All grammar rules of the Russian language. Russian is not about rules

Russian spelling

Russian spelling- a set of rules governing the spelling of words in the Russian language.

Modern Russian spelling.

The main principle of modern orthography of the Russian language is the morphological principle (the same morpheme in phonetically different forms of the word is spelled the same). Phonetic and other principles in the Russian language are of much lesser importance and are not the main ones. Simultaneous violations of both principles occur in words like shearless, bad taste.

The Russian alphabet, which is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, is used as the alphabet.

Story

Initially, individual spellings dominated the language. One of the earliest works on the theory of spelling is the work of V. K. Trediakovsky, published in 1748, where the principles for constructing the alphabet and spelling are formulated, which even the modern Russian alphabet corresponds well to. M. V. Lomonosov in the “Russian Grammar”, published in 1755, which was widely used and used for teaching the Russian language for many years, published spelling rules and such fundamental principles as ease of reading for everyone, proximity to the three main Russian dialects, proximity to morphology and pronunciation :12-15. The first academic dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1784-1794.

A fairly complete review of spelling rules in their historical perspective was carried out by J. K. Grot in 1873. He considered the main principle to be morphological in combination, to some extent, with phonetic written forms. Subsequently, the primacy of the morphological principle (as opposed to phonetic) in Russian spelling was pointed out by A. N. Gvozdev, A. I. Thomson, M. N. Peterson, D. N. Ushakov: 17-30.

In 1904, a special commission on spelling was created at the Academy of Sciences. Its subcommittee, which included such famous scientists as A. A. Shakhmatov, F. F. Fortunatov, I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A. I. Sobolevsky, began preparing a spelling reform. The final draft of the reform was ready by 1912, the proposed changes were implemented six years later, with the Russian Spelling Reform of 1918: 262-263. Until 1918, the Russian alphabet had more letters than now. As a result of the reform of 1918, the letters yat, fita, izhitsa, and decimal were removed from the endings of words.

In 1956, the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956 were adopted, which changed the spelling of some words and regulated the use of the letter.

Subsequently, under the leadership of V.V. Lopatin, some changes in the rules were put forward, partially reflected in the spelling dictionary edited by him.

The most important rules

Spelling of vowels at the root of words

Unstressed vowels that can be stressed

st about ly - st about l
m about l about doi - m about lodost, they say about daytime

Unstressed vowels that are not checked (dictionary words)

to about ditch, to about role, region a ko, b about lotto

And - s after c

In the roots and - and

C and pk, c and rkul, c and tata, c and nga, c and fra … and other borrowed words

Exception words: c s gan on c s kidneys approached s film and c s yelled: "ts s c".

In suffixes and endings - c s - s
Lisitsyn, Kuritsyn; streets

Vowels after sibilants

1) w and, w and - and
h a, sch a - a
h at, sch at - at

F and know, h a shcha, h at before …

2) After hissing - yo:

H yo rny, w yo light, w yo lx, h yo mouth ...

Exception words: about w about h, w about roch, capyush about n, krush about n, kryzh about penetrated, sh about ce, sh about colade, w about kay, obj about ra, live about rliv, w about ngler, h about porn, crack about weaving, weaving about ba, sh about mouths, sh about rnik, sh about mpol, sh about vinism, sh about k, w about ra, thicket about ba, h about whipped, h about roll, h about x, h about hom, w about m, f about r, f about x, vech about p, mazh about p, mazh about rny.

Alternating e - and, o - a at the root of the word

1) b e r - b and ra-
t e r - t and ra-
d e r - d and ra-
P e r - p and ra-
m e r - m and ra-
st e l - st and la-
bl e st - bl and become
well e mrs. and ha-

d e ret - sd and breaks
st e pour - zast and layet
mind e p - mind and army
bl e stit - bl and becomes
Exception words: op e tânie, op e lingering, word e tânie

2) K about from - to a câ-
l about w - l a ha-
to about sleep - to a sit down
izl about zhenie - izl a goat
Exception word: floor about G

3) R about with - about
R a st - r a sch - a

exp about s, ex a sti, vyr a whelping
Exception words: Raboutstock, Raboutstislav, Raboutstov, raboutseamstress, otrasl

4) M about to - m a to
you m about kick in the rain
m a pour into liquid

5) R about vn - r a ext
R about out - r a clear
(smooth - same)
exp about heed - ur a opinion
Exception word: R a vnina

6) g about r - g a R
zag a r, g about rit

7) h about r - h a R
h a rya, s about ri, s a revo.

Spelling of consonants at the root of words

Deaf and unpronounceable consonants, which can be checked by changing the word or choosing a single-root, in which after the checked consonant there is a vowel or c, l, m, n, p, d

1. Table b- table b s
jelly d b - zhelu d and.
2. Gla h ki-gla h threads
ska h ka - ska h points.
3. Zdra in stuy - hello in ie
months t ness - month t about.

Unchecked consonants (dictionary words)

Yo and O after sizzling

Always ё: (n.) bees, bangs, rosaries, acorns, brushes; (adj.) yellow, black, crisp, silky; (vb) walked.
Exception words: (n.) seam, rustle, hood, gooseberry, shock, shorts, chauvinism, slum, saddler, chokh, pulp, zhor, glutton, burn, ramrod, hood, ratchet, thicket, major; (adj.) gluttonous, prudish, crazy, major; (vb) clink glasses; (adv.) chohom, evening.

In suffix:

Usually it is written o under stress, without stress - e: (n.) galch onok, hare onok, mouse onok, bear onok, circle OK, wolch OK and bell ek; (adj.) hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov th, canvas ov th and beige ev th; (adv.) hot about, fresh about, good about and smelly e.
However: (verb) demarcation yov vyvat; (adj.) burn yonn oh, bewitch yonn th.
Exception word: yet yo.

At the end:

Usually under stress is written o, without stress - e: (n.) knife ohm, candle oh, doctor ohm and watchman eat, cottages her; (adj.) big wow and good his.
However: (vb) guard et, live et, oven et.

