When was the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) founded? What year was the International Olympic Committee created What year was the International Olympic Committee created
The history of the formation and development of international organizations should be viewed through the prism of the evolution of international relations and humanity as a whole. This is due to objective economic and political factors, such as the need for subjects in international communication.
At the dawn of human civilization, tribes and the first states communicated with each other and interacted for joint defense or waging wars, trade, etc. As a result, temporary intertribal and interstate alliances were formed.
In the early stages of human development, intertribal and interstate relations were expressed in bilateral contacts that arise as necessary between neighboring or closely located entities. Gradually, these contacts expanded, periodically there were alliances and coalitions, mainly of a military nature.
As mankind progressed, the methods and techniques of international communication developed and improved. So, already in ancient times, along with bilateral meetings, other forms characteristic of the late period of development were increasingly used: congresses and conferences. Medieval history provides many examples of congresses of sovereigns in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Western and Eastern Europe.
Initially, conferences and congresses were convened on a case-by-case basis. Then, gradually, international meetings began to be practiced, creating more or less permanent bodies. These bodies were entrusted with the tasks of convening and servicing congresses and conferences, and sometimes performing other functions in between conferences. It was these bodies that became the prototypes of future international intergovernmental organizations.
Generally the history of the creation and development of international organizations can be divided into four stages.
First step originates from ancient times until the convocation in 1815 of the Congress of Vienna. During this period, ideas and conceptual foundations for the creation of international organizations are formed.
Ancient Rome practiced the establishment of mixed conciliation commissions to consider disputes with foreign states.
The first permanent international associations in Ancient Greece appeared in the 6th century. BC. in the form of the Lacedaemonian and Delian symmachias (unions of cities and communities) and the Delphic-Thermopylian amphiktyony (a religious and political union of tribes and peoples).
Describing the aforementioned associations, the well-known Russian scholar and international lawyer F.F. Martens noted that these associations, created specifically for religious purposes, "had an effect in general on relations between the Greek states and ... brought the peoples together and softened their isolation."
Greek symmachia and amfiktyony had a fairly clear internal structure. The highest body in both interstate formations was the assembly. In Symmachy it met once a year, and in Amphictyon twice a year. Decisions of the general meeting were taken by a simple majority of votes and were binding on all members of the union. Each member of these unions, regardless of the size and importance of the city or tribe, had one vote in symmachy, and two votes in amphiktyony.
Greek symmachias and amphictyons played an important role in the development of intertribal, interstate and international relations in the ancient Greek city-states. They also laid the foundation for certain organizational and legal principles and forms of future international organizations.
The prototypes of today's international organizations were further developed in the Middle Ages. A certain influence on them was provided by international trade, as well as the Catholic Church.
A significant role in the development of international trade relations was played by the Hanseatic Trade Union (XIV-XVI centuries), which united the northern German cities and, according to F. Engels, "brought the entire northern Germany out of the state of the Middle Ages."
In parallel, international relations were accompanied by such events as the conclusion in 1648 of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the 30-year war, recognized Catholicism and Protestantism as equal denominations of Catholicism in general. The recognition of the sovereignty of states and equality between states, above all the equality of the states of the Christian world, is connected with the Peace of Westphalia.
Second phase The history of the development of international organizations covers the period from 1815 to 1919. The beginning of this stage is associated with the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the convening of the Vienna Congress in 1815. During this period, the formation of the organizational and legal foundations of international organizations takes place. The needs of economic development dictated the need for international legal regulation of a number of new areas of interstate relations, which had an impact on the evolution of the functioning of old and the emergence of new forms of multilateral communication. General administrative unions (unias) become such a new form. This period is marked by the fact that the formation of a mechanism of international unions for coordinating the activities of states in special areas begins. Initially, such alliances began to take shape in the field of customs relations.
Customs unions were associations of states on the basis of an agreement concluded by them to create joint customs administration bodies and establish a common customs legal order in national customs territories.
