Types of knowledge in social science. Social science: types of knowledge. Concept, forms and methods of knowledge. Social cognition - knowledge of society

Throughout its long path of existence and development, man has been prone to research, study, and discovery. He did a lot to simplify his life, made a lot of efforts to reveal the meaning of his existence, any laws and causes of natural phenomena.

The essence of the phenomenon

The concept of knowledge is interpreted quite broadly. In the most general sense, it is understood as a process or a whole set of such mechanisms that help us study the world, accumulate objective data about it, and also identify various kinds of patterns. It is difficult to overestimate the role of this phenomenon. Because it is thanks to him that people have achieved those technological, medical, technical and other successes that we can now observe. Social science tells us quite widely about this concept. forms, its tasks - we can learn all this at school. However, the science that is specifically devoted to the study of this aspect is called epistemology. And she comes in

What is it?

The learning process is very complex and multifaceted. It is rather problematic to describe it, or to state it in simple forms. It follows that we must first understand the complex structure of this aspect of our lives, and then determine its purpose and significance for an entire civilization. In a broad sense, the concept of cognition rather weakly reflects the whole essence of the process. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish its structure.

What does it happen?

Earlier, giving the definition, we said that cognition is a multifaceted mechanism. This is not one single process, but a whole system, closely interconnected with other important elements. In order not to delve too deeply into philosophical terminology and science, we will start from the course and recommendations that the subject gives us - social science. Types of cognition and forms of cognition are quite often used, implying the same meaning - a set of techniques and methods by which the process under study takes place. Let's talk in more detail about each of them.

Household

Many scientists do not distinguish this form of cognition into a separate category. However, it should be noted that the knowledge of life without the everyday, everyday level is almost impossible. This species does not require serious study. There is no need for close study, as well as the use of special tools. For example, to understand that fire has a high temperature, it is enough to get burned. You will not have any measuring instruments, but you will be able to tell with certainty that the flame is very hot.

Thus, the everyday process of cognition is extremely inaccurate. He gives only approximate answers to our questions. However, it is quickly accepted. This mechanism is clear and does not require a lot of time to develop. We encounter this form of cognition most often in our everyday life. As a rule, the older we are, the more knowledge we will accumulate through this species. But history knows many exceptions.

Scientific social cognition

It is also called the scientific method. This is the most accurate, but also time-consuming way of knowing. It does not require you to display artistic qualities, but only a love of accuracy and study. This method is used by all academic disciplines, including social science. Types of knowledge in general, one way or another, but rely on this type. After all, with its help you can decipher simpler knowledge, which will make them much more useful.

This form is also quite diverse. For example, there is a scientific one. It is aimed at studying society, associations of people, social groups, and much more. All scientific methods are divided into two types - theoretical and empirical. The first puts forward assumptions, checks it for compliance with real knowledge, builds models and entire systems. The practical method tests the reality of hypotheses through experimentation, observation, and also makes adjustments to hypothetical views.

Empirical knowledge can also reveal new phenomena, which will then be the subject of close attention of theorists. Although this form of knowledge has found the largest number of adherents, it cannot do without it, which, I must say, is quite appropriate. So, some scientists point out that new knowledge is anomaly. Science, having discovered any, in its opinion, unnatural phenomenon, begins to prove its existence in the present system of worldview. He is trying to identify its patterns, as well as why it does not fit into the framework of existing theories.

Often such anomalies completely contradict the established opinion. Think of Copernicus or other scientists trying to prove revolutionary hypotheses. They discovered such anomalies and tried to understand them, as a result of which the knowledge already accumulated seemed incorrect to them. So, earlier people did not believe that the Earth has a spherical shape, or that all the planets revolve around the Sun. History knows many such examples - Einstein, Galileo, Magellan, etc.

artistic

Some may argue that this type includes social and humanitarian knowledge. But it's not. This form is the most striking. It is the simplest and at the same time the most complex. For example, a few thousand years ago, people just started to study writing, and before that they used only drawings to convey information. They described natural phenomena by transferring its visual image to a medium (a stone, for example). This greatly simplified the interaction between generations for the transfer of experience.