Difficulties

Among the difficulties of mastering Russian spelling:

The continuous or separate spelling of nouns with a prefix that turns into adverbs is not regulated by strict rules, but is determined by the dictionary ( satiety, but to death; in half, but thirds; in addition, but Finally, on dry land, but by sea).
Writing about or yo after hissing and c inconsistently: arson(noun) at set fire to(verb), pot at potter.
The rule of writing "not" with verbs has many exceptions: to hate, to hate, to dislike, to dislike, to miss and etc.
Writing forms of the word "go" (root - and-) is only defined by the dictionary: go, but come and I will come. The same with the forms of the root - them-/-eat-/-I-: understand, but I will accept, I'll take and take out.
Unpronounceable, but verifiable consonants are sometimes written, sometimes not, without a special system: “sun”, “hello”, but “pull”, “led”, “potter”.
The double consonant at the junction of the prefix and the root is sometimes reflected in the letter, sometimes not, without a special system: “pull”, “ring”, “anticipation”, but “open”, “open”.
A number of exceptions in the spelling "ci" / "qi" ( number, but chick), conjugation of verbs with alternation a/about fundamentally ( grow, but increased; gallop, but burn down; bow, but to worship), writing double n in full adjectives and participles, etc.

Features of spelling compound words

Some compound words violate the rules of Russian graphics:

words like "Hitler Youth" and "Inyaz" (read "Hitler Youth" and "Inyaz");
words like "telavivets", "costutil" and "mezzanine" (it reads "telyavivets", "costutil" and "beletage").

Criticism

The spelling of the Russian language has been repeatedly criticized by various writers and scholars. A number of opinions were collected by J. K. Grot in the book “Controversial Issues of Russian Spelling from Peter the Great to the Present” (1873). Y. K. Grot himself defended the letter yat, considering it important for distinguishing words, despite the fact that such words were not distinguished in the capital dialects of the oral Russian language. The changes in the standard of writing that have been proposed in this book have been very modest, without affecting commonly used cases with already established spellings. However, for relatively rare words (for example, “ham”, “wedding”, “cuttlefish”), a violation of the morphological nature of their spelling was noted (instead of “vyadchina”, “marriage”, “cuttlefish”).

V. V. Lopatin suggested writing in words like laden, dyed, fried, sheared, wounded always the same n regardless of whether they have syntactically subordinate words or not.

Notes

Literature

Panov M.V. And yet she's good! : A story about Russian spelling, its advantages and disadvantages / USSR Academy of Sciences .. - M .: Nauka, 1964. - 168 p. - (Popular science series). - 35,000 copies.(reg.)
Grigoryeva T. M. Three centuries of Russian orthography (XVIII - XX centuries). - M .: Elpis, 2004. - 456 p. - 1,000 copies. - ISBN 5-902872-03-0(in trans.)

Russian language

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58. Principles of Russian spelling, spelling

SPELLING - a system of spelling rules. The main sections of spelling:

writing morphemes in various parts of speech,
continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words,
the use of uppercase and lowercase letters,
hyphenation.

Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian orthography is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that morphemes common to related words retain a single style in writing, and in speech they can change depending on phonetic conditions. This principle applies to all morphemes: roots, prefixes, suffixes and endings.

Also, on the basis of the morphological principle, a uniform spelling of words related to a certain grammatical form is drawn up. For example, ь (soft sign) is a formal sign of the infinitive.

The second principle of Russian spelling is phonetic spelling, i.e. words are spelled the way they are heard. An example is the spelling of prefixes on z-s (incompetent - restless) or a change in the root of the initial and on s after prefixes ending in a consonant (play).

There is also a differentiating spelling (cf.: burn (n.) - burn (vb)) and traditional spelling (the letter and after the letters zh, sh, ts - live, sew).

A spelling is a case of choice where 1, 2, or more different spellings are possible. It is also a spelling following the spelling rules.

The spelling rule is the spelling rule of the Russian language, which spelling should be chosen depending on the language conditions.

59. Use uppercase and lowercase letters.

uppercase letter	lowercase letter
- It is written at the beginning of a sentence, paragraph, text (I want to go for a walk. When I do my homework, I will go outside.) - It is written at the beginning of a direct speech (She said: "Come in, please.")	- It is written in the middle and at the end of the word (mother, Russia). - It is written in the middle of a sentence if the word is not a proper name or some kind of name (He arrived late at night).
Written with a capital letter	Written with a lowercase letter
Names of institutions and organizations, incl. international (State Duma, United Nations), - names of countries and administrative-territorial units (Great Britain, United States of America, Moscow region), - names, patronymics and surnames (Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich) - the names of historical events and holidays are proper names): March 8, the Great Patriotic War.	- names of ranks, ranks (lieutenant Popov), - the words comrade, citizen, mister, mister, etc. (Mr. Brown, Citizen Petrov)

60. Word hyphenation rules

Words are carried by syllables (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban),
It is impossible to separate the consonant from the subsequent vowel (he-ro "th),
You can’t put aside on a line or transfer part of a syllable (nothing, nothing - right; empty-yak (wrong),
You can’t leave one vowel on a line or transfer it, even if it represents a whole syllable (ana-to-miya is right; a-to-mi-ya is wrong),
It is impossible to tear off b (soft sign) and b (hard sign) from the previous consonant (detour, less),
The letter and does not come off the previous vowel (rayon),
When combining several consonants, transfer options are possible (se-stra, ses-tra, sister-ra); in such cases, such a transfer is preferable, in which the morphemes are not parsed (squeeze).

61. Spelling of vowels in the root.

If at the root the vowel is in a weak (unstressed) position, then in writing there is a problem of choosing which letter to write.

