Love 

Types of social international organizations. International organizations, their classification and legal status. Fundamental Rights of International Organizations

Various criteria can be applied to classify international organizations.

· By nature of membership they are divided into interstate and non-governmental.

· By circle of participants interstate organizations are divided into universal, open to the participation of all states of the world (UN, its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity. Organization of American States).

Interstate organizations are also subdivided into organizations general and special competence. The activities of organizations of general competence affect all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (for example, the UN, OAU, OAS). Organizations of special competence are limited to cooperation in one special area (for example, the Universal Postal Union, the International Labor Organization, etc.) and can be divided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious, etc.

Classification by nature of powers allows you to distinguish between interstate and supranational or, more precisely, supranational organizations. The first group includes the overwhelming majority of international organizations whose purpose is to organize interstate cooperation and whose decisions are addressed to member states. The goal of supranational organizations is integration. Their decisions apply directly to citizens and legal entities of the Member States. Some elements of supranationality in this sense are inherent in the European Union (EU).

· From point of view order of entry in them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its own discretion) and closed (admission to membership is carried out at the invitation of the original founders). An example of a closed organization is NATO.



Modern international organizations.

international organization considered a permanent association, which is created on the basis of an international agreement. The purpose of the association is to contribute to the solution of those problems that are stipulated in the agreement. International organizations are of an interstate nature - operating at the level of governments of states, and of a non-governmental nature. There are also international organizations of a global and regional nature. There are also classifications by type of activity, by the nature of powers, by circle of participants, international clubs, etc.

World Trade Organization (WTO). It is an organization of global importance. Founded in 1995. The goal is to streamline the rules of international trade. In 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade). According to the charter, the WTO can only regulate trade and economic issues.

WWF. Public international organization. Founded in 1961. Works in all areas that relate to the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The headquarters is located in Gland (Switzerland).

Greenpeace. The organization was founded in 1971. It is an independent public organization. The goal is the preservation of the environment, the solution of global environmental problems. Greenpeace principles do not allow accepting financial assistance at the state and political level. The organization exists on donations from supporters. Headquarters in Vancouver (Canada).

European Union (EU). The Organization of European States, established in 1993 on the basis of three organizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European Economic Community - now the European Community), ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom ( European Atomic Energy Community). This is a unique organization that is a cross between an international organization and a state. It has a common market, a common monetary system, etc. The field of activity concerns many areas - economics, politics, currency, labor market, etc. In 2007, the EU included 27 states.

League of Arab States (LAS). The organization was founded in 1945. The goal is to unite Arab and friendly states for cooperation in various fields, including those related to defense. The headquarters is located in Cairo (Egypt). The structure includes more than 20 states, including the state of Palestine, which is not recognized by the entire world community.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (International Red Cross). Non-governmental organization. It is a humanitarian movement with over 100 million employees and volunteers around the world. The main goal of the movement is literally "To help all those who suffer without any unfavorable distinction, thereby contributing to the establishment of peace on Earth." Consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (headquartered in Geneva), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization was created on the basis of the Red Cross Society, known since 1863 and later renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The current charter was adopted in 1956. Interpol was created on the basis of the international center for the registration of criminals (1923). The activities of the organization are carried out in the field of combating common crime (search for missing values, criminals, missing people, etc.), it does not in any way relate to other areas (politics, economics, defense, etc.), although in order to investigate crimes, the organization can use information about these areas. In terms of the number of member countries, Interpol is in second place after the UN - at the beginning of 2009, 186 states. The headquarters is located in Lyon (France).

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). International Islamic Organization. Created in 1969. The goal is cooperation between Muslim states in various fields, joint participation in activities in the international arena, and the achievement of stable development of the participating countries. The headquarters is located in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). At the beginning of 2009, the membership consisted of 57 states.

