Types of geographic information. Synopsis of a lesson in Geography on the topic "Introduction. Sources of geographical information" (1st year of secondary vocational education)

To study the nature of continents and oceans, geographers use general geographical And industry methods research.

One of the main research methods in geography is observation And measurement, thanks to which they collect primary geographic information about the characteristics of continents and oceans. Direct observations and necessary measurements are carried out during expeditions, staying directly at the object under study, for example, at a scientific station in Antarctica. They are often carried out from research ships or even from cruise ships, from the orbits of space stations and geophysical rockets, from artificial Earth satellites and laboratory aircraft (Fig. 4).

Space observations have enriched geographical science with new knowledge. During observations of the ocean near Antarctica with the help of a satellite, ocean eddies with a diameter of 30 to 200 km were first noticed and it was determined that they were similar to cyclones and anticyclones of the atmosphere. With the help of satellites, movements of lithospheric plates were recorded, reaching approximately 10 cm per year. Thanks to the examination of the ocean floor by spacecraft, differences in the relief of the ocean floor compared to the land surface were discovered and corresponding maps were created.

Based on the obtained primary geographic information, they create layouts, or models (Fig. 5), of relief forms, cyclones and anti-cyclones, rivers with a dam and reservoir, natural complexes, etc., and develop various maps.

In geography, there are also methods for obtaining secondary geographic information. This is due to the fact that many geographical objects are inaccessible for direct observation or are very large in size. Then research scientists resort to using previously obtained and organized data.

Scientists accumulate secondary geographic information gradually. Sources of information for them are maps, especially thematic ones, analyzing which, you can compare phenomena, create an image specific territory (Fig. 5). Organized geographic information is also provided by tables, combining the diverse characteristics of the territory. An example of such a table is a geochronological scale. The source of secondary geographic information is graphs, diagrams, profiles.(Remember what temperature graphs, wind roses, climate diagrams, and relief profiles look like.)

An important method of obtaining secondary information in geography also remains descriptions, especially if this concerns the characteristics of the nature of individual continents, countries, mysterious seas and islands. Nowadays, the function of description is also performed by various video media - cinema and television.

A new source of secondary geographic information is geographic information system (GIS), designed for computer reading, analysis and presentation of information. Material from the site

GIS is fast. There is a certain set of programs in GIS that help you quickly (in 3-5 minutes) create any geographical map. At the same time, the necessary data is entered, and their analysis is carried out automatically. And when working with atlas maps, when it is necessary to detect a certain relationship, for example, between the relief and the structure of the earth's crust, five times more time is used, because maps of different scales are needed, located on different pages.

Basic methods of geographical research.

Descriptive. The study and description of any territory is carried out according to a specific plan. The description can be either single-element (when only one component is considered, for example, a hydrological network, relief, landscapes) or complex (when the entire territorial complex is considered: nature - population - economy).

Comparative. When studying different territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. Objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas) or remote (for example, mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and difference are identified and appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Cartographic. For the study area, special maps or a series of thematic maps are created in order to understand a phenomenon. With the help of pre-developed certain conventional symbols, certain elements of the territory under consideration (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic basis. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: interpretation of aerial and satellite images, mathematical, etc.

Retrospective (historical approach). The study of any geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena - is considered in time, which makes it possible to make a forecast for the future.

Typological. Based on the selected criteria, reference areas (key) are identified in the study area with the aim of further disseminating the findings to other areas.

Sources of geographic information.

1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.

2. Geographical descriptions of different territories.

3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.

4. Space and aerial photographs.

5. Geographical information systems (GIS).

Currently, all of the listed sources of information can be digitized and transferred from paper to electronic form, for example GIS.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development

Ticket methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical.. geographical differences in the economic activities of the population of Russia.. a consequence of the large territory of Russia was the rather diverse nature of our country, which determined the differences..

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Comparative characteristics of the climate of Central Russia and Eastern Siberia, reasons for the differences
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Comparative characteristics of the climate of the North Caucasus and Primorye, reasons for the differences
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Altitudinal zone. Characteristics of the nature of one of the mountainous regions of the country (at the student’s choice)
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Comparison of two industrial nodes using specialization maps, explanation of similarities and differences (teacher's choice)
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Sectoral and territorial structure of the Russian economy and its changes in recent decades
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Environmental problems of your area and possible ways to solve them
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25.12.2016 18:50

Geography as a science. Its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography in secondary education. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.

