divination 

Tropical forests climate plants animals. Chapter VII zonal biomes. Tropical trees of Asia

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Rainforests biomes are located approximately 10 degrees north and south of the equator. A biome is a biotic environment with homogeneous characteristics, with its own special plant, animal species and climate. Tropical forests are divided into tropical rainforests and dry deciduous tropical forests (subtropics). They are widely distributed in Asia, Australia, Africa, South and Central America, Mexico and many Pacific islands. Temperatures in these forests range from 20°C to 35°C, with no hot or cold seasons. And the average humidity reaches 77% - 80%. The Amazon rainforest is the most famous of the various rainforests in the world. Moist and warm tropical forests are home to 80% of all animal and plant species on the planet. These forests in the world are called "the world's largest pharmacy" because more than a quarter of modern medicines are made from plants growing in these forests. Undergrowth in the humid tropics is limited in many areas due to lack of sunlight at ground level. This fact makes the rainforests passable for humans and animals.

If the crowns of trees are destroyed or broken for some reason, then it reaches the ground and then everything very quickly becomes overgrown with vines, shrubs and small trees - this is how the jungle appears. They are also called the “lungs of the Earth”, since the humid climate contributes to effective air filtration due to the condensation of moisture on the microparticles of pollution, which generally has a beneficial effect on the atmosphere.

The struggle for existence in these forests led the vegetation to the fact that the forest began to be divided into separate layers. These include:

Emerging or new layer: it is formed from the crowns of trees reaching 30 - 70 meters. They are dome-shaped, umbrella-shaped, which receive the maximum amount of sunlight when they reach the high levels of the rainforest. The trees of this layer are home to a large number of animals and birds, such as eagles, monkeys, and bats.

Upper tier: forms a dense "ceiling" of evergreen trees with broad leaves that grow close together. It is because of this layer that sunlight cannot penetrate into the lower levels and onto the ground. The growth of trees in this region is from 20 to 40 meters. This layer makes up the main life support of the rainforest and is home to most tropical animals - leopards, jaguars and exotic birds.

lower tier- undergrowth. It is located immediately below the upper tier and consists of tropical plants that grow up to 20 meters. There is little air movement in this layer and the humidity is constantly high. Due to the lack of sunlight, this layer is constantly in the shade, and herbs, shrubs, trees and woody vines grow here.

And last - forest floor. She hardly gets any sunlight. It is unlikely that any vegetation can be found in this layer, but it is rich in microorganisms. This layer is rich in animals and insects. Giant anteaters, beetles, frogs, snakes, lizards and a variety of insects inhabit the forest floor.

How do animals and plants survive in such a warm and humid climate typical of these forests. Here are some examples of adaptation:

  • Trees in tropical rainforests should not have thick bark to prevent moisture loss. Thus, they have a thin and smooth bark.
  • These forests are characterized by high rainfall and the leaves of the trees have developed "drip runoff" to allow rainwater to run off quickly. These are waxy grooves on the leaves.
  • The leaves of the trees at the lower levels are wide, while those at the higher levels are narrow, in order to allow sunlight to pass through to the lower levels.
  • There are creepers that climb tree trunks and reach the uppermost layers in search of.
  • There are plants such as those that grow directly on trees.
  • Plants in the lower layers of tropical rainforests have spectacular blooms and attract insects for pollination as there is not much wind at these levels.
  • Carnivorous Plants: Many of the tropical plants obtain their nutrition by eating animals and insects.

Other commercially important plants: cashews, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, coffee, cocoa, mangoes, bananas, papaya, peanuts, pineapple, nutmeg, sesame, sugarcane, tamarind, turmeric, vanilla are just a few of the many plants with which we have to face in everyday life and which grow precisely in tropical rainforests.

Of the houseplants that are often found here, monstera, spathiphyllum, stromantha, ferns grow here (dendrobium, cattleya, vanda, oncidium, phalaenopsis, paphiopedilum, etc.), anthurium, medinilla, akalifa, selaginella, pineapple, banana, bromeliad, vriesia, heliconia, arrowroot, gloriosa, gusmania, diplatia, dieffenbachia, jacaranda, philodendron, zebrina, ixora, calathea, caladium, ctenant, clerodendrum, episcia, koleria, codiaum, coconut, columnea, costus, crossandra, neoregelia, nepenthes, passiflora, pachistachis, plectranthus, poliscias, saintpaulia, synningia, scindapsus, Robelin date, eschinanthus. All of them need high humidity in room conditions.


