The device los autonomous sewage. Local treatment facilities for sewerage and storm drains. Local treatment facilities for domestic wastewater

Sewage treatment facilities are necessary for the rational disposal of waste, domestic and storm water. If these structures do not function properly, significant harm can be done to the environment. That is why the work of sewer systems is regulated and controlled at the legislative level.

The principle of operation of the sewer structure

The sewerage system can include a variety of devices. But, despite this, waste treatment is carried out according to a certain algorithm.

First step

At the first stage, wastewater is cleaned mechanically. Detention of large contaminants, which are of mineral and organic origin, is carried out by gratings and a sieve. With the help of sand traps, smaller particles are filtered - broken glass, sand and slag. The membrane device performs a more thorough cleaning. Suspended solids are separated in the sump. In this way mineral impurities are removed.

Second phase

In the next step, biological agents are used for cleaning. Organic compounds decompose under the influence of especially active bacteria. The liquid is passed through a biofilter. As a result, silt and gaseous compounds are formed.

Third stage

At the final stage of wastewater disinfection, additional chemical compounds are used. The resulting liquid can already be used for technical purposes.

Types of sewer systems

Sewage treatment facilities are designed before the start of construction work. It is important to choose the right sewer structure that can solve the tasks of waste disposal and have a sufficient level of performance. Today, wastewater treatment can be done using the following devices:

local treatment devices;
individual autonomous structures;
block systems and modules.

Local cleaning systems

Local treatment facilities are such structures with the help of which waste is cleaned and collected at objects of various sizes. They can have a household or industrial purpose and are the basis.

In classical treatment devices, the speed of movement of effluents decreases with distance from the place of discharge. There is a gradual settling of solid particles at the bottom. Removal of other impurities is carried out by post-treatment systems. For classical treatment facilities, sufficiently large tanks are required in which waste is settled. Such a requirement is difficult to implement in individual buildings.

With the help of local treatment systems, wastewater is collected and treated in private houses or small villages where there is no central sewerage system. Consider the most common local constructions.

The use of septic tanks

Septic tanks are often used to equip an autonomous sewer system in country houses. They usually look like plastic containers. Plastic has the necessary performance characteristics:

it weighs little - tanks are easy to transport and install;
the material withstands the impact of an aggressive environment;
does not rust;
has sufficient strength.

Each tank contains a different number of sections that perform specific functions. Some act as a sump, while others treat wastewater with the help of biologically active microorganisms. The third is used for filtering.

Septic tanks are widely used in the construction of private treatment facilities. They are convenient to operate. They have a long service life. The device of the sewer system can be completely autonomous. In order to increase the level of wastewater treatment, the design is equipped with additional elements - fields that carry out filtration and aeration.

The simplest and most effective septic tank

Aerotanks

These purification devices are an integral part of large sewerage facilities that process wastewater from industrial enterprises. They look like huge reservoirs. Water and activated sludge are mixed in the tanks. Oxygen is used to speed up the reaction. Sometimes aerotanks are used in the construction of autonomous sewage systems in a private house. In this case, they are small. Usually they are mounted in septic tanks. Aerotanks may include special traps. They remove grease and oil products from drains.

Use of biological filters

When constructing sewage systems, biological filters are also used. Most often they are used as built-in structures. Biofilters are part of local treatment facilities. In these devices, wastewater is treated with the help of special bacteria. Microorganisms contribute to the accelerated decomposition of sewage. At the outlet, a liquid is formed that will not harm the environment and can merge into the soil.

Storm sewer systems

In local treatment facilities, harmful impurities, inorganic and organic waste are removed from wastewater. In the future, the purified liquid is used to irrigate the fields. But in order to collect, transport and purify melt and rainwater, storm sewer treatment facilities are also used. Ordinary sewer structures do not cope with this task.

Rainwater treatment plants must ensure the safety of the foundation, pavement and lawns surrounding the main structure.

They include pipes, gutters and storm water inlets. Through them, excess water is transported to a common collector.

The system is placed below the freezing level of the soil. The design contains filters to retain sand and other small particles. Cleaned fluid must enter the collector.

More fine purification of sewage rainwater is carried out with the help of additional devices: a sorption unit and a filter for removing oil products. At the final stage, purified water descends into reservoirs or is used for watering the garden. It should be borne in mind that in this sewer system it is necessary to periodically replace the filtration elements.

Autonomous sewer facilities

The design of autonomous systems for sewage is very similar to the design of local treatment facilities. But they also have their own distinctive features. This class of sewer systems includes septic tanks and wastewater collection tanks, in which wastewater is accumulated at the initial stage, and only then they are filtered.