“Start testing on economic and social geography of Russia”

Starting testing on economic geography of Russia


	Countries with land borders with Russia:	1.Sweden. 2 Norway 3 Lithuania 4 Mongolia 5 Finland 6 Armenia 7 China 8 Belarus 9 Turkmenistan
	Russian city with a population of more than 1 million people:	1. Murmansk 2 Nizhny Novgorod 3 Magadan 4 Sochi 5 Serpukhov 6 Kyiv 7 Orel 8 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 9 Minsk
	The largest basin in terms of coking coal volumes in Russia:	1Kansko-Achinsky 2 Kuznetsky 3 Podmoskovny 4 Donetsk
	Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia:	1Murmansk 2 St. Petersburg 3 Moscow 4 Magnitogorsk
	Fine-fleece and semi-fine-fleece sheep breeding is most developed in the economic region:	1. Northern 2 North Caucasian 3 Central 4 Central Black Earth
	The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory economic regions of Russia:	1North-Caucasian 2 Ural 3Far Eastern 4Northern
	Arrange the stages of textile production in technological order - from raw materials to the production of finished fabric	1Finishing 2Production of raw materials 3Production of fiber 4Production of yarn
	Three centers of the oil refining industry located on the Volga:	1 Moscow 2 Saratov 3 Perm 4 Yaroslavl 5 Smolensk 6 Khabarovsk 7 Volgograd 8 Ryazan 9 Arkhangelsk
	Identify the subject of the Russian Federation by its brief description: “This subject is located in the eastern part of the country, its territory is not washed by the waters of the World Ocean. One of the largest rivers in Russia with its largest influx flows through its territory. There are no hydroelectric power stations on these rivers. There are no nuclear power plants in the region, but powerful thermal power plants operate using fuel produced in the same region."	1. Primorsky Territory 2 Murmansk Region 3 Irkutsk Region 4 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Answers: 1-2,3,4,5,7,8; 2-2; 3-2; 4 -4, 5-2, 6-2,3; 7 8-2,4,7; 9 -4

Evaluation criteria: 0 errors – “5”, 1-3 errors – “4”, 4-5 errors – “3”, 6 or more – “2”.

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Lesson topic. Introduction. Sources of geographic information.

Goals: create conditions for the presentation of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce information search using GIS.

Tasks:

Subject: show the special position of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce information search using GIS.

Meta-subject: improving educational and information skills: selecting the necessary sources of information, evaluating and analyzing their features and significance, working with a variety of sources of information.

Equipment: atlas, notebook, textbook.

Lesson type: learning new material.