One such union was the German Customs Union. The reasons for the creation of this union were rooted in the extreme economic decline of the German states that were part of the German Confederation of 1815. The economic decline was caused by a variety of trade restrictions, many customs barriers, various tariffs and trade laws within the union territory. The customs union took shape gradually, and by 1853 the whole of Germany was organized into one customs union.
All states that entered the union were subject to the same laws regarding the import, export and transit of goods; all customs duties were recognized as common and distributed among the members of the union according to the number of population.
In the future, international cooperation between states on the basis of a permanent organization finds its continuation in the field of transport. The beginning in this regard was the cooperation of states in the matter of navigation on international rivers within the framework of the international commissions they create for this purpose. Thus, the Rhine Navigation Regulations of 1831 and the Rhine Navigation Act of 1868, which replaced it, created the first such special international commission. For the joint discussion of the issues of Rhine navigation, each coastal state appointed one representative, who together formed the Central Commission, which had its original seat in Mannheim.
Second half of the 19th century was marked by the intensification of international economic, scientific, technical ties between states, which were constantly deepening and expanding. During this period, there first MPOs: International Union for Land Measurement (1864); World Telegraph Union (1865); Universal Postal Union (1874); International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875); International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883); International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (1886); International Anti-Slavery Union (1890); International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs (1890); International Union of Railway Commodity Communications (1890).
Characterizing these unions (international organizations) as a whole, we can note the following: they all had permanent bodies. The governing bodies of these unions, as a rule, were conferences or congresses, and bureaus or commissions were permanent executive bodies. The competence of these unions was limited to the regulation of specialized areas.
The creation of the first international organizations in the form of administrative unions with permanent bodies was a progressive movement forward along the path of development and expansion of specific areas of such cooperation between states. International administrative unions laid the foundation for permanent international organizations, in contrast to world congresses and conferences, which belonged to the number of temporary international forums that have been functioning in international life since the 17th century.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the international situation is aggravated. Two irreconcilable military blocs are being created: the Entente and the Triple Alliance. In the same period, attempts were made to create an international security organization by convening the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, which resulted in the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague and the conclusion of the Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Clashes. However, the efforts made at the international level could not prevent the outbreak of the First World War.
Start third stage associated with the conclusion of the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919 and the establishment of the League of Nations - the first international intergovernmental organization to maintain international peace and security.
Ideas and proposals for the creation of such an organization were put forward during the war. Projects for the creation of an international organization came from the governments of the United States, Great Britain, France, which, to one degree or another, formed the basis of the Statute of the League of Nations. The final version of the Statute of the League of Nations was approved by the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as an integral part of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The Statute contains 26 articles, which were simultaneously included as the first chapter in the texts of all five Paris Peace Treaties that ended the First World War: Versailles, Saint-Germain, Triapon, Neil, Seve. Of these, Versailles was the first in terms of time of conclusion - June 28, 1919, which entered into force on January 10, 1920. Based on this, the date of the founding of the League of Nations is considered to be the date of signing the Treaty of Versailles, i.e. June 28, 1919
The creation of the League of Nations is not only the first attempt to establish a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security, but also the creation of a special mechanism for this.
The main goal of the League of Nations was to ensure universal peace and security and to promote international cooperation between states. Under the Statute of the League of Nations, it was also entrusted with such functions as, for example, control over mandate holders, protection of the rights of national minorities and registration of international treaties.
The original members of the League of Nations were 26 sovereign states and four dominions. The other group of member states were the 13 so-called invited states that did not participate in the First World War.
Despite the fact that the League of Nations was created with the active participation of the US government, the Senate considered that US participation in the League in conditions where the influence of Great Britain and France would obviously dominate there was unjustified. Subsequently, the United States did not become members of the League of Nations.
In 1925, the Locarno Accords were concluded, which came into force from the moment Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926.
The entry into the League of Nations of the states - opponents of Great Britain and France in the First World War gradually gave rise to serious tensions and disagreements within this organization, which ended with the fact that in 1933 two powers, Japan and Germany, left its membership, and in 1937 - Italy.