Application of block and modular structures

Block and modular sewer facilities carry out deep wastewater treatment. They are more commonly used in industrial and manufacturing areas. With the help of such devices, the following tasks are solved:

a high level of wastewater treatment is provided;
the content of silt in the purified liquid is reduced;
the environment is protected from exposure to harmful substances;
the possibility of reusing water.

Such systems have increased performance. They can be used to serve entire areas. Used in wide temperature ranges.

The choice of sewer design

To choose the right cleaning system, you need to consider a number of factors:

total daily fluid intake;
preferred type of sewer structure;
mode of use of the sewer structure;
the location of the object.

Some devices can work offline. Others require electricity or other forms of energy to function. Certain systems cannot be used in close proximity to groundwater.

When arranging the treatment system, one should be guided by existing sanitary standards. If it is necessary to use a sewage truck to remove waste, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of free access to the waste storage site.

Features of the design work

When designing sewage treatment plants, it is necessary to foresee the occurrence of various situations that may subsequently affect the performance of the system. It is also necessary to take into account the existing legal framework.

Its basis is the security functions to protect the natural environment. The cleaning system must be located in a sanitary protected area. During the design process, attention should be paid to the following indicators:

dimensions and volume of the sewer structure;
optimal type of device;
location of groundwater;
the level of soil freezing;
system performance;
the cleaning method used;
optimization of the installation of a sewer device.

So that subsequently there is no conflict with the sanitary permitting services, a number of documents must be prepared before the construction of the sewerage system:

an agreement on the right of ownership or lease of a land plot;
layout of the place where the treatment plant is supposed to be placed;
compliance with existing sanitary standards;
technical conditions for the use of water resources;
data on the volume of consumed and utilized water;
the general scheme of the project;
description of the system of filtration and utilization of sewage.

The permission of the sanitary epidemiological station must be present. It should be remembered that in case of violation of sanitary standards for the placement of an object, the owner may be held administratively liable.

Video: Wastewater treatment plant

The main disadvantage of living in areas remote from cities is the lack of central communications, while homeowners have to independently solve the problems of water supply, heating, and sewage disposal. In the last example, an ordinary cesspool or a well for collecting wastewater does not solve problems from an environmental point of view and can poison underground water sources, cause complaints from the sanitary service or neighbors - in this case, a local treatment plant for a private house (VOC) is installed.

Choosing the right option is not an easy task for a person with insufficient knowledge in this area, in addition to the fact that there are various cleaning technologies, there are various types and designs of cleaning systems on the market from a wide range of manufacturers, and the choice of equipment also depends on the composition of the soil. A detailed study of information about VOCs will help to avoid mistakes when choosing an equipment option: bypass the marketing traps of unscrupulous manufacturers, choose the design that is best suited for your site and living conditions, focusing on costs, or, with limited financial resources, make such a system yourself.

Rice. 1 Septic tanks on the plots

Quite new in comparison with other regulations, building rules SP 30.13330.2016 in clause 3.1.21 defines the concept of local treatment facilities - these are devices or engineering structures, the purpose of which is to treat the user's wastewater before sending it to the public sewer system or for circulating use in economic needs.

Therefore, the VOC abbreviation for autonomous treatment systems (AOS would be more accurate) is incorrect and is associated with the lack of an appropriate definition in state acts, even in the latest edition of 2016.

Manufacturers by VOC mean domestic wastewater treatment systems without further recycling of water (irrigation does not belong to this category) and sending them to a centralized sewer system. Purified water enters the soil on the territory of the site, is discharged outside it into the sewers, or is used once for household purposes. Waste that cannot be treated is pumped out and taken out of the territory of the site by sewage trucks for the purpose of further disposal.

All treatment facilities are located underground on the territory of the site, they can be divided into 2 main groups: mechanical cleaning or using pump-compressor electrical equipment.

Rice. 2

Types of domestic wastewater and the need for their treatment

Two types of wastewater enter the domestic sewer:

gray drains- contaminated water from kitchen sinks, washing machines and dishwashers, bathtubs and showers;
black drains- organic waste from sanitary facilities.

It is estimated that the percentage of gray water by volume will be 70%, and organic 30%.