	Activities of a teacher	Student activities
Organizational moment.	beginning of the lesson, checking students against the list.	Notebook, textbook, atlas.
	II. Updating knowledge. It will be very difficult for us to master new knowledge without the knowledge and requirements for a geography lesson. A student is ready for a lesson if he has a textbook, an atlas, outline maps and a notebook on his desk. Homework cannot be done without an atlas. The following are the requirements for working with the q.k. atlas. and a textbook.	get acquainted with the atlas, textbook and contour maps.
Goal setting	Lesson topic"Introduction." Sources of geographic information" What is the purpose of the lesson? Write down the topic and purpose of the lesson. Introduction. Sources of geographic information.	Suggested suggestions: familiarity with the discipline, with sources of geographic information.
Motivation	“Everyone who has an idea can judge how much benefit geography brings to the human race” Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Do you agree with this statement?	Supposed proposals:
Learning new material: Stage 1	1 G Geography as a science, its role and significance in the system of sciences. Geography – Economic geography is part of the system of geographical sciences and is associated with many sciences: primarily with physical geography, ecology, history, demography, ethnography, and economic cartography. Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education specialties . formation of a holistic idea of modern geographical science, its participation in solving the most important problems of mankind; − possession of the skills to conduct observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences; − possession of the skills to use maps of different contents to obtain new geographical knowledge about natural socio-economic and environmental processes and phenomena; − possession of the skills to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, and adapt to changes in its conditions The main tasks of temporal geography are to know, protect and increase the wealth of our planet in order to pass them on to future generations. Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education majors.	Write in your notebook:Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.
	2. Methods of geographical research. There are many methods in geography that allow one to carry out a range of research works. What research methods do you know? Descriptive method used to describe objects (like a river, landforms, natural areas). Observation method– observations of natural phenomena, weather forecasts. leading method in geography . When teaching, a map performs a number of functions: a source of information, a teaching tool, and a teaching method. Statistical method-based on the analysis of statistical material, allows you to specify theoretical calculations, makes it possible to demonstrate the proportionality of phenomena and processes, and draw conclusions about the direction of development of a particular phenomenon. -geography examines changes over time, for example, allowed us to identify the dynamics of the world economy and the position of individual countries on the time scale of development. Explore the essence of what is happening by comparing the past and present . Geographic forecast. Geoinformatics – Computer science allows the use of economic and mathematical modeling . The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS) Aerospace method – a method of studying the Earth from aircraft - air and space. This method can be called remote, which includes aerial or satellite images and decryption of the resulting images. Decryption is the processing of aerial and satellite data to identify images. For example, in a photo of forest fires, the green color is replaced with red to increase the contrast of the photo. .Sources of geographic information.	Answer: cartographic, etc. Introduce the methods and fill out the table. Write in your notebook: geographical maps, reference books, textbooks, encyclopedias, television, Internet, etc.
Fizminutka	Introduction to the structure of the textbook
	.Practical work " Exercise 1 Task 2. Answer the questions:
	Testing on Russian geography.
Homework	Independent work:
Relaxation	Did you like the lesson? What new did you learn in the lesson?

Frontal survey.

List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.

Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?

Answer: Yes, this is the leading method in geography; with the help of maps we can get a lot of different information.

What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?

Answer: Space research methods are used to monitor and study economic components in the world and predict their changes.

List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.

Answer: - experimental - modeling - remote sensing (aerospace) - geographic forecast - geographic information systems

Does geographical forecast belong to modern methods of geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:

Answer: Yes, foreseeing the future state of geosystems.

Using the SEARCH input line, you can search for objects of various types located in the capital: streets and houses, institutions, theaters and museums, educational institutions, hotels, metro stations and much more. GIS will help you find a place on the map, tell you the address and provide a lot of additional useful information. Practical work: work on the Internet “Search for cities on the electronic map of Russia”, “Attractions of Russian cities” (optional). You can use the map in Google Browser (see instructions)

Exercise 1.

) study table 14 on page 388 of the textbook appendix

2) determine what information is reflected in it

3) establish how the data is ranked

4) in what units of measurement the data is presented

5) formulate possible conclusions to this table

Task 2.

1) look at Fig. 10 on page 62 of the textbook (graph)

2) determine what information is reflected in it

3) determine what data is plotted along the OX, OY axis, in what units

4) establish how the indicator changes, what is the rate of change at different time intervals

5) what conclusion can be drawn by studying this figure

Task 3.

1) look at Fig. 14 on page 63 of the textbook (bar graph)

2) determine what information is reflected in it, what it is about

3) name the type of chart

4) how the information is presented in the diagram

5) formulate possible conclusions to the drawing

Self-analysis of the lesson.

Introduction. 1 hour.

Topic: “Geography as a science. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographical information".

(leading content ideas)

The unique role of geography as a science in the formation of ideas about the interaction of nature, man and society, images of specific territories.

Geographical system of scientific knowledge and characteristic methods of geographical research.

Integrated use of various sources of geographic information - educational, reference, popular science, Internet resources, etc.

Lesson Objectives

Subject – deepening ideas about teachings, theories, laws and patterns, hypotheses of modern geographical science.

Expanding and deepening understanding of methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information.

Metasubject : improvement of educational and information skills:

select the necessary sources of information,

evaluate and analyze their features and significance,

work with a variety of information sources.

Basic requirements for student preparation

Give examples of modern geographical research and assess their significance.

Prove with facts the interconnection of geographical sciences.

Give examples of laws, theories, concepts or terms from different school geography courses, explain their features and differences.

Evaluate various sources of geographical knowledge.

