Psychology 

vegetative reproduction. What does this concept mean? The value of vegetative reproduction. Tuber and mustache

Razdel 1 ROSLINI

Topic 2. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROSLIN

Basic understanding: VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

My pagints are weeping bushes,

To renew the beauty of the Trojans with them.

Hay the old bush and dry without boards, -

In the spring, young blooms bloom!

W. Shakespeare

Light up

In the 30s of the XIX century. the water-growth of the canadian elodea (il. 17.1) drank from Canada into the rivers of Great Britain, where it began to multiply from the hostile swede. At the same time, the fish trade changed, the rush of steamboats and barges shrunk, and the number of people living on the rivers shrunk. Even the wild elodea populated the rivers of the dry lands and became a classic butt of the water weed under the name “water plague”. Zavdyaki why the canadian elodeya so quickly flooded Europe with water?

BASIC ZMIST

The increase in the number of spices and the її shvidka was widened and continued to grow and now in Europe the weeds are multiplied, which has become vegetatively called.

Vegetative reproduction - reproduction by vegetative organs, their species and rich clitinous parts

Vegetative organs of growing. Vono may be wider in nature and with the growth of human cultural growths. That is why it is natural that piece of vegetative reproduction, which is powerful for rich roslins.

The vegetative reproduction helps the swedish growth of the number of growths and the current expansion, and also ensures the establishment of offspring there, since there are no friendly minds for state reproduction. Natural vegetative reproduction occurs without the involvement of people (il. 17.2).

Il. 17.1. Elodea Canadian

Il. 17.2. Vegetative propagation of pyria by rhizomes

Il. 17.3. Vegetative reproduction of agrusu with water

Pieces of vegetative reproduction grow by people and are widely planted in the growth (il. 17.3). It gives you the opportunity to take a large amount of planting material, to quickly increase the number of cultivated trees, to take care of varieties, shards in the offspring repeat the signs of the mother tree. An important way of piece vegetative propagation is splitting.

DISAPPEARED THEMES

What is the basis of vegetative reproduction?

Vegetative reproduction is the power that excites growing organisms from creatures. Vegetative reproduction is primed on regeneration sites. Regeneration is the restoration of the whole organism from the first part of the heritage under the skin. As a result of vegetative reproduction, a great number of the same plants appear, like a copy of the mother's growth. All stinks establish a clone - offspring, as if established with one maternal individual by a vegetative path. Such a vegetative reproduction, or cloning, gives people the opportunity to save varieties of signs of rich cultural growths. Ninі іsnuє culturing method kіtin i tkankin, which gives the possibility to take clones of roslin, growing on the living medium from one clitin or a group of clitin. The cloning allows you to cultivate the richness of the rare growths from the okremy clitins (for example, the cultivation of ginseng), to take away the great growth of the mass for the possession of her important speeches. Henceforth, the basis of vegetative reproduction is the manifestation of regeneration.

How does natural vegetative reproduction work?

As you already know, roslins have modifications of organs - cibulin, rhizome, bulbous skinny, which are used for vegetative reproduction (il. 17.4). Lilies, daffodils and tulips often reproduce with cibulins. And so the growths, like piry, konvalіya, sow thistle, can quickly expand on the great square for additional rhizomes. The rose and transformation of parts of the rhizome on independent growth can be adopted by creatures, like living near the ground (for example, moles, mice, beetles) just. Deyakі roslini multiply by bulbs (potato, ryast, Jerusalem artichoke). Roslins are often propagated by aboveground pagons. So, in the woods of the woody vines, there are sprats of succulent pagons - vusivs, on the tops of which young pagons and appendage roots develop. With the help of a year of life they hang and die, and new growth begins to live independently. Poplars, willows, wasps can be propagated by rooted chicks. The wind breaks the silt, and the wind breaks on the watery soil - and the axis of the water has already taken root and has given rise to a new growth. In bagatioh woody roslins (for example, cherry, raspberry, buzok) are more widely reproduced by root growths. Also, natural vegetative reproduction occurs for additional parts of the vegetative organs and their species.