In the future, people began to develop and invent languages to provide more accessible communication, information exchange. Symbols, pictures, images - all this looks quite simple only at the initial stage. Look at the artwork now. In order to understand the meaning that the authors want to convey to us, to learn something, it is necessary to make efforts, to understand what we see or read, to understand the ways in which the author expresses his thoughts.

I must say that this form significantly distinguishes us from many animals, but even more significantly from each other. At the present time, people can easily be divided into those who are trying to portray things, passing them through the prism of their inner world, and those who see everything as it is. That is why the art form is incredibly important, useful and complex, but it can never be objective. This is the main problem of this kind of knowledge. After all, it pursues the goal of identifying and accumulating objective knowledge, and not subjective visions. Nevertheless, this form is used quite often. She also made a huge contribution to the development of our civilization.

philosophical

Philosophical knowledge is incredibly valuable both for the world that existed several centuries ago, and for you and me. Only thanks to philosophical knowledge can one go beyond reality, being. It was philosophers who began to put forward hypotheses about the structure of our world and even the Universe. They talked about our bodies, our minds, the characteristics of all people, even before the ways of studying all these aspects were invented.

Philosophical knowledge is usually divided into two types - epistemological (or general) and ontological. The second type is based on the study of essence and being, and from all their sides - real, mental, subjective, objective, etc. Remarkably, through this type of knowledge, people not only determined the world around them, found their place in it, but also showed how this place should be.

Philosophy often strives for idealization, so this kind of knowledge rather answers the questions: "How is it, how should it be?" Again, in general terms. Such general formularies are given to us by social science, the types of cognition in which are not disclosed so fully as not to overstep the boundaries of philosophy.

steps

In addition to types, levels of knowledge are also distinguished. Sometimes they are referred to as forms. But it is more correct to speak of them as steps that are used in all types. There are only two such levels. But they play an incredibly important role in our lives.

Sensual level

It is built on our senses and completely dependent on them. Since ancient times, even when the descendants of modern man did not begin to master the tools of labor, they were already endowed with feelings. Remember the everyday form of knowledge. For example, we wouldn't understand that fire is hot if we couldn't feel it. Although many talk about 6 senses, there are actually more. So, the seventh sense could be called the feeling of attraction, the so-called gravitational force.

Feeling Level Forms

In general, there are only 3 of them. They combine many sense organs. These are the following mechanisms:

Feeling. Able to convey to us some of the properties of the subject. Due to the uniqueness of each of the sense organs, we get a "report" on the characteristics of a particular thing, phenomenon, process. Using the example of an apple, we can say that with the help of vision we see color, with the help of touch we can determine its softness, temperature, shape, with the help of taste buds - taste.
Perception. This is a more global form. Through it, we receive the most complete information, combine everything that was received with the help of sensation into a complete picture. Adding everything described in the first paragraph, we will understand many important characteristics of an apple.
Performance. Based on our memory. Allows you to create a sensual image of the subject. For example, think of a lemon, how it is carefully cut into slices, sprinkled with salt. You will immediately feel a rush of saliva in your mouth, as well as a sour taste. The shape of the lemon, its color and other characteristics will pop up in memory. Representation allows us not to lose the important knowledge that we have received in life.

Rational level

Levels of cognition without a final, logical step would look wrong. Historically, man has been able to feel since his appearance on the planet. But I learned to think, write, analyze much later. This level is completely built on mental qualities. Therefore, it is incredibly complex and not as visual as sensual. However, its usefulness is extremely high, especially since with the development of modern society, it is the rational level that becomes more in demand. Most of the objects of our planet have already passed through all forms of the sensory level. So, they need to be systematized, recorded and certain conclusions drawn.