Be able to work with various sources of geographical knowledge.

Name typical geographical research methods.

Express your arguments briefly and convincingly, speak in accordance with the logic of the question posed.

During the classes.

Class organization.

Checking homework.

(frontal conversation)

What does economic and social geography of the world study?

What sciences does socio-economic geography combine?

What is the main direction of the current stage of development of social and economic geography?

What issues are geographers involved in solving?

3. Studying a new topic.

Modern methods of geographical research.

What is a "method"?

(student answers)

Write in your notebook: A method is a way to achieve a goal or solve a specific problem; a set of methods for understanding reality.

In geography, universal and special research methods are used.

What research methods do you know?

(student answers)

Write in your notebook:

Traditional methods:

Cartographic is the leading method in geography (different types of maps, different methods of analyzing maps). When teaching, a map performs a number of functions: a source of information, a teaching tool, and a teaching method.

Working on atlas maps:

-Using the “Political Map of the World”, name the leading states by area; “dwarf” states, island states: archipelagic countries, coastal states, landlocked states.

-According to the map of “World Population Distribution”, name the regions of the world with high population density and low population density?

-On the map “Environmental Problems of the World”, name the regions of the world where radioactive contamination, pasture degradation, and soil erosion predominate.

Statistical – processing of various digital data, their comparison and analysis.

Working with tables in the textbook application.

-Name the countries in the world that have the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal, identify the regions of the world that are poor in arable land, name the most and least forested countries in the world.

Historical is a method of studying the history of geographical objects from the moment of their formation to the present.

Using the example of the Russian Federation, trace the changes occurring on the territory of the country.

Mathematical methods make it possible to move on to mathematical modeling of physical and economic-geographical phenomena and processes.

-If the area of the Sahara Desert increases annually by 13 thousand square kilometers, how much will the area of the desert increase in 5, 10 years?

Modern methods:

Geographic forecast - foreseeing the future state of geosystems, etc.

-If deforestation of equatorial forests in South America is not reduced, what could be the consequences?

-If the amount of carbon dioxide does not decrease, what could be the consequences of the greenhouse effect?

2. Geoinformatics has led to the creation of geographic information systems that create electronic maps that differ in language, national electronic atlases: the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden and other countries of the world.

3. Space research methods - satellite and navigation systems, with the help of which you can determine your location and choose the shortest route.

Sources of geographic information.

What are the sources of geographic information you know?

(students' answers)

Write in your notebook:

The main sources of geographic information: visual observations, eyewitness accounts, geographical maps, reference books, textbooks, encyclopedias, special computer programs, television, radio, Internet, etc.

(give examples)

Lesson summary.

- What two groups are all research methods divided into?

List traditional research methods.

Modern research methods.

What are the most accessible sources of geographic information and what information can be obtained from them?

Ratings. House. exercise: study the lesson notes.

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Lesson topic:« »

1.Geography as a science, its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education majors.

Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.

Exercise: Extract traditional and modern research methods from the text.

Methods of geographical research
Traditional methods	Modern methods

The main methods of geographical research are: Description method- one of the main methods of geography. All descriptions of the territory were based on observation method.

The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of domestic economic geography, Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky, is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of the relative position of objects, their sizes, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more. Everything on Earth develops historically, therefore, to understand modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind. Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative production indicators, etc. Mathematical. If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, fertility, mortality and natural population growth, balance of migration, resource availability, GDP per capita, etc. Modern aerial and space photography- great assistants in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature conservation, in solving many problems of mankind. Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science must not only describe the objects and phenomena being studied, but also predict the consequences that humanity may come to in the course of its development. Geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

Geographic information systems.Modern research cannot be imagined without information technology. GIS – Geographic information systems are a computer base that stores geoinformation in the form of maps of various contents, digital and text information on objects marked on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.

Based on spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.

According to their purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing information at a new technical level. data and obtaining new geographical information on this basis.

3.Sources of geographic information. Geographic map, Statistical materials, Geographic information systems. http://maps.yandex.ru http://maps.google . com / http://maps.google . com /

4. Practical work Familiarization with geographical maps of various subjects.

Exercise 1 . To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10. 1.1. Divide all atlas maps into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a larger number of maps? 1.2. Divide all atlas maps into physical and thematic. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps? What is the purpose of including physical maps in this atlas?