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Our environment is sometimes taken for granted. Even something unique, like, is forgotten. It seems a little bit of knowledge and a push in the right direction can make people appreciate the environment. So why not start with the wonder that is the rainforest?

Despite the fact that tropical forests cover less than two percent of the total surface area of ​​​​the Earth, about 50% and live in them. They are also found on every continent except Antarctica. It's very amazing! Now let's see what plants are found here. Out of 40,000 species, in this article, you will learn about 10 of the most amazing rainforest plants that will blow your mind and help you get closer to the amazing nature of our planet.

Bananas

Bananas are one of the amazing rainforest plants. Even though they look like trees, bananas are not trees but giant herbaceous plants. In a year they reach their full height ranging from 3 to 6 m. The flowers eventually develop into fruits and then mature and are used as food by humans and animals. Banana stems can weigh almost 45 kg and are almost 93% water.

Spreading: Central America, South America, Africa, Southeast Asia as well as non-tropical regions such as the United States of America thanks to modern agricultural technology.

Orchid

Orchids are the largest plant family in the world. The species vary greatly in weight and size, with some petals reaching 75 cm in length and inflorescences growing up to 3 m in length. They can also have a different color, with the exception of black. Orchids grow on rocks, in soil, underground and on other plants, relying on certain insects or birds for pollination.

Spreading: extremely well adapted and growing in Central America, South America and along the Andean mountains.

Coffee

What would you do if you didn't have a cup of coffee in the morning? Surely that would be terrible. For coffee, you can thank the rainforest coffee plant. It can grow up to 9 m in height, but is considered a bush or shrub. Coffee fruits resemble grapes, and contain two coffee beans inside. It takes six to eight years for a plant to grow, and its lifespan can be up to 100 years.

Spreading: Ethiopia, Sudan, and Latin America are home to more than two-thirds of the total number of coffee trees on the planet.

Brazilian nut

Rising above all other trees in the rainforest, the Brazil nut can reach over 50 m in height. The plant is widely known for its nutrient-rich fruits. The outer layer of the fruit is so hard that only agouti, a large rodent with sharp teeth, can damage it.

Spreading: tropical forests of Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru.

Euphorbia is the most beautiful

This beautiful plant is found in tropical forests as a bush or tree. One might think that the red part of the plant is the flowers, but they are actually the bracts. The flowers are small yellow inflorescences in the middle of the leaves. Also, to clear up the rumors, they are not poisonous, although some believe they are.

Spreading: Mexico and Central America.

Cocoa

The cocoa tree is an evergreen plant whose fruits are pods containing 20 to 60 reddish brown cocoa beans. To obtain 500 g of cocoa, 7 to 14 pods are required. It is very important that the cocoa is harvested correctly.

Spreading: grows below an altitude of 300 m above sea level in regions that receive about 10 cm of precipitation per month. Cocoa originated in the Amazon rainforest and can be found today in southern Mexico.

Hevea brazilian

This tree can grow up to 40 m in height. Hevea brasiliensis is characterized by its milky white sap, which is commonly referred to as natural rubber, and rubber is made from it. The tree is used to produce rubber at the age of six.

Spreading: Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.

heliconia

This genus of plants includes almost 200 species distributed in tropical America. Depending on the species, these plants can grow up to 4.5 m in height. Flowers can be colored in shades of red, orange, yellow and green. The bracts actually hide the flowers of the plant and protect the nectar, so only certain birds, such as hummingbirds, can get to them. Butterflies also love to feast on sweet nectar.

Spreading: Central and South America.

sapodilla

This strong wind-resistant tree has an extensive root system and bark containing a milky sap called latex. The egg-shaped fruits contain a grainy yellow fruit inside and taste similar to a pear. It is considered the best fruit in Central America, and even the mammals of the rainforest love to snack on it. The first chewing gum was created from the fruit of the sapodilla by the Aztecs!

Spreading: southern Mexico, Belize and northeastern Guatemala.

