Parting

Types of military missiles. Weapon of the century. The best rockets. Types of combat missiles

Russia's missiles are a guarantee of our country's security and a formidable peacekeeping weapon. Let's talk about the classification of missile weapons, about the missile weapons of the Russian army, the use of existing and the development of new super-modern missiles.

Intercontinental ballistic missile system "Topol"

Russian missile classification

Combat missiles are unmanned aerial vehicles that deliver weapons to the target by flying on a jet engine.

There are five classes of missiles:

earth-earth;
earth-air;
air-ground;
air-to-air;
air-surface.

In turn, there are different types of ground-to-ground missiles:

along the flight path - ballistic and cruise;
by destination - tactical, operational-tactical and strategic;
by distance.

All missile weapons are divided into anti-tank, anti-aircraft, anti-ship, anti-submarine (to destroy submarines), anti-radar and anti-space weapons.

earth-to-earth

Russian ground-to-ground missiles are launched from missile systems (RK) located in mines, on the ground or on ships, and are designed to destroy surface, ground and buried targets.

Launches of such missiles are possible both from fixed structures and from mobile self-propelled or towed installations.

Previously, the missile forces were armed mainly with unguided rockets (NURS). New ground-to-ground missiles are created and produced as controlled, equipped with equipment that regulates their flight and ensures the achievement of the goal.

ground-air

Anti-aircraft missile system S-400

The surface-to-air class combines anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAMs) designed to destroy air targets, mainly combat and transport aircraft of the enemy.

According to the method of launch and control, four types of missiles are distinguished:

radio command;
induced by radio beam;
homing;
combined.

Also, surface-to-air missiles differ in aerodynamic features, range, height and speed of air "targets".

An illustrative example of Russian missiles is the medium-range and long-range anti-aircraft systems that appear in the scandal over the planned delivery to Turkey, which caused strong objections from the United States.

Air to ground

Air-to-ground - missile means of destroying ground and buried targets, which are in service with bomber and attack aircraft. According to their purpose and range, they are classified similarly to ground-to-ground missiles. According to the types of targets, anti-tank air-to-ground missiles are additionally distinguished for strikes against enemy armored vehicles and anti-radar missiles for disabling radar stations (RLS).

Air to air

Air-to-air missiles are weapons of Russian fighter aircraft designed to destroy manned and unmanned enemy aircraft (LA).

By range there are:

small - to hit a target visually detected by the pilot;
medium - to hit a target at a distance of up to 100 kilometers;
large - for launching at a distance of more than 100 km.

Guidance systems for launching air-to-air missiles are used radio command (in the USSR K-5 missiles), active and semi-active radar (ARLS - in R-37, R-77 and PRLS - in R-27), infrared (in R-60 missiles and R-73).

R-27 air-to-air missile

Air-to-surface

Non-air-to-surface missiles are anti-ship weapons.

It is characterized by:

relatively large mass;
high-explosive type of damaging agent;
radar guidance.

See below for details on Russia's modern anti-ship missiles.

Types of Russian missiles

Intercontinental ballistic missiles

By type of deployment, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are divided into launched:

from mine launchers (silos) - RS-18, PC-20;
from mobile launchers based on a wheeled chassis - "Poplar";
from railway devices - RT-23UTTH "Molodets";
from the sea / ocean floor - "Skif";
from submarines - "Mace".

Intercontinental ballistic missile RS-20

The silos used today perfectly protect against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and mask preparations for launch quite well. Other methods of deploying missiles guarantee high mobility and, accordingly, are more difficult to detect, but limit the army and navy in terms of the dimensions and mass of ICBMs.