The lack of centralized sewerage forces homeowners to look for a way out of a situation where the easiest option is to separate drains with the installation of an outdoor toilet and dig a greywater well. Often, such structures do not have a sealed bottom and drains go straight into the ground, polluting the soil and shallow water layers; a sewage truck is ordered to clean the toilet and sewer. If in villages and houses in rural areas such a practice is used everywhere, then near large cities in cottage settlements such a violation of sanitary standards can be noticed by neighbors or sanitary services. In the absence of a centralized water supply, it is highly likely that wastewater can enter the well or well of the owner of the cottage or his neighbors - this will lead to water contamination and possible poisoning, imposition of penalties. In addition, the lack of sewerage and the use of an outdoor toilet worsen the comfort of living and force homeowners to look for ways to independently clean sewage.

Rice. 3 Tanks for septic tanks

Cleaning methods

There are many methods of water purification using mechanical, physical, chemical, electrical and biological processes, but due to limited financial resources, most of them are not available to the owners of country houses. If a large industrial enterprise or an urban settlement can afford the design of local treatment facilities with wastewater treatment with chemicals using acids, alkalis and chlorine, have large land plots for filtration fields, then the individual owner is limited in his capabilities.

There are only two methods available to him for cleaning sewage:

Mechanical. It consists in the phased settling of suspended fractions, after which the clarified liquid is drained into the soil.
Biological. The same mechanical method, but with the process of decomposition of waste with the help of bacteria, which speeds up cleaning, eliminates unpleasant odors, improves the quality of the discharged water and makes it possible to reuse it for household purposes.

Two types of bacteria are used in wastewater treatment:

Anaerobic— work in the environment where access of oxygen is not required. This type of bacteria thrives in outdoor toilets and conventional septic tanks.
Aerobic– bacteria that require oxygen for their vital activity, are significantly superior in efficiency to their anaerobic competitors, they are used in stations for deep biological treatment of HBO, where oxygen is supplied to a container with their colony by a compressor for the development of bacteria.

Rice. 4 Filter fields

Types of treatment facilities

Before installing treatment facilities, their parameters are calculated based on the fact that 160-200 liters of wastewater per person per day. This is important for the proper operation of treatment devices - in tanks of too small a volume, the effluents do not have time to settle and a very dirty liquid appears at the outlet, and if the volume of incoming effluents is small compared to the capacity of the tanks, the owner has suffered losses due to unjustified cost overruns.

Septic tanks

Septic tanks are local sewage treatment facilities operating on the principle of mechanical cleaning, they are a series of interconnected tanks (from 2 to 4) with a gradual decrease in the level of effluents entering them. Septic tanks work on the principle of communicating vessels - the filling time of the first one is quite long due to the large capacity, during this time (at least 3 days) the drains have time to settle and the dirty sediment settles to the bottom. As soon as the container is filled and the liquid level reaches the top of the overflow pipe, it enters the next tank, where the process of settling and transfusion is repeated again. From the last container in the row, water is sent through a pipeline with holes that goes outside for air intake to the aeration field, which is an underground ditch covered with crushed stone.

Rice. 5 Septic tank from concrete wells

In septic tanks, oxygen-free fermentation and processing of waste by anaerobic bacteria with the formation of methane gas occurs, their efficiency is not too high, the degree of wastewater treatment does not exceed 70%, therefore, aeration fields are required for further purification. The septic tank has the following disadvantages:

When installed, the tanks occupy a significant area underground, which is unprofitable for a small area, although some types have a more compact design in one housing (Uponor).
Silty sediment at the bottom of the tanks accumulate quite quickly, it has to be periodically pumped out by sewage trucks.
Underground aeration fields occupy a certain area on the site, which is withdrawn from economic circulation.
With a frequency of 3-5 years, the filtering sand and gravel filling of the fields has to be completely changed as a result of its silting, earthworks and transportation costs for the delivery and removal of waste materials will require additional financial investments.
If the site is located in clay soil, then the water will not go into the soil after cleaning in the aeration fields, but will gradually accumulate underground to come to the surface - in this case, measures will have to be taken to bring it through ditches outside the site.
At a high level of groundwater, polluted effluents will be washed out of the filtering sand and gravel pad - this will lead to contamination of the soil throughout the site and make it unsuitable for gardens and orchards.
There are smells, so it is recommended to place the containers as far as possible from the house.

Rice. 6 The device of a three-chamber polymer septic tank

From concrete rings. The design is ordinary wells with a shallow depth and a concrete bottom, a cover with a manhole is installed on top of them, which is then closed with a polymer sand hatch.
From polymers. Currently, septic tanks made of polymeric materials are in high demand; low-pressure polyethylene, polypropylene, fiberglass are used for their manufacture; to strengthen the body, it is often reinforced with fiberglass or cast with stiffeners. During installation, polymer septic tanks can consist of several interconnected containers similar to a well system, or it is a single container, the interior of which is divided by partitions into separate sections. Holes were made in the partitions at different levels for overflowing water into neighboring chambers.