Il. 17.4. Ways of natural vegetative reproduction:

1 - cibulins: 2 - vivodkovy brunkas; Z - bulbs;

4 - rhizomes; 5 - wusami (sounding pagons)

What are the ways of piece vegetative reproduction of cultivated roslins?

People for vegetative propagation of roslins often use the same methods that reproduce wild plants: with vines they reproduce half moons, with bulbs - potatoes are thin. Root parostki propagate buzok, raspberries, and under the bushes - yagidni culture. In vicory splinters, there are also special ways of vegetative reproduction - live cutting and splitting. Zhivtsyuvannya - tserozchennya vіdrіzanim vіdrіzanim vіdіzmu vіd organіzmu pagon's parts аbo root. Live bait is called a part of a pagon and a root with a kіlkom brunki. With stem live bait, like parts of a pagon with kіlkom brunka, tradescantia is propagated, the grapes are thin. Parts of the roots with kіlkom additional brunki - root live bait - propagate raspberries and plums. Such growths, like begonia, lemon, are propagated by leafy live bait - okremy leaves, on which additive roots and brunki appear. Chip - tse. growth of live bait in the same growth (crop) with other rooted growth (podshepa). Approximately 100 different ways of splitting (Il. 17.5), which are used in three types: splitting with a goblet of splitting for additional food from one brunka, taken from a thin ball of measles (for example, from trojans); splitting with live bait - splitting for additional help of freshly cut live bait with bait bait with logs (From fruit trees thin); splintering to close ones - splintering, in case of which the graft is not allowed to grow in the mother's growth until the full growth with food (for example, in grapes). From the same, piecewise vegetative reproduction occurs for additional parts of the vegetative organs or other species from various special methods of vegetative reproduction - zhivotsyuvannya that splitting.

Il. 17.5. Ways of vegetative reproduction:

1 - reproduction by a leaf (saintpaulia): 2 - live life; Z - splitting (a - close. b - living, c - vіchkom)

Vegetative reproduction - Biology

Related posts:

    Section 1 Characteristics of living nature Topic 2 Organizing system of living nature § 7. LIFE AS A BIOLOGICAL CATEGORY Terms and concepts: life, reductionism, holism. Chi...

    Section 2. ROLE MANNANCE ROSLIN Topic 3. VIDDL HOLONASINN § 36. HOLONAS DIFFERENCE The modern version of Holonasinn is subdivided into 4 classes: Sagovnikov, Gnetov, Ginkgov and Khvoyn. Class...

    Partition 2. DISTINCTIVENESS OF CREATIVES Topic 3. TRISHAROVI CREATURES. WORMS. §eighteen. Type Kіlchastі worms Charles Darwin, who made navkolosvitniu more expensive and lulled impersonal marvelous creatures, did not...

    Topic 1 BUDOVA AND THE LIFE OF TVARYN § 8. Links of creatures in natural groups The life of creatures is the process of maligning speech, for which the organism will be ...

    TOPIC 1 RIVINITY OF TWARINS Earth is a planet of arthropods. Encyclopedia “The Life of Creatures” &12. ARthropods, IX SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AND DIFFERENCE Basic understanding: ARthropods Guess! What is segmentation...

    ROZDIL. MOLECULAR LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE TOPIC 1. INORGANIC SPEECH ORGANIZATIONS - the chemical warehouse of living organisms and the specificity of the molecular level of the organization of living matter; - the power of the function ...

    Section 6 ANIMATION AND ETCHING § 33. Regulation of etching Etching is a foldable rich-stepping process that induces the health of the healthy robotic organs of the herbal system. Skin step...

    TOPIC 3. BEHAVIOR OF CREATURES Considering this topic, you will know about: ✓ specific behavior of different creatures; ✓ connection between the behavior of creatures and their way of life; ✓...

    INTRODUCTION & 1. Who are these creatures? 1. Well, it’s a great rate ... Explanation of zoology - a science that universally breeds creatures, we can tell from looking at a little one ...

    DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION THEME 5. INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION § 23. TYPES OF POSTEMBRIONAL DEVELOPMENT. RIST ORGANIZMIV Terms and concepts: indirect and direct development; larva; metamorphosis; rіst;...

    Section 2 Molecular riven of the organization of living nature Theme. 3 Element warehouse of biological systems § 9. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHEMICAL LIFE OF LIVING Term and understanding: biological chemistry ...

    RAZDIL II NADORGANISM RIVNI ORGANIZATION OF LIFE TOPIC 1. POPULATION. ECOSYSTEM. BIOSPHERE § 28. ECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE, її THE SUBJECT OF THAT TASK. THE CENTER OF ISNUVANNYA What is ecology ....

    DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION TOPIC 2. REGULATIONS OF DECLINE § 11. CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF DECEPTION. ZCHEPLENE SADKVANNYA. CROSSINGOVER Terms and understanding: zcheplene spadkuvannya; chain group; Morgan's law; morganida;...

    Topic 5. MUSHROOMS Based on this, you know about: ✓ specificity of life, liveliness and growth of mushrooms; ✓ natural and brittle mushrooms and ways of recognizing them;...

    DIVISION 2. DECLINE AND MINIMITY OF THE ORGANIZATION. FOUNDATIONS OF SELECTION §19. SYSTEMS OF CREATION OF ORGANISM AND THEIR GENETIC HERITAGE What are lethal and sublethal alleles, hybrids, homozygous and ...

    Topic 5. TYPE OF ARTHODONS § 22. Klas Komahi. Budova's body and organ systems of Komakhi are the most living creatures on our planet. For today's estimates, kіlkіst ...

    Section 2. DISTINCTIVENESS OF ROSLIN Topic 5. GOLONASINN 39. Significant characteristics of conifers In the spring wind, the pine rose, the pine was evergreen. There I went and listened to everything, what ...

    Section 2. DISTINCTIVENESS ROSLIN ENTERED TO ROZDIL II “Basically and on the top of the head” - we will and in this division will try to win over the joy of the great teacher Ya ....

    Entry ZOOLOGY - SCIENCE ABOUT TWARIN § 1. Creature light as a storehouse of nature What is the creature light Creation light, or fauna (from lat. Fauna - ...

    Rozdіl 1. ROSLIN Topic 1. BUDOVA LIFE ROSLIN § 15. LEAF The leaf is the vegetative organ of the roslin, which performs the function of photosynthesis, vaporization of water (transpiration) and gas exchange ....

    Section 2. RESISTANCE OF TWARIN Topic 10. SSAVTS § 48. Class Ssavtsі. Features of life We often repeat that a person is a part of nature. Today you go to...

    Enter WHAT IS LIFE THAT YAK YOGO IS DISCUSSION Based on this topic, you know about: ✓ the main mystery of life; ✓ diversity of life on our planet is so...

    Topic 1. KLITINA §6. BUDOV'S MICROSCOPE - You will know with the help of a microscope, and you will know how to protect your health. - Why should we practice with a microscope? ...

It is based on their high ability to regenerate, that is, to restore from one part of the whole organism. At the same time, daughter plants inherit all the characteristics of the parent, including valuable varietal qualities.

Plants are carried out with the help of various organs, both specialized (tubers, bulbs, rhizomes) and non-specialized (leaves, stems).

In the wild, vegetative propagation of plants is widespread. Some species generally rarely reproduce by seed. These include bulbous, lilies of the valley and many others. Strong underground rhizomes of wheatgrass make this weed almost invulnerable. No weeding allows you to completely get rid of it, but the whole point is in the numerous renewal buds that literally humiliate the rhizomes. Of these, it can recover, even if a piece a couple of centimeters long remains in the soil.

Forest stolons (whiskers), which are a kind of above-ground shoots. The whiskers take root in the nodes, and young plants develop from adventitious buds, which soon begin an independent life. Some trees can also reproduce vegetatively. Often broken branches of willows and poplars, getting into a humid environment, take root and form full-fledged plants. There are even cases when willow twigs, stuck into the ground as a hedge, took root and turned into trees. And the reason for everything is the vegetative propagation of plants, which sometimes manifests itself in the most amazing forms. Crassula, popular in indoor floriculture, which is popularly called, easily reproduces by leaves. Under favorable conditions, roots form on the petiole of the leaf, and after them a new plant is formed. Moreover, it is not even necessary to create special conditions for this - often the leaves fall to the ground and take root on their own.