High precision cruise missiles

Five of the most dangerous domestically produced cruise missiles:

Family "Caliber". Mostly they strike at the manpower and infrastructure of the "opposition" militants and outright terrorists in Syria. The development, which started in the 1980s on the basis of the strategic nuclear 3M10 and anti-ship Alfa, was completed in 1993. In NATO they are codified as Sizzler. The range of impact on marine targets is up to 350 km, on coastal targets - up to 2600;
Kh-101 air-to-ground strategic missile (variation with a nuclear warhead - Kh-102). Designed in Design Bureau Raduga by 2013. It was also used in Syria for the above purposes. It is mainly included in the armament of the Tu-22 and Tu-160 bombers. The exact parameters of the X-101 are hidden from the public, but according to unofficial information, its maximum range is about 9 thousand km;
Anti-ship P-270 "Mosquito" (NATO coded as SS-N-22 Sunburn). Created in the 1970s in the USSR. It can sink any ships with a displacement of up to 20 thousand tons. Range - up to 120 km along a low-altitude trajectory and 250 km along a high-altitude trajectory. To overcome the air defense system (ABM) makes a "snake" maneuver;
Strategic aviation X-55, air-to-ground class - for Tu-95 and Tu-160 bombers. It moves at subsonic speeds, skirting the landscape below, which makes it very difficult to intercept. The power of the explosion is more than 20 times greater than that of the notorious Little Boy dropped by the Americans in 1945 on Hiroshima;
- a long-range anti-ship missile, to defeat large ship and ship-air groupings of the enemy. It strikes objects at a distance of up to 550 km. The P-700 devices are armed, among others, with the heavy cruiser-aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Launch of anti-ship missile P-700 "Granit"

anti-ship missiles

In addition to the aforementioned cruise anti-ship missiles, the Kh-35 missile, together with the Uran missile launcher, created in 1995 by the Zvezda-Arrow state company, should be noted.

The X-35 is capable of sinking ships with a displacement of up to 5,000 tons. Due to its compact dimensions and low weight, it is used as a weapon for ships of any class, including corvettes and boats, as well as weapons for various aircraft, including helicopters and light fighters. For launches of the Kh-35, coastal missile systems "Bal" were created.

The structure of the Kh-35 is two-stage, including a launch booster, a sustainer engine, and an active radar homing system. The range reaches 260 kilometers. The striking part is high-explosive, weighing 145 kg.

Aviation missiles of Russia

A particularly formidable property of the Russian Air Force is a modernized variation of the R-37M Strela. This air-to-air guided missile is the world's No. 1 in terms of range.

In NATO, it is codified as AA-13 "Arrow".

Used as a weapon:

heavy Su-27 fighters;
super-maneuverable Su-35 fighters;
MiG-31BM interceptor fighters.

The unique properties of the R-37M are dynamic instability and the highest maneuverability. They allow it, bypassing all enemy anti-missile systems, to hit a flying target that has approached the fighter by 300 kilometers or less.

According to a number of military experts, the R-37M and the similar Chinese PL-15 are capable of easily shooting down American air tankers that serve to ensure the non-stop flights of their strategic bombers, as well as reconnaissance, control and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. Victories in today's wars are simply impossible without the listed auxiliary aircraft, while the effectiveness of the latest air-to-air missiles of Russia and China deprives the United States of an advantage in the air.

A super-new domestic air-to-surface weapon is the X-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic missile, designed to destroy ground and sea targets. According to reputable media, the Kinzhal missile system is an aircraft modification of the Iskander family. The range of a device with a 500-kg warhead is determined by the properties of the bomber and ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 kilometers.

MiG-31 aircraft with Kh-47M2 "Dagger" missile

New developments of Russian missiles

Today, the Russian army is being re-equipped with new missiles:

RS-24 "Yars", which are gradually replacing the RS-18 and RS-20 ICBMs (as their service life ends);
RS-26 "Rubezh" - high-precision ICBMs;
RS-28 "Sarmat" - heavy ICBM, effectively bypasses American missile defense systems, especially due to launches through the South Pole;
Kh-50 - a new operational-tactical air-to-ground missile, virtually invisible to air defense systems;
S-500 "Prometheus" - the latest air defense and missile defense system.

The latest Zircon-S rocket launcher is also being developed with a next-generation strategic hypersonic missile.

In addition, in the light of the appearance of hypersonic air-to-surface missiles X-47M2 ("Daggers"), experts predict the successful completion of the development of hypersonic air-to-air weapons.

Where are different types of missiles used?