Bromeliads

Bromeliads include over 2,700 species that grow on the ground, on rocks, and on other plants. These beautiful plants have bright flowers. One of the most famous representatives of the bromeliad family is the sweet, wonderful fruit of the pineapple! Bromeliads are even sometimes a refuge for frogs, snails and salamanders, where they stay for life.

Spreading: Central and South America. One species is also found in West Africa.

The rainforest is home to many amazing plants, including those that so many of us feast on; so it is very important to keep this unique. Imagine that you live without bananas, coffee, chocolate, pineapples and beautiful orchids. It's quite sad!

Animals and plants of tropical forests.

Trushnikova Julia, 2nd "d" class, MAOU secondary school No. 91, Tyumen



It's very hot and humid here.


The abundance of heat and moisture is the main reason for the fabulous richness and diversity of plants and animals in the tropical rainforest.


Weather.

The weather here is amazing. Before sunrise, the forest is cool and quiet. The sun is rising and the temperature is starting to rise. The heat is on, the air is suffocating. Clouds appear in the sky, lightning flashes, thunder rumbles and a downpour begins. Water flows like a continuous stream. Under its weight, branches of trees break and collapse. Rivers overflow their banks. The rain usually lasts no more than an hour. Before sunset, the sky clears, the wind subsides, and soon the forest is plunged into darkness.


Tropical forest plants.

Tropical rainforest - multi-tiered, evergreen, extremely rich in the number of plant species.


The trees of the upper tier rise to 80-100 m in height. The longest terrestrial plants also grow here - palm-lianas (rattans), stretching for 300-400 m.


Tropical forest plants.

In the lower tiers of the rainforest it is gloomy, hot and stuffy, like in a greenhouse. Tree trunks are entwined with woody and herbaceous vines, ferns, orchids.


tropical plants

  • dictiophora mushroom
  • Rafflesia
  • Orchid
  • Banana

tropical plants

  • sundew, carnivorous plant

Nepenthes plants - predators

  • victoria water lily leaves

Tropical forest animals.

Among tropical animals, there are both formidable predators and completely harmless rodents or lizards. Colored parrots and giant butterflies fly in the forests, large spiders lurk on the leaves, monkeys sway on the vines.


The rainforest is very rich in animals. It is home to many different kinds of monkeys. A long tenacious tail helps the monkeys deftly climb trees. The spider monkey has a particularly long and prehensile tail.

Another monkey, the howler monkey, wraps its tail around the branch and holds it like a hand. Howler was named for its powerful, obnoxious voice.

There are many different types of bats in South America. Among them are blood-sucking leaf-beetles that attack horses and mules, and vampires.



There are many different snakes and lizards in the rainforests. Among them are boas, anaconda, reaching 11 m in length. Many snakes, due to the protective coloration of the skin, are hardly noticeable among the forest greenery.

There are especially many lizards in the tropical rainforest. Geckos are sitting on the trees. An iguana is interesting, living both on trees and on the ground. This lizard has a very beautiful emerald green color. She eats plant foods.




Near reservoirs in the thicket of the forest you can see a tapir. The animal reaches 2 m in length. He, like a pig, loves to wallow in puddles.

The strongest predator in the rainforest is the jaguar. This is a large yellow cat with black spots on the skin. She is good at climbing trees.

Among the predators of southern Asia, the Bengal tiger is the most famous.

Leopard attacks domestic animals; he is cunning, bold, and dangerous to humans. There are black leopards (panthers).


Of the birds of great interest is the hoatzin. This is a rather large bird with a large crest on its head. The nest of the hoatzin is placed above the water, in the branches of trees or thickets of shrubs. Chicks are not afraid to fall into the water: they swim and dive well. Hoatzin chicks have long claws on the first and second fingers of the wing, which help them climb branches and branches.

There are over 160 species of parrots in the rainforests of South America. The most famous are green Amazonian parrots. They are good at speaking.

This is a hornbill.

Only in one country - in America - live the smallest birds - hummingbirds. These are unusually bright and beautifully colored fast-flying birds, some of them the size of a bumblebee.


In tropical forests, the world of insects is diverse. Very large diurnal butterflies are numerous.

There are many spiders in the tropical belt of South America. Among them, the largest is the tarantula.


Why are tropical forests needed?

