian city are

planned development of the city

predominance of stone buildings

free, manor building

cramped, narrow streets, during the development of which the “spear rule” was in effect

the predominance of wooden one-story buildings

the presence of settlements and streets

urban artisans lived on a guild basis

22. Match

1. Vladimir architecture

A. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa

2. Novgorod architecture

B. Pyatnitskaya Church

V. Demetrius Cathedral

G. Sophia Cathedral

E. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

1- _________ 2- __________

Chapter 2. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES INXIII-mid15th century

Russian lands in the era of foreign conquests13th century and under the yoke of the Golden Horde

(§ 11-12)

Checked Content Elements

No. of test tasks

Mongol conquest and its influence on the history of our country.

Expansion from the West and its role in the history of the peoples of Russia and the Baltic states

1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 20.

5, 6, 13, 14, 17

Formation of the Golden Horde. Russia and the Horde

2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22

Choose the correct answer

1. Which principality was the first to be attacked by the Mongol hordes in 1237?

1) Vladimirskoye

2) Chernihiv

3) Kiev

4) Ryazan

2. The foundation of the Mongolian state is associated with the name

1) Genghis Khan

4) Subedea

3. What answer can be put in place of the question mark?

Policy methods of the Horde khans

Divide and Conquer policy? Dealing with the unruly

1) convening princely congresses

2) planting their cultural traditions and religious views

3) maintaining friendly relations with the Catholic West

4) exemption from paying tribute to the Orthodox clergy

4. Horde exit is

1) a tenth of all income in favor of the Golden Horde

2) theft of the Russian population in the Horde

3) Horde raids on Russia

4) a trip of Russian princes for a label to the Russian reign in the Golden Horde

5. The task of Christianizing the peoples of the Baltic states was entrusted to

1) Order of Malta

2) Knights Templar

3) Teutonic Order

4) Livonian Order

6. What battle forced the crusaders to abandon the rapid conquest of the north-west of Russia?

1) Neva battle

2) Battle on the river. City

3) Battle on the Ice

4) Battle of Rakovor

7. The first clash of the Russian army with the Mongolian troops took place in 1223 on the river

1) Kozelskoe

2) Ryazan

3) Chernihiv

4) Kiev

9. In what year was the Horde dominion over Russia established?

10. The resulting Golden Horde was part of

1) the states of Khorezmshahs

2) Polovtsian steppe

3) Mongol Empire

4) Crimean Khanate

11. What Russian lands did not fall under the dominion of the Horde?

1) Southwestern Russia

2) Western Russia

3) Southern Russia

4) Northwestern Russia

12. Eliminate the excess in the series "Cities that put up stubborn resistance to the army of Batu":

3) Vladimir

4) Kozelsk

13. Alexander Nevsky in the battle on Lake Peipus defeated

1) the combined forces of the Swedes, Norwegians, Finns

2) Teutonic Order

3) the united army of the Swedes

4) knights of the Livonian Order

14. Gavrila Oleksich, Savva, Yakov-Polotchanin, Misha from Novgorod, Ratmir -

1) participants in the battle on Lake Peipsi

2) organizers of the defense of Russian cities during the Horde invasion

3) heroes of the Neva battle

4) instigators of the uprising against the Horde yoke

15. What was NOT a form of Russia's dependence on the Horde?

1) the issuance of a label to the great reign by the khans

2) control over the Orthodox clergy

3) paying tribute

4) the obligation to expose soldiers to the Mongolian troops

16. Daniil Galitsky in the fight against the Horde

1) tried to rely on the Catholic powers

2) achieved a ransom for independent collection of tribute

3) actively negotiated with the khans to reduce tribute

4) supported the policy of Alexander Nevsky

Choose the correct answers

17. What are the main reasons for the victory of the troops under the leadership of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich in the Battle of the Ice?

