Types of speech and grammatical errors. Types of grammatical errors material for preparing for the exam (gia) in the Russian language on the topic Grammatical errors in simple sentences
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All grammatical errors that occur in speech can be attributed to one of three groups: derivational (erroneous word formation), morphological (erroneous formation of forms of parts of speech) and syntactic (errors in the construction of phrases and sentences). Get acquainted with the examples and check yourself: are any of these errors relevant to you?
1. Erroneous word formation.
It is seen, for example, in the words I will ing, above laugh, next current (right: future, scoff, next).
2. Morphological errors:
Incorrect formation of the noun form: lacks time, trendy polta, fresh cake (need: not enough time, trendy coats, fresh cakes);
Incorrect formation of the adjective form: more prettier, beautify above (need: more beautiful, more beautiful);
Incorrect formation of the form of the numeral: with six hundred rubles, in two thousand a third year(need: with six hundred rubles, in two thousand and three);
Incorrect formation of the pronoun form: theirs father, theirs children(need: their father, their children);
Incorrect formation of the adverb form: from where, from here (need: from where, from here);
Irregular formation of the verb form: they they want, they lay down, they go, I ride ;writing letter (need: they want, put, drive, I I drive; when i was writing a letter);
3. Syntax errors:
Agreement violation: with a group of guys, exciting miss sports(need: with a group of guys(as them?), captivating them sports);
Disruption of control: make your office more beautiful; it seemed that (need: make your office more beautiful; it seemed that);
Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: are growing lots of trees(need: many trees grow or trees grow)
Errors in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members: I want to tell about the meaning of books and why i love them . (Need: I want to talk about the meaning of books and why I love them.);
Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover: drawing , my thoughts have always flowed calmly.(Need: When I draw, I always calmly think. Or: When I draw, my thoughts always flow calmly.);
Errors in the construction of a simple and complex sentence: It seemed to me what this is a dream. You do not forget about a human never, who did so much for you . (Need: It seemed to me, that this is a dream. You will not forget never about the person who did so much for you.);
Supply Boundary Violation: He thought hard. So his eyes are so sad. (Need: He thought hard, that's why his eyes are so sad.);
Errors in the choice and use of a coordinating or subordinating union: I like this city because of it is small and cozy. (Need: I like this city because that it is small and cozy. Compare: We quarreled because each insisted on his own and did not want to give in.)
The most difficult to perceive and understand are speech and grammatical errors.Let's consider their types in more detail.
Speech errors and shortcomings .
The use of a word in an unusual sense
Having slipped, I fell backward and hurt my knee ”(instead of prone). Zhilin was glad that he could escape back (instead of again).
Violation of lexical compatibility of words
Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words
Such people always manage to fool (instead of deceive) others. The goalkeeper wears a jersey worn (instead of worn) over his shirt. On the school plot, our class planted beetroot and tsibulya (instead of beets and onions).
Bad use of pronouns
The text was written by V. Belov. He (instead of the text that he wrote ...) refers to the artistic style.
Inappropriate use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras
Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix
In such cases, I look (instead of looking) in the dictionary. My attitude to this problem has not changed (instead changed).
Non-distinguishing of paronyms
Effective (instead of effective) measures were taken. Mom told me to take a sweater, but I flatly (instead of flatly) refused.
Indistinguishing synonymous words
The name of this poet is familiar (instead of known) in many countries. In the final (instead of the last) sentence, the author uses gradation.
Use of extra words (pleonasm)
Young girl; very lovely.
The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)
This story tells (instead of saying, talking about) real events.
Unjustified repetition of a word
In this chapter, we learn that Masha has become an orphan. Masha (instead of a girl) lost her father and mother. The hero of the story does not think about his act. The Hero does not understand the full depth of what he has done (instead of the Hero of the story, he does not think about his act, does not understand the full depth of what he has done).
Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy
The month of August has come (instead of August). Then the fact that you can smile, this (this is superfluous) will be taken care of by our bookstore.
Word order disorder
Then I saw Natasha in new jeans (instead of Natasha in new jeans). Kiribeevich was the first to hit Kalashnikov in the chest (instead of Kiribeevich, he was the first to hit Kalashnikov in the chest).
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions
When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
Grammatical errors
Wrong word formation.
Nobility (nobility), underline (handwriting), industrious (hard-working), mock (mock).
Erroneous formation of word forms
more interesting (more beautiful), prettier (more beautiful). How many (how many) moral principles have we lost because of the loss of spirituality.
Violation of the norms of coordination
I know a group of guys who are seriously into (addicted to) jazz.