Tropical forests are very necessary for our planet. Plants growing in them absorb carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to most of our Earth. Tropical forests are home to a huge number of different inhabitants of the Earth. If tropical forests disappear, then all these living creatures will lose their homes or simply die out, as dinosaurs died out in their time.

Tropical forests, due to their impassability, keep many secrets from people. And when there are secrets that have not yet been discovered by anyone, life in the world is much more interesting.


Thank you for your attention!

As a biogeographic unit of the subdivision of the living cover of the land, types of biomes are distinguished at the global level, to a certain extent close to the zonal types of vegetation and animal population. The types of biomes formed under different hydrothermal conditions differ in the spectrum of life forms and the most important features of the structure of their communities. Each type of biome has its own, characteristic only for this type, options for the structure of communities; territorially and dynamically conjugated series of biogeocenoses are formed. The main types of land biomes are shown in fig. 60.

Tropical moist evergreen forests

These forests are distributed in humid areas with an annual rainfall of 1500 to 12000 mm and more and a relatively even distribution throughout the year. An even annual course of air temperature is characteristic: the average monthly indicators fluctuate within 1 - 2 °С. The daily temperature amplitude is much larger and can reach 9 °C. Under the forest canopy, especially on the soil surface, the diurnal amplitudes sharply decrease. Thus, the hydrothermal regime of the areas of distribution of humid evergreen tropical forests during the year is optimal for the development of living organisms.

Moist evergreen tropical or evergreen rain forests are concentrated in three vast regions of the world: in the northern part of South America (including the vast massif in the Amazon basin) and the adjacent part of Central America, in West Equatorial Africa and the Indo-Malayan region.

Vegetation. Forests of this type are among the most complex plant formations on Earth. One of the striking features is their amazing richness in species, huge taxonomic diversity. On average, there are between 40 and 170 tree species per hectare; herbs are much less (10-15 species). Considering

Rice. 60. Zonal types of land biomes (G. Walter, 1985): I - evergreen tropical rainforests, almost without seasonal aspects; II - tropical deciduous forests or savannas; III - subtropical desert vegetation; IV - subtropical sclerophyllous forests and shrubs sensitive to frost; V - temperate evergreen forests sensitive to frost; VI - broad-leaved deciduous forests resistant to frost; VII - steppes and deserts of regions with cold winters, resistant to frost; VIII - boreal coniferous forests (taiga); IX - tundra, usually on permafrost soils; filled contours - alpine vegetation

variety of lianas and epiphytes, the number of species in a relatively homogeneous forest area can be 200 - 300 or more. The predominant group of life forms are phanerophytes, represented by evergreen hygromorphic and megathermal crown-forming trees with slender and straight smooth trunks of light green or white, not protected by bark, branching only in the very upper part. Many are characterized by a superficial root system, which, when the trunks fall, takes a vertical position. Over 70% of tropical rainforest species are phanerophytes.

The change of leaves in trees occurs in different ways: some plants shed them gradually during the year, others are characterized by a change in periods of leaf formation and dormancy. The change of leaves at different times on different shoots of the same tree is also quite remarkable. The leaves are often devoid of bud scales, sometimes they are protected by appressed petiole bases or stipules.

Tropical trees can flower and bear fruit continuously throughout the year or intermittently, several times a year, many species annually. Among the important ecological and morphological features, the phenomenon of caulifloria should be noted - the development of flowers and inflorescences on the trunks and large branches of trees, especially those located in the lower tiers of the forest.

There are also perennial herbs and groups of plants, often called extra-tiered or inter-tiered: creepers, epiphytes, semi-epiphytes. Each of these groups of life forms is distinguished by peculiar ecological adaptations.

Among vines, climbing plants, woody forms are predominantly developed, but herbaceous forms are also found. Many of them have fairly thick trunks (up to 20 cm in diameter), which, climbing the trunks of support trees, wrap them around them like ropes. As a rule, the leaves of vines are developed at the level of tree crowns. Creepers are diverse in the way they climb onto support trees. They can climb them, clinging with their antennae, twist around a support, lean on the trunk with shortened branches. Among the large lianas there are species commensurate in height with

the tallest trees. They sometimes grow so fast and develop such a mass of branches and leaves at the top of their trunks that they destroy the trees that support them. Often, the vines are so intertwined with the branches of the crowns of several trees that the dead tree does not fall, supported by the vines for a long time. The dense crowns of vines drastically reduce the amount of light penetrating under the forest canopy. Lianas grow in abundance along the edges, along the banks of rivers, in lighted areas.