The USSR could not join the League of Nations for a long time because the West did not recognize Soviet power. However, after Japan and Germany left the League and in 1933 the Nazis came to power in Germany with their revanchist sentiments, it became obvious that global problems in Europe and the world as a whole could not be solved without the participation of the USSR, Western diplomacy took certain steps to join USSR to the League of Nations. Thus, on the initiative of French diplomacy, on September 15, 1934, the USSR was invited by 30 member states of the League of Nations to join this international organization. On September 18, 1934, the Assembly of the League of Nations decided to admit the USSR to the League and give it the seat of a permanent member of the Council of the League of Nations. Entering the League of Nations, the USSR officially expressed its negative attitude towards certain provisions of its Statute. For example, the government of the USSR made a statement about its non-recognition of certain articles of the Statute of the League, which actually legalized the right of the state to unleash a war under the pretext of protecting "national interests" (Articles 12, 15), introduced a system of colonial mandates (Article 22) and ignored equality all races and nations (v. 23).
De facto, the League of Nations ceased its activities in September 1939, and was legally liquidated on April 18, 1946 after the creation of the UN.
The Statute of the League of Nations had certain shortcomings, which can ultimately be reduced to the following: its provisions did not contain an unconditional prohibition of aggression; such a shortcoming as the international legal consolidation of the so-called mandate system (Article 22 of the Statute) also had a great negative impact on the activities of the League of Nations.
Due to these circumstances and other reasons, the League of Nations was unable to cope with its statutory task - the peaceful settlement of international conflicts. Every time there was any conflict leading to hostilities, the League of Nations showed its impotence.
For example, the existence of the League of Nations did not prevent the aggressors from actively preparing for war, and then unleashing it. Japan in 1931 invaded China and occupied Manchuria; Italy occupied Albania in 1939 and Ethiopia in 1936; In 1938, she made the Anschluss of Austria, in 1939 she captured Czechoslovakia, Austria, part of Lithuania. Germany and Italy made a joint intervention against the Spanish Republic (1936–1937). Further, on September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Thus began the Second World War, which lasted six years.
Despite all these shortcomings, the Statute of the League of Nations was a landmark document of its time. Its articles on the limitation of armaments, the settlement of disputes by judicial procedure or by recourse to the Permanent Court of International Justice, on the mutual guarantee of territorial integrity, on measures for the maintenance of peace, on sanctions against a State that has resorted to war in violation of its obligations under the Statute of the League of Nations, on ensuring compliance with international treaties and norms of international law, on the obligatory cooperation of member states were an innovation in the post-war period.
And another innovation in international relations and international law is the emergence of an international civil service in the modern sense.
The experience of the League of Nations did not go unnoticed. Many provisions of its Statute and practical experience were subsequently borrowed or taken into account when creating the UN.
Fourth stage The development of international organizations is associated with the creation of the UN and its system, as well as the formation of a modern system of international organizations.
The establishment of the UN was preceded by the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. The first meeting on the formation of an anti-Hitler coalition took place between US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill on August 14, 1941 on the battleship Prince of Wales, as a result of which the Atlantic Charter appeared. In it, the leaders of the two states declared their refusal to seize territories, recognized the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they want to live, and so on.
The next step of the world community in creating an anti-Hitler coalition was the holding of the Inter-Allied Conference in London on September 24, 1941 with the participation of representatives of the USSR, Great Britain and a number of other European countries. At the conference, the accession of the USSR to the Atlantic Charter was announced and a declaration of the Soviet government was announced, calling for the concentration of all economic and military resources of the freedom-loving peoples for the speedy and decisive defeat of the fascist aggressors.
The first mention in an official international document of the need to create an international peacekeeping organization was contained in the Declaration of the Government of the USSR and the Government of the Polish Republic on Friendship and Mutual Assistance of December 4, 1941. The Declaration stated that a lasting and just peace in the post-war period can only be achieved a new organization of international relations based on the unification of democratic states into a strong union. When creating such an organization, the document further noted, the decisive factor should be respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all allied states.