United Nations (UN). An interstate organization established in 1945 by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. The purpose of the organization is the maintenance of peace between states, the strengthening of peace, the development and security of international relations, the development of international cooperation in various fields. The UN consists of six principal organs (the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice and the Trusteeship Council). There are many different structural divisions of the UN and various organizations working under the auspices of the UN in various areas of international activity. The headquarters of most of the main divisions of the UN is located in New York (USA), but there are also branches in different parts of the world. As of 2007, the UN had 192 member states. It is the largest international organization.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Exists since 1975. It is the largest regional organization in the world that deals with security issues. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region, to eliminate the consequences of conflicts. As of 2008, the OSCE included 56 states located not only in Europe, but also in Central Asia and North America.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is an international military-political alliance. Created in 1949 on the initiative of the United States. The main goal is the security and freedom of all member countries in accordance with the principles of the UN, both in North America and in Europe. To achieve its goals, NATO uses military potential and political influence. The headquarters is located in Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included 28 states.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Organization of the intergovernmental level, created in 1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is to control the world oil policy, stabilize oil prices. OPEC sets limits on oil production. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). In 2009, OPEC included 12 countries.

Council of Europe (CE). Regional European organization of political orientation. Created in 1949. The goal is to build a united Europe. At the beginning of 2009, there were 48 countries in the membership. The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France, on the border with Germany).

Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth of Nations). Officially established in 1931. The composition includes Great Britain and almost all of its former colonies and dominions. Some constituent states recognize the Queen of Great Britain as head of state. The headquarters is located in London. The goal is voluntary cooperation in many areas, the main of which is economic.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The organization was founded in 1991 by the former republics of the USSR. The main goals are cooperation in the political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields, including the creation of a common economic space. The permanent body of the CIS - the CIS Executive Committee is located in Minsk (Belarus). The CIS Interparliamentary Assembly is located in St. Petersburg (Russia). At the moment, Mongolia and Afghanistan, which have observer status, are showing the liveliest interest in the activities of the CIS.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC- the world's largest economic association, whose members account for about 60% of world GDP and about half of world trade. The goals of the organization are to strengthen cooperation between the countries of the Pacific region and ensure conditions for free open trade in it. APEC was formed in 1989 in Canberra at the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand. Initially, meetings at the level of ministers were the supreme body of the Cooperation, but later meetings of leaders of states began to be held. Since the organization includes not only countries, but also territories (Hong Kong and Taiwan), its members are usually called "APEC economies".

Big Eight name the 8 most industrialized countries in the world (they account for about 60% of world GDP). The G8 is not an official international organization, its decisions have no legal force, but, nevertheless, the annual summit of the leaders of the G8 countries is one of the most important political events. The term "Big Seven" itself appeared in Russian due to an incorrect interpretation of the abbreviation "G7": instead of "Group of Seven" ("Group of Seven"), journalists deciphered it as "Great Seven" ("Big Seven").

The first meeting of leaders of industrial countries took place in 1975 (without the participation of Canada) and subsequently such meetings became regular. In 1992, Russia joined the participating countries, after which the Seven turned into the Eight.

Questions and tasks:

1. Define the term "international organization".

2. When and why did the first international organizations appear.

3. Write down in your notebook the classification of international organizations.

4. Fill in the table "Modern international organizations"

international organization- a permanent association of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of an international agreement in order to promote the solution of international problems specified in the agreement. International organizations are characterized by:

- the presence of a constituent document;

— permanent or regular nature of the activity;

- using multilateral negotiations and discussion of problems as the main method of activity;

There are intergovernmental, non-governmental, global and regional international organizations.

United Nations is an international organization of states founded in 1945. in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and development of international cooperation.

The principal organs of the UN are the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council, the UN International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, English: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - created in 1946. a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes the implementation of the goals of universal education, the development of culture, the preservation of the world's natural and cultural heritage, international scientific cooperation, and ensuring freedom of the press and communication.

European Economic Community (EEC)- the name of the European Union until 1994. The European Community was founded under the Treaty of Rome in 1957. as a common market of six European states.