If you can pick up a related word or change the word so that this vowel is stressed, then such a vowel is called tested. For example, pillars - one hundred "lb; reconcile (friends) - mi" r.
If an unstressed vowel cannot be checked by stress, then such vowels are called unverifiable, and the spelling of words with such vowels must be memorized or checked using a spelling dictionary (potato "fel, elixi" r).
Russian has a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel that is heard is written under stress; the choice of a letter in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:

from the accent:

Gargor: under stress it is written a (zaga "r, razga" r), without stress - o (tanned "lyy, burnt out), exceptions: you" garki, and "burn, with" burn;

Zar-zor: without stress it is written a (zarni "tsa, illumine" t), under stress - what is heard (zorka, for the "roar"), exception: dawn "t;

Clan-clone: without stress it is written about (bow down, bow down), under stress - what is heard (bow down, bow down);

Creature: without stress, it is written about (create "be, create", under stress - what is heard (your "rchestvo, tva" r), exception: y "creature;

from subsequent letters or combinations of letters:

Cascos: if the root is followed by a consonant n, then it is written o (to touch, touch), in other cases it is written a (tangential, touch);

Lag lie: before r it is written a (attach, adjective), before w it is written o (application, suggest), exceptions: by "log;

Rast- (-rasch-) - grew up: before st and u it is written a (grow", nara" shchivag), before c it is written o (for "growth, you" grew up), exceptions: o "branch, growth" k, you "rostok, usurers" to. Rosto "in;

Skak-skoch: before k it is written a (jump "be"), before h it is written o (you "jump"), exceptions: jump "to, jump";

From the presence or absence of the suffix -a- after the root:

Ver-vir-, -der-dir, -mer-mir, -per-feast, -ter-tir, -blest-blist, -zheg-zhig, -stel- became, -chet-chit: before the suffix -a- it is written and (to collect, to light, to lay, to lay), in other cases it is written e (bleat, to light, to), exceptions; to combine, to combine;

Roots with alternation a (i) - im (in): before the suffix -a- it is written im (in) (hush "th, clamp" th), in other cases it is written a (th) (hush "b, clamp" t) ;

from value:

Mak-mok: -mak- is used in the meaning of "immerse in liquid, make wet" (poppy "to put bread into milk), -mok - in the meaning of" pass liquid "(boots get wet");

Equal-equal: -ravt- is used in the meaning of “equal, identical, on a par” (equal, equal), -equal - in the meaning of “smooth, straight, smooth” (y “level, level”);

-float-float-float: o is written only in the words pilaf "ts and swimmers" ha, s - only in the word quicksand", in all other cases it is written I (llavu "honor, float" k).

62. Spelling of vowels after hissing and C.

After the hissing consonants zh, h, sh, u, the vowels a, y, and are written, and the vowels i, u, s (thicket, bold) are never written. This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin (parachute) and compound words in which any combination of letters is possible (Interbureau).
Under stress after hissing, it is written in, if you can pick up related words or another form of this word, where e is written (yellow - yellowness); if this condition is not met, then it is written about (to clink glasses, rustle).
It is necessary to distinguish the noun burn and its related words from the past tense verb burn and its related words.
A fluent vowel sound under stress after hissing is indicated by the letter o (sheath - knife "n").

Spelling of vowels after c.

At the root after c is written and (civilization, mat); exceptions: gypsies, tiptoe, tsyts, chicks are their cognates.
The letters i, u are written after ts only in proper names of non-Russian origin (Zurich).
Under stress after c, it is written o (tso "cat").

Choice of vowels; and or e.

In foreign words, e (adequate) is usually written; exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.
If the root begins with the letter e, then it is preserved even after the prefixes or cut by the first part of the compound word (save, three-story).
After the vowel, e (requiem) is written, after the remaining vowels - e (maestro).

The letter and is written at the beginning of foreign words (iodine, yoga).

63. Spelling of consonants in the root.

In order to check dubious voiced and deaf consonants, you need to choose such a form or a related word so that these consonants stand in a strong position (before a vowel or sonorant (l, m, and, p)) sound: a fairy tale - to say.
If a dubious consonant cannot be checked, then its spelling must be remembered or found in a spelling dictionary. ;
Double consonants are written:
- at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and root (tell), root and suffix (long),
- at the junction of two parts of compound words (maternity hospital),
- in words that need to be remembered or determined from a spelling dictionary (reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and words of the same root; words of foreign origin (for example, group, class) and derivatives from them (group, class).
In order to check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants that have a combination of letters vet, zdn, ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn, etc. it is necessary to choose such a single-root word or change the form of the word in such a way that after the first or second consonant there is a vowel (sad - to be sad, whistle - whistle); exceptions: flash (although "glisten"), stairs (although "ladder"), splash (although "splash"), bottle (although "glass").

64. Spelling prefixes.

The spelling of some prefixes must be remembered, they do not change under any conditions (to convey, carry, bring, etc.). The prefix s- also belongs to these prefixes, which is voiced in speech before voiced consonants, but does not change in writing (run away, do).
In prefixes on e-s (without- - demon-, woz (vz) - - sun- (sun-), from- - is-, bottom- - nis-, times- (rose-) - races (ros- ), through- (through-) - worm- (through-)) is written z before eaon-, which consonants or vowels (anhydrous, flare up), and before deaf consonants it is written with (limitless, rise up).
Of particular difficulty is the writing of prefixes pre- - pre-. Basically, their difference is based on their lexical meaning.

The prefix pre- is used in the meaning:

a high degree of quality (it can be replaced by the words "very", "very"): exaggerated (= "very enlarged"), preinteresting (= "very interesting");
“through”, “in a different way” (this meaning is close to the meaning of the prefix re-): transgress (= “cross over”).

The prefix pri- is used in the meaning:

spatial proximity (suburban, border);
approaching, joining (approach, sail);
incompleteness of action (cover up, stop);
bringing the action to the end (nail, knock);
committing an act in someone's interests (hide).

In some words, the pre- and pre-prefixes stand out and the spelling of such words must be remembered: stay (meaning "to be in some place or state"), despise (meaning "hate"), neglect, president (the word foreign origin); device, order, charity (meaning "care"), etc.

4. If the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with a vowel and, then instead of and it is written s (pre-June, to play); exceptions:

compound words (pedagogical institute), -charge,
prefixes inter- and super- (inter-institutional, super interesting),
the word "two-pulse", etc.
foreign prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, super-, trans-, pan- (counterplay, subindex).

65. Spelling of dividing b and b Spelling of dividing b (solid sign).

1. Separating b (solid sign) is written before the vowels e, e, u, i:

after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;
in words of foreign origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after a compound particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;
in compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, three-story;

2. This rule does not apply to compound words: children.

Spelling dividing b (soft character).

Separating b (soft sign) is written:

inside the word before the vowels e, e, u, i: peasant, blizzard;
in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.

Spelling of vowels after hissing and q in suffixes and endings.

1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and suffixes of adverbs under stress after hissing and q, it is written o, without stress - e (knife "m, big" go, book "nka, end" m, ring "vy-vat; NO ekila "we press, p" look for, red "zhego, merchants" vtsev, ring "th).