Rational Level Forms

There are three types:

Concept. With the help of sensation, we determined the property, thanks to perception we made up a complete picture, and using this form, we were able to present it. To understand that a lemon tastes sour, it is not necessary to taste it, just read about it.
Judgment. It is always directional. For example, the phrase "lemon is sour" is a prime example of this form. Judgment can be negative or positive. But it is also built either on a concept or on perception.
Conclusion. Comes from the previous form. It sums up everything that we have systematized in one answer. Thus, by saying that the lemon is not sweet, not poisonous, and has a yellow color, we can draw some conclusion about this subject. There are three types of reasoning: inductive, deductive and by analogy. Remember the stories of Sherlock Holmes. He actively used deduction to draw conclusions using ordinary judgments.

Separately, intuition is sometimes singled out as a special level of cognition. However, this phenomenon is still too poorly understood.

Knowledge - the result of cognition of reality, the content of consciousness obtained by a person in the course of active reflection, ideal reproduction of objective regular connections and relations of the real world.

The term "knowledge" is used in different senses:

- as abilities, skills, skills that are based on awareness;

- as informative information;

- as a special cognitive unit that expresses the form of a person's attitude to reality and exists along with and in interconnection with its opposite - a practical attitude.

Each form of social consciousness: science, philosophy, mythology, politics, religion, etc. - corresponds to specific types of knowledge.

When distinguishing between scientific, based on rationality, and non-scientific knowledge, the following forms are distinguished.

Job Sample

B4. Find manifestations that reflect common knowledge in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) edification

2) personal experience

4) tradition

5) experiment

6) formalization

Write the circled numbers in ascending order.

Answer: 124.

Topic 5. Scientific knowledge

scientific knowledge – a special kind of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about nature, man and society.

The main features of scientific knowledge are the following:

– objectivity of the obtained knowledge;

– development of the conceptual apparatus (categoriality);

- rationality associated with consistency, evidence and consistency;

– verifiability;

– high level of generalization of knowledge;

- versatility;

- the use of special methods and methods of cognitive activity.

Scientific knowledge is universal in the sense that it can make any phenomenon an object of study, can study everything in the human world - whether it is the activity of consciousness, the psyche, or the economic activity of a person. However, everything that science makes its subject, it explores from the side of laws and causes.

Scientific knowledge has its own levels, forms and methods.

Scientific fact (lat. factum - done, accomplished) - reflection of an objective fact in human consciousness, i.e., description by means of some language.

empirical law - an objective, essential, concrete-universal, repetitive, stable connection between phenomena and processes.

A problem is a conscious formulation of questions that arise in the course of cognition and require an answer.

The problem can be theoretical or practical.

A scientific problem is expressed in the presence of opposing positions in the explanation of any phenomena, objects, processes and requires an adequate scientific theory to resolve it.

Hypothesis (gr. hypothesis - basis, assumption) - a scientific assumption formulated on the basis of a number of facts, the true meaning of which is uncertain, is of a probabilistic nature and needs to be proved, verified, substantiated.

In the course of testing, hypotheses turn into theories; clarified and concretized, or discarded as a delusion.

Theory (gr. theoria - observation, consideration, research) - the most developed form of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic display of the regular and essential connections of a certain area of reality.

Structure of the theory

Initial bases: fundamental concepts, principles, laws, axioms, value factors, etc.

Idealized object of this theory.

Logic and methodology used to construct the theory.

Body of Laws and statements derived from the theory.

The key element of any theory is the law, so it can be considered as a system of laws.

Method (from Gr. methõdos - the path of research) is understood as a tool , means of knowledge. In the method of cognition, an objective regularity turns into a rule for the action of the subject (researcher).

The scientific method is characterized by two important qualities − rigor and objectivity.

Among the empirical methods of scientific knowledge, observation and experiment play an important role.

The universal methods of scientific knowledge include analysis and synthesis.

Analysis (gr. analysis - decomposition) - the process of mentally or actually decomposing a whole into its component parts.

Synthesis (gr. synthesis - connection) - the process of mentally or actually reuniting the whole from the parts.