Missile means of warfare are designed for the use of:

in the underwater, air and space environment;
for various purposes - ground, surface, buried, underwater, air;
at tactical (up to 300 km), operational-tactical (300-1000 km), medium (1001-5500 km) and long (over 5500 km) ranges.

The most striking example of the use of missiles in real combat conditions by Russian military personnel is the Russian military operation in Syria, including the infliction of missile strikes by an aviation group of the Russian Aerospace Forces on objects of anti-government forces.

If you have something to add from yourself or have questions, we are waiting for your comments.

The Russian word "rocket" comes from the German word "rocket". And this German word is a diminutive of the Italian word "rocca", which means "spindle". That is, "rocket" means "small spindle", "spindle". This is due, of course, to the shape of the rocket: it looks like a spindle - long, streamlined, with a sharp nose. But now not many children have seen a real spindle, but everyone knows what a rocket looks like. Now, probably, you need to do this: “Children! Do you know what a spindle looks like? Like a little rocket!"

Rockets were invented a long time ago. They were invented in China many hundreds of years ago. The Chinese used them to make fireworks. They kept the structure of the rockets a secret for a long time, they liked to surprise strangers. But some of these surprised strangers turned out to be very inquisitive people. Soon, many countries learned how to make fireworks and celebrate solemn days with festive fireworks.

For a long time, rockets served only for holidays. But then they began to be used in the war. There was a rocket weapon. This is a very formidable weapon. Modern missiles can accurately hit a target thousands of kilometers away.

And in the 20th century, a school teacher of physics Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky(probably the most famous physics teacher!) came up with a new profession for rockets. He dreamed of how a man would fly into space. Unfortunately, Tsiolkovsky died before the first ships went into space, but he is still called the father of astronautics.

Why is it so difficult to fly into space? The problem is that there is no air. There is a void, it is called a vacuum. Therefore, neither planes, nor helicopters, nor balloons can be used there. Airplanes and helicopters rely on air during takeoff. The balloon rises into the sky because it is light and the air pushes it up. But a rocket doesn't need air to take off. What is the force that lifts the rocket?

This force is called reactive. The jet engine is very simple. It has a special chamber in which fuel burns. When burned, it turns into hot gas. And from this chamber there is only one way out - the nozzle, it is directed back, in the direction opposite to the movement. The incandescent gas is cramped in a small chamber, and it escapes through the nozzle with great speed. In an effort to get out as soon as possible, he pushes away from the rocket with terrible force. And since nothing holds the rocket, it flies where the gas pushes it: forward. Whether there is air around, whether there is no air - it does not matter at all for the flight. What lifts her up, she creates herself. Only the gas needs to be vigorously repelled from the rocket so that the force of its shocks is enough to lift it. After all, modern launch vehicles can weigh three thousand tons! It's a lot? So many! A truck, for example, weighs only five tons.

In order to move forward, you need to start from something. That from which the rocket will be repelled, it takes with it. That is why rockets can fly in airless outer space.

The shape of the rocket (like a spindle) is connected only with the fact that it has to fly through the air on its way to space. The air makes it difficult to fly fast. Its molecules hit the body and slow down the flight. In order to reduce air resistance, the shape of the rocket is made smooth and streamlined.

So, which of our readers wants to become an astronaut?

In our civilized world, each country has its own army. And not a single powerful, well-trained army can do without missile troops. And what rockets happen? This entertaining article will tell you about the main types of rockets that exist today.

anti-aircraft missiles

During the Second World War, bombing at high altitudes and beyond the range of anti-aircraft guns led to the development of rocket weapons. In Great Britain, the first efforts were directed towards achieving the equivalent destructive power of 3 and later 3.7 inch anti-aircraft guns. The British came up with two significant innovative ideas for 3-inch rockets. The first was the air defense missile system. To stop the propellers of the aircraft or to cut off its wings, a device was launched into the air, consisting of a parachute and wire and dragging a wire tail behind it, which was unwound from a reel located on the ground. An altitude of 20,000 feet was available. Another device was a remote fuse with photocells and a thermionic amplifier. The change in light intensity on the photocell, caused by the reflection of light from a nearby aircraft (projected onto the cell with the help of lenses), set the explosive projectile in motion.
The only significant invention of the Germans in the field of anti-aircraft missiles was the Typhoon. A small 6-foot rocket of a simple concept, powered by LRE, the Typhoon was designed for altitudes of 50,000 feet. The design provided for a co-located container for nitric acid and a mixture of fossil fuels, but in reality the weapon was not implemented.