Vegetative propagation of plants has been widely used in the practice of crop production. This is an opportunity to get a larger amount of crop in a shorter period compared to the seed method. A popular example is the propagation of potatoes by tubers or strawberries by mustaches (stolons). And if you need to propagate a young specimen, the flowering and fruiting of which will not come soon, the vegetative method is simply irreplaceable. It is used to obtain a huge number of plants - herbaceous perennials and annuals, and shrubs, and even conifers.

Artificial vegetative propagation of plants is especially important in cases where it is necessary to preserve the varietal characteristics of complex hybrids. There are various methods for dividing a bush, rooting layering, grafting, using tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, daughter rosettes, and leaf cuttings.

In indoor floriculture, vegetative propagation is most often used to obtain plants, examples of which can be seen on ordinary home window sills. Crassula, saintpaulias, dieffenbachia, pelargoniums, ferns, begonias, ficuses and many other plants living in city apartments, as a rule, are obtained in a vegetative way. And it is not surprising, because it is much easier to put the stalk in water or plant it in the soil, having previously treated it with a stimulant, than to mess with seeds, the germination of which is often in question.

Vegetative propagation is a valuable invention of nature, which is actively used in modern crop production and has a number of advantages over the seed method.

Reproduction is a universal property of all living organisms, the ability to reproduce their own kind. With its help, species and life in general are preserved in time. It provides a generational change. During asexual reproduction, the main cellular mechanism that provides an increase in the number of cells is mitosis. The parent is one individual. The offspring is an exact genetic copy of the parent material. The biological role of asexual reproduction is to maintain the greatest fitness in little-changing environmental conditions. Sexual reproduction provides an inexhaustible source of variability, which determines the wide possibilities for adapting organisms to their environment. This is the advantage of sexual reproduction over vegetative and spore formation, in which the organism has only one parent and almost completely repeats its features.

Vegetative propagation

Vegetative propagation- this is the ability of a plant to restore the entire organism from a part of the body (vegetative organ - leaf, stem, root).

Vegetative reproduction is based on the ability of plant organisms to restore organs during mitotic cell division. This ability is called regeneration. Individuals arising from one maternal organism as a result of vegetative reproduction have the same characteristics.

Vegetative reproduction of plants can be conditionally divided into natural and artificial.

Vegetative reproduction is common in nature. As a rule, such plants grow in large compact groups, crowding out others, such as sow thistle, nettle, and creeping couch grass.

In some plants, the ability to vegetative reproduction is clearly expressed. Many plants have special formations that promote vegetative propagation: for example, tubers - in potatoes, tendrils - in strawberries, onions - in lilies, renewed buds - in chistyak, etc.

Many plants reproduce by root shoots. Root shoots develop from buds that are laid in the pericycle (the outer layer of cells of the central cylinder of the stem). In this way, cherries, roses, common robinia, poplar, raspberry, horseradish, field sow thistle, sorrel, and others reproduce.

Rhizomes propagate herbaceous perennials. Shrubs propagate less often by rhizomes. On the rhizomes, in the nodes, buds are laid, forming underground shoots. Due to these buds, branching and reproduction occurs.

Tubers are also organs of vegetative propagation, they develop in the soil (potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, marsh chistets, sea tubers).

In farms, the most common method of artificial vegetative propagation is the rooting of live bait and plant grafting.

Thanks to these methods, you can save the properties of the variety. This is of great importance in breeding work for the rapid reproduction of highly productive forms of plants. In some cases, there is no clear boundary between the natural artificial vegetative propagation of plants, these include reproduction by tubers, rhizomes, tendrils, etc.

A large number of plants are propagated by cuttings (parts of the root, stem, leaf).

Distinguish between winter and summer live bait.