European Union- economic association of 15 . A single internal market has been created in the EU, restrictions on the free movement of goods, capital, and labor between countries have been lifted, and a single monetary system has been formed with a single governing monetary institution.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC, English: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel (association of entrepreneurs), formed in 1960. some oil-producing countries in order to coordinate the policy of oil production and control over world prices for crude oil. OPEC sets quotas for oil production.

World Trade Organization (WTO)- founded in 1995, a global international organization that deals with the rules of international trade. The WTO is based on agreements negotiated, signed and ratified by the majority of countries participating in international trade. The purpose of the WTO is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers in the conduct of their business. The WTO is the successor to the GATT.

Association of Southeastern States ()- founded in 1967 regional organization, which included, and. The goals of ASEAN are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development of countries, establishing peace in the region.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO, English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - a military political alliance created on the initiative on the basis of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in April 1949 in the United States,

In the conditions of world globalization, integration of economies, unification of legislation and blurring of borders between countries, it is no longer possible to make decisions alone. It is necessary to coordinate intentions on various issues with other members of the world community. Along with states, international organizations are important members of world politics. Conflicts between groups of people and countries, terrorist groups, climate change, geopolitics, the development of the Arctic shelf, the disappearance of rare animal species - this is not a complete list of issues that require their participation. To resist the new challenges of our time is possible only by joint efforts.

Definition

An international organization is a voluntary union of member states created for cooperation in the fields of economy, politics, culture, ecology, and security. All their activities are based on international treaties. The nature of interaction can be both interstate and non-state, at the level of public associations.

signs

At the heart of any international organization are at least six main features:

  • Any organization must be established and operate in accordance with international standards of law. Usually, when creating such an association, all member states sign an international convention, protocol or agreement that guarantees the fulfillment of all obligations assumed by the participants.
  • The activities of international organizations are regulated by their Charter, which defines the goals, objectives, principles, structure of the association. The provisions of the Charter must not contradict the norms of international law.

  • The rights and obligations of all participants. They are usually equal for any member of the union. Also, they should not cancel the independent rights of the participants. The sovereignty of the state cannot be violated. The rights of international organizations determine the status of an association, regulate the issues of their creation and activities.
  • Permanent or regular activities, sessions, meetings between members to resolve international issues.
  • Decision-making by a simple majority of votes of the organization's members or by consensus. The final decisions are recorded on paper and signed by all participants.
  • Presence of headquarters and governing bodies. Not infrequently, the Chairman of the organization acts as the last one. Participants preside in turn, for a limited time period.

Classification

What international organizations exist? All associations are subdivided depending on several criteria.

Criterion

Organization subspecies

International legal capacity

Intergovernmental. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the governments of the participating countries. Members are states whose interests in the organization are represented by civil servants

Non-governmental. Relations in these associations are not regulated by government agreements. Any country that agrees with the goals and objectives of the organization can become a member. A prime example is the International Chamber of Commerce

Circle of interests

Special:

  • sectoral - these are organizations whose interests do not go beyond a certain area, for example, ecology or economics;
  • professional - these are associations of specialists in one industry, such organizations include the International Commonwealth of Lawyers or the International Federation of Accountants;
  • problematic - organizations designed to solve common global and regional problems, conflict resolution associations, such as the UN Security Council, etc., most often fall into this category.

Universal. The range of issues considered by the organization is not limited to one area of ​​life. Member States are free to submit any questions for consideration. The United Nations is a prime example.

Territory of action

World - world international organizations, which can include any country, regardless of geographical location. Most often, these associations have a large number of participants. Examples: World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization

Interregional - these are commonwealths of states within several regions, united by a common idea or problem. These include the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

Regional - organizations that include states of one region in their composition to resolve internal issues. An example would be the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) or the Council of the Baltic Sea States
Multilateral - international organizations, which are attended by more than two countries interested in cooperation. Thus, the WTO (World Trade Organization) includes in the ranks of its members any country that agrees to comply with certain trade and economic principles put forward by society. It has nothing to do with the location or political structure of the country.