Of great importance for the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition was the Declaration of the United Nations, which was adopted at the Washington Conference on January 1, 1942. The very name "United Nations" was proposed to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition in December 1941 by US President F. Roosevelt. coalition allies. The declaration was signed by representatives of 26 member states of the anti-Hitler coalition, including the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China. Among them are also nine states of Central America and the Caribbean, the dominions of the British Crown, British India and eight European governments in exile. During 1942–1945 21 states have joined the Declaration.
By the end of the war, other countries joined the Declaration, including the Philippines, France, all Latin American countries (except Argentina), as well as some independent states of the Middle East and Africa. The Axis countries were not allowed to join the Declaration.
Practical steps towards the creation of a new international organization for peace and security were taken at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the three allied powers: the USSR, the USA and Great Britain (October 19–30, 1943). On November 2, 1943, the Declaration of four states (USSR, USA, Great Britain and China) on the issue of universal security was published. It stated that they "recognize the need to establish in the shortest possible time a universal international organization for the maintenance of international peace and security, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states, of which all states, large and small, can be members." Thus, in this document, the fundamental basis of the universal MMPO was laid.
Subsequently, the issue of creating an international organization for peace and security was discussed at the Tehran Conference of the leaders of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain (Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill), which was held from November 28 to December 1, 1943.
At the Tehran Conference, an agreement was reached on a wide range of issues included in a special document called "Proposals for the Establishment of the General International Security Organization", which contained a list of provisions that, in the opinion of the participating States, were to be enshrined in the charter of the future organization: on goals, principles , membership in the organization; on the composition, functions, powers of its main bodies; about the international court; on measures to maintain international peace and security, including the prevention and suppression of aggression; on international cooperation on economic and social issues; about the secretariat, the procedure for amending the charter, etc.
In the final part of this document, a special section was introduced - "Measures of the transitional period", which provided that before the entry into force of special agreements on military contingents in accordance with the Moscow Declaration, the participating States should consult with each other and, if necessary, with other members of the organization for the purpose of such joint actions on behalf of the organization, which formed the basis of the UN Charter, and this is their great historical significance. They became the subject of discussion by the governments of many countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, who submitted their comments on them.
The next stage in the creation of the UN was the Conference of the Member States of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, which was held in Dumbarton Oaks (USA) in two stages: from August 21 to September 28, 1944 and from September 29 to October 7, 1944. At it, the participating states could not to agree on certain issues, including the procedure for voting in the UN Security Council; on the composition of its non-permanent members; on the statute, composition and procedure for electing the International Court of Justice; on international guardianship; about the seat of the UN; about the participants in the founding conference of the UN and the original membership in the UN and about the immunity of representatives of states.
In practice, the issue of establishing the UN was resolved at the Crimean (Yalta) conference of the leaders of the three powers of the anti-Hitler coalition, held from February 4 to 11, 1945. The Yalta conference has a special place in the political and diplomatic history of World War II. It adopted decisions on the coordination of issues on the voting procedure in the UN Security Council, the principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the UN Security Council and the composition of the founding states of the UN.
On the issue of establishing an international guardianship system, it was agreed that such a system would apply:
- - to the existing mandates of the League of Nations; - territories torn away from enemy states as a result of the war;
- – any other territory that can be voluntarily placed under trusteeship.
At the Crimean Conference, it was decided that the founding conference of the United Nations would open on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco and that the UN states "as of February 8, 1945", as well as "those of the acceding nations who declared war on a common enemy by March 1, 1945".
The founding conference of the United Nations was held in San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945. It entered the history of international relations as an event of great political significance and one of the largest conferences. The Conference was attended by 282 delegates, over 1,500 experts, advisers, members of secretariats of delegations, etc.
The work of the Conference was concentrated in four main committees, four commissions and twelve technical committees. Of great importance were the informal meetings of the four heads of delegations - the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China, at which the most pressing issues of the Conference were discussed and the common point of view of the great powers was agreed upon. A total of six such informal meetings were held, at which 27 joint amendments to the UN Charter were adopted.