Cognition cannot take a real step forward only by analyzing or only by synthesizing. Analysis precedes synthesis, but is itself possible only on the basis of the results of the synthetic activity carried out; the connection between analysis and synthesis is organic, internally necessary.

Inextricably linked methods of induction and deduction, which determine each other in the process of cognition.

Induction (lat. inductio - guidance) - the path of experimental study of phenomena, in the course of which a transition is made from individual facts to general propositions. Separate facts, as it were, suggest a general position.

Deduction (lat. deductio - excretion) - proof or derivation of a statement (consequence) from one or more other statements (premises) based on the laws of logic, which is of a reliable nature.

The universal method of scientific knowledge is analogy (gr. analogia - correspondence) - similarity of non-identical objects in some aspects, qualities, relations. In modern science, a developed area of systematic application of analogy is the so-called similarity theory, which is widely used in modeling.

Modeling (fr. modele, from lat. modulus - sample, measure) - reproduction of the characteristics of some object on another object (model), specially created for their study. The need for modeling arises when the study of the object itself is impossible, difficult, expensive, takes too long, etc.

Abstraction (from lat. abstractio - distraction) - one of the universal methods of cognition, which consists in mentally abstracting from a number of properties of objects and relations between them and highlighting some property or relationship. Various concepts and categories act as results of the abstraction process.

Universal methods of cognition include idealization - mental an act associated with the formation of some abstract objects that are fundamentally unrealizable in experience and reality. Examples of idealized objects can be: “straight line”, “point” (in mathematics), “absolutely rigid body”, “ideal gas” (in physics), etc.

The theoretical methods of scientific knowledge include unity of historical and logical.

Historical and logical methods are closely related. The historical method without the logical method is blind, and the logical method without the study of real history is pointless.

In order to mentally reproduce an object in its entirety, a theoretical method of scientific knowledge is used, called ascending from the abstract to the concrete.

Formalization (lat. forma - appearance, image) - clarification the content of cognition, carried out by comparing the objects, phenomena, processes under study with some material structures that make it possible to identify and fix the essential and regular aspects of the objects under consideration.

Mathematization – the use of various measurement methods that allow one to assign certain numbers to material objects and their properties, and then, instead of laborious work with objects, act with numbers according to certain mathematical rules.

Only the unity of all methods of modern scientific knowledge ensures their objective truth and increasing influence on scientific and technological progress.

Job Sample

B6. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. “Science formulates its conclusions in ____________ (1), laws and formulas, taking out of brackets the emotional attitude of the cognizer ____________ (2) to the phenomena being studied. Everything that science makes its ____________ (3), it explores from the side of regularities and ____________ (4). Scientific knowledge is based on the system ____________ (5) and develops its own ____________ (6), which is different from the usual.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

A) question B) subject C) problem

D) method E) scheme E) theory

G) language H) subject I) reason

The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

Answer: EZBIGZH.

General concept of knowledge

"All men by nature desire to know"

This is the famous first sentence of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Here we can notice an interesting feature: knowledge, at least since the time of Aristotle, can be understood as a desire, figuratively speaking, as an intellectual thirst. When knowledge is understood as desire, it must, by definition, be accompanied by some need, a lack of something. Those who thirst for knowledge do not yet own it, being so far in search of it. Aristotle praises intellectual curiosity; in his opinion, this property is extremely important - it makes a person a person.

However, if we go beyond the humanistic tradition, we may well encounter completely different views of knowledge. One example of this is the philosophy of Taoism, according to which to know something well often means to master it perfectly. Often, when we say "know", we mean "know how..." (i.e., "be able"), and not "know that...". It seems that this kind of knowledge - more practical than intellectual - is highly valued by Lao Tzu. However, this already applies rather to the classification of knowledge. And before proceeding to the classification of knowledge, it would be more expedient to define the very concept of knowledge.

In a broad sense, knowledge is a subjective image of reality in the form of concepts and ideas.