Epiphytes are equally diverse, using trunks, branches and even leaves of trees as a substrate for settlement, but do not absorb water and mineral nutrients from living organisms. They are all saprophytes, getting their nutrients from dead organic matter, sometimes with the help of mycorrhiza.

According to the forms of growth, epiphytes with tanks, nesting and epiphytes-sconces are distinguished.

Epiphytes with cisterns accumulate water in rosettes of leaves and use it with the help of adventitious roots penetrating into them. Peculiar microcenoses of the second order appear in rosettes, with algae and numerous aquatic invertebrates. This group of epiphytes includes representatives of the bromeliad family living in the forests of Central and South America.

Nest epiphytes and sconce epiphytes are characterized by the ability to accumulate soil rich in nutrients between the roots that form a "nest", as, for example, in the "bird's nest" fern.

Semi-epiphytes evolved from climbing vines with the help of roots, through the gradual loss of contact with the soil as a necessary condition for existence. Semi-epiphytes remain alive if all the roots that bind them to the soil are cut.

Epiphytes play a big role in the life of the tropical rainforest: they accumulate up to 130 kg/ha of humus and intercept up to 6000 l/ha of rainwater, more than tree leaves absorb.

The number of families (as well as species) of herbaceous plants is much less than that of trees. Rubiaceae are well represented among them, a small number of grasses are constantly present, Selaginella and ferns are common. Only on clearings in the middle of the forest does the grass cover acquire a closed character, but usually it is sparse.

A huge variety of trees and interlayer plants determines the complex structure of the forest. The height of the tree canopy varies in different types of forest from 30 to 50 m, crowns of individual trees rise above the common canopy, reaching a height of more than 60 m, these are the so-called emergents. The trees that form

the main canopy from its upper to lower boundaries is many, and therefore the tiers in the vertical structure are weakly expressed.

The shrub layer is practically absent. At the corresponding height, woody plants with a main stem, the so-called dwarf trees, and tall grasses are represented. Among the latter are species of herbaceous phanerophytes, i.e. herbs with perennial stems.

The grass cover of a humid tropical forest consists of representatives of two groups: shade-loving, living with a significant degree of shading, and shade-tolerant, normally developing in areas with sparse stands and oppressed under a closed forest canopy.

Numerous creepers and epiphytes complicate the structure of the forest even more, the vegetative organs of which are located at different heights.

animal population. The fauna of tropical rainforests is as rich and diverse as the flora. Complex in terms of territorial and trophic structure, saturated polydominant communities of animals are formed here. As with plants, it is difficult to identify dominant species or groups among animals on all "floors" of a tropical rainforest. In all seasons of the year, environmental conditions allow animals to breed, and although the reproduction of individual species may be associated with any period of the year, in general this process occurs constantly in the community. The polydominant structure of communities and year-round reproduction correspond to the smooth dynamics of the number of animals, without sharp peaks and declines.

In the structure of the animal community, one can clearly distinguish the soil, litter, and ground layers; above, there is a series of intersecting tree layers.

The abundance of animal tree layers is provided by a mass of green fodder, the presence of a "hanging" layer of soil under epiphytes and a multitude of "above-ground reservoirs" in their rosettes, leaf axils, hollows and all kinds of depressions on tree trunks. Therefore, various near-aquatic and soil animals widely penetrate into tree layers: crustaceans, centipedes, nematodes, leeches, amphibians. According to the functional role in the biocenoses of the tropical forest, a number of leading trophic groups can be distinguished, some of them noticeably predominate in one or another layer of the forest. So, with the general abundance and diversity of saprophages - consumers of dead plant mass - the dominance of these animals is strongly pronounced in the soil-litter layer, where leaf, branch and stem litter is abundant, coming from all the higher layers. Various groups of phytophages - consumers of live plant mass -

distributed mainly in the middle and upper "floors" of the forest.