Legal status

Formal - these are associations in which the meetings of the participants are formal. That is, each participant has his own role, all meetings are documented, relations between members are impersonal. Such organizations have a management apparatus and their own authorities. An example is OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Informal - organizations in which interaction is informal on an ongoing basis. These include such giants as the G20 and the Paris Club of creditor countries.

One organization can fit several criteria at once.

List of key international organizations

According to 2017 data, there are 103 global organizations in the world. Some of them are permanent, others are collected for sessions.

African Union

It is an international intergovernmental organization with 55 member states. The main goal of the association is the comprehensive cooperation and development of African states and peoples. The area of ​​interest includes the economy, trade, security, education, health care, wildlife conservation, human rights protection and much more.

Asia-Pacific Economic Community

An international regional organization focused on the economy and trade in the Asia-Pacific region. The association is the initiator of the creation of unhindered and free trade between the participating countries.

Andean Community of Nations

International regional association of the countries of South America. It has a socio-economic orientation. Members of the community are in favor of the integration of the states of Latin America.

This international community includes eight states. Its goal is to preserve nature in the Arctic region, minimizing the damage caused to nature during the development of shelves.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

It is an international organization of the states of Southeast Asia. The range of issues considered by the association is not limited, but the main issue concerns the creation of trade zones. The structure includes 10 countries. In 2006, a declaration was signed between Russia and the Association, which allows states to cooperate within the framework of the meetings held by the Association.

Bank for International Settlements

This is a financial institution. Its goal is to strengthen cooperation between the Central Banks of different countries and simplify international settlements.

World Association of Nuclear Power Plant Operators

An organization whose members are the countries operating nuclear power plants. The purpose and mission of the organization is to create conditions for the safe use of nuclear energy, improve the safety of nuclear power plants.

world Trade organisation

A multilateral international organization whose member countries are parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Designed to create conditions for the liberalization of trade participants. One of the largest organizations with 164 members.

International Atomic Energy Agency

An organization whose purpose is to promote the safe use of nuclear energy. The agency also prevents the spread of nuclear weapons.

UN

The United Nations Organization is an association created after the Second World War by 50 participating countries to maintain peace and security on the planet. At the moment, the UN is the most influential organization in the world. In addition to keeping the peace, the UN now deals with a wide range of global issues. What international organizations are members of the UN? There are 16 institutions in total. The organization includes such specialized international associations:

  1. The World Meteorological Organization is a UN body responsible for meteorology, global warming and the interaction of the atmosphere with the world's oceans.
  2. The World Health Organization is a UN agency designed to solve international problems in the field of public health of the Earth's population. The organization actively contributes to improving the level of medical services, hygiene, vaccination of the population in the world. The structure includes 194 countries.
  3. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, better known by its acronym UNESCO. The association deals with the issues of education and the eradication of illiteracy, discrimination in education, the study of different cultures and the social sphere of human life. UNESCO is actively involved in the fight against gender inequality, plays a huge role in solving a wide range of problems on the African continent.
  4. UNICEF, or the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, is engaged in comprehensive assistance to the institution of motherhood and childhood. Among the main goals of the fund are the reduction of child mortality, the reduction of deaths in pregnant women, and the promotion of primary education among children.
  5. The International Labor Organization is a special UN agency responsible for regulating labor relations both within countries and on the international labor market.

Russia's participation in global organizations

The Russian Federation takes an active part in the life of the world community and is a permanent member of a large number of world organizations, let's consider the main ones:

  • A customs union is a supranational association of several countries with the aim of creating a single economic space and market, eliminating customs restrictions on goods.
  • The United Nations (Security Council) is a permanent body of the United Nations dealing with international security issues.
  • The Commonwealth of Independent States is a union of states that were formerly part of the USSR. The main goal of the CIS is the issues of political, economic and cultural interaction between the participating countries.
  • The Collective Security Treaty Organization is a council of several states to maintain peace and order in the territory of the participants.
  • The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is an association dealing with security issues in Europe.
  • The Council of Europe is an association of European countries to strengthen democracy, improve human rights legislation and cultural interaction between countries.
  • BRICS is a group of five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
  • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - a regional forum for the development of trade between participants.
  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an association whose goal is to maintain peace and stability. It is not a military bloc.
  • The Eurasian Economic Union is a regional organization that advocates the integration and convergence of the markets of the participating countries.
  • The International Organization for Standardization is a worldwide association whose main goal is to issue international standards and their implementation on the territory of all participants.
  • The International Olympic Committee is an organization created to revive and promote the Olympic movement in the world.
  • The International Electrotechnical Commission is an association that standardizes electrical networks and equipment.
  • The World Trade Organization is a trade union designed to ensure equal rights in the international market for all participants.

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states.

An international organization is an association of states in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of the states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Modern international economic organizations are divided into 2 types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.

The role of both of them is significant, and all of them contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others.

An organization such as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between the member states. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution. It is very important for every international organization to have an appropriate organizational structure, which confirms the permanent nature of the organization, and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have headquarters, members represented by sovereign states and subsidiary bodies.

An important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its constituent act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority.

An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, which means that it has an autonomous will different from the will of the member states. This sign means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states.

Thus, an international organization that has the above features is considered an international intergovernmental organization.

Also in the modern world there is another type of international organizations - these are international non-governmental organizations, which are considered to be any international organizations that are not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement.

Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act.

The formation of any type of international organizations was based on the importance of solving a particular problem that arises between states. The importance of the problem was determined by the independent states themselves, hence their classification was determined, therefore, international organizations aimed at solving these problems acquired the status of an intergovernmental or non-governmental international organization.

international political economic scientific legal

  • 3. Modern international economic organizations
  • 1. World Trade Organization - WTO (World Trade Organization - WTO).

The World Trade Organization, established in 1995 (the agreement was signed in Marrakesh in 1994), replaced the GATT, which was reorganized in accordance with the results of the Uruguay Round and includes all agreements and arrangements adopted under the auspices of the GATT.

The World Trade Organization is the sole legal and institutional backbone of the world trading system.

Fundamental differences between WTO and GATT:

  • 1) GATT was a set of rules (multilateral agreement) uniting agreements (concluded since 1980) of a selective nature and the Secretariat. The WTO is a permanent organization dealing with obligations for absolutely all of its members.
  • 2) GATT was used as a "provisional basis". WTO commitments are complete and permanent.
  • 3) GATT rules applied to trade in goods. The WTO deals with trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property.

The purpose of the WTO is to liberalize international trade and give it a sustainable basis for economic growth and development, and improve the well-being of people.

This is achieved partly through the development and establishment of rules and agreements relating to trade between member countries and partly through negotiations aimed at further liberalizing trade in goods and services.

WTO functions:

  • A) administrative work related to multilateral agreements and their implementation;
  • B) monitoring the state of world trade and providing advice on management issues in the field of international trade;
  • C) acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations;
  • D) provision of conciliation mechanisms for the settlement of trade disputes;
  • D) monitoring the trade policy of states;
  • E) cooperation with other international institutions that influence the definition of global trade policy.

Fundamental principles of the WTO:

  • - trade without discrimination (most favored nation principle);
  • - predictable and expanding market access;
  • - promotion of fair competition;
  • - protection through customs duties;
  • - encouragement of development and economic reforms.

The WTO currently includes 153 countries, such as Australia, Austria, Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, the USA, Turkey, etc.

The organizational structure of the WTO is defined in Art. IV Agreement on the establishment of the WTO. The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years.

The current work of the WTO is carried out by the General Council, which consists of representatives of WTO members. The General Council delegates functions to three councils: the Council for Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the Council for Trade in Goods and the Council for Trade in Services.

The Council for Trade in Goods oversees the operation of the multilateral agreements on trade in goods contained in Annex 1A of the Agreement Establishing the WTO.