Knowledge in the narrow sense - the possession of verified information (answers to questions) that allows you to solve the problem.

Knowledge is the result of cognition of reality, the content of consciousness obtained by a person in the course of active reflection, ideal reproduction of objective regular connections and relations of the real world.

So, the ambiguity of the term "knowledge":

Knowledge as abilities, skills skills based on awareness;

Knowledge as cognitively meaningful information;

Knowledge as a relation of man to reality.

From all of the above, we can conclude that knowledge is the result of human cognitive activity, a certain set of information and knowledge in any area. Knowledge helps people rationally organize their activities and solve various problems that arise in its process.

Types and forms of knowledge

Cognition is not limited to the sphere of science, knowledge in one form or another exists outside of science. Each form of social consciousness: science, philosophy, mythology, politics, religion, etc., corresponds to specific forms of knowledge. There are also forms of knowledge that have a conceptual, symbolic or artistic and exemplary basis.

There are different types of knowledge: scientific, non-scientific, everyday practical (ordinary, common sense), intuitive, religious, etc.

Ordinary-practical - knowledge that existed even in the early stages of human history and delivered elementary information about nature and the surrounding reality (the so-called common sense, signs, edifications, recipes, personal experience, traditions, etc.), is non-systemic , unsubstantiated, unwritten character. Ordinary knowledge serves as the basis for a person's orientation in the world around him, the basis of his everyday behavior and foresight, but usually contains errors and contradictions.

Scientific - knowledge based on rationality, is characterized by objectivity and universality, and claims to be universal. Scientific knowledge is the process of obtaining objective, true knowledge. Its task is to describe, explain and predict the process and phenomenon of reality. Scientific revolutions that occur in the course of the development of scientific knowledge and lead to a change in theories and principles are replaced by periods of normal development of science (deepening and detailing of knowledge).

Scientific knowledge is characterized by logical validity, evidence, reproducibility of results, testability, the desire to eliminate errors and overcome contradictions.

The form of scientific knowledge is younger than many forms of non-scientific knowledge.

Extra-scientific knowledge is not someone's invention, it is produced by a certain intellectual community according to norms and standards different from rationalistic ones, it has its own sources and means of cognition. In the history of culture, forms of knowledge related to the "department" of extra-scientific knowledge are united by a common concept - esotericism.

The forms of knowledge are also divided according to the degree of scientificity, knowledge can be scientific and non-scientific.

Scientific knowledge can be:

Empirical (based on experience or observation)

Theoretical (based on the analysis of abstract models).

Scientific knowledge in any case must be substantiated on an empirical or theoretical evidence base.

Theoretical knowledge - abstractions, analogies, diagrams that reflect the structure and nature of the processes of changing objects occurring in the subject area. This knowledge explains phenomena and can be used to predict the behavior of objects.

Extra-scientific knowledge can be:

parascientific - knowledge that is not compatible with the existing epistemological standard. A wide class of parascientific (a pair from Greek - about, recognition) includes teachings or reflections on phenomena, the explanation of which is not convincing from the point of view of scientific criteria;

pseudoscientific - deliberately exploiting conjectures and prejudices. Pseudo-scientific knowledge often presents science as the work of outsiders. As symptoms of pseudoscience, illiterate pathos, fundamental intolerance of refuting arguments, as well as pretentiousness are distinguished. Pseudo-scientific knowledge is very sensitive to the topic of the day, sensation. Its peculiarity is that it cannot be united by a paradigm, cannot be systematic, universal. Pseudo-scientific knowledge coexists with scientific knowledge. It is believed that pseudo-scientific knowledge reveals itself and develops through quasi-scientific knowledge;

quasi-scientific - they are looking for supporters and adherents, relying on methods of violence and coercion. Quasi-scientific knowledge, as a rule, flourishes in conditions of strictly hierarchical science, where criticism of those in power is impossible, where the ideological regime is rigidly manifested. In the history of Russia, the periods of "triumph of quasi-science" are well known: Lysenkoism; fixism as a quasi-science in Soviet geology in the 1950s; defamation of cybernetics, etc.;