2. After hissing under stress, ё is written:

in the endings of verbs (neighing, lying),
in the suffix of the verb -yovyva- (uproot),
in the noun suffix -ёr- (trainee),
in the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk- (uprooting),
with the suffix of passive participles -yon (n) - (slain, harnessed),
in the suffix of verbal adjectives (zhzhёny) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
in the pronoun about what,
words and, by no means.

66. Spelling of nouns.

Spelling of endings in nouns:

in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending -i is written; for feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.l. and P.p.; I.p. militia, genius, blade R.p. militia, genius, blade D.P. militia, genius, blade V.p. militia, genius, blade etc. militia, genius, P.P. blade about the police, about the genius, about the blade
in neuter nouns ending in -e in P.p. e is written without stress, and under stress - and: about happiness, in oblivion;
in nouns ending in -ni with a preceding consonant or and in Gen.p. plural ь (soft sign) is not written at the end: bedroom - bedrooms; exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawks, kitchens.
in nouns with -ov, -ev, -ev, yn, in, denoting Russian surnames, in Tv.p. in the singular, the ending -im is written, and in nouns na-ov, -in, denoting foreign surnames. -end-om: Ivanov, but Darwin.
nouns in -ov, -ev, -ii, yn, -ovo, -ino, ыно, denoting the names of residential POINTS, have in T.p. ending -om: near Lvov, behind Khotkovo;
if the noun with the suffix -isch- is masculine or neuter, then the ending -e is written, if it is feminine - -a: a swamp is a swamp, but a hand is a hand;
animate nouns with suffixes - ushk-, -yushk-, -im-, -ishk- masculine and feminine nouns with the same suffixes in I.l. have an ending-a: dolyushka, grandfather; inanimate masculine nouns and all neuter nouns with these suffixes end in -o: bread, house;
in neuter nouns, after the suffix -a-, the letter o is written: chisel, and in animate masculine and neuter nouns - a: chisel.

Spelling of noun suffixes:

1. If the suffix -ik- (-chik-) is written in a noun, then it is also preserved in indirect cases, and if the suffix -ek- (-check-) is written, then in indirect cases e alternates with zero sound (cf .: piece - piece, finger - finger);
2. In masculine nouns, the suffix -ets- is written, in feminine nouns - the suffix -its-, and in neuter nouns -ets- is written if the stress falls on the ending and -its- if the stress falls on the syllable before the suffix ( cf .: handsome man (m.r.) - beauty (zh.r.) - letter "(cf.r.) - dress" tie;
3. The diminutive suffix -ink- is written in nouns formed from feminine nouns ending in -ina (scratch - scratch, straw - straw); BUT in words denoting females (for example, a refugee, a Frenchwoman), the combination -eik- is written (there is no diminutive meaning);
4. The combination -enk- is also written in words formed from nouns ending in -na or -nya, and not having ь (soft sign) at the end of the word in the genitive plural (cherry - cherries - cherry);

note: if nouns in -na, -nya have the plural at the end of ь (soft sign) in the genitive case, then the combination -enk- (kitchen - kitchen - kitchenette) is written;

5. In affectionate suffixes -one- (written after hard consonants) and -enk- (written after soft consonants, less often after hard ones) after n is written b (soft sign) (for example, kitty, Nadenka),

note: in modern Russian there are no suffixes -ynye-, -other-, -ank-, words with such suffixes are found only in works of art up to the 19th century inclusive and in folklore (for example, lolosynka, Nadinka; cf. modern striped, Nadenka ), Exceptions: good-bye, hare, good-bye (suffix -other-);

6. The suffix -yshk is written in neuter nouns (sun-sun, feather-feather); the suffix -ushk- is written in masculine and feminine nouns (neighbor - neighbor, head - little head); the suffix-yushk-is written in nouns of all genders, formed from nouns pine into a soft consonant (field - field, uncle - uncle); some masculine nouns are formed with the help of suffixes -yshek-, eshek-, ears- (wedges, peg, spools, pimples, sparrows; pebble, edge; the words sparrow, pebble are used in folk, colloquial speech);
7. With nouns denoting people by the nature of their activity, the suffix -chik- is written before the consonants d, t, a, s, f (translator, lbtchik, defector, etc.), and in all other cases the suffix -chik- is written (compositor, typesetter);

note 1: in some words of foreign origin, after t, the suffix -shchik- (flute player, asphalt worker) is written,

note 2: ь (soft sign) is written before the suffix -shchik- only after the consonant l (roofer),

note 3: if the stem ends with the consonants k, c, h, then before the suffix -chik- they are replaced by the consonant t (distribution - distributor);

8. In many female patronymics, [ishna] is heard, but it is written -ichna (Ilyinichna, Fominichna).

67. Spelling of adjectives. Spelling of the endings of adjectives.

declension of qualitative and relative adjectives; declension of possessive adjectives with a base on j (for example, fox, bearish); declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in-, (-th-), -ov- (-ev-): Lisitsyn, mother.

In the plural, the endings of all genera are the same.

1 type
		masculine	feminine	neuter gender
units number	I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.	cheerful, early cheerful, early cheerful, early cheerful (merry), early (early) cheerful, early about cheerful, about early	cheerful, early cheerful, early cheerful, early cheerful, early cheerful, early about cheerful, about early	fun, early cheerful, early cheerful, early fun, early cheerful, early about cheerful, about early
pl. number			funny, early funny, early cheerful, early funny, early cheerful, early about cheerful, about early

type 2
		masculine	feminine	neuter gender
units number	I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.	fox fox fox fox fox about fox	fox fox fox fox fox about fox	fox fox fox fox fox about fox
pl. number	I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.		fox fox fox fox fox about foxes
3 type
		masculine	feminine	neuter gender
units number	I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.	fathers, sisters paternal, sister (or sister) fathers, sisters paternal, sisterly about father, sister	father, sister paternal, sister paternal, sister father, sister paternal (oh), sister (noah) about my father, about my sister	paternal, sisterly father, sister father, sister (or sister) paternal, paternal, sisterly about father, sister

pl. number	I.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. etc. P.p.		fathers, sisters paternal, sister paternal, sisterly fathers, sisters paternal, sisterly about fathers, about sisters

Note: the accusative case of adjectives in the masculine singular coincides with the genitive case if the adjective refers to an animate noun or pronoun, and with the nominative case if the adjective depends on an inanimate noun or pronoun.