Termites are the leading group of saprophages in the rainforest. These social insects build nests both on the soil and on tree branches. Ground termite nests in the forest are much less impressive than the well-known termite nests in the savannas. Terrestrial mounds are often mushroom-shaped - a kind of roof that protects insects from daily tropical downpours. Termite nests located on trees are located at the base of a thick branch near the trunk. Such a high placement of nests in termites is a protection against waterlogging. However, with any placement of nests, the main feeding layer of termites is soil and litter. These layers are literally penetrated by their feeding passages. They eat plant litter, deadwood, animal excrement and wood of growing trees. Digestion of fiber in the intestinal tract is carried out with the help of unicellular flagella, decomposing it into simpler carbohydrates - sugars, which are absorbed by termites. The flagellates themselves, whose body weight is up to a third of the host's body weight, can only exist in the intestines of the termite. Termites deprived of flagellates cannot cope with the digestion of food and die. Thus, relations of obligate (mandatory) symbiosis develop between termites and flagellates. In a tropical rain forest, the number of termite mounds per 1 ha can reach 800-1000, and the termites themselves number from 500 to 10 thousand individuals per 1 m 2.

Various larvae of insects (dipterans, beetles, aphids), adult forms (imagoes) of various small beetles, hay-eaters and aphids, larvae of herbivorous centipedes, and the nodule themselves are also involved in the processing of plant litter. Abundant in the litter and earthworms. The tropical forests of South Africa and Australia are inhabited by giant soil earthworms, reaching several meters in length, which are rare everywhere and are included in the International Red Book of Protected Animals.

Phytophages are diverse in the tree layer: beetles, butterfly caterpillars, stick insects, gnawing leaf tissues, as well as cicadas,

sucking juices from leaves, leaf-cutting ants. A feature of the rainforest is anthills built from tree leaves, not only in the natural forest, but also on citrus, hevea, and coffee plantations.

Pollen and nectar of flowers, along with leaves, feed on adult forms of beetles: beetles, weevils, barbels. Many of them simultaneously act as plant pollinators, which is especially important in the conditions of a closed forest canopy, where wind pollination is practically excluded.

A large group of consumers of green plant matter, as well as flowers and fruits of trees, is formed by monkeys living on trees. In the African rain forest, these are brightly colored colobuses, or Gverets, various monkeys. In the South American hylaea, large howler monkeys consume plant foods, in South Asia - langurs, gibbons and orangutans.

In the forests of New Guinea and Australia, where there are no monkeys, their place is taken by arboreal marsupials - couscous and tree kangaroos, and in Madagascar - various lemurs.

Other representatives of the group of woody phytophages are two-toed and three-toed sloths inhabiting the forests of South America, fruit-eating fruit bats, widespread in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere.

In the tropical rainforests of South America in the terrestrial layer, the largest herbivorous animal is the lowland tapir, whose mass reaches 250 kg. Here you can meet peccaries that look like wild boars, as well as several species of small primitive pointed-horned deer-mazam. In the terrestrial layer of the South American hyla, large rodents are common, ecologically replacing ungulates here. The capybara reaches the largest size (length up to 1.5 m, and weight up to 60 kg). These long-legged rodents live in large herds, are excellent swimmers and often graze in riverine swampy meadows.

Gorilla apes live in the terrestrial layer of the African rainforest. Their food is mainly bamboo sprouts, shoots of various herbaceous plants, less often - the fruits of trees. Ungulates in the African rainforest are not numerous. Among them, the bushy pig, the large forest pig, the bongo antelope and the pygmy hippopotamus stand out in size.

Birds of the tropical rainforest, consuming plant foods, inhabit all tiers of the forest. Typical consumers of fruits in African hylaea are turaco, or banana-eaters, from the cuckoo-like order.

Large, with a huge thick beak, often equipped with an outgrowth from above, hornbills are found in the tropical forests of the eastern hemisphere. They, like banana-eaters, are bad flyers and

collect fruits from terminal branches, using a long, powerful, but hollow beak inside.

In the Amazonian hylaea, a similar ecological niche is occupied by toucans from the woodpecker order. These birds also have a long and thick beak, but without outgrowths on the mandible. Their main food is the fruits of trees, but on occasion they also eat small animals. Toucans nest in hollows abandoned by woodpeckers, or in natural hollows, but they themselves are not hollowed out.

Large-legged, or weedy, chickens inhabit the tropical forests of Northern Australia, New Guinea and the islands of the Malay Archipelago. These birds almost do not fly, keep under the forest canopy, collecting seeds, fruits and small invertebrates.