anti-scientific - as utopian and deliberately distorting ideas about reality. The prefix "anti" draws attention to the fact that the subject and methods of research are opposite to science. It is associated with the age-old need to find a common, easily accessible "cure for all diseases." Particular interest and craving for anti-science arise during periods of social instability. But, although this phenomenon is quite dangerous, there can be no fundamental deliverance from anti-science;

pseudoscientific - are intellectual activity, speculating on the totality of popular theories, for example, stories about ancient astronauts, Bigfoot, Loch Ness monster;

ordinary-practical - delivering elementary information about nature and the surrounding reality. People, as a rule, have a large amount of everyday knowledge, which is produced daily and is the initial layer of any knowledge. Sometimes the axioms of sanity contradict scientific provisions, hinder the development of science. Sometimes, on the contrary, science, by a long and difficult path of proofs and refutations, comes to the formulation of those provisions that have long established themselves in the environment of ordinary knowledge. Ordinary knowledge includes common sense, and signs, and edifications, and recipes, and personal experience, and traditions. Although it captures the truth, it does so not systematically and unprovenly. Its peculiarity is that it is used by a person almost unconsciously and does not require preliminary systems of evidence in its application;

personal - depending on the abilities of a particular subject and on the characteristics of his intellectual cognitive activity. Collective knowledge is generally significant (transpersonal), presupposes the existence of a common system of concepts, methods, techniques and rules of construction.

Folk science is a special form of non-scientific and non-rational knowledge. Previously, it was the privilege of shamans, priests, elders of the clan, now it has become the business of individual groups or subjects (healers, healers, psychics).

According to other sources, the types of knowledge are classified as follows:

Worldly - is built on common sense (It is empirical in nature. It is based on common sense and everyday consciousness. It is the most important indicative basis for the everyday behavior of people, their relationship with each other and with nature. It boils down to stating facts and describing them)

Practical - based on actions, mastering things, transforming the world

Artistic - is built on the image (A holistic display of the world and the person in it. It is built on the image, and not on the concept)

Scientific - is built on concepts (Understanding reality in its past, present and future, reliable generalization of facts. Provides foresight of various phenomena. Reality is clothed in the form of abstract concepts and categories, general principles and laws, which often take on extremely abstract forms)

Rational - a reflection of reality in logical concepts, based on rational thinking

Irrational - a reflection of reality in emotions, passions, experiences, intuition, will, abnormal and paradoxical phenomena; does not obey the laws of logic and science.

Personal (implicit) - depends on the abilities of the subject and on the characteristics of his intellectual activity.

Theory of knowledge was first mentioned by Plato in his book The State. Then he singled out two types of knowledge - sensory and mental, and this theory has survived to this day. Cognition - it is the process of acquiring knowledge about the world, its patterns and phenomena.

AT structure of knowledge two elements:

subject(“cognizing” - a person, a scientific society);
an object(“knowable” - nature, its phenomena, social phenomena, people, objects, etc.).

Methods of knowledge.

Methods of knowledge summarized on two levels: empirical level knowledge and theoretical level.

empirical methods:

Observation(study of the object without interference).
Experiment(the study takes place in a controlled environment).
Measurement(measurement of the degree of magnitude of an object, or weight, speed, duration, etc.).
Comparison(comparison of similarities and differences of objects).