Winter live bait without leaves, willow, poplar, spirea, rose, elderberry, grapes, currants, gooseberries are propagated with such live bait. They can be harvested in autumn, winter or earlier in spring before the start of active vegetation from one- or two-year-old shoots, their length can be 20-30 cm. Live bait with leaves (summer) is cut in summer. In such live bait, additional roots are formed after the separation of the shoot from the mother plant. The number of plants that can be propagated by leafy live bait is negligible. This is determined by the fact that on some live bait only roots can form, on others only buds. There is only an insignificant part of plants, on the leaf baits of which both roots and a bud can form. These plants include aloe, lilies, ivy, geranium, saintpaulia.

Artificial vegetative propagation includes propagation by jigging. To do this, the branches of the mother plant bend over and cover them with moist earth. After some time, additional roots form on the covered part. After rooting, the plants are transplanted to a permanent place. Jigging can propagate grapes, gooseberries, currants, viburnum and other plants.

Grafting is a method of transplanting parts of an organ from one plant to another, followed by their fusion with each other.

The plant from which the live bait is taken is called a scion, and the plant to which it is grafted. - rootstock. The rootstock has its own root, on which the grafted plant will develop. Vaccinations are carried out not only for reproduction, sometimes they are used to “repair” the crown. A new live bait is grafted onto damaged or broken branches. Live bait is grafted in the spring during active sap flow, when the bark on the scion begins to lag behind, that is, during the awakening of the kidneys. If eyes are used for vaccination, then it is carried out at the end of summer with dormant buds. Live bait or eyes are necessarily harvested from fruit-bearing trees of a known variety. In this case, the best shoots for cuttings will be placed on one-year shoots in the flowering zone of the fruit tree.

The success of grafting depends on the careful execution of the operations and on the relatedness of the plants. Best of all, the scion takes root with the stock when they belong to the same species. Less effectiveness happens with interspecific vaccinations, even less - with intergeneric vaccinations.

Vegetative propagation plants- this is the development of new plants from vegetative organs or their parts. Vegetative reproduction is based on the plant's ability to regenerate, that is, to restore the whole organism from a part. With vegetative reproduction, new plants are formed from shoots, leaves, roots, tubers, bulbs, root offspring. The new generation has all the qualities that the mother plant has.

Vegetative propagation of plants occurs naturally or with the help of humans. People widely use vegetative propagation of indoor, ornamental, vegetable plants. For this, first of all, those methods that exist in nature are used.

Rhizomes propagate wheatgrass, lily of the valley, kupena. The rhizomes have adventitious roots, as well as apical and axillary buds. The plant in the form of a rhizome overwinters in the soil. In the spring, young shoots develop from the buds. If the rhizomes are damaged, each piece can give a new plant.

Some plants reproduce by broken branches (willows, poplars).

Reproduction by leaves is less common. It is found, for example, in the meadow core. On moist soil at the base of a broken leaf, an adnexal bud develops, from which a new plant grows.

Potatoes are propagated by tubers. When planting a club, part of the kidneys develops into green shoots. Later, from another part of the kidneys, underground shoots similar to a rhizome are formed - stolons. The tops of the stolons thicken and turn into new tubers (Fig. 144).

Onions, garlic, tulips are propagated by bulbs. When bulbs are planted in the soil, adventitious roots grow from the bottom. Daughter bulbs are formed from axillary buds.

Many shrubs and perennial herbs reproduce by dividing the bush, such as peonies, irises, hydrangeas, etc.

Scientists have developed methods of vegetative propagation, which are extremely rare in nature (cutting) or do not exist at all (grafting).

Shank-forging

When cutting, a part of the mother plant is separated and rooted. A cutting is a part of any vegetative organ - a shoot (stem, leaf), root. There are usually already buds on the handle, or they can appear under favorable conditions. A new plant grows from the cutting, completely similar to the mother plant.

Many houseplants tradescantia, pelargonium, coleus propagate with green leafy shoot cuttings (Fig. 145). Leafless cuttings (a section of a young stem with several buds) propagate gooseberries, currants, then zero, willow and other plants.