Task 2. Take a close look at the “Political Map of the World” in the geographic atlas. Answer the questions: 2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map? 2.2. What geographical features must be indicated on both the physical and political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?

Homework : Independent work of students Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.

To complete the assignment, use various sources of geographic information. 1.1. Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. as a result of the division of larger federal states.

States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kyiv; Belarus - Minsk; ... - Chisinau; Georgia - ...; ... - Baku; Armenia - ...; Kazakhstan - …; ... - Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - ...; ... - Tashkent; Estonia - ...; ... - Riga; ... - Vilnius.

1.2. Make maps of previously existing federal states, which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Include the designations used in drawing up map diagrams in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and reasons that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Record your findings.

We are closely connected with geography - the nature that surrounds us, recreation, travel to different places on the planet.

Geography still opens up a wonderful world:

introduces you to the customs and traditions of different peoples,

Deep-sea vehicles descend to the bottom of the seas and oceans,

the ice of Antarctica hides unique lakes from the eyes of scientists,

Scientists are discovering new species of animals and plants in the Amazon forests, and also studying climate change and environmental pollution.

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION Sources of geographic information
TARGET: form an idea of the science of geography.

TASKS:

PLANNED RESULT

Students must: know/understand the tasks and subject of studying geography, the definition of “geography”; be able to call the differences in the study of the Earth geography in comparison with other sciences; give examples of geographical objects; identify differences between natural and man-made objects; explain why geography is studied.

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS: geographic information methods.

MAIN CONTENT
Geography as a science, methods of geographic information. Rules for working with teaching materials.

PRACTICAL WORK: training in how to keep a diary of observations of weather and phenological phenomena.

RESOURCES
Textbook p. 5–6
Atlas

The first lesson of the course should form students’ understanding of the science of geography,

Familiarity requires significant attention

When working with a textbook, it is important to teach how to correctly use text and extra-text components (orientation apparatus, illustrations: drawings, maps, photographs; questions and assignments, etc.). Instructions are provided on page 6 of the textbook. Together with the students, it is necessary to clearly work out all the instructions and make the necessary emphasis. Students of this age typically strive to retell the textbook text word for word. From the point of view of the task of developing students' speech, its correctness, logic, completeness and consistency of presentation, the teacher is required to pay special attention to working on the word, to teaching students to logically explain, prove their point of view, write descriptions, present the content of the topic in their own words, etc. . At the same time, we must constantly remember that students’ speech is highly dependent on how consciously they have mastered the content of concepts and the methods of their application.

Familiarity with the structure of the textbook and methods of working with it, a geographical atlas, and a exercise notebook can be done using the example of the formation of the concept of “geography”.

Working with the atlas in the first lesson is not planned in the lesson content, but it is important to provide for its use. To do this, during the lesson, the basic nomenclature units are introduced, which are already known to students from the discipline “Natural History”.

Practical work is performed in the lesson. Familiarization

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"Presentation1"

« How much benefit comes from geography to the human race, anyone with an understanding can judge.”

M.V. Lomonosov.

Lesson topic:

Introduction. Sources of Geographic Information .

Geography – the oldest science on Earth. Nowadays, from a descriptive science it has turned into a science of a constructive nature.

Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.

Economic geography is part of the system of geographical sciences and is associated with many sciences: primarily with physical geography, ecology, history, demography, ethnography, and economic cartography.

Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education majors.

The entire learning process is aimed at achieving the goal:

Formation of a holistic idea of modern geographical science, its participation in solving the most important problems of mankind;

− possession of the skills to conduct observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences;

− possession of the skills to use maps of various contents to obtain new geographical knowledge about natural socio-economic and environmental processes and phenomena;

− possession of the skills to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, and adapt to changes in its conditions.

. The main tasks of modern geography are to know protect and increase the wealth of our planet in order to pass it on to future generations.

2. Methods of geographical research

Geographical research methods - ways to obtain geographic information

Methods of geographical research

Traditional methods

Modern methods

These are different types of observations that allow you to get primary information about objects and phenomena.

It is the most important method in geography. Allows you to study the spatial placement of an object .