air rockets

Great Britain, the USSR, Japan and the USA - all countries were engaged in the creation of air missiles for use against ground as well as air targets. All rockets are almost completely fin stabilized due to the aerodynamic force applied when launched at speeds of 250 mph or more. At first, tubular launchers were used, but later they began to use installations with straight rails or zero length, and place them under the wings of the aircraft.
One of the most successful German rockets was the 50mm R4M. Its end stabilizer (wing) remained folded until launch, which allowed the missiles to be close to each other during loading.
The American outstanding achievement is 4.5 inch rockets, each Allied fighter had 3 or 4 of them under the wing. These missiles were especially effective against motorized rifle detachments (columns of military equipment), tanks, infantry and supply trains, as well as fuel and artillery depots, airfields and barges. To change air rockets, a rocket engine and stabilizer were added to the traditional design. They got a leveled trajectory, a longer flight range and an increased impact speed, effective against concrete shelters and hardened targets. Such a weapon was dubbed the cruise missile, and the Japanese used the 100 and 370 kilogram types. In the USSR, 25 and 100 kg rockets were used and launched from the IL-2 attack aircraft.
After WWII, unguided rockets with a folding stabilizer fired from multi-tube launchers became the classic air-to-ground weapon for attack aircraft and heavily armed helicopters. Although not as accurate as guided missiles or weapons systems, they bombard concentrations of troops or equipment with deadly fire. Many ground forces have gone on to develop vehicle-mounted, container-tube-launched missiles that can be fired in bursts or at short intervals. Typically, such an artillery rocket system or multiple rocket launcher system uses rockets with a diameter of 100 to 150 mm and a range of 12 to 18 miles. Missiles have different types of warheads: explosive, fragmentation, incendiary, smoke and chemical.
The USSR and the USA created unguided ballistic missiles some 30 years after the war. In 1955, the US began testing the Honest John in Western Europe, and since 1957, the USSR has been producing a series of huge rotating rockets launched from a mobile vehicle, introducing it to NATO as a FROG (unguided ground-to-ground rocket). These missiles, 25 to 30 feet long and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, had a range of 20 to 45 miles and could be nuclear. Egypt and Syria used many of these missiles in the first salvos of the Arab-Israeli war in October 1973, as did Iraq in the war with Iran in the 80s, but in the 70s large missiles were moved from the front line of the superpowers by inertial system missiles guidance, such as the American Lance and the Soviet SS-21 Scarab.

Tactical guided missiles

Guided missiles were the result of post-war developments in electronics, computers, sensors, avionics and, to a lesser extent, rockets, turbojet propulsion and aerodynamics. And although tactical, or combat, guided missiles were developed to perform various tasks, they are all combined into one class of weapons due to the similarity of tracking, guidance, and control systems. Control over the direction of the missile's flight was achieved by deflecting airfoils such as the vertical stabilizer; jet blast and thrust vectoring were also used. But it is precisely because of their guidance system that these missiles have become so special, as the ability to make adjustments while moving to find a target is what distinguishes a guided missile from purely ballistic weapons such as unguided rockets or artillery shells.

Classes and types of rocket weapons

One of the characteristic features of the development of nuclear missile weapons is the huge variety of classes, types, and especially models of launch vehicles. Sometimes, when comparing certain samples, it is difficult to even imagine that they belong to missile weapons.

In a number of countries of the world, combat missiles are divided into classes according to where they are launched from and where the target is located. According to these features, four main classes are distinguished: "earth - earth", "earth - air", "air - earth" and "air - air". Moreover, the word "land" refers to the placement of launchers on land, on water and under water. The same applies to target placement. If their location is denoted by the word "land", then they can be on land, on water and under water. The word "air" suggests the location of launchers on board aircraft.