Begonia, glock blue, uzambar violet, sansevier (pike tail) and many other houseplants are propagated by leaf cuttings. To do this, a separate leaf is planted in wet sand, covered with a glass cap, or placed in water (Fig. 146).

Root cuttings propagate raspberries.

layering

Layers are used in the reproduction of gooseberries, currants, lindens. At the same time, the lower branches of the bush are bent to the ground, pressed and sprinkled with soil. It is recommended to make incisions on the underside of the bent branch to stimulate the formation of adventitious roots. After rooting, the cutting branch is separated from the mother plant and transplanted to a permanent place (Fig. 147).

plant grafting

Apples, pears and other fruit plants, when grown from seeds, do not retain the valuable qualities of the original plant. They become wild, so these plants are propagated by grafting. The plant that is grafted onto is called a rootstock, and the plant that is grafted on is called a scion. Distinguish between grafting with an eye and grafting with a cutting (Fig. 148).

Inoculation

Eye vaccination is carried out as follows. In the spring, during the sap movement, a T-shaped incision is made on the rootstock bark. Then the corners of the bark are folded over and a bud cut from a scion with a small area of ​​bark and wood is inserted under it. The rootstock bark is pressed, the wound is bandaged with a special adhesive tape. The part of the stock located above the scion is removed.

Grafting by cutting

Vaccinations with a cutting are done in different ways: butt (cambium to cambium), split, under the bark. With all methods, it is important to observe the main condition: the cambium of the scion and the cambium of the stock must match. Only in this case will fusion occur. As with grafting with a kidney, the wound is bandaged. Places of a properly performed vaccination quickly grow together. material from the site

Plant tissue culture

In recent decades, such a method of vegetative propagation as tissue culture has been developed. The essence of the method lies in the fact that a whole plant is grown from a piece of educational (or other) tissue or even from one cell on a nutrient medium, with careful observance of lighting and temperature conditions. It is important to prevent damage to the plant by microorganisms. The value of the method lies in the fact that, without waiting for the formation of seeds, you can get a large number of plants.

Vegetative propagation of plants is of great biological and economic importance. It contributes to a fairly rapid resettlement of plants.

With vegetative propagation, the new generation has all the qualities of the mother's organism, which makes it possible to preserve plant varieties with valuable traits. Therefore, many fruit crops reproduce only vegetatively. When propagated by grafting, a new plant immediately has a powerful root system, which makes it possible to provide young plants with water and minerals. Such plants turn out to be more competitive compared to seedlings that have appeared from seeds. However, this method also has disadvantages: with repeated repetition of vegetative propagation, the “aging” of the original plant occurs. This reduces its resistance to environmental conditions and diseases.

Reproduction is one of the characteristic features of all living organisms along with respiration, nutrition, movement and others. It is difficult to overestimate its significance, because it ensures, and hence the very existence of life on planet Earth.

In nature, this process is carried out in different ways. One of them is asexual vegetative reproduction. It occurs mainly in plants. The value of vegetative propagation and its varieties will be discussed in our publication.

What is asexual reproduction

The school biology course defines vegetative propagation of plants (grade 6, Botany section) as one of the asexual types. This means that germ cells do not participate in its implementation. And, accordingly, the recombination of genetic information is impossible.

This is the oldest method of reproduction, characteristic of plants, fungi, bacteria and some animals. Its essence lies in the formation of daughter individuals from maternal ones.

In addition to vegetative, there are other ways of asexual reproduction. The most primitive of these is cell division in two. This is how plants reproduce, as well as bacteria.

A special form of asexual reproduction is the formation of spores. Horsetails, ferns, mosses and club mosses reproduce in this way.

asexual vegetative reproduction

Often during asexual reproduction, a new organism develops from a whole group of parental cells. This kind of asexual reproduction is called vegetative.

Reproduction by parts of vegetative organs

The vegetative organs of plants are the shoot, consisting of a stem and leaf, and the root - an underground organ. By splitting off their multicellular part or petiole, a person can carry out vegetative reproduction.