Rice. 7 The principle of operation of a septic tank with a biofilter

Septic tanks with biofilter

A high degree of wastewater treatment can be achieved with a septic tank with a biofilter, a typical design is a container divided into three sections, operating according to the following principle:

First, the effluents enter the primary sump, the volume of which is chosen so that the liquid stays in it for at least 3 days. As a result of mechanical separation, heavy silty sediments settle to the bottom of the tank, and light waste (feces, fat) form a crust on the surface, the fragments of which, as a result of decomposition, settle to the bottom over time. At some distance from the surface, in the partition separating the containers, there are holes through which the settled water enters the next chamber.
In the second settling tank, the process of separating suspended fractions continues, in the chamber there is a lesser degree of water disturbance compared to the first section, where the flow leaving the house disturbs the water masses, there is no surface crust of light waste. As a result, the wastewater becomes even cleaner, the smallest suspended particles settle to the bottom, and the treated wastewater enters the chamber with a biological filter through a branch pipe brought up in the next wall of the compartment.
In the last compartment there is a biofilter, which is a filter bed made of expanded clay, crushed plastic or special cellular polymer structures, in which there is a colony of aerobic bacteria. They process sewage, eating organic matter with the release of water, carbon dioxide and a certain amount of volatile gases, after which the purified water is drained into the soil, used for irrigation and other household needs.

In septic tanks with a biofilter, the degree of wastewater treatment is 20% higher; to dilute bacterial colonies, liquid or bulk preparations (like dry yeast) are purchased in the distribution network, which, as life processes die out, are periodically added to the biofilter.

Rice. 8 Design of a septic tank with bacterial cleaning

As can be seen from the principle of operation, it is easy to make a biological treatment system with your own hands if you have several chambers or wells, pouring expanded clay into the last sump and settling a colony of bacteria in it.

Rice. 9 Bacteria for septic tanks

Rice. 10 The principle of operation of the UGBO

The water quality is higher, some models do not require the placement of filtration trenches.
Since bacteria significantly speed up the cleaning process, a number of large-volume sedimentation tanks are not required and the entire septic tank can be placed in one tank - this factor is important for small plot sizes and saves money when installing it.
Odors are felt to a lesser extent or are completely absent.
The vacuum truck is called less often if bacteria cultures are added to the first sump.
Compared to conventional septic tanks, the degree of wastewater treatment is much higher and averages 90%.
Bacteria must be added to the biofilter at intervals of 1 time per month, in the absence of nutrition, their colonies die within 14 days and will have to be repopulated.

Rice. 10 The principle of operation of the UGBO

Stations of deep biological treatment (HBO)

Aerobic bacteria that eat organic matter need access to oxygen, with a sufficient amount of it they multiply intensively and, accordingly, their productivity in processing sewage effluents increases significantly. In HBO installations, oxygen is delivered to the bacteria by a compressor that continuously supplies atmospheric air to their habitat.

A standard HBO installation (models Astra, Topas) is a rectangular tank divided into several chambers (Fig. 10) that perform the following functions:

Receiving chamber (A). Sewer water enters the receiving chamber, where it settles for a certain time, after which the liquid is sent to the next compartment through the air lift hose, that is, it is pushed out by air bubbles pumped by the compressor.
Aerotank (B). In this chamber, the main wastewater treatment takes place, it contains a colony of bacteria, and from below, air pumped by a compressor enters through the aerator. As a result of the decomposition of organic matter, suspended activated sludge is formed, containing processed products, a small part of undecomposed organic matter, and active bacteria, all this mixture gradually flows into the next compartment.
Secondary clarifier (6). In the secondary clarifier, the wastewater is separated - the sludge settles to the bottom of the cone-shaped accumulator and gradually flows into the aeration tank B for additional purification, and the purified water is discharged outside.
Sludge Stabilizer (C). After some time, the Aerotank is filled with organic waste processing products (this is no longer active, but stabilized sludge), the automation monitors this situation, turns on the compression electric pump, which pumps the mass into the sump. There, it is divided into fractions - the silt settles to the bottom, and the water flows by gravity into the receiving chamber A.
The last chamber is designed to accommodate equipment, it houses the compressors of the airlift of the receiving chamber and the aeration tank, and the automation unit.