Violation of the norms of management
Need to make nature more beautiful (beautiful) Everyone marveled at his strength (strength).
Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
The majority objected (objected) to such an assessment of his work. The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work (the artistic side of the work).
Violation of the way of expressing the predicate
Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful (merry). Dubrovsky himself was a guards officer (guards officer).
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members
The lessons teach us to love literature and many good qualities (love of literature and many good things). In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it (and why I love it).
Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover
Reading the text, there is a feeling of empathy (I empathize with the characters). Looking at the picture (when I look at the picture), emotions overwhelm me.
Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover
The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot (snow falling underfoot). Marya Kirillovna was locked in a room trying to save herself from the prince (Marya Kirillovna, who was trying to save herself from the prince, was locked in a room).
Errors in the construction of a complex sentence
This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child (This book, which I read as a child, taught me to value and respect friends). It seemed to a person (an extra word) that this was a dream.
Mixing direct and indirect speech
Bazarov tells Arkady that your (his) father is a retired man, his song is sung. The author said that I (he) did not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
Violation of supply boundaries
When the hero comes to his senses. It was already late (When the hero came to his senses, it was already too late). He wasn't accepted into the basketball team because he couldn't play. Because he was short (He was not accepted into the basketball team because he could not play and was short).
Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)
At the meeting, it was decided (to) hold a subbotnik.
Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms
When December came, the weather changed dramatically (changed). The heart freezes (freezes) for a moment and suddenly beats again.
Errors related to the use of particles
It would be nice if the painting would have (an extra word) the signature of the artist. In the text, only two problems are revealed (revealed).
Grammatical errors
Reference materials
Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic. For example:
– slip instead of slipping, nobility instead of nobility - here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
– no comment go instead of go, it's easier - the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
– pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
– Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.
Unlike grammar, speech errors - these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov; They lost their only two sons in the war.
A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.
The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.
Grammatical errors
No. p / p | Error type | Examples |
Erroneous word formation | Hardworking bim th, laugh at |
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Misformation of the noun form | Many miracles technology, lack of time I |
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Misformation of the adjective form | More interesting, prettier |
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Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral | With five hundred rubles |
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Erroneous formation of the pronoun form | Their pathos, their children |
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Misformation of the verb form | They are travel, want, write about the life of nature |
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Negotiation violation | I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imitate jazz. |
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Disruption of control | We need to make our nature more beautiful. Tells readers. |
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Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate | The majority objected against such an assessment of his work. |
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Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions | He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny. |
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Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members | The country loved and was proud of the poet. In my essay, I wanted to sayabout the meaning of sport and why I love it. |
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Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover | Reading the text , it feels like... |
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Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover | The narrow path was coveredfailing snow underfoot. |
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Errors in the construction of a complex sentence | This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends,which I read as a child. It seemed to the man that this is a dream. |
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Mixing direct and indirect speech | ||
Violation of supply boundaries | When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late. |
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Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms | freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly knocks again. |
Among the most typicalgrammatical errors(K9) include errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:
1) errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs:They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
2) incorrect use of aspect tense forms of verbs:This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
3) errors in the use of real and passive participles:Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
4) errors in the formation of gerunds:Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
5) incorrect formation of adverbs:The author was wrong(norm: here);
These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.
In addition, typicalgrammatical and syntactical errors, also identified in the papers of the examinees:
1) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate:The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work);To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2) errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition:It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays):The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... only two problems");
3) unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis):His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
4) incorrect construction of a compound sentence:The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of freethinking.
Training exercises
Exercise. Find an error, explain (according to the table), write down the corrected version.
1. Errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles.
1) They are driven by compassion.
2) This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.
3) The streams of water flowing down struck the author of the text.
4) Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed.
2. Grammar and syntactic errors.
1) The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty.
2) It would be nice if the artist's signature would be on the picture. The text raises two issues.
3) His courage, to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text.
5) After watching the performance, I liked the main character the most.
6) I think that in our drama theater the classics are beautifully staged.
7) Pushkin describes and criticizes the Pugachev uprising.
8) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" one of the main characters is Pugachev.
9) The requirements for the essay do not go beyond the limits of the school curriculum.
Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up a whole sheet - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.
Consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.
What is considered a grammatical error?
A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors relating to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.
Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.
The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:
1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.
2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words instead of the missing union.
If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.
I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.
He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.
I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.
I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.
If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.
He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.
Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.
The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.
A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.
(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.
(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!
Grammatical errors related to morphology
Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:
- control over the quality of performance;
- control over the execution of the order;
- water level control.
Which option is correct? All. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.
Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope that we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of the native language is an exciting business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.
Grammar errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, that is, a violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, as well as the norms of syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence.
| Varieties of grammatical errors | Examples | ||
| word-building | Erroneous word formation | Lingering, back, mock | |
| Morphological | 1. Mistakes in the formation of noun forms | Our engineer, a lot of banana and tangerine, light tulle | |
| 2. Mistakes in the formation of adjective forms | More beautiful, brightest, sweetest | ||
| 3. Errors in the formation of forms of pronouns | All works, in their house, left the reception | ||
| 4. Errors in the formation of verb forms | I dare, I vacuum, I burn | ||
| Syntactic | 1. Violation of agreement | It was the well-known deputy Sergeeva. | |
| 2. Loss of control | I don't have the slightest idea of what happened. | ||
| 3. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate | Twenty-one people came to the meeting. | ||
| 4. Errors in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover | Opening the window, it started to rain | ||
| 5. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover | The sea roared deafly, agitated by the storm that began in the morning | ||
| 6. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members | The class teacher talked about the performance of graduates, their behavior and why they study so poorly. | ||
| 7. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence | Everything is accompanied by pictures of nature, which Tatiana does. | ||
| 8. Displacement of direct and indirect speech | Onegin says that "I chose another when I was like you, a poet." | ||
| № | Error type | Examples | |
| G1 | Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds) | Nobility, miracle techniques, underlining, mocking; more interesting, prettier; five hundred rubles; he juggled both worlds with his hands, their pathos, there is nothing around him; how many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; they are moved by a feeling of compassion; streams of water flowing down struck the author of the text; Having stepped on the stage, the singers bowed. | |
| G2 | Violation of the norms of coordination | I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz. | |
| G3 | Violation of the norms of management | We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at his strength. | |
| G4 | Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed | The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was happy, happy and cheerful. | |
| G5 | Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members | The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it. | |
| G6 | Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover | Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy. | |
| G7 | Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover | The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot. | |
| G8 | Errors in the construction of a complex sentence | This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the person that this was a dream. | |
| G9 | Mixing direct and indirect speech | The author said that I did not agree with the opinion of the reviewer. | |
| G10 | Violation of supply boundaries | He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short. | |
| G11 | Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms | The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again. | |
| G12 | Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis) | At the meeting it was decided (?) to hold a subbotnik. | |
| G13 | Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers | It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist. The text raises two issues. | |
Logic errors(L)- this is a violation of the sequence (logic) of the presentation. Logical errors consist in violation of the rules of logical thinking. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:
1) violation of the sequence of statements;
2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;
3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;
4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;
5) disproportion of parts of the statement;
6) lack of necessary parts;
7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the presentation);
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).
| № | Error type | Examples | |
| L1 | Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text | The lesson was attended by the director, the librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; For a good study and upbringing of children, the parents of the students received letters of thanks from the school administration. | |
| L2 | Violation of causal relationships | In recent years, a lot has been done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, since the issues of modernizing education are poorly addressed. | |
| L3 | Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap". | It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village. | |
| L4 | Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation) | It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it? | |
| L5 | Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person) | The author writes about nature, describes the nature of the north, sees the snow and expanses of snowy plains. | |
| L6 | Comparison of logically disparate concepts | The syntax of encyclopedic articles is different from other scientific articles. | |
| Composition-text errors | |||
| L7 | Unsuccessful start | The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author... | |
| L8 | Mistakes in the main body | a). Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence. b). Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences. in). The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning. | |
| L9 | Unfortunate ending | Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier. | |
Actual errors (F)- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge).
| № | Error type | Examples |
| F1 | Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples | Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an axe; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference. |
| F2 | Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author. | The book means a lot to me, because someone else said: “Live and learn!” |
| F3 | Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement. | Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York. |
| F4 | Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres. | Turgeniev; "Taras and Bulba"; Turgenev's story Crime and Punishment. |
Ethical errors (E)- violation in the work of the system of values and rules of ethics: statements that degrade human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, hostility, manifestations of verbal aggression, slang words and turns.
| № | Error type | Examples |
| E1 | Speech incorrectness. Manifestation of verbal aggression: rude, offensive statement; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form unacceptable in a given speech situation; threat, rude demand, accusation, mockery; the use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, slang; statements that degrade human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person | I would like to make a remark to the author for his inability to convey his thoughts. This text infuriates me; You have to be completely crazy to read books today; Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the junk that is called the classics? Mikhalkov in his repertoire! He writes children's books, and therefore requires that they read it in childhood. This is real PR! There is nothing to fool people with outdated truths. |