What is cuttings for example? This is the method of the mentioned artificial vegetative propagation. So, in order to increase the number of currant or gooseberry bushes, you need to take part of their root system with buds, from which the shoot will recover over time.

But for the propagation of grapes, stem petioles are suitable. Of these, after some time the root system of the plant will be restored. A necessary condition is the presence of kidneys on any kind of petiole.

But for the reproduction of many indoor plants, leaves are often used. Surely, many bred the Uzambar violet in this way.

Reproduction by modified shoots

Many plants form modifications of vegetative organs that allow them to perform additional functions. One of these functions is vegetative reproduction. What are special modifications of shoots, we will understand if we consider separately rhizomes, bulbs and tubers.

Rhizome

This part of the plant is located underground and resembles a root, but, despite the name, is a modification of the shoot. It consists of elongated internodes, from which adventitious roots and leaves depart.

Examples of plants that propagate with the help of rhizomes are lily of the valley, iris, mint. Sometimes the named organ can also be found in weeds. Everyone knows how difficult it can be to get rid of wheatgrass. Pulling it out of the ground, a person, as a rule, leaves parts of the overgrown wheatgrass rhizome underground. And after a certain time they sprout again. Therefore, in order to get rid of the named weed, it must be carefully dug up.

Bulb

Leek, garlic, and narcissus also propagate with the help of underground modifications of shoots, which are called bulbs. Their flat stem is called the bottom. It has juicy fleshy leaves that store nutrients and buds. They give rise to new organisms. The bulb allows the plant to survive under the ground a difficult period for reproduction - drought or cold.

Tuber and mustache

To propagate potatoes, you do not need to sow seeds, despite the fact that it forms flowers and fruits. This plant reproduces by underground modifications of shoots - tubers. To propagate potatoes, it is not even necessary that the tuber be whole. A fragment of it containing buds is enough, which will sprout underground, restoring the entire plant.

And after flowering and fruiting, strawberries and strawberries form ground whips (whiskers), on which new shoots appear. By the way, they should not be confused with grape tendrils, for example. In this plant, they perform a different function - the ability to gain a foothold on a support, for a more comfortable position in relation to the sun.

Fragmentation

Not only plants are able to reproduce by separating their multicellular parts. This phenomenon is also observed in animals. Fragmentation as vegetative propagation - what is it? This process is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate - to restore lost or damaged parts of the body. For example, a whole individual, including integuments and internal organs of the animal, can be restored from a part of the body of an earthworm.

budding

Budding is another way of reproduction, but vegetative buds have nothing to do with it. Its essence is as follows: a protrusion forms on the body of the mother's organism, it grows, acquires the features of an adult organism and splits off, starting an independent existence.

This budding process occurs in freshwater hydra. But in other representatives of the intestinal cavity - - the resulting protrusion does not split off, but remains on the mother's body. As a result, bizarre reef shapes are formed.

The increase in the amount of pastry, which is prepared with the help of yeast, by the way, is also the result of their vegetative reproduction, by budding.

The value of vegetative propagation

As you can see, vegetative propagation in nature is quite widespread. This method leads to a rapid increase in the number of individuals of a particular species. Plants even have a number of adaptations for this, in the form and escape.

Using artificial vegetative propagation (what such a concept implies has already been said earlier), a person propagates plants that he uses in his economic activity. It does not require an individual of the opposite sex. And for the germination of young plants or the development of new individuals, the familiar conditions in which the mother organism lives are sufficient.

However, all varieties of asexual reproduction, including vegetative, have one feature. Its result is the appearance of genetically identical organisms that are an exact copy of the parent. To preserve the biological species and hereditary characteristics, this method of reproduction is ideal. But with variability, everything is much more complicated.

Asexual reproduction, in general, deprives organisms of the possibility of the emergence of new traits, and hence one of the ways to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, most species in wildlife are also capable of sexual reproduction.

Despite this significant shortcoming, in the cultivation of cultivated plants, the most valuable and widely used is still vegetative propagation. This method suits a person because of the wide variety of possibilities, short periods of time, and the number of organisms that reproduce in the described way.