Russian male surnames ending in -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) in the instrumental singular have the ending -y (as do short adjectives): Pushkin - Pushkin.
Geographical names ending in -ov, -ev, -yno, -ino, -yn, -in, -ovo, -evo, in the instrumental case of the singular have an ending -om: under the city of Pushkin.
Adjectives out-of-town, internationally-born, sub-native, suburban have in the nominative case of the singular the endings -y (-th, -ov), and the adjective out-of-town-endings - “and (-th, -ov).
Adjectives in -yny in short form have the ending -"n (slender - well-built), an exception: worthy - worthy;
It is possible to have a double spelling and pronunciation of the adjective boundless (-ya, -ee) - boundless (-th, -ov).

Spelling of suffixes imvn adjectives:

1. Under stress, the suffix -iv- is written, without stress - the suffix -ev- (cf.
2. With suffixes -chiv-, -liv- is always written and (ugly, arrogant);
3. Suffixes -ovat-, -ov-, -ovit- are written after hard consonants, and after soft consonants, after hissing and c, suffixes -evat-, -ev-, -vvit- are written (cf., greenish, business - glossy , bluish);
4. In adjectives ending in -chi, formed from nouns ending in -shka before h, under stress is written a, without stress - e (cf.
5. The letter u is written before the suffix -or- if the sound that it denotes belongs to one morpheme (for example, board - plank); if in the generating base before the suffix -k- there are letters hell, s, st, sh, then they are preserved in the new word, and k alternates with h (freckle - freckled);
6. If the base ends with ts, and the suffix begins with h, then ts alternates with t (tile - tiled);
7. Spelling of the suffix -sk-:

if the stem ends in d or t, then before the suffix -sk- they are preserved (flesh - carnal, cattle - bestial);
if the base ends in k, h, c, then after them the suffix -sk- is simplified and becomes simply -k-, and k and h change to c (fisherman - fisherman, weaver),

note: in some adjectives, the alternation of k, h with c does not occur (tajik - Tajik, Uglich - Uglich):

if the stem of a word of foreign origin ends in sk, then before the suffix -sk-k it is omitted and the combination sec is obtained (San Francisco - San Francisco),

Exceptions: Basque, Oscan;

if the stem ends in s, then it is omitted and only the combination of letters ck (Welsh-Welsh) is written,
if the stem ends in se, then one s is omitted, since in Russian there cannot be a combination of trbx identical consonants (Odessa-Odessa);
if the stem ends in -н or -р, then before the suffix -sk-b (the soft sign is omitted),

Exceptions: ь (soft sign) is written

- in adjectives formed from the names of the months (July - July),
- in adjectives formed from some foreign geographical names (Taiwanese),
- combined day-to-day,
8. Before the suffix -i-, the final consonants k, c turn into h, and x - into u (boredom - boring, bustle - hectic);

Spelling н and нн in adjective suffixes:


1. In adjectives formed with the suffix -in: swan; 2. In adjectives Formed with the help of suffixes -an- (-yan-): leather, silver), Exceptions: wooden, glass, pewter. 3. 8 short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed have -n- (slender - slender).	1. In adjectives formed with the suffix -enn: straw, 2. In adjectives formed with the suffix -onn: organizational, 3. In adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from the base to n: sleepy, long. 4. In short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed have -in- (long - long).

Note 1: They are written n in adjectives: spicy, crimson, rye, drunken, ruddy, young, green, windy, porky.

Note 2: Written windy, but windless.

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives oily (for oil, in oil) and oily (soiled, soaked in oil); compare: oil stain - oily hands.

Note 4. It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives windy (day, person), windy (pump) and windy (chicken pox).

68. Spelling compound words.

1. Compound words can be formed using two simple stems connected by a connecting vowel o (written after the stem with a hard consonant) or e (written after the stem with a soft consonant, hissing or c): whirlpool, bird catcher.

2. Spelling of compound words without a connecting vowel:

it is necessary to distinguish between compound words formed with the help of a connecting vowel (locomotive) and without it (psychasthenia;
numerals in the genitive case are part of compound words without a connecting vowel (three-story, two-year);
Prefixes of foreign origin are written together with the root: anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra-anti-national, ultra-important, counterattack);
words ending in -fication are not complex; before this combination of letters, and (gasification) is written.

3. Spelling of compound nouns:

a) are written together:

compound nouns with the first part: auto-, agro-, aero-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, io-, cinema-, stereo-, radio-, macro-, etc. (cinema, stereo system, radio station);
compound nouns with the first part of the verb ending in and (dashmorda, daredevil),

Exception: tumbleweed;

all compound words (Sberbank, Balt-fleet).

b) written with a hyphen

compound nouns without a connecting vowel denoting scientific, technical and socio-political terms and names (stop crane, prime minister);
names of intermediate directions of the world (southeast, northwest);
complex owl, denoting the names of plants, having in their composition a verb in a personal form or a union (coltsfoot, love-dislike);
words with foreign elements: ober-, untr-, life-, staff-, vice-, ex- (vice-president, non-commissioned officer).

4. Spelling of complex adjectives: a) are written together:

adjectives formed from compound nouns written together (stereosystem - stereosystemic);
compound adjectives formed from phrases where one word is subordinate to another (railway - railway);
compound adjectives representing scientific and technical terms or belonging to book styles of speech (highly paid, thick-skinned, above);
compound adjectives, the first part of which cannot be used in speech as an independent word;

b) are written with a hyphen:

adjectives formed from compound nouns written with a hyphen (southeast-southeast);
compound adjectives formed from a combination of proper names (Jack-Londonovsky, Petr-Petrovichev);
compound adjectives formed from combinations of words with equal members connected by a coordinating link (convex-concave);
complex adjectives denoting shades of colors (pale pink, blue-brown);
compound adjectives denoting geographical or administrative names and having the first part of the word west-, south-, -th-, north-, north-, east- (East European Plain).