In the tropics of the Old World, small bright birds that feed on the nectar of flowers are common - nectaries from the order of passerines. In the Amazonian rainforest, outwardly similar hummingbirds from the order of long-winged, distant relatives of swifts live.

A variety of pigeons feed on the fruits and seeds of trees, which are usually green in color to match the color of the foliage. There are many colorful parrots in the tropical forests.

The dominant group of predators in the rainforest are ants, most of which feed mainly or exclusively on all kinds of animal food. Pronounced predatory ants belong to the subfamily of bulldog ants. Termites form the basis of their diet. Bulldog ants live in ground nests and actively protect them from any enemy. They constantly roam, destroying all life in their path, stray ants - dorilins. During the day they travel, and at night they cling to a large ball, inside which are placed larvae, pupae and the progenitor of the family - the female queen. Tailor ants are common in Africa and South Asia. They build nests in the crown of trees from several green leaves glued together along the edges with a thin sticky thread. Ants get this thread from their larvae.

Amphibians in tropical rainforests inhabit not only the terrestrial, but also tree layers, go far from water bodies due to high air humidity. Even their reproduction sometimes takes place away from water. The most characteristic inhabitants of the arboreal layer are bright green, bright red or blue tree frogs, common in the Amazon and in the tropical forests of South Asia.

In South America, marsupial tree frogs live, the females of which carry their eggs in a special brood pouch on their backs. In Africa, where tree frogs are absent, as well as in Southeast Asia, copepod frogs are widespread. Some species are able to make gliding jumps up to 12 m long due to widely spread membranes between the toes. In

In all large regions of tropical forests, legless amphibians live - worms, slowly digging in the litter and soil in search of food. In South America and Africa, there are peculiar reptiles - legless and almost blind amphisbaenas, or two-legged. Some of them (for example, the South American ibizhara) settle in termite mounds or anthills and collect a constant "tribute" from their population, and special secretions of amphisbaena reliably protect them from ant bites. The most typical for the tree canopy of the tropical forest are lizards of the gecko family. The fingers of geckos are equipped with extended discs with many microscopic hooks, with which these lizards easily cling to the surface of trunks and even smooth leaves.

Peculiar adaptations to life in the tree canopy of the forest have been developed by chameleons. There are especially many of these amazing animals in Africa and Madagascar. The sizes of chameleons - from several centimeters to half a meter. According to the size, the diet of chameleons also changes: from ants, termites, small flies and butterflies to lizards, large cockroaches and even birds.

Large snakes prey on rodents, reptiles, amphibians, and small ungulates in the ground layer of the tropical rainforest. The largest snake in the world, the anaconda, lives in the waters of the Amazon, reaching a length of 5-6m. Snakes of tree tiers are especially diverse, usually painted in different shades of green and completely invisible among the foliage. Tree snakes have a thin whip-like body, they skillfully disguise themselves, freezing among the branches, becoming like creepers or thin branches.

Birds that consume animal food in the rainforest occupy all its floors, especially a lot of them in the upper, sparse tiers. Insectivorous birds belong to different families: flycatchers, drong and larval eaters in the tropics of the Old World, trogons that live on all continents, tyrannical and forest songbirds of South America. Diverse in all regions are crayfish - kingfishers, bee-eaters. Some kingfishers are associated with water bodies and hunt for fish and other aquatic life, but many live far from water and feed on lizards, insects, and small rodents.

There are many real birds of prey in the tropical forests, hunting large rodents, snakes, monkeys. The monkey-eating harpy lives in the forests of the Amazon, whose name indicates its food specialization. However, in addition to monkeys, this large, up to 1 m long, predator catches sloths, agoutis, opossums, and sometimes birds.

Among the rainforest mammals, many species consume ants and termites. In African Hylaea and Southeast

In Asia, the pangolin feeds on them, covered instead of wool with large horny scales. The tree anteater lives in the Amazonian forests. These animals have powerful front paws with strong claws, with which they destroy the walls of termite mounds.

Large predators are represented by cats: in the Amazon it is the jaguar and ocelot, in Africa and South Asia it is the leopard. In the tropics of the Old World, representatives of the viverrid family are numerous - genets, mongooses, civet. All of them lead an arboreal way of life in one way or another.

Thus, the animal population of humid evergreen tropical forests is extremely diverse; here, representatives of different taxonomic groups in each of the three large regions mentioned above convergently adapt to similar environmental conditions, forming a complex system of territorial and trophic relationships.

Ecosystems of humid tropical forests in different regions, despite sharp differences in floristic and faunal composition, are very similar in structure and represent the richest and most saturated communities within the Earth's biosphere. With a significant diversity of tropical forest communities, its biomass is represented by values ​​of the same order. It is usually 350 - 700 t/ha in primary forests (Brazilian mountain rain forests), in secondary forests - 140 - 300 t/ha. Of this biomass, which is the most significant in comparison with the biomass of all terrestrial communities, the predominant part falls on the aboveground organs of plants, mainly trees, the smallest part - on the root systems. The main part of the root systems of trees is located in the soil at a depth of 10 - 30, rarely more than 50 cm. The leaf area varies from 7 to 12 hectares per hectare of soil surface. The values ​​of annual production fluctuate greatly in different types of forest. Net production can be 6 - 50 t / ha, or 1 - 10% of biomass.

Despite the apparent abundance of animal organisms, the latter make up an insignificant part of the total biomass, approximately 1000 kg / ha, or 0.1% of its reserves, and, as in temperate forests, earthworms account for about half of the zoomass.

Tropical rainforests, although they have a powerful and balanced structure, are easily destroyed by anthropogenic impact. On the site of a cut down tropical forest, secondary forest communities arise, which differ significantly from the native species composition and are inferior to them in terms of biomass, productivity, and structural complexity. It takes several centuries to restore the primary forest in favorable conditions.

Moist equatorial forests are home to one of the richest floras in the world, as well as a huge storehouse of valuable wood, many useful and medicinal plants. Due to the difficult terrain, the vegetation of tropical forests has not yet been studied enough. Scientists have found that over 20 thousand flowering plants and about 3 thousand tree species grow here. The forests of South America have a richer flora than those of Africa and Southeast Asia.

General characteristics of the vegetation of equatorial forests

The tropical forest has a complex multi-tiered structure. Trees are distinguished by weakly branching, tall trunks with underdeveloped bark, reaching up to 80 m in height and having elongated board-like roots at the base. Most of the trees are densely entwined with creepers.

Plants and shrubs of the middle tier have wide leaves that help them absorb the light of the sun under the dense crowns of taller trees. The surface of the leaves is mostly leathery, shiny and has a dark green color. The grass cover under the forest canopy is represented by shrubs, mosses and lichens. Another characteristic feature of tropical vegetation is a thin tree bark with fruits and flowers growing on it.

Consider some plants of humid equatorial forests in more detail:

Vegetation is represented by a huge variety of extra-tiered plants - epiphytes and lianas. More than 200 species of palms and ficuses, about 70 species of bamboo plants, 400 species of ferns and 700 species of orchids grow here. The flora of the tropics is different on different continents. In the tropics of South America, ficuses and palm trees, bananas, Brazilian hevea, fragrant cedar (cigarette cases are made from its wood) grow widely. Ferns, creepers and shrubs grow in the lower tiers. Of the epiphytes, orchids and bromeliads are widely found. In the African rainforests, the most common trees are the legume family, the coffee and cocoa trees, and the oil palm.

Lianas. The most famous representatives of the flora of the rainforest. They are distinguished by strong and large woody stems, reaching a length of over 70 m. Among them, the most interesting are the bamboo liana with shoots up to 20 m long, the medicinal strophanthus liana, and also poisonous physostigma growing in West Africa. The legumes of this creeper contain physostigmine, which is used in glaucoma.

Ficus stranglers. Seeds germinate, falling into the crevices of the trunks. The roots then form a tight frame around the host tree that keeps the ficus alive, preventing its growth and causing death.

Hevea brazilian. Rubber extracted from the milky sap of the tree makes up about 90% of its production in the world.

Ceiba. It reaches a height of up to 70 m. Oil is obtained from the seeds for the production of soap, and cotton fiber is extracted from the fruits, which are stuffed with upholstered furniture, toys and used for heat and sound insulation.

Oil palm. “Palm oil” is extracted from its fruits, from which candles, margarine and soap are produced, and sweet juice is drunk fresh or used to produce wines and alcoholic beverages.