Rice. 11 The design of the HBO station Topas

The deep biological treatment plant has the following features:

Provides a maximum degree of wastewater treatment up to 98%, meeting sanitary requirements (SNIP).
Due to the intensive processing process, it has the smallest dimensions of all types of VOC, during installation it occupies a small volume underground (the pit can be dug manually).
Water can be safely used for irrigation without fear of getting any harmful substances on crops.
Recycled sludge is a useful fertilizer that is used in the garden and garden, you can scoop it out yourself with buckets.

Rice. 12 Installation diagram of a septic tank

If there is no desire to free the container from sludge, a sewage machine is called, which will be needed once or twice a year.
Since bacteria cultures are actively multiplying, there is no need to add new ones.
The downsides include higher system cost and energy costs to keep the compressors running all the time.
The service life of the installation reaches 50 years, but the compressors during continuous operation will have to be changed after a certain time (although some models have a periodic switching on mode).
Biological treatment plants require periodic maintenance by specialists.

Rice. 13 Storage septic tanks

Cesspool (drain) pit

It does not always make sense to use local treatment facilities on a site for a house for arranging sewerage during periodic residence, a short stay in a dwelling (for example, a country cottage) - in these situations, a simple drive is enough. It can be a cesspool with an open bottom, which is unacceptable from an environmental point of view, or a closed container into which sewer water is constantly drained. If the site has a high level of groundwater or clay soil, then it is unlikely that it will be possible to make an ordinary cesspool - the drains will rise to the surface when it is filled or eroded throughout the site - you will have to install a large closed container. On the market you can buy various underground models with the following advantages:

The storage tank is made of durable plastic with a hermetically sealed lid - this will prevent unpleasant odors from appearing on the site.
The device does not require maintenance, the water does not need to be cleaned and then drained to the ground, causing damage to the environment and soil in its area, risking contaminating shallow underground water layers.
The cost of storage capacity compared to treatment facilities is much lower.

Of the minuses, it should be noted that periodic pumping of wastewater with the help of sewers will be required, for which you will have to pay each time.

Rice. 14 Scheme of operation of VOC for storm water treatment

Storm water treatment

Sometimes on an individual site you have to wash and repair the car, and if a private car wash or workshop is organized, then you have to solve the problem of cleaning rainwater containing petroleum products. Sending them to the sewer system is not a good option - in the sump they will collect on the surface and interfere with the work of bacteria. Therefore, it is easier to mount local stormwater treatment plants separately, directing water into them through surface storm water inlets, after organizing a slight slope of the polluted area.

Industrial treatment facilities consist of: a distribution well, and a gasoline oil separator, a technological well is installed at the outlet for sampling. For household cleaning, it is unprofitable to build such a system; for a filter, you can use a home-made system from a sealed container filled with sand, expanded clay, foam chips, and effectively use fibrous and porous materials (foam rubber, rags). The storm drains passed through the filter are then drained into the ground or sent outside the site, the filter materials are periodically changed as they get dirty.

Rice. 15 Surface drainage

Modern sewage treatment systems use biological treatment with aerobic bacteria that destroy organic compounds. Unlike conventional settling tanks, the purification efficiency increases significantly, reaching 98%, and water can be used in the household sector. Septic tanks with biofilters are the best option in terms of financial costs and efficiency: simple sedimentation tanks require aeration fields and the quality of treatment is low, and deep biotreatment stations, in addition to high initial cost, require constant power supply and maintenance.

Choosing a septic tank

Septic tanks from reinforced concrete rings

Overview of septic tanks

Local treatment facilities, or VOCs, are a modern necessity. They filter and treat wastewater contaminated by human and industrial activities. Local treatment facilities are autonomous systems that prevent garbage, harmful biological and chemical compounds from entering the environment.

Types of local treatment facilities

There are two types of facilities for wastewater treatment - domestic and storm. They have different purposes.

Stormwater treatment plants

Storm sewers are widely used in industry and equipped on municipal buildings. They prevent the penetration of polluted waters formed as a result of precipitation into the soil. Such local treatment facilities purify water by filtering out particles of harmful chemical elements. The structure of the storm sewer includes several wells for distribution and control purposes, traps and filters.

Household treatment facilities

They are installed in private homes and industry. Household structures accumulate or pass through themselves dirty water from sewage. Their design may contain only one container with a storage section, which is connected to plumbing fixtures.

But most often they install two- or three-section vessels that communicate with all points of sanitary equipment on the territory of the building. Dirty water is filtered and settled.

Additional equipment is installed to household facilities - filtration fields. With their help, wastewater is cleaned with efficiency up to 100%. Such water can freely go into the soil, reservoirs and ravines. In addition to the tank, the structure may include pumps and a compressor.