Some experts subdivide combat missiles into a much larger number of groups, trying to cover all possible locations of launchers and targets. At the same time, the word "land" already means only the location of installations on land. Under the word "water" - the location of launchers and targets above and below water. With this classification, nine groups are obtained: "earth - earth", "earth - water", "water - earth", "water - water", "earth - air", "water - air", "air - earth", " air - water", "air - air".

In addition to the types of rockets mentioned above, the foreign press very often mentions three more classes: "earth - space", "space - earth", "space - space". In this case, we are talking about rockets taking off from the earth into space, capable of launching from space to earth and flying in space between space objects. An analogy for first-class rockets can be those that were delivered into space by the Vostok spacecraft. The second and third classes of missiles are also feasible. It is known that our interplanetary stations were delivered to the Moon and sent to Mars by rockets launched from the mother rocket in space. With the same success, a rocket from a mother rocket can deliver cargo not to the Moon or Mars, but to Earth. Then the class "space - earth" will turn out.

The Soviet press sometimes uses the classification of missiles according to their belonging to the ground forces, the Navy, aviation or air defense. The result is such a division of missiles: ground, sea combat, aviation, anti-aircraft. In turn, aircraft are subdivided into guided projectiles for air strikes against ground targets, for air combat, and aircraft torpedoes.

The dividing line between missiles can also pass in terms of range. Range is one of those qualities that characterizes weapons most clearly. Missiles can be intercontinental, that is, capable of covering distances separating the most distant continents, such as Europe and America. Intercontinental missiles can hit enemy targets at a distance of more than 10,000 km. There are continental missiles, that is, those that can cover distances within one continent. These missiles are designed to destroy military facilities located behind enemy lines at ranges of up to several thousand kilometers.

Of course, there are missiles of relatively short range. Some of them have a range of several tens of kilometers. But all of them are considered as the main means of destruction on the battlefield.

The closest thing to military affairs is the division of missiles according to their combat purpose. Missiles are divided into three types: strategic, operational-tactical and tactical. Strategic missiles are designed to destroy the most militarily important enemy centers hidden by him in the deepest rear. Operational-tactical missiles are a mass weapon of the army, in particular the ground forces.

Operational-tactical missiles have a range of up to many hundreds of kilometers. This type is divided into short-range missiles, designed to hit targets located at a distance of several tens of kilometers, and long-range missiles, designed to hit targets located at a distance of several hundred kilometers.

Between the missiles there are differences also in the features of their design.

Ballistic missiles are the main fighting force. It is known that the nature of the rocket flight depends on the device and type of engine. According to these features, ballistic, cruise missiles and projectiles are distinguished. Ballistic missiles occupy a leading position: they have high tactical and technical characteristics.

Ballistic missiles have an elongated cylindrical body with a pointed warhead. The head part is intended to hit targets. Inside it is placed either a nuclear or conventional explosive. The body of the rocket can simultaneously serve as the walls of the tanks for fuel components. The case provides several compartments, one of which houses the control equipment. The body basically determines the passive weight of the rocket, that is, its weight without fuel. The higher this weight, the more difficult it is to get a long range. Therefore, they try to reduce the weight of the case in every possible way.

The engine is located in the tail section. These rockets are launched vertically upwards, reach a certain height, at which devices are triggered, reducing their angle of inclination to the horizon. When the power plant stops working, the rocket, under the action of inertia, flies along a ballistic curve, that is, along the trajectory of a freely thrown body.

For clarity, a ballistic missile can be compared to an artillery shell. The initial, or, as we have called it, active, part of its trajectory, when the engines are working, can be compared with a giant invisible gun barrel that tells the projectile the direction and range of flight. During this period, the missile's speed (on which the range depends) and the angle of inclination (on which the course depends) can be directed by the automatic control system.

After the fuel burns out in the rocket, the warhead in the uncontrolled passive section of the trajectory, like any freely thrown body, is affected by the forces of gravity. At the final stage of the flight, the warhead enters the dense layers of the atmosphere, slows down the flight and falls on the target. When entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, the head part is strongly heated; so that it does not collapse, special measures are taken.