69. Spelling of numerals.

Compound numerals are written together (thirty);
Compound and fractional numbers are written separately (forty-five, three sevenths);
Ordinal numbers that end in -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth are written together (thirty-thousandth);
Numerals five-nineteen and twenty, thirty are written with ь (soft sign) at the end, and numerals fifty - eighty, five hundred - nine hundred b (soft sign) are written in the middle of the word between two bases;
There are two forms: zero and zero. The second is used in a terminological sense in indirect cases, both forms are found in set expressions.
The numeral gender is written as part of a compound word

through a hyphen, if the second part of the word begins with a vowel or with l (half a liter, half a watermelon), or if it is a proper name (half Russia);
together, if the second part of the compound word begins with a consonant letter (except l): half a kilogram;
separately, if it has an independent meaning and is torn off from the noun by the definition: half a teaspoon.

Note: the numeral semi- in the composition of complex words is always written together: half-breed, half-dressed.

Spelling of the endings of numerals.

1. Declension of cardinal numbers:

The numeral one is declined in the same way as the adjective in the singular:

Numerals two, three, four have special case endings:

The numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and the numerals 10 and 2 are declined in the same way as third declension nouns:

I. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
etc.
P. p

six
six
six
six
six
about six

thirty
thirty
thirty
thirty
thirty
about thirty

The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have a special declension (the accusative case coincides with the nominative, in other cases the ending is a):

For quantitative compound numbers, each word is declined:

A special declension for numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred:

3. Collective numbers are declined in the same way as plural adjectives:

4. Declension of ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers are declined in the same way as adjectives of the first type:

For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes during declension:

70. Spelling of pronouns.

1. Spelling of negative pronouns:

under stress it is written not, but without stress - neither, (cf., kikto "-not" who, not "only" - not "how much");
if there are no 48 prepositions in negative pronouns, then they are written together, and if there is, then in three words (cf .: someone - no one, nothing - no reason),
combinations are none other than, nothing more than oppositions and are written separately, and combinations none other, nothing else have this opposition meaning and therefore are written together (cf .. This can be allowed by none other than the headmaster. - no one else could do it better.).

2. Spelling of indefinite pronouns:

indefinite pronouns that have in their composition particles some-, some-, -something, -or-, -something are written with a hyphen (someone, something, someone),
if a preposition follows the particle, then the pronoun is written in three words (with someone, because of someone).

71. Spelling of verbs.

Spelling of verb endings.

1. Depending on personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: into verbs of I and II conjugations.

II conjugation includes:

verbs on -it (except for the verbs to shave, lay, build, which belong to the I conjugation),
7 verbs in -et (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
4 verbs in -at (thief, breathe, hold, hear).

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:

2. There are several different conjugated verbs that do not belong to any of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give.

unit
1 face read, take
2 person read, take
Z face reads, takes

plural
1 person read, take
2 person read, take
3rd person read, take

want
want want

We want
want to
want

running
run run
run
run
run

eat
eat
eating

eat eat eat

create
create
create

Let's create create create create

give
give
will give

Let's give give give give

3. If the verb with the prefix obez- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if it is intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of the verbs to weaken (someone) and to weaken (himself).

4. In the verbs of conjugation I, in the form of the future tense, the ending is written - “those”, and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (cf .: You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)

b (soft sign) in verb forms.

1. b (soft sign) is written:

in the infinitive (write, wish, want, wash),
in the endings of the 2nd person singular of the present or simple future tense (choose, wash, do, wash),
in the imperative mood (correct, hide), BUT lie down, lie down,
in the return particle, which is after the vowel (bent, turned, I will return);

2. b (soft sign) is not written:

in the form of the 3rd person singular of the present or simple future tense (washes, is done).

Spelling of verb suffixes

1. If in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -th (-th), then in the infinitive and in the form of the past tense, suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written (I manage - manage, managed, fight - fight, fought );

if in the 1st person of the present or simple future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivay, then the suffixes -yva-, -iva- (I impose - impose, impose) are written in the infinitive and in the past tense.

2. Verbs in -five, -vayu have the same vowel before the suffix -va- as in the infinitive without this suffix (extend - extend).

if they are formed by combining a preposition with an adverb (forever) or with a short adjective (tightly, to the left),

if they are formed by adding the prepositions in and on to the collective numeral (three times, in two),

if they are formed by adding a preposition to a full adjective or pronoun (manually, recklessly, with might and main)

Exception: if the adjective begins with a vowel, then the preposition в is written separately (open),

if the nouns from which adverbs are formed are not used independently in modern Russian (locked up, shattered),
adverbs with a spatial meaning, formed from nouns such as distance, height, beginning, etc. (far away, first)

note: if the sentence contains an explanation for the noun, then such words are no longer adverbs, but combinations of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (from the beginning of the book),

if it is impossible to put a definition between the prefix-preposition and the noun from which the adverb is formed, but if this can be done, then these words are a combination of a noun with a preposition and are written separately (cf .: exhaust completely - come to the horses of the corridor):

4. Adverbs are written with a hyphen:

if they are formed with the prefix po- from full adjectives or adverbs ending in -oma, -him, -ni, ii (in my opinion, no-old, in Russian, in cat-like),
if they are formed using the prefix v- (in-) from ordinal numbers (firstly, secondly, thirdly),
if they are formed by repeating the same adverb or by adding synonymous words (barely, quietly, quietly);

5. Adverbial combinations are written separately:

if they consist of nouns with a preposition between them (from gas to eye, shoulder to captivity),
if they are combinations with prepositions without, before, on, with, etc. (without restraint, on the run, immediately),
if the noun in this combination has retained some meaning of the case form (abroad, conscientiously),
if the adjective from which the adverb is formed begins with a vowel, then the preposition в is written separately (in the open).

74. Spelling of prepositions.

The spelling of prepositions must be remembered or checked in a spelling dictionary. Sometimes for the correct spelling of a word it is very important to determine whether it is a preposition or not.

Complex prepositions iechza, from under, because of, etc. are written through a hyphen. (due to illness, from under steel);
Such prepositions are written together, as in view of, instead of, like, over, due to (due to absence, like a hole), BUT include in the consequence;
Such prepositions are written separately, such as in the form, in connection, etc.
Prepositions continue, during, due to have at the end e (during the lesson), BUT during the river.

75. Spelling unions.

1. They are written together:

union so that (He asked me to come early.); it is necessary to distinguish between the union so that and the combination of the pronoun and the particle what (Whatever you say, I don’t believe you);

note: remember! through thick and thin,

unions are also written together (Will you also / also go to the concert?); it is necessary to distinguish between conjunctions also, also with combinations of a pronoun with a particle (the same) and an adverb with a particle (also): if the particle can be omitted or put in another place in the sentence, then these combinations are written separately (you brought the same (same), and me too.);

particles something, some, something, either-, -something, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, -the same (yes, somebody, give it, he-de, enough),

Particle spelling NOT with different parts of speech

Part of speech		apart
noun	1. if it is not used without (ignorant, adversity), 2. if you can choose a synonym without not (untruth is a lie, an enemy is a friend),	1. if there is or is implied opposition; not a friend, but an enemy), 2. in an interrogative predzhenin with a logical underlining of negation (Your father arranged for you here, didn't he?
adj.	1. if the bases are not used (sloppy, nondescript). 2. if you can choose a synonym without not (rather big - big, gvmslodoy - old), 3. if there is a contrast with the union but (the river is not ugly, but cold), 4. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are written in a non-continuously low - low)	1. if there is or is implied opposition with the union a (not big, small), 2. with relative adjectives (the sky here is southern), 3. with short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are formed are not written separately (the book is not interesting, but boring)
num.	with indefinite and negative pronouns without prepositions (several, no one, something)	always written separately (not three, not the seventh)
pronoun		with other categories of pronouns (not in my class, not on our floor)
verb	if without not not used (to hate, to be perplexed) note: verbs such as oversight are written together, since they include a single prefix under-,	with all other verbs (not to know, to cry
ger.	if without not not used (hating, perplexed) note: gerunds formed from verbs with a prefix are underwritten together, just like verbs (overlooked)	with all the other participles (not knowing, on crying)
participle

communion	if full participles do not have dependent words with them (non-coming student)	one . if full participles have dependent words (a student who did not come on time), 2. with short participles (tests not checked), if there is or is supposed to be a contrast (not finished, but only started work)
adverb	one . if without is not used (absurdly, carelessly), 2. adverbs in -o, -e, if you can choose a synonym for bel not (not stupid - smart)	1. adverbs in -o, -e, if there is or is meant to be an opposition (not funny, but sad), 2, adverbs in -o, -e, if they have explanatory words not at all, not at all, far from not at all (not at all funny). 3. if the adverb is written with a hyphen (not in Russian)

Particle spelling NOT and NI

1. How much can you doubt "come" or "come"? Remember once and for all, correctly - "come".

2. Ordered "expresso"? To cook faster? The coffee is called espresso!

3. Which is correct: "go" or "go" or "go"? No way! The imperative form of the verbs "to go" and "to go" will only be "go" or "call in", "come", etc. The use of the word "go" without a prefix is considered acceptable, but undesirable in colloquial speech.

4. Which is correct: "I will win" or "I will win"? No way! The verb "to win" does not have a form of the 1st person singular. numbers in the future tense. “I will win”, “I will be able to win” completely replace this form.

5. Repeat! There are no words "in general" and "in general"! There are words "in general" and "generally". And point.

6. The documents have a "signature", but in the Sistine Chapel on the altar wall - "painting". Do not confuse, friends, do not confuse!

7. From the point of view of lexical compatibility, the expression "the best" sounds as ridiculous as "more beautiful." A big hello to the directors of "The Best Movie".

8. "To borrow" is to borrow! "Loan me money" is not true. You can't borrow from someone, you can only borrow from someone. "Lend me money", "Can I borrow from you?" - right.

9. "During" (for some time, in continuation), but "during" (for example, rivers, flow as a direction in art). Please note, always separate!

10. Hadron Collider! Not "Andronny", who is this "Andron"? Hadrons are elementary particles, and the collider was named after them. "Collider", by the way, with two "l".

11. Win! Don't win! We sincerely do not understand what motivates people who put "Y" there. The key word is play.

12. Everyone who still says "theirs" will burn in hell!

13. For writing "sorry" instead of "sorry" it's time to introduce fines.

Learn your native language!

1. Unstressed vowel at the root.

To check an unstressed vowel in the root, you need to change the form of the word or choose a single-root word so that the stress falls on it.

G about ra - g about ry

B about rolled - b about retsya

Not accepted and rimy - m and R

2. Vowel alternation at the root.

3.Vowels O - E (Yo) after hissing and C in different parts of the word.

1.Fundamentally words after hissing under stress, the letter E (Yo) is written. (in related words and forms of this word, the letter E is written without stress (evening - evening, cheap - cheaper) Exceptions: seam, rustle, saddler, hood, gooseberry, glutton, thicket, major

It should be distinguished:

A) noun - burn, arson, verbs - burn, set fire

B) in words of foreign origin:

jockey, juggler, shock, highway, driver.

C) in proper names: Pechora, Pechorin, Shostakovich

2. After C, the letter o is written under stress in the root. unstressed

the vowel after C must be checked with an accent. (basement, whole -

whole)

3.In endings, suffixes nouns and

adjectives after hissing and C under stress, the letter O is written, without stress - E (chest, hut, big, red, jackdaw, wrestler, crimson)

4 .At the end of adverbs, the letter O is written under stress, without

accents - E (hot, ebullient)

5 .Under the stress, the letter Yo is written

a) in the endings of verbs (we save, bake),

b) in the verbal suffix -yovyva (shade)

c) in the suffix –ёr of nouns (conductor, trainee)

d) in suffixes -yonn, -yon of passive participles,

verbal adjectives, if they are formed from

verb on -it (completed - complete, stewed - stew)

e) in pronouns (about anything, nothing)

4. Vowels ы, and after Ц in different parts of the word.

1. At the root of the word after C, the letter I is written (number, circus) Exceptions:

gypsy, chick, chick, chick, chick)

2. In words ending on - tion letter i is written

(acacia, lecture, delegation)

3.In suffixes and endings the letter Y is written (birds, pages,

Sinitsyn)

5. Voiced and voiceless consonants.

To check the spelling of paired consonants b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-sh, you need to change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel. (tooth - teeth, light - light)

6. Unpronounceable consonants at the root of the word. (combinations of vstv, ndsk, stl, stn, etc.)

The word must be changed or a single-root word chosen so that this consonant is heard clearly. (joyful - joy, whistle - whistle)

But: sn- miraculous - miracles.