Installation of household facilities

The household local treatment system is an autonomous sewage system. It is installed when it is not possible to connect to city communications. Local sewage treatment is equipped for one or more buildings in the aggregate. The structure for several buildings should have large dimensions and high throughput.

The main requirement for autonomous sewage is tightness. According to sanitary and epidemiological standards, dirty water should not get into the soil during processing and filtration. Another requirement is a certificate. Any structure undergoes mandatory certification by Rospotrebnadzor and has the relevant documents, including instructions for the method of installation and operation.

The installation of an autonomous sewage system is mandatory in a residential building, in accordance with the laws of the housing code of the Russian Federation. There are several types of sewer systems. Choosing the right option depends on several factors in combination:

Soil type. Not all types of autonomous sewage are suitable for installation in clay and sandy soil.
The depth of the groundwater. The location of the sewer depends on this factor.
Depth of soil freezing. Influences the choice of mounting method.
Availability of electricity on site. Some autonomous sewers require a power connection.
Intensity of use of the building. This depends on the requirements for the throughput of the sewer.
intensity of water use. Regular amounts of water consumed.
The number of drains in a residential building. Influences the design.
The presence of free space on the site, which is required for the installation of sewers, the installation of additional equipment and the entrance of communication services.

Types of household VOCs for cottages and private houses

There are several types of autonomous sewage for installation in the private sector. They differ in the way of installation, the principle of operation and the degree of efficiency.

Cesspool

Budgetary local sewerage. For its arrangement, they dig a hole and install a sealed vessel. Such a sewer does not take up much space and can be installed in a small country house if the throughput requirements are low and the mode of using tap water is minimal. A cesspool is not arranged in cottages and private houses.

Such a sewer requires maintenance by a sewer machine. It is necessary to provide a place for the entry of communication services. The cesspool has a small capacity, is prone to frequent accidents and causes unpleasant odors on the site. Emergencies cause serious environmental pollution.

Accumulative sewerage

Sealed and environmentally friendly treatment plant. The accumulative sewer system is not subject to frequent accidents. When deciding to install such a sewer, you can choose a vessel of a suitable size, taking into account the requirements for the throughput system and the volume of water consumed. The storage sewer system is durable, has good strength, but with all the advantages it requires additional maintenance.

To unload a vessel with accumulated sewage, a sewage machine is called. When installing the drive, additional space is provided for the entry of communication services. Accumulative sewerage is the cause of unpleasant odors on the site.

septic tank

Affordable and reliable sewerage that accumulates and filters dirty water with its subsequent release into the soil. Sometimes additional equipment is installed to the septic tank, which provides one hundred percent water purification. The principle of operation of such a sewage system is the mechanical treatment of dirty water. Effluents go through several levels of purification.

Unloading a septic tank using a sewage truck is required 1-2 times a year, depending on its volume. Heavy sediments are unloaded, not subject to processing and settling at the bottom of the septic tank. The presence of such a sewer does not exclude the appearance of unpleasant odors on the site.

Autonomous aerobic sewerage

It is installed by specialists and is expensive, but it lasts for decades and does not require additional care. As a result of the work of autonomous sewerage on the site and in the house, there are no unpleasant odors, accidents and other problems. Such a sewer system cleans wastewater by 98-100% biologically using anaerobic bacteria and does not require the installation of additional equipment that would take up extra space. Aerobic sewage has a good capacity.

Types of household VOCs by type of installation

Install underground and surface sewer systems. The option of an underground treatment plant is more aesthetic. But it is not always possible to install a sewer underground. It depends on the type and depth of soil freezing, the depth of groundwater and the weight of the structure.

Sewer systems are installed in a horizontal and vertical position. Each option has its pros and cons. Horizontally installed equipment takes up a lot of space on the site, but is easier to install.

The installation of a horizontal septic tank is allowed even with a shallow groundwater. Whereas the installation of a vertical sewer is possible only if the groundwater runs very deep. But such an installation significantly saves space on the site.

Local treatment facilities for the accumulation and processing of wastewater are made of various materials. Install autonomous sewers made of metal, polymer, reinforced concrete, brick, fiberglass. All these materials have their pros, cons and features that should be considered when choosing a sewer system for the site.

Installation of sewerage begins with measurements and design, during which all the nuances are taken into account, accurate calculations of the parameters of autonomous sewerage are made, on the basis of which equipment is purchased and installed.

Sometimes, during the installation of an autonomous sewage system, it is necessary to concrete the walls or install the formwork. In the process of installation work, special equipment and special equipment are used.

The installation of local treatment facilities is a complex task and requires the mandatory participation of specialists. For advice on the selection and installation of an autonomous sewage system, you can always contact the Moskomplekt company. Our manager will consult you, accept the order and send a specialist to assess the installation conditions. We provide written guarantees for all services rendered.

When building a country house or a cottage for permanent residence, it is necessary to solve many issues, one of which is water disposal, and if in a simple way - the disposal of sewage.

Modern houses are built taking into account the organization in it of all conditions close to urban living, i.e. Gas, Electricity, Water supply, Toilet, Shower, Bath, dishwasher and washing machine.

When all amenities are brought into the house, water consumption increases. On average, water consumption per permanent resident is 150-200 liters per day. Therefore, it is easy to approximately calculate the total water consumption per day. As a rule, the consumption of water at home is on average 500 - 750 liters per day. Large houses with increased comfort of living spend from 500 to 1500 liters per day.

It is clear that if from 500 - 1500 liters per day constantly flows out of the house, then this water needs to be put somewhere.

1. The simplest and cheapest

The simplest and, accordingly, the cheapest treatment plant is a storage tank with a volume of at least 4 m³. When draining water into such a container, it is necessary to pump out accumulated effluents, as a rule, a sewage truck is called once a week.

It's like a lifetime loan where you're constantly spending money on pumping out.

2.Septic tank

After the storage tank, the cheapest option for treatment facilities are 2-chamber or 3-chamber settling tanks, which are popularly called SEPTICS (three wells).

These are relatively inexpensive facilities. The cost of equipment ranges from 30,000.00 rubles. up to RUB 70,000.00

The principle of operation occurs by the method of settling the sewage flow for the appearance of a layer of clarified water in the last chamber.

Clarified water is disposed of in the ground. This requires a drainage well or infiltration fields.

The quality of cleaning allows for some time to discharge water into the drainage, but as a rule, after 3-5 years, the drainage system becomes silted and again the question of water disposal arises.

Pros:

It is no longer required to call a sewage truck every week (once a year)
Not volatile
Infiltration fields or a drainage well are required.

Minuses:

Water after settling retains its biological activity, therefore, the smell of sewage is preserved
It is impossible to dispose of clarified water superficially, because. possible to catch intestinal diseases
Disposal of water occurs only in the ground
The quality of cleaning is minimal, so infiltration fields and drainage wells are often silted up.

In general, this method of cleaning is better than nothing at all, relatively inexpensive for a house with little water consumption.

BY THE WAY!!!

Such treatment facilities can be reconstructed into a deep biological treatment plant!

3. Stations of deep biological treatment

Stations of deep biological treatment solve the problem of cleaning and disposal of sewage as well as possible.

These stations are energy-dependent, for their high-quality operation, the operation of a blower (compressor) saturating the drain with oxygen is necessary. This method gives the maximum effect when cleaning the drain. The water from the station comes out clear and odorless, the biological activity of the runoff is minimal, therefore, if necessary, water can be drained superficially onto the relief.

A wide variety of brands, both domestic and imported, are represented on the Russian market.

How to navigate with such a variety of proposals?

Very simple!

There are stations that require maximum attention, and there are stations that have the principle of maximum comfort in operation.

What is the maximum attention to the station and why should we be wary of this?

There are stations that need to be serviced 3-4 times a year, because. the manufacturer makes them so compact that the concentration of sludge becomes maximum in three months and the station ceases to work efficiently. As a rule, such stations are very capricious, at least toilet paper cannot be thrown into them, limited draining of detergents and fats from the kitchen, because. this may affect the quality of cleaning. A striking example of such stations is TOPAS and the like. These stations are not bad, but they are designed for disciplined users. Another disadvantage of such stations is their maintenance. Most of the Customers do not clean such stations themselves, but resort to the services of specialized organizations. The cost of maintenance costs averages from 15,000.00 rubles. up to RUB 25,000.00 in year. Over five years, expenses will average 100,000.00 rubles.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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Wastewater treatment technologies do not stand still. For a long time, professional equipment for a high degree of wastewater treatment has been presented on the market - these are local treatment facilities. Let's figure out what environmental requirements are for such equipment, how local treatment facilities work for industrial enterprises and for residential buildings, how the equipment is arranged, how it is operated.

Local sewage treatment plants (they are abbreviated as VOCs) are equipment that allows you to completely clean any sewage - from domestic and storm to industrial. Work is carried out only with liquid waste that has a certain amount of solid contaminants.

A strict definition is contained in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation under the number 167 of 12.02.1999. It is this regulatory document that is primarily guided by specialists selling and servicing VOCs.

To simplify the term, VOC is just an autonomous sewer. It operates separately from the city sewage system. Usually these are several treatment plants at once. Their quantity and composition depend on what exactly is planned to be cleaned.

The main task of the VOC is to treat liquid waste to such an extent that the result meets all local environmental requirements. Local stormwater treatment plants perform the same task, only they purify the collected atmospheric water.

Varieties of VOCs

By appointment, VOCs are of two types:

Household purposes pass through themselves the waste that was created by the population.
Industrial and industrial processes wastewater from industrial enterprises.

Large industrial VOCs are volatile, require a separate power supply, as well as special maintenance. The simplest household devices are easy to use and do not require special skills.

VOCs can be plants or whole cascades of plants - for the treatment of runoff from a large building or complex. There are also smaller ones:

Biofilters are devices designed to remove biological contaminants.
Aerotanks. These are open containers in which the liquid is cleaned only after settling. Suitable for atmospheric water treatment.
Septic tanks. This is equipment that consists of a single container divided into compartments. Cleaning devices are located inside the chambers. The advantages of a septic tank are easy and simple installation, it tolerates temperature changes well. The septic tank is not able to provide 100% cleaning, so additional filtration is required.

As part of the city sewer systems, biofilters, aerotanks and septic tanks are also installed, but they have a slightly different structure.

Principle of operation

VOCs provide comprehensive water treatment:

mechanical line.
Bio-filtrates.
Chemical reagents.
Additional processing.

As a rule, the first stage is mechanical cleaning, which ensures the removal of solid insoluble substances. In large VOCs, special sand traps are designed for this, in small installations - filters that separate large particles. The next step is to remove oil contaminants using oil traps or a filter.

Then the biological treatment begins. Biological filters use the property of certain bacteria to purify water. They decompose the incoming liquid into silt and clean water. The sludge is deposited, and the clear liquid enters the next stage of processing. After the treatment begins with special chemical compounds - it allows you to remove the smallest contaminants. Then the water is purified from the reagents. Post-treatment is carried out using sorbents applied to the filters. They allow you to improve the quality of water and achieve a high percentage of purification.

A full cycle of all stages provides water purification by 95-100%.

Buildings for giving

VOC for a private house is an effective and simple solution to the problem of wastewater treatment. The simplest installation is usually enough to serve the whole family. A larger VOC can handle the effluents of an entire settlement. It is worth choosing an autonomous VOC depending on the needs.

The most popular VOCs are septic tanks. They are also called deep biological sewage treatment plants. Modern models are suitable for installation on any type of soil. The percentage of cleaning is not worse than that of urban systems.

The only negative is the need to strictly follow the operating instructions. If you violate the terms and conditions of use, the equipment quickly fails. As a rule, maintenance, repair and installation are carried out by the same company.

Working with effluents from industrial facilities is more difficult - the thing is that the liquid is more aggressive and contains more active chemical compounds that can affect the state of VOCs. The second difference is a greater degree of contamination, which requires longer processing.

As a rule, industrial systems consist of several processing lines:

Physico-chemical - several lines working simultaneously.
A large aeration tank with active ingredients for better purification (activated sludge is often used).
Ultraviolet disinfection equipment.
Post-treatment is carried out in a pond with biological filtrates.

Such a VOC device allows you to reliably clean even the most polluted drains. Each stage takes place on equipment installed in a separate building or hangar. This is convenient for personnel who control the cleaning process. Almost all VOCs of modern industrial complexes operate according to this scheme. This is required by current environmental legislation.

VOC of storm drains

Sewer storm drains at first glance may seem cleaner than water from industrial facilities or after domestic use. Despite the external cleanliness, the chemical composition of storm drains indicates a variety of natural impurities, as well as highly active compounds that enter the water due to human activities. This is due to the fact that water travels a long way before it enters the purification system. It passes through polluted land and, often, near highways, saturated with sand and oil products.

Therefore, stormwater treatment plants must have high productivity along with good equipment for high-quality treatment. The main difference between stormwater treatment facilities is the large number of large sand traps and oil traps. They are required for cleaning from the main contaminants - oil and sand. It is in storm waters that these components are the most.

In addition, an important function of stormwater VOCs is the collection of melt and rainwater. If water stagnates, it can destroy coatings and wash away buildings. Therefore, the installations are located in such a way as to ensure rapid drainage of the main service area.