To increase the flight range, the rocket may have several engines that operate alternately and are automatically reset. Together, they accelerate the last stage of the rocket to such a speed that it covers the required distance. The press reported that a multi-stage rocket reaches a height of more than a thousand kilometers and covers a distance of 8-10 thousand km in about 30 minutes.

Since ballistic missiles rise to thousands of kilometers in height, they move in practically airless space. But it is known that the flight of, for example, an aircraft in the atmosphere is affected by its interaction with the surrounding air. In a vacuum, any apparatus will move just as accurately as celestial bodies. This means that such a flight can be calculated very accurately. This creates opportunities for unmistakable ballistic missile hits on a relatively small site.

Ballistic missiles come in two classes: ground-to-ground and air-to-ground.

The flight path of a cruise missile is different from that of a ballistic missile. Having gained altitude, the rocket begins to plan towards the target. Unlike ballistic missiles, these missiles have bearing surfaces (wings), and a rocket or air-jet engine (using oxygen from the air as an oxidizer). Cruise missiles are widely used in anti-aircraft systems and in the armament of fighter-interceptors.

Projectile aircraft are similar in design and engine type to aircraft. Their trajectory is low, and the engine runs throughout the flight. When approaching the target, the projectile dives sharply at it. The relatively low speed of such a carrier facilitates its interception by conventional air defense systems.

In conclusion of this brief review of the existing classes and types of missiles, it should be noted that the aggressive circles in the United States are placing their main stake on the rapid development of the most powerful types of nuclear missile weapons, apparently hoping to gain military advantages in relation to the USSR. However, such hopes of the imperialists are absolutely unrealizable. Our nuclear missile weapons are being developed in full accordance with the task of reliably protecting the interests of the Motherland. In the competition imposed on us by the aggressive forces for the quality and quantity of the produced nuclear missile weapons, we are not only not inferior to those who threaten us with war, but we are in many respects superior to them. A powerful nuclear missile weapon in the hands of the Soviet Armed Forces is a reliable guarantee of peace and security not only for our country, but for the entire socialist camp, for all mankind.

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What is the device of a multi-stage rocket let's take a look at the classic example of a rocket for space flight, described in the writings of Tsiolkovsky, the founder of rocket science. It was he who was the first to publish the fundamental idea of manufacturing a multi-stage rocket.

The principle of the rocket.

In order to overcome gravity, the rocket needs a large supply of fuel, and the more fuel we take, the greater the mass of the rocket. Therefore, to reduce the mass of the rocket, they are built on the principle of multistage. Each stage can be considered as a separate rocket with its own rocket engine and fuel supply for flight.

The device of the stages of a space rocket.

The first stage of a space rocket the largest, in a rocket for space flight, there can be up to 6 engines of the 1st stage, and the more heavy the load must be brought into space, the more engines in the first stage of the rocket.

In the classic version, there are three of them, located symmetrically along the edges of an isosceles triangle, as if encircling the rocket around the perimeter. This stage is the largest and most powerful, it is she who tears off the rocket. When the fuel in the rocket's first stage is used up, the entire stage is discarded.

After that, the movement of the rocket is controlled by the engines of the second stage. They are sometimes called accelerating, since it is with the help of the engines of the second stage that the rocket reaches the first space velocity, sufficient to reach the near-Earth orbit.

This can be repeated several times, with each stage of the rocket weighing less than the previous one, since the force of gravity of the Earth decreases with the climb.

How many times this process is repeated, so many steps are contained in a space rocket. The last stage of the rocket is designed for maneuvering (flight correction engines are available in each stage of the rocket) and delivery of the payload and astronauts to their destination.

We reviewed the device how a rocket works, ballistic multi-stage missiles, a terrible weapon carrying nuclear weapons, are arranged in exactly the same way and do not fundamentally differ from space rockets. They are capable of completely destroying both life on the entire planet and itself.

Multistage ballistic missiles go into near-Earth orbit and from there hit ground targets with divided warheads with nuclear warheads. At the same time, 20-25 minutes are enough for them to fly to the most remote point.