A) a strategically advantageous place for a battle

B) a significant numerical superiority of the Russian troops

C) the courage of Russian soldiers

D) autumn weather conditions

D) the youth and prowess of the prince

E) the erroneous tactics of the knights

18. Specify the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the fight against the Mongols

A) the absence of fortified cities in Russia

B) the political fragmentation of Russia

C) going over to the side of the Horde princes of the southern lands

D) strife between Russian princes

E) the need to combat the invasion of the crusaders in the north-west of Russia

E) in terms of fighting qualities, the Mongolian army was one of the best in the world

19. The consequences of the Horde invasion and the yoke

A) part of the city crafts disappeared, some forever

B) stone defensive construction stopped forever

C) North-Western Russia was deserted

D) representatives of the unprivileged strata appeared in the princely environment

D) civil strife of Russian princes

G) domestic and foreign trade has sharply weakened

H) the creation by the Horde of their own administration in Russia

20. Arrange the events in chronological order

A) The election of Temujin as the supreme ruler, the great khan

B) Creation of the Order of the Sword

C) The Mongol invasion of Central Europe

D) Batu's campaign against Russia

21. Match

A. Central Asian merchants

2) Baskaki

B. Population census takers

3) Bessermen

C. Representatives of the Horde Khan in Russia controlled the collection of tribute for the Horde

4) Numbers

D. Mongolian warriors

D. Tribal nobility

22. Who are we talking about?

He subjugated everyone to his will, choosing a new name, meaning "sent by heaven", "... all the Tatars, who used to be at enmity, became his single submissive army. He himself divided the Tatars into thousands, hundreds and tens, and he himself appointed his thousands, centurions, and tenths over them, rejecting the tribal khans if he did not trust them. ________________

Struggle for leadership in North-Eastern Russia. Rise of Moscow. Internecine war in Russia in the second quarter 15th century (§ 13-15)

Checked Content Elements

No. of test tasks

The struggle for political hegemony in North-Eastern Russia.

Moscow as the center of the unification of Russian lands. Moscow princes and their politics

1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15.

2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21

Until the end of the XV century. in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained (axis)

strong princely power

strong influence of the Catholic clergy

veche tradition

the power of the Horde khans

According to the form of government, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was

unitary

federation

autonomy

The joint Lithuanian-Russian army defeated the Mongols in 1362 in the battle

at the river Drunk

at the river Vorskla

at the Blue Waters

Identify a pair related as cause and effect

Union of Krevo

Union of Horodil

Stopped the advance of the Teutonic Order to the east

Catholicism became the official religion of Lithuania

The official, obligatory language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was

Lithuanian

Polish

all named languages

The Battle of Grunwald took place in

In the Lithuanian-Russian state on the newly annexed Russian lands

strict control was established over the lands

customs, religion, the former order of government were preserved

3) a big tribute is set

the Russian population was supposed to supply soldiers to the Lithuanian army

In the absence of the sovereign, the supreme power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania belonged to

steward

4) Rade of gentlemen

Bishop of Vilna

In the civil war of the XV century. Grand Duke Svidrigailo relied on

Catholic clergy

Orthodox population

5) Catholic Lithuanians

Polish gentry

The first all-zemstvo privilege was issued under the prince

Casimir IV

6) Sigismund

Svidrigailo

Choose the correct answers

In the XIV century. as a result of the victory of the Lithuanian-Russian army over the Horde in the battle of Blue Waters, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was assigned

A) Tver principality

B) Kyiv land

C) Pskov land

D) Chernihiv-Seversk land

D) Galicia-Volyn land

According to the first common land privilege

non-Catholics could not hold the highest positions in the state

Slavic lands seceded from the Principality of Lithuania

Principality gained independence from Poland

Orthodox Christians received equal rights with Catholics

Noble people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as Poland, in the 15th century. had a number of important privileges:

take full control of your slaves

full right to dispose of their property and lands

be punished only by a court decision, and class

the ability to go to the service of any sovereign of Europe

participate in the election of the king and members of the Sejm

Fill the gaps

20. Privilege is ____________________________________________________________

21. The Union of Kreva was concluded between Lithuania and ____________ in _________.

22. According to the ____________ union, the Lithuanian prince could not be elected without the consent of the Polish king.

Culture of Russia XIII-XV centuries. (§§ 17–18)

Checked Content Elements

No. of test tasks

Russian culture.

Literacy, literature.

Painting.

Architecture.

1, 2, 16, 17, 20, 21.

3, 14, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19, 22.

4, 10, 12, 13, 18.

Choose the correct answer

The bulk of the townspeople (merchants, artisans) lived in

estates

settlements

The first mention of the use of cannons in Russia was given in the annals

about the defense of Ryazan

about the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh in 1382.

about the Battle of Kulikovo

about the battle of Grunwald

INXIV century in Russia appears

parchment

printed book

Who was a contemporary of Andrei Rublev?

Metropolitan Hilarion

Yury Dolgoruky

Sergius of Radonezh

Prince Mindovg

Under which Moscow prince was the white-stone Kremlin built?

Ivan Kalita

Basil I

Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy)