Mustachioed night bat description. Red Book. Belonging to the objects of action of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation
mustachioed bat- small bat. Body length 38 - 48 mm, forearm length 32-39 mm. The condylobasal length of the skull is 12.4–14.3 mm; the length of the upper row of teeth is 4.8–5.8 mm. The largest individuals are found in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia and the Pamirs, the smallest - in Central Asia. The color of the back is from pale-sandy to dark brown-brown, the belly is from pure white to brown-gray. The ear extended along the head usually protrudes 1-3 mm beyond the tip of the nose.
The wing membrane of the mustachioed bat is attached to the hind limb at the base of the outer finger. The length of the foot does not exceed half the length of the lower leg. There is no epiblem. The length of the spur is about half of the free edge of the interfemoral membrane. The tail is relatively long, in some cases it can reach the length of the body. Ear stretched forward along the head.
The apex of the ear is narrow, mastoid elongated, and there is a clearly visible indentation on the posterior edge of the auricle. The tragus, narrowly pointed, evenly tapering towards the apex, usually exceeds half the height of the auricle. The male genital organ (penis) in the European-Siberian forms (in contrast to the close M. ikonnikovi) is rather large, expanded at the end, in animals from Central Asia (with the exception of the Pamirs) it is small, almost the same diameter throughout. The color of dense, slightly disheveled fur varies from dark brown-brown to gray-fawn on the upper side of the body, from brownish-gray to pure white on the underside of the body.
The skull of the mustachioed bat varies greatly in shape. The narrowing of the end part of the facial region is very characteristic: the interorbital gap always exceeds the distance between the outer edges of the upper canines. The ridges are not developed. The European-Siberian bats have an elongated skull, with a slightly flattened brain capsule and a gentle curve in the profile in the fronto-nasal region. Small anterior molars are quite large and are located on the midline of the dentition; the anterior small anterior molars of the upper and lower jaws usually exceed the posterior small anterior molars (P2 and P2) by no more than 1.5–2 times. In animals from Central Asia, the skull is shortened, with a swollen brain capsule and a steeper profile bend in the fronto-nasal region. Small anterior radicals are sharply reduced; the second small anterior maxilla (P2) usually has negligible dimensions, is pushed inward from the dentition and is almost invisible when viewed from the side of the skull; the second small anterior lower jaw (P2) is also significantly inferior in diameter and height to the first anterior molars). In addition, there are transitional forms (Caucasus, Pamir) that have a combination of features of the above extreme forms. There are no protocones on the upper posterior teeth.
Differences. From outwardly similar and close in size water bats ( M. daubentoni) European-Siberian mustachioed bats, in addition to the above signs, are distinguished by a less massive physique and slightly disheveled, uneven fur; the almost black bases of the dorsal hairs contrast sharply with their lighter tips. The "mask" - the bare patches of skin on the sides of the muzzle - is hardly noticeable due to the dark coloration and tufts of tousled, sideways hair growing over the upper lip behind the nose. Dark-colored (often black) auricles are not bent by frightened animals, but held straight or pressed back.
Spreading. All Europe, North and Central Asia. To the north it moves up to 64 ° N. sh. (Scandinavia), in the south it reaches the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Iran, Afghanistan, Northern China and the Himalayas. Within the USSR, it inhabits almost the entire territory of the country to the north to about 62-63 ° N. sh. in the European part and up to 60 ° N. sh. in Eastern Siberia.
Data on the number and trends of its change in the region. None. Haven't been studied.
Data about the biology of the species in the area. The biology of the species has not been studied. In other parts of the range during the active period lives in small colonies or singly (1,2,3,4). It occurs in various landscapes - both forest and forest-steppe, steppe and mountain, preferring habitats with an abundance of water bodies. Summer shelters - caves, hollows of trees, attics of houses in settlements, cracks and cracks in rocks. Winters in caves. Part of the population migrates for the winter to the southern regions of the country and, apparently, to Mongolia and China. Average life expectancy is 15 - 16 years (7.8).
The main factors influencing the reduction in numbers. Haven't been studied. Apparently, the same as in other species of bats of the region.
Biology. The mustachioed bat lives both on the plains and in the mountains (up to more than 3000 m above sea level), occurs in forests, steppes and deserts. Summer shelters are very diverse: attics of houses, cracks in walls, hollows of trees, spaces behind loose bark, cracks in rocks, stacks of firewood, small caves, etc. Mustachioed bats usually do not mix with other species of bats. At the time of birth and rearing of young, females settle in small colonies of 3-10, rarely of several dozen individuals. Males and single females stay alone during the brood period, less often in pairs. Young are born in late June-first half of July. In August, after the transition of the young to an independent life, males and females begin to settle together. Information about wintering places and seasonal migrations is fragmentary. Wintering animals are found in caves and adits of the Urals, the north-west of the European part and western Ukraine. Some animals may make long-distance seasonal migrations. Thus, a large number of mustachioed bats in the forests of the Voronezh region is noted only in spring, on the "flight", while in summer the animals are few here. Massive autumn movements of this species were observed in Tashkent. The flight of mustachioed bats is dexterous, with sharp turns.
They leave quite late for evening feeding. They feed at a height of 1.5-5 m among tree crowns, and in treeless regions of Central Asia, they are especially common along fences and walls of adobe buildings, loess cliffs. Often, especially in the south, they hunt near water bodies.
Subspecies. The mustachioed bat is an extremely variable and taxonomically difficult species. Individual authors distinguish up to 17 subspecies, including up to 8 subspecies on the territory of the USSR. The main ones are listed below.
Main literature. Abelentsev V. I., I. G. Pidoplichko, B. M. Popov, 1956:337-345; Bogdanov O.P., 1953: 74-83; Kuzyakin A.P., 1950: 274-383; Ognev S. I., 1928: 447-455 ;
Mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Part 1. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963
Myotis mystacinus Kuhl, 1819
Order Bats - Chiroptera Family Smooth-nosed, or Common bats - Vespertilionidae
Short description. A bat of small size. The coloration on the back is brown. The fur is slightly disheveled, uneven. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer finger of the hind limb. The length of the foot does not exceed half the length of the leg. There is no epiblem. The ear is elongated along the head and protrudes 1-3 mm beyond the tip of the nose. The apex of the ear is narrow, mastoid elongated. A recess on the outer edge and 4-5 transverse folds are clearly visible. The tragus is pointed, evenly tapering towards the apex, exceeding half the length of the auricle. The base of the tragus and the inner edge of the ear are the same color as the entire auricle.
Habitats and biology. Most of the finds are confined to the mountain-steppe landscape. In the Irkutsk region, the only find was made on the river. Urik. Biology is poorly understood. Well-known shelters in the Chita region are confined to outbuildings or stone cracks. Lives in small groups of 3 to 18 animals. There is usually one calf in a litter. Departure is late, but often occurs at dusk. Active all night. It hunts flying at a height of 1-6 m, usually above water bodies and near tree crowns. The flight is fast, with rather sharp turns. The young will be born in June-July. In the northern regions, it flies south for the winter [b].
Spreading. Widespread Paleoarctic species. Inhabits Europe, Northwest Africa and open landscapes of Asia to Mongolia and Northeast China. In the Irkutsk region, one reliable find is known in 1959 in the Cheremkhovo district on the river. Urik. It is possible that the meetings of myotis in the Nizhneudinsk region in the Bol cave belong to this species. Nizhneudinskaya and in the Olkhonsky district in the vicinity of the village. Mal. Kocherikovo (3). Winter finds in the Irkutsk region are not known. No bones were found in the caves.
population. Low, single occurrences in the Irkutsk region. In the Chita region, in the steppe regions, it is more common and second in number only to the two-colored kozhan.
Limiting factors. Not known, due to the fact that the species is located on the outskirts of its range. The negative impact of fires and deforestation, as well as the destruction of temporary shelters from dry trees with hollows and lagging bark, is not excluded.
Conservation Measures Taken and Recommended. Special protection measures have not been developed. It is necessary to find out the current state of the species and, if new habitats are found, to take measures to protect them. Attract bats by hanging birdhouses and other artificial shelters in the woods.
Sources of information: 1 - Botvinkin, 2002; 2 - Catalog..., 1989; 3 - Lyamkin, 1983; 4 - Ovodov, 1972; 5 - Rosina, Kirilyuk, 2000; b - Flint et al., 1970.
Compiler: V.V. Popov.
Painter: D.V. Kuznetsova.
Type:
Class:
Squad:
Bats - ChiropteraSystematic position
The smooth-nosed family - Vespertilionidae.Status
3 "Rare" - 3, RD.Global population endangered category on the IUCN Red List
"Low Risk / Least Concern" - Lower Risk / Least Concern, LR/lc ver. 2.3 (1994).Category according to IUCN Red List criteria
The regional population is categorized as Near Threatened, NT. S. V. Gazaryan.Belonging to the objects of action of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation
Do not belong.Brief morphological description
The sizes are small. Body length 34–49 mm, tail 30–46 mm, ear 11–15.5 mm, forearm 31–37 mm. Weight 3–9 g. Ear with a retracted apex, extended forward, protrudes beyond the tip of the nose, with a noticeable notch on its outer edge; 4-5 transverse folds. On the upper and lower jaws, the first small premolars are noticeably higher than the second. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The foot is small. Wool of medium length, slightly wavy; coloration of the upper side of the body from dark to light brown, without gloss, lower body ♂light gray; the end of the muzzle is dark. In adults, the penis is without thickening in the lower part.
Spreading
In connection with the isolation of several new species that were previously part of M. mystacinus, its current distribution needs to be clarified. The global range of the whiskered bat in the former sense of this species (including the golden bat M. aurascens) covered the whole of Europe south of the 60th parallel, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Western and Central Asia, the Himalayas, Siberia to Transbaikalia, Mongolia and China. The picture of the distribution of the bat bat proper needs to be clarified both within the entire range and in the Russian Federation. The subspecies M. mystacinus caucasicus Tsytsulina, 2000 is described from the Caucasus. The regional range includes mountains and foothills on the territory of the region. The extreme western find in KK belongs to Gelendzhik, the northern boundary of distribution runs along the wooded slopes of the mountainous part of the region.Features of biology and ecology
Sedentary species, closely associated with woody vegetation and forest landscapes. When choosing habitats, it prefers uncut oak and beech forests. It hunts in open spaces - under the crowns of tall forests, on edges, clearings, forest roads, over meadows and river banks. The feeding grounds of one individual are 20–35 hectares and are usually located at a distance of no more than 1 km from the shelter. Summer shelters - in hollows or under the bark of trees, as well as in human buildings. Brood colonies up to several dozen ♀, in a brood usually one cub. Summer and barren ♂
♀
live separately, often staying in wintering shelters. Wintering takes place in caves and other dungeons. In the Caucasus, the places of mass wintering are unknown, only individual animals were found in the caves.
Numbers and trends
The abundance of this species is quite high in the KGPBZ and its environs, and is rare in other parts of the region.Limiting factors
Reduction of the range and area of habitats due to cutting down of massifs of primary forests and old hollow trees. Reduction in the number of caves - winter shelters due to anxiety during their uncontrolled visitation by tourists, arrangement and operation for excursion purposes, and archaeological excavations. The use of pesticides in agriculture and forestry, the treatment of wooden structures with insecticides have a negative effect.Necessary and additional security measures
Similar to those of the long-eared bat (Myotis bechsteinii).Sources of information
1. Kozhurina, 1997; 2. Benda, Tsytsulina, 2000; 3 Boye and Dietz 2004; 4. horaek et al., 2000; 5. IUCN, 2004; 6. Schober and Grimmberger, 1989; 7. Unpublished data of the compiler.This is a small bat that has a body length of only 48 mm. Similar to the water bat, but slightly smaller than the latter.
The upper side of the body of the bat is colored gray-brown, the lower side is dark gray. The coloration of these mice is subject to strong variations: juveniles are colored darker. Dental 2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3 = 38. The ears are rather long. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe.
The mustachioed bat is distributed almost throughout the Eurasian continent, with the exception of the northern regions.
This mouse settles both in hollows and in buildings. It also lives in gullies and karst clefts. Bats usually do not form large clusters. Its flight is not particularly fast, which is obviously due to the structure of its relatively wide wings. As a rule, it flies among the crowns of trees, in forest glades, in the alleys of parks, etc. The night bat usually flies out to hunt, it flies out quite late, only with the onset of thick twilight. The bat usually hunts near water bodies. The bat feeds mainly on small insects.