Statistical method

is based on an analysis of statistical material, allows one to specify theoretical calculations, makes it possible to demonstrate the proportionality of phenomena and processes, and draw conclusions about the direction of development of a particular phenomenon.

Allowed us to identify the dynamics of the world economy and the position of individual countries on the development time scale. Explore the essence of what is happening by comparing the past and present.

Geoinformatics

Computer science allows the use of economic and mathematical modeling. The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS)

Geographic forecast foreseeing the future state of geosystems, etc. .

4. Practical work " Familiarization with geographical maps of various subjects"

Exercise 1. To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10.
1.1. Divide all atlas maps into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a larger number of maps?
1.2. Divide all atlas maps into physical and thematic. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps?
What is the purpose of including physical maps in this atlas?

Task 2.

Take a close look at the “Political Map of the World” in the geographic atlas.

Answer the questions :

2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map?

2.2. What geographical features must be indicated on both the physical and political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?

Homework Independent work :

« Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.”

States that arose on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - …; Montenegro - …; ... - Skopje; ... - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - … .
States that arose on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR), and their capitals: Czech Republic - ...; ... - Bratislava.
1.2. Make maps of previously existing federal states, which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Include the designations used in drawing up map diagrams in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and reasons that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Record your findings .

What is GIS?

GIS is a collection of computer hardware, geographic data, and software for collecting, processing, storing, modeling, analyzing, and displaying spatial information.

GIS is a medium that links geographic information (where things are) with descriptive information (what they are).

Unlike conventional paper maps, GIS puts at your disposal many layers of diverse general geographic and thematic information.

How is information stored in GIS?

All original information is stored in separate layers in digital form on a computer.

And all this geographic data is sorted into layers, with each layer representing a different type of feature (topic).

One of these topics may contain all the roads in a certain territory, another - lakes, and a third - all cities and other settlements in the same territory.

http:// www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html

GIS can be considered in three types:

Database type: GIS is a unique type of database about our world—a geographic database. This is the "Information System for Geography".

Card type: A GIS is a collection of smart maps and other graphical views that show features and their relationships on the earth's surface. Maps can be generated and used as a “window into a database” to support queries, analysis and editing of information. These actions are called geovisualization.

Model type: GIS is a set of tools for transforming information. They allow you to create new geographic data sets from existing ones by applying special analytical functions to them - geoprocessing tools. In other words, by combining data and applying some rules, you can create a model that helps answer your questions.

http://www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html

4. What can you do with GIS?

Perform spatial queries and analysis

search databases and perform spatial queries

identify areas suitable for the required activities;
identify relationships between various parameters (for example, soils, climate and crop yields);
identify locations of power outages

http://moslesproekt.roslesinforg.ru/activity/023gil-inform

GIS technologies in cartography

This is a source of objective information for updating and compiling various thematic and topographic maps of the entire scale series with minimal time, labor and economic costs.

Use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies for environmental monitoring

This is the simplest and most cost-effective way of operational monitoring observations of the state of the natural environment.

Use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies in forestry

This is the prompt receipt of complete and objective information about the state of forests at different levels of forest management - from the forest lease area and forestry to the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or the entire country.

Interactive maps of the world, countries, cities

The interactive map can be controlled:

Zoom in/out

Move in all geographic directions

Using the interactive map you can obtain information:

About the distance between objects using marks

Find objects at a specified address

Find the nearest metro stations to a specified address

Demonstration of the practical use of various interactive maps: comparing maps and satellite images, measuring distances, determining the closest buildings to a specified address, etc.

http://maps.yandex.ru

http://maps. google . com /

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information .

Modern research cannot be imagined without information technology.

1. GIS - Geographic Information Systems - is a computer database that stores geoinformation in the form of maps of various contents, digital and text information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.

Based on spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.

According to their purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data at a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information .

Using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of territory, natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative production indicators, etc.

Cartographic sources include a map. A map is a special form of information and acquisition of knowledge about the spatial distribution of natural and social phenomena, their condition, properties and changes over time.
This form is widely used in everyday life of society and is absolutely necessary for many branches of science and practice.