In general, the discussion of the draft UN Charter and the coordination of the positions of the states-participants of the Conference took place in a sharp and complex diplomatic struggle between the USSR, on the one hand, and the USA and Great Britain, on the other. Nevertheless, over the course of two months, the Conference did a tremendous amount of work, the volume of which can be judged at least by the fact that it considered 1,200 amendments alone on the draft UN Charter, reflecting the various positions of states. All of them were systematized and sent for discussion to the relevant committees of the Conference.
As a result of the great and painstaking work of the Conference, the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice were developed, which was an indisputable achievement in the progressive development of international law.
On June 26, 1945, the UN Charter was signed by all the states-participants of the Conference (50 in number). It officially entered into force on October 24, 1945, following its ratification and the deposit of instruments of ratification with the US government by five permanent members of the Security Council and 24 other member states.
October 24, by decision of the General Assembly of the PLO in 1947, was declared UN Day and is celebrated annually by the entire progressive community of the globe.
In the summer of 1945, a Preparatory Commission was established in London, consisting of all UN member states to resolve organizational and other practical issues (the structure of the PLO bodies, rules of procedure, funding, the location of the UN, etc.). Serious behind-the-scenes disputes arose over the location: Great Britain and some other states advocated the location of the UN headquarters in Europe (Geneva), and the United States and Latin American states saw the territory of the United States as the location of the PLO. On December 10, 1945, the US Congress unanimously passed a resolution inviting the United Nations to the United States. On February 14, 1946, during the voting in the Preparatory Commission, 23 votes were cast for Geneva, 25 against (including the USSR, Yugoslavia, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR and Czechoslovakia), two delegations abstained (Ecuador, USA). 30 representatives voted for the United States, 14 voted against, 6 abstained. Thus, by a majority of votes, it was decided to place the UN headquarters in the United States. The first session of the UN General Assembly opened on January 10, 1946 in London (because the UN did not have its own building). On January 17, 1946, the first meeting of the UN Security Council was held there.
A certain amount ($ 8.5 million) was allocated by J. D. Rockefeller for the acquisition of the current site in Manhattan. The authorities of the city of New York also allocated plots of land adjacent to this place and carried out clearing of the territory, construction of the necessary infrastructure facilities and arrangement of the adjacent territory in the amount of $ 30 million. dollars for the construction of the UN headquarters. The laying of its foundation took place on October 24, 1949. The building itself was built quite quickly. Already in 1952, both the General Assembly and the UN Security Council held their meetings in the new building.
In what year was the International Olympic Committee established? and got the best answer
Answer from Natasha Shekhovtseva[guru]
The International Olympic Committee (abbr. IOC) is an international organization created on June 23, 1894 in Paris by Baron Pierre de Coubertin to revive the Olympic Games. The committee is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. Today, the IOC is the largest and most respected organization in the world of sports. June 23 is International Olympic Day
Answer from DINAMOVETS In spirit[guru]
The International Olympic Committee was founded on July 23, 1894 by the French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who wanted to revive the Olympic Games of Greek antiquity.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the supreme body of the entire Olympic Movement and is guided in its activities by the Olympic Charter. The role of the IOC is to promote both professional and amateur sports in accordance with the Olympic Charter. It ensures the regular holding of the Olympic Games and encourages, through appropriate measures, the advancement of women in sports, sports ethics and the protection of athletes.
The IOC consists of 202 members - National Olympic Committees, which meet in Session at least once a year. In addition, NOCs are united in the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) on the principle of continental affiliation:
- Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA)
- Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
- European Olympic Committee (EOC)
- Pan American Sports Organization (ODEPA)
- Central American and Caribbean Sports Organization (ODECABE)
- South American Sports Organization (ODESUR)
- National Olympic Committee of Oceania (ONOC)
Answer from Ita Mikhailova[expert]
a) 1894
Answer from Armen Rushanyan[newbie]
konechno a)1894
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: In what year was the International Olympic Committee established?
Plan.