He manages the activities of 14 committees that monitor compliance with the principles of the WTO and the GATT - 1994 agreements in the most important areas of WTO activity in the field of trade in goods.

In 1996, the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements was established to oversee WTO free trade area and customs union agreements, providing a forum for negotiation and discussion of the relationship between regional agreements and the multilateral trading system.

The Council on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) monitors compliance with the relevant agreement contained in Annex 1C to the Agreement Establishing the WTO. He also deals with issues related to avoiding conflicts related to the international trade in counterfeit goods.

The Council for Trade in Services oversees the implementation of the relevant agreement contained in Annex 1B, and also provides assistance to negotiating groups on issues such as basic telecommunications, movement of individuals, maritime services. It has a Financial Services Trading Committee and a Professional Services Working Group.

4 committees are subordinate to the General Council: committee on trade and development; committee on restrictions related to the balance of payments; budget, finance and administration committees. Also, it has 2 special bodies under its jurisdiction: for conducting periodic reviews of trade policy and for considering contentious issues.

2. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC (ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES - OPEC).

OPEC was created at the Baghdad conference in 1960. Its charter, approved in Caracas in 1961, was completely revised in 1965 and later amended several times.

The goals of creating OPEC:

  • - coordination and unification of the oil policy of the Member States;
  • - determination of the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests;
  • - finding ways and means to ensure price stability on world oil markets in order to prevent their unnecessary and damaging fluctuations;
  • - the need to ensure sustainable incomes of oil-producing countries; efficient, cost-effective and regular supply of consumer countries; fair returns on investments in the oil industry; environmental protection for present and future generations.

OPEC consists of 12 countries. The founders of OPEC are 6 countries: Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, 6 more countries were accepted as members: Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, Nigeria, UAE.

Article 7 of the OPEC Charter defines inclusion in the organization - only founding members and those countries whose applications for admission were approved by the Conference can be full members.

Any other country that exports crude oil to a significant extent and has interests fundamentally similar to those of member countries may become a full member, provided that its admission is approved by a majority, including the votes of all founding members.

The status of an associate member cannot be granted to any country that does not have interests and goals that are fundamentally similar to those of the member states.”

The conference, consisting of delegations (up to 2 delegates, advisers, observers) representing member states, is usually led by the Ministers of Petroleum, Extractive Industries or Energy. It is the supreme body of OPEC. In meetings held twice a year, usually at headquarters in Vienna, the Conference determines the main directions of OPEC policy, ways and means of their practical implementation, and decides on reports and recommendations submitted by the Board of Governors, as well as on the budget.

The Conference elects its President (remains in this position until the next meeting), confirms the appointment of members of the Board of Governors. In its work, the Conference relies on a number of committees, including the Ministerial Monitoring Committee, established in order to monitor the situation on the markets and make recommendations on certain measures, as well as special committees.

The Board of Governors holds at least 2 sessions per year, at which all member states must be represented. The Council is responsible for managing the activities of OPEC and for implementing the decisions and resolutions of the Conference, decides on reports submitted by the Secretary General, submits reports and recommendations to the Conference, and prepares the annual budget.

The Secretariat carries out its functions under the direction of the Board of Governors. The Secretary General is the highest official of the Organization, the authorized representative of OPEC and the head of the Secretariat. He organizes and directs the work of the Organization. The OPEC Economic Commission is dedicated to promoting stability in international oil markets at fair price levels so that oil can maintain its importance as a primary global energy source in line with OPEC's objectives, closely monitors changes in energy markets and informs the Conference of these changes. .

3. International Chamber of Commerce - ICC (INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE - ICC).

The International Chamber of Commerce was founded as a non-governmental organization in 1919. It is a global private enterprise organization that brings together companies and other associations from developing and developed countries.