Basic concepts and terms on the topic: economic and social geography of the world, geographic information system, geographic map, cartographic generalization, statistics, GPS (Global Positional System).

Topic study plan (list of questions required to study):

1. Geography as a science.

2. Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

3. A geographic map is a special source of geographic information.

4. Statistical materials as a source of geographic information.

5. Other methods and forms of obtaining geographic information.

Geographic information systems

Brief summary of theoretical issues:

1. Geography is a spatial discipline. This means that geographers are interested not only in the objects themselves, but also in how, where, and why those objects are placed in space. Economic and social geography of the world is a social geographical science that studies the territorial organization of human society.

2. Obtaining geographic information has real practical implications. The world around us today is permeated with a huge number of information, transport, social and economic connections, ignorance of which inevitably leads to your own isolation. Modern young professionals, entering the global political or economic environment, must have a set of knowledge about the countries of the world, their culture and way of life. Geography uses different research methods: traditional- cartographic, sociological, statistical, mathematical historical, comparative, modern− aerospace, geoinformation, geographic forecast, etc.

3. Maps are the main tools of a geographer. Maps exist for every type of information related to our planet (and beyond). Geographic map (first g.k. was created in Ancient Greece about 2500 years ago by the scientist Anaximander) - a reduced mathematically defined, generalized, figurative-symbolic image of the Earth’s surface on a plane, showing the location, state and relationships of natural and social phenomena. As the scale decreases, a generalization of the objects plotted on the map and their qualitative and quantitative characteristics occurs.

It helps here cartographic generalization- selection and generalization of objects and phenomena depicted on the map in accordance with the purpose and scale of the map. To depict various objects on the map, a wide variety of cartographic image methods are used: methods of high-quality background, areas, traffic signs, isolines, localized diagrams, icons, and dotted. According to the content of the cards, they are divided into: general geographical And thematic.

The first include topographic maps (M 1:200,000 and larger), survey-topographic (M from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000), overview (M smaller than 1:1,000,000). General geographic maps show all elements of topographic content ( settlements, individual buildings, roads, industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural objects, hydrography, relief, vegetation, etc..), i.e. everything that “lies” on the ground and can serve as a guide.

Unlike general geographical maps, thematic maps usually reveal one subject (soil, geological structure, population, vegetation, etc.). All thematic maps are divided into two sections - maps of nature (physical-geographical, geological, climatic, etc.) and maps of social phenomena (political, population, historical, economic, etc.).

4. Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information. Statistics is a science that studies various phenomena and processes in order to take into account and identify patterns of their development using statistical indicators. In the course of geographical research, statistics solves the following scientific problems: collecting statistical data, processing the collected information, analyzing and interpreting data, presenting statistical information in text, tabular, graphical or cartographic form. Statistical information includes absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

5. Modern sources of geographic information also include aerospace and geoinformation sources: aerial photography, space photography, remote sensing, satellite monitoring. A modern satellite system for high-precision determination of the coordinates of static and moving objects is called GPS. (Global Positional System).

It was developed by the US Department of Defense. The project started in 1978, and the final commissioning of GPS took place in 1995. A fundamentally new approach to working with spatial data is associated with the emergence Geographic Information Systems10 (GIS) is a system of hardware for collecting, storing and processing spatial data. We can say that GIS is a complex computer program. GIS capabilities: quick search for necessary information, GIS cartographic ability, ability to model phenomena on the earth's surface.

Methods of geographical research - methods of obtaining geographical information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of the Russian one, Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky, is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of the relative position of objects, their sizes, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method. Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises out of nowhere, therefore, to understand modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3)Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative production indicators, etc.

4) Economics and mathematics. If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, mortality and population, balance, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographical zoning method. Identification of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the research methods of geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is subject to comparison:
more or less, profitable or unprofitable, faster or slower. Only comparison allows us to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7)Field research and observation method. Geography cannot be studied only while sitting in classrooms and offices. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material that is the subject of study.

8) Remote sensing method. Modern aerial and space photography are great assistants in the study of geography, in the creation, development of the national economy and nature conservation, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method. Creating geographic models is an important method for studying geography. The simplest geographical model is.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science must not only describe the objects and phenomena being studied, but also predict the consequences that humanity may come to in the course of its development. A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and decide.