Introduction p.2-3
Chapter 1. The history of the creation of international organizations. Kinds. Page 3-5
Chapter 2. Types and classification of international organizations. Pages 5-9
Chapter 3. Modern international organizations. Pages 9-17
Conclusion. pp.17-19
Bibliography. page 20
Introduction .
This essay topic was chosen in order to study the interaction of various states at the international level, i.e. in what particular issues, directions this interaction takes place, at what level issues related to mutual assistance, the resolution of disputes between states are resolved.
At present, in the period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the existence of states without their interaction is impossible. Their interaction can be carried out both through economic and political relations. In the modern world, it is with the help of international organizations that cooperation between states is carried out. International organizations not only regulate interstate relations, but also make decisions on global issues of our time.
This essay shows the structure of modern international organizations, their classification. Today there are many acute issues: ecology, issues of war and peace, the fight against AIDS and drug addiction. Thus, each international organization is called upon to address these issues.
In addition, this essay reflects the history of the emergence of international organizations, for the creation of which it was necessary that certain historical events take place in the world that would lead mankind to the idea of interaction. Historical knowledge of the creation of international organizations allows us to trace the entire complex path of the emergence of interaction between states. Considering the issue from the historical side, one can understand what principles were based on, and how international relations were improved, and what humanity is striving for.
Chapter 1
International organizations arose already in antiquity and improved as society developed.
IN ANCIENT GREECE In the 6th century BC, the first permanent international associations appeared in the form of unions of cities and communities (for example, the Lacediminsky and Delian Symmakia), or religious and political unions of tribes and cities (for example, the Delphic-Thermopylian amphiktyony). Such associations were the prototypes of future international organizations. Many scholars rightly emphasized that at that stage these unions brought the Greek states closer together and softened their isolation.
The next stage in the development of international organizations was the creation of international economic and customs associations. One of the first such unions was the Hanseatic Trade Union, which brought all of Northern Germany out of the state of medieval barbarism. This union was finally formalized in the 16th century. Lübeck was at the head of this association.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the German Customs Union was created. All states that entered this union were to obey the same laws regarding the import, export and transit of goods. All customs duties were recognized as common and distributed among the members of the union according to the number of people in the population.
Specialists studying the history of international organizations believe that the first intergovernmental organization in its classical sense was the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, formed in 1831.
Already in the second half of the 19th century, international unions were created for measuring the earth (1864), the Universal Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875), the International Union for the Protection of International and artistic property and others. During this period, the cooperation of states becomes more extensive, affecting more and more areas of life. All organizations of this period had permanent bodies of fixed members and headquarters. Their competence was limited to the discussion of specialized problems.
The next important stage in the development of international organizations is the period after the First World War, when states began to create an international organization for the maintenance of peace and international security. So in 1919. The League of Nations was formed. The main organs of the League of Nations were the assembly of all representatives of the members of the League, the council and the permanent secretariat.
Its main task was to maintain peace and prevent new wars. The League of Nations was to take all measures to preserve the peace. If any member of the League resorted to war contrary to their obligations, then the main members of the League were obliged to immediately break off all commercial and financial relations with him, and the Council was to invite the various interested governments to send this or that contingent of troops.
The charter of the League of Nations provided for various effective peacekeeping measures. It recognized the need to limit national armaments to the minimum necessary to ensure national security. The Council of the League was supposed to choose plans for the limitation of armaments for each state and submit them for consideration by the governments concerned.
But according to experts, the League of Nations was unable to cope with its main task: the preservation of peace and the peaceful settlement of international conflicts. Those disagreements that arose between the members of the League led to the non-fulfillment of the obligations undertaken. She could not prevent the Second World War, as well as the Japanese attack on China, Italy on Ethiopia, Germany on Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy on Spain, etc. And on April 18, 1946. the League of Nations was liquidated, because the League of Nations did not fulfill its functions and at this historical stage ceased to exist.
Thus, the creation of international organizations and their development took place in stages. Gradually, the states realized the need for international cooperation in various spheres of life, which led to the exchange of inventions in the field of science, military technology, and art.
International organizations of the past have become the prototypes of modern international organizations, which are currently in large numbers, and which play a large role in modern international relations.
April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, the delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on 25 June.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and development of cooperation between countries.
The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.
The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington, Dumbarton Oaks. At two series of meetings, held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the world organization.
On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the USA, Great Britain and the USSR Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish "a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security."
On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference to Establish an International Organization to draft the UN Charter.
Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, the staff of delegations and the secretariat of the Conference, the total number of persons who took part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all probability the largest of any international meeting that has ever taken place.
On the agenda of the Conference were proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to work out a Charter acceptable to all states.
The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st Founding State.
The UN officially exists since October 24, 1945. - By this date, the Charter has been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatories. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.
The preamble to the Charter refers to the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war".
The objectives of the UN, enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: the sovereign equality of states; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation in international relations of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
192 states of the world are members of the UN.
Principal organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) - the main deliberative body, consists of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates permanently. Under the Charter, the Security Council is given primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. If all means of peaceful resolution of the conflict are used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to the areas of conflicts to maintain peace in order to reduce tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.
Over the entire existence of the UN, the UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., to make recommendations on any of them to the GA.
- The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body, formed in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and gives advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the activities of the organization. The secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).
The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most members of the UN are members of the specialized agencies of the UN.
The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
The official languages of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.
The UN headquarters is located in New York.
The UN is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2001, the Prize "For Contribution to a Better World and Strengthening World Peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its General Secretary, Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
In the system of international relations, interstate relations play a major role, since the state is the only entity that has sovereignty, but, as mentioned above, in the modern world there is a tendency to expand the participants in international relations. International organizations are becoming increasingly important actors.
The history of the creation of international organizations originates in ancient Greece, where in the 6th century. BC. the first permanent international associations were created, such as the Lacedaemonian and Delian symmacies (unions of cities and communities). Already at this stage, symmacia and amphiktyonia had a fairly clear internal structure. The supreme body in them was the general meeting, which met in the first - once a year, in the second - twice a year. Decisions of the general meeting were binding on all members of the union and were taken by a simple majority of votes.
With the development of international economic relations, a mechanism of international unions began to form to coordinate the activities of states in special areas. The first such union (during the Middle Ages), which united the North German cities, was the Hanseatic Trade Union.
The further development of international relations led to the expansion and complication of international communication between states. The needs of economic development dictated the need for international regulation of a number of new areas of interstate relations. General administrative unions or, as they were called, unions become such a new form. Initially, such unions on the basis of a permanent organization began to take shape in the field of customs relations. These were associations of independent states on the basis of an agreement concluded between them on the creation of joint customs regulation bodies in the customs territories of the participating countries.
International cooperation of states on the basis of permanent organizations in the future found its continuation and development in the field of transport. The beginning was cooperation in the field of navigation on international rivers within the framework of international commissions created for these purposes. For example, the Rhine Navigation Regulations (1831) and the Rhine Navigation Act (1868), which replaced it, created such a first commission, each of the coastal states appointed one representative who formed the Central Commission.
From the 60s. XIX century, international intergovernmental organizations begin to emerge: the International Union for measuring the earth (1864), the Universal Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875), the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property ( 1883), International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (1886), International Union Against Slavery (1890), International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs (1890), International Union of Railway Commodity Communications (1890). Characteristic of all these unions was that they possessed (and possess) permanent bodies. Their governing bodies were, as a rule, conferences (congresses), and the executive permanent bodies were bureaus or commissions.
The second half of the 19th century was marked by the intensification of international economic, scientific, and technical ties between states. This marked a new stage in the development and complication of such forms of international organizational relations as international conferences and congresses. In general, this form of interstate communication has been known since antiquity. Medieval history gives many examples of congresses of sovereigns in Germany and other countries of Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
When the threat of war became obvious at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, military-political coalitions began to be created between the largest states of Europe. Gradually, the number of states participating in such coalitions grew - large states drew small states into their number as their supporters. Such a system of military-political blocs can be clearly seen in the two that had developed by 1914. blocs: Russia, France, Great Britain, on the one hand, Austria and the Ottoman Empire, on the other. This period includes an attempt to create an international security organization by convening the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907. The result of the convening of these conferences was the establishment of the Court of Arbitration in The Hague. However, arbitration was not able to prevent what the course of development of Europe and the whole world has been directed towards for the last 100 years.
The first historically new form of organization of international relations was the League of Nations, which arose after the First World War. It was an attempt to create an international intergovernmental organization of a political nature on a permanent basis.
Since 1915 projects began to be put forward for the creation of international organizations of peace and security: the project of the "United States of Europe" or the "society of nations". The slogans of these projects, given the military situation, were: 1) cessation of the war; 2) streamlining working conditions and the procedure for resolving conflicts between labor and capital on an international scale; 3) elimination of the unequal position of the colonial peoples. These projects, to a greater or lesser extent, formed the basis of the Statute of the League of Nations.
The creation of the League is the first attempt to establish a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security, as well as the first attempt to create a universal mechanism for this. The League of Nations proclaimed its goal to ensure universal peace and promote international cooperation between states. But, besides this, it was endowed with other functions. For example, it was entrusted with control over colonial mandates, the protection of national minorities, and the registration of international treaties.
The first members of the League of Nations were 26 sovereign states and 4 dominions that participated in the First World War. The second group of countries consisted of 13 "invited" states that did not participate in the war. Despite the fact that the League of Nations was created practically on the basis of an American project, the United States did not take part in the work of this organization, since the American Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and thus the Statute of the League.
The main bodies of the League were the Assembly of all representatives of the members of the League (Assembly), the Council and the Permanent Secretariat.
In 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations after the signing of the Treaty of Locarno. This fact gave rise to a lot of disagreements within the organization, which ended in 1933. the announcement of the withdrawal from it of two states - Japan and Germany. The Soviet Union joined the League on September 15, 1934. at the initiative of French diplomacy, this initiative was supported by 30 member states of the League of Nations. However, when joining the USSR, it dissociated itself from a number of decisions taken earlier by the League of Nations, for example, the Soviet government declared a negative attitude towards the system of colonial mandates, and emphasized that it considers the lack of recognition of the equality of all races and nations to be a serious gap.
The League of Nations was legally liquidated only on April 18, 1946, and in fact it ceased its activities in September 1939.
In accordance with the Versailles Treaty of 1919. those of the former German colonies that, after the First World War, did not fall directly into the hands of the victorious powers, were placed at the disposal of the League of Nations, and the Arab lands of the former Turkish Empire - Syria, Palestine, Trans Jordan, Iraq - also passed to its disposal. All these territories were transferred by the League of Nations to the administration of individual victorious states in accordance with special treaties - mandates for lack of the first opportunity and tools to manage these colonies. Control over the implementation of mandates by the organization was purely formal and in fact, the colonies of Germany and Turkey were simply divided among the winners, like those that were directly conquered during the war.
And in general, if we talk about the activities of the League of Nations, then from the very beginning it was more of a pan-European than a truly international organization. It has not been able to cope with its statutory task related to the peaceful settlement of international conflicts. She could not prevent the Second World War, as well as Japan's attack on China, Italy - on Ethiopia and Spain, Germany - on Austria and Czechoslovakia.
However, despite all the shortcomings, the Statute of the League was a remarkable document for its time. Its articles on the limitation of armaments, the settlement of disputes by judicial procedure or by recourse to the Permanent Court of International Justice, on the mutual guarantee of territorial integrity, on measures for the maintenance of peace, on sanctions against a State that has resorted to war in violation of its obligations under the Statute of the League of Nations, on ensuring compliance with international treaties and norms of international law, on the obligatory cooperation of member states were at that time an innovation. These provisions were subsequently borrowed and developed in the UN Charter. Both positive and negative experience did not go unnoticed, the relevant lessons were learned from it during the creation of the UN, the most important of which was the understanding of the need for closer cooperation of even the most diverse states within the framework of an international organization.