Creation goals:

  • - promoting the development of entrepreneurship in the world by encouraging trade, investment and free markets, free movement of capital;
  • - the adoption of effective and consistent measures in the economic and legal spheres in order to promote the harmonious development and freedom of international trade;
  • - protection of the private enterprise system;
  • - stimulating the regulation of entrepreneurship by entrepreneurs themselves.
  • 1) drawing the attention of governments to business problems;
  • 2) presenting recommendations to the government of the country where the meeting of the "Group of 7" is taking place;
  • 3) representation of the points of view existing in industrialized and developing countries, in the United Nations and its specialized agencies;
  • 4) ensuring the harmonization of trade practices;
  • 5) preparation of voluntary codes of business conduct;
  • 6) consideration of issues affecting entrepreneurship, banking, the environment, the financial system, insurance, maritime and air transport, taxation, international investment, intellectual property, marketing and trade policy;
  • 7) comments on legislative proposals and other changes affecting the scope of the ICC, and bringing their views to the attention of the world community;
  • 8) the fight against economic crime.

Membership can be acquired through membership in an ICC National Committee or National Group, or direct membership in countries that do not have a National Committee or Group.

The following economic organizations can become members:

  • - corporations, companies, firms and other legal entities, as well as individuals associated with international business;
  • - national and local organizations representing the business and professional interests of their members, if the main goals of such organizations are not political.

The Council, which is the highest governing body, meets, as a rule, twice a year. Council members are appointed by national committees and groupings.

The Executive Board, which consists of 15 to 21 members, is responsible for the implementation of ICC policies. It meets at least three sessions a year, twice jointly with the Council. The General Secretary is the Secretary of the Executive Council.

The Finance Committee advises the Executive Council on financial matters, prepares the budget, controls budget expenditures and revenues, and submits regular reports to the Executive Council.

The International Headquarters, headed by the Secretary General, coordinates all the activities of the ICC.

ICC policy and practical recommendations are developed by specialized working bodies (commissions, working groups). The commissions deal with major ICC policy issues (international trade policy, finance, international arbitration, insurance, taxation, multinational enterprises and international investment, environment, energy). Working groups are established on an ad hoc basis to develop and implement specific projects, on which they report to the appropriate permanent body.

The International Court of Arbitration, including the International Maritime Dispute Settlement Organization and the International Center of Expertise, is the leading body for resolving international trade disputes through arbitration.

The International Bureau of Chambers of Commerce (IBCC) is the worldwide forum of chambers of commerce. It provides international meetings to discuss emerging issues, exchange of experience and knowledge between senior officials of the chambers of developed and developing countries, as well as countries with economies in transition.

The World Industry Council on the Environment acts as an advocate for environmental business interests and maintains close ties with governments and international organizations.

ICC services to combat economic crime:

  • 1) The International Maritime Bureau deals with the prevention and fight against fraud in international maritime transport;
  • 2) The ICC Anti-Counterfeiting Office deals with the prevention of counterfeiting of branded goods, as well as patents, copyrights and industrial designs and models;
  • 3) The Economic Crime Bureau deals with commercial crimes in the field of banking, investment, insurance;
  • 4) The Maritime Cooperation Center promotes the development of international maritime cooperation at all levels and in all aspects of the maritime industry, with the exception of shipbuilding.

The Congress is the supreme body of the ICC.

Conferences are held between congresses to discuss specific topics of importance to the international business community.

National committees and groups represent the main economic interests of their countries.

4. UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT - UNCTAD).

Created in accordance with the resolution of the General Assembly, in 1964 as a special permanent body of the UN. The first session of the conference took place in Geneva in 1964. Subsequently, UNCTAD sessions were held every four years.

UNCTAD members are 193 states.

The goals of creating UNCTAD:

  • A) promoting the development of international trade in order to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
  • B) the establishment of principles and policies relating to international trade and related problems of economic development, in particular in the field of finance, investment, transfer of technology;
  • C) consideration and assistance in organizing the activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related problems of economic development;
  • D) taking, if necessary, measures for negotiating and approving multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;
  • E) coordinating the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as a center for such coordinating.