Analysis. Mental or practical (manual) process of dividing an object or phenomenon into components, disassembling and inspecting components.
Synthesis. The reverse process is the integration of components into a whole, the identification of relationships between them.
Classification. The decomposition of objects or phenomena into groups according to certain characteristics.
Comparison. Finding differences and similarities in compared elements.
Generalization. A less detailed synthesis is a combination based on common features without identifying links. This process is not always separated from synthesis.
Specification. The process of extracting the particular from the general, clarifying for a better understanding.
abstraction. Consideration of only one side of an object or phenomenon, since the rest are of no interest.
Analogy(identification of similar phenomena, similarities), a more extended method of cognition than comparison, as it includes the search for similar phenomena in a time period.
Deduction(movement from the general to the particular, a method of cognition in which a logical conclusion emerges from a whole chain of inferences) - in life this kind of logic became popular thanks to Arthur Conan Doyle.
Induction- movement from facts to the general.
Idealization- creation of concepts for phenomena and objects that do not exist in reality, but there are similarities (for example, an ideal fluid in hydrodynamics).
Modeling- creating and then studying a model of something (for example, a computer model of the solar system).
Formalization- the image of the object in the form of signs, symbols (chemical formulas).

Forms of knowledge.

Forms of knowledge(some psychological schools are simply called types of cognition) are as follows:

scientific knowledge. Type of knowledge based on logic, scientific approach, conclusions; also called rational cognition.
Creative or artistic knowledge. (It is - art). This type of cognition reflects the world around with the help of artistic images and symbols.
Philosophical knowledge. It consists in the desire to explain the surrounding reality, the place that a person occupies in it, and how it should be.
religious knowledge. Religious knowledge is often referred to as a form of self-knowledge. The object of study is God and his connection with man, the influence of God on man, as well as the moral foundations characteristic of this religion. An interesting paradox of religious knowledge: the subject (man) studies the object (God), which acts as the subject (God), who created the object (man and the whole world in general).
mythological knowledge. Knowledge inherent in primitive cultures. A way of cognition for people who have not yet begun to separate themselves from the surrounding world, identifying complex phenomena and concepts with gods, higher powers.
self-knowledge. Knowledge of one's own mental and physical properties, self-understanding. The main methods are introspection, self-observation, the formation of one's own personality, comparing oneself with other people.

To summarize: cognition is the ability of a person to mentally perceive external information, process it and draw conclusions from it. The main goal of knowledge is both to master nature and to improve the person himself. In addition, many authors see the goal of cognition in a person's desire for

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Basic concepts

To view the definition of a social science concept, click on it. To close the meaning of a social science concept, click on it again.

sense cognition

Cognition through the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch).

feeling

This is a reflection of the individual properties of an object, phenomenon, process;

perception

Sensual image of a holistic picture of the subject;

performance

The image of the object of knowledge, imprinted in memory.

rational knowledge

Knowledge through thinking.

concept

This is a thought that affirms the general and essential properties of an object, phenomenon, process;

judgment

This is a thought that affirms or denies something about an object, phenomenon, process;

inference (conclusion)

The mental connection of several judgments and the selection of a new judgment from them. Types of reasoning: inductive (from particular to general); deductive (from general to particular); Similarly.

intuition

The ability to directly comprehend the truth as a result of "illumination", "influx", "enlightenment" without relying on logical justifications and evidence (a kind of conjugation of the sensual and the rational in cognition). Types of intuition: mystical - associated with life experiences, emotions; intellectual - associated with mental activity.

empiricism

The only source of all our knowledge is sensory experience.

agnosticism

Philosophical position that denies the cognizability of the surrounding world.

rationalism

Our knowledge can only be obtained with the help of the mind, without relying on the senses.

knowledge

The result of cognition of reality, the content of consciousness obtained by a person in the course of active reflection, ideal reproduction of objective regular connections and relations of the real world.

False

Conscious distortion of the image of the object

delusion

Lectures

What is knowledge? Knowledge classification

Knowledge

Zhiteiskoe

Scientific

Practical

artistic

Rational

Irrational

personal

Prescientific

Unscientific

parascientific

pseudoscientific

anti-scientific

Sensory and rational cognition

FORMS OF SENSUAL KNOWLEDGE:

1. Feeling

2. Perception

3. Submission

FORMS OF RATIONAL KNOWLEDGE:

1. Concept

2. Judgment

3. Inference

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

Obtained by analogy.

Do we know the world? (Problems of the theory of knowledge)

Sensationalism

Rationalism

Agnosticism