Functions of UNCTAD:

  • 1. Regulation of trade and economic relations between states;
  • 2. Development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities;
  • 3. Development of measures and means of trade policy and economic cooperation;
  • 4. Promoting the development of economic cooperation among developing countries;
  • 5. Coordination of the policy of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems;
  • 6. Regulation of restrictive business practices;
  • 7. Conducting analytical work on a wide range of issues: globalization and development, investment, development of enterprises and technologies, international trade in goods and services, development of infrastructure in the service sector;
  • 8. Promoting the coordination of activities within the UN;
  • 9. Cooperation with international economic organizations (WTO, International Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO).
  • 5. International Trade Center UNCTAD / WTO - ITC (INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER UNCTAD / WTO - ITC).

Established in 1964 by decision of the member countries of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to promote trade development by providing foreign trade information and consulting services in the field of international commercial activities, as well as providing technical services for the implementation of specific projects.

Since 1968, UNCTAD has joined the GATT as a member of the ITC. The legal status of the ITC was defined by the General Assembly in 1974 as a working subsidiary body of the GATT and the UN, acting through UNCTAD. In 1995 its name changed to ITC UNCTAD/WTO due to the formation of the WTO as the successor to GATT.

In accordance with its status, the ITC does not have its own membership. In fact, its members are the member states of the WTO and UNCTAD.

Creation goals:

  • - Promoting the creation of infrastructure in developing countries to stimulate trade;
  • - identification and assistance in the development of export markets;
  • - Creation of specialized national trade facilitation services;
  • - stimulating the development of trade on a multilateral basis;
  • - personnel training; improving the technique of import operations.
  • 1. Assistance in improving the quality of products and the development of marketing activities;
  • 2. Provision of services on the technique of trading operations;
  • 3. Providing information about international trade;
  • 4. Assistance in personnel training;
  • 5. Providing assistance in the implementation of import and provision operations;
  • 6. Identification of needs and development of trade facilitation programs.

In all areas, ITC pays special attention to the least developed developing countries.

The fundamental guiding principles for the activities of the ITC are determined by the General Council of the WTO and the Trade and Development Board of UNCTAD. Intergovernmental control over the work of the ITC is carried out by the Joint Advisory Group - JAG on ITC Affairs, which includes representatives of all member states of UNCTAD and the WTO. The competence of the JAG includes holding annual sessions to review the activities of the ITC and develop recommendations for the governing bodies of UNCTAD and the WTO. Between JAG sessions, ITC's operations are carried out by the Secretariat, which is responsible for the overall management of ITC's activities. ITC does not have regional or country offices.

Funding for ITC activities comes from equal contributions from UNCTAD and WTO to the regular budget.

ITC coordinates its activities with a number of international organizations, especially those within the UN system.

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states.

An international organization is an association of states in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty for the implementation of cooperation in political,

economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the system of organs necessary for this, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of states into an autonomous will, the volume of which is determined by the will of the member states. Modern international organizations are divided into 2 main types:

Intergovernmental and

Non-Governmental Organizations.

Any intergovernmental organization must have certain features.

First, it is created in accordance with international law. This is the most significant feature of decisive importance.

Any intergovernmental organization must be created on a legal basis, namely, the organization must not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole.

In addition, any international organization is created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.). Sovereign states are parties to such an agreement, and, more recently, intergovernmental organizations are also parties to international organizations.

The next important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations.

An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, i.e. It has an autonomous will different from the will of the member states. This sign

means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. Thus, an international organization that has the above characteristics is considered

international intergovernmental organization.

International non-governmental organizations, which are considered to be any international organizations not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but carry out their activities in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. Such organizations arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and at present there are about 8,000 of them.

International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations. And in a number of areas they are even leaders, for example, the Committee of the Red Cross, whose principles of activity are humanity, impartiality, independence and voluntariness, has made a great contribution to the interaction of states in various fields.

The purpose of creating any international intergovernmental organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others.

But such an organization as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between the member states

The United Nations Organization (UN) is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, develop cooperation between states.