7. Separating b and b

Kommersant

1. Before the letters E, Yo, Yu, I

after prefixes

into a consonant

(bypass, disengage)

1. Before the letters E, Yo, Yu, I, And

in roots, suffixes, endings.

(barrier, blizzard, fox, nightingale)

In compound words

(three-tier, inter-tier)

In foreign words:

adjutant, object, subject, etc. broth, battalion, signor, etc.

8. Soft sign after hissing.

b is spelled

b is not written

1. In feminine nouns

kinda (night, rye)

1. In masculine nouns (knife, rook)

2. In all forms of the verb

(write, ignite, smile)

2. In nouns, plural. numbers

(many clouds, near puddles)

3. In adverbs for Zh, Sh, Ch (jump,

entirely) Exceptions: already, married,

unbearable

3. In short adjectives (hot,

good, strong)

4. In particles (only, ish, bish)

9. Vowels Y-I after prefixes.

After consonant prefix a letter is written S, if the word from which it is formed begins with the letter I (unprincipled - an idea, sum up - a result, play out - a game)

After prefixes over-, sub-, trans-, inter- letter is written AND ( inter-institutional, superinteresting, sub-inspector).

10. Continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives.

Slitno:

1. Formed from a subordinating phrase (ancient Greek - Ancient Greece, wagon repair - repair of wagons)

2. Used as terms or expressions in bookish language (the above, the undersigned)

Through a hyphen:

1. Designate a shade of color (light pink, red-brown)

2. Formed from a hyphenated noun (southwest - southwest)

3. Between parts of the adjective, you can insert the union "and" (Russian-German - Russian and German, convex-concave - convex and concave).

4. Formed from a combination of a noun and an adjective, but with a rearrangement of these elements (literary and artistic - fiction)

5. Having at the end of the first base a combination -iko (chemical-pharmaceutical).

Apart:

Phrases are written separately, consisting of an adverb and an adjective. The adverb acts as a member of the sentence, indicating the degree of the sign expressed by the adjective (genuinely friendly, sharply hostile) or in what respect the sign is considered (socially dangerous, i.e. dangerous to society). Adverbs in -ski in the meaning of "similarity" (damn cunning).

11. Not with different parts of speech.

Slitno

Apart

Not used without NOT ( all parts of speech)

can't, hate, unseen

There is a contrast with the union "A" or it is implied (noun, adjective, adverb on O, E)

not true but false

Can be replaced by a synonym or a close expression ( noun, adjective, adverb in o,e)

untruth - a lie, unknown - someone else's)

There are words “not far”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, etc.

(adjective, adverb in O, E)

Not at all interesting, not at all beautiful

No dependent words and opposition with the union "A"

(participle)

unglued, unspoken

There are dependent words or opposition with the union "A" (participle)

not spoken in time

With verbs, adverbs

(didn't find it, didn't find out)

With adverbs not in -O, E (not comradely)

With negative and indefinite adverbs and pronouns (no one, a few, nowhere)

With negative pronouns, if there is a pretext (no one, no one)

12. One and two letters H in suffixes.

Parts of speech

Nouns

Living room, worker, herbalist

At the junction of morphemes

Fifty dollars, window sill

adjectives

In suffixes -in, -an, -yan

Gus in th, leather en th

Excl.: pewter, wood, glass

1) in adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns with a stem on H (fog n th)

2) in adjectives formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -onn, -enn (arts enn th, aviation he N th)

Excl.: windy

Participles and verbal adjectives

1) in short passive participles (error corrected en a)

2) in full participles and verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs (crash en yy - no prefix and dependent word)

excl.: slow, desired, sacred, unexpected, unseen, unheard, unexpected)

1) if the word has a prefix other than non- (dried)

2) if they include dependent words (sown through a sieve)

3) if the word has a suffix -ova, -eva (zinc ovann th)

4) if the word is formed from a perfective verb yonn th - deprive)

Adverb

In adverbs, the same number of N is written as in the adjectives from which they are formed

(tuma nn o - fog nn oh, excited nn o - excited nn th)

23. Letters E, I in case endings of nouns.

1. nouns have 1 declension in the dative and prepositional cases (in the grass - 1 cl., p.p., on the road - 1 skl., d.p.)

1. nouns have 1 declension in the genitive case (near the river - 1 declension, R.p.)

2. nouns have 2 declensions in the prepositional case (in the house - 2 cl, P.p.)

2. nouns have 3 declensions (at mother, at night)

3. for nouns in -th, -th, -th, -me in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases

(attach to a stirrup (on - me)), pluck from an acacia (on - ia))

24. Conjugation of verbs, spelling of personal endings of verbs.

Put the verb in the indefinite form (what to do? what to do?)

II conjugation I conjugation

on -it on -et, -at, -ut, -yt, -ty, -who

except for: shaving, laying (1 ref.) except for:

drive, hold, hear, breathe

endure, twirl, offend, depend,

hate, see, look (2 sp.)

At the end, the letter is written And at the end, the letter E is written

beautiful it– red it count em - count ot, rut it–gn at(excl.)

when finding an indefinite form, take a verb of the same form (decorate - decorate)

Spelling prefixes.

1. Letters З-С at the end of prefixes.

In prefixes voz-vos, bez-bes, from -is, bottom -nis, once - races, through - through before voiced letters are written in consonants Z, before deaf consonants - letter WITH.

(Ra h give - ra with bite, be h sonorous - be with cordial)

There are no prefixes Z: knock down, cut down, run away

In the words here, building, health there is no prefix.

In the prefix times (races) - roses (grew), the letter A is written without stress, the letter O is under stress. (break up - sledge, scatter - placer)

2. Prefixes pre-, pre-

Pre-

at-

1. It is possible to replace the prefix with the word very, very.

(very large - very large)

1. Spatial proximity

(about) - school, seaside

2. Approximation, joining,

addition (arrive, screw,

join)

2. Close to the meaning of "re"

(transform, block)

3. Incomplete action (slightly open)

4. Bringing the action to the end

(come up with)

Spelling of suffixes

1. Suffixes -EK, -IK of nouns

To correctly write a suffix, you need to decline the word (put it in the genitive case form). If the vowel drops out, then the suffix -EK is written, if it doesn’t drop out, then the suffix -IK should be written (lock - lock, finger - finger)

2. Verb suffixes -ova (-eva), -yva (iva)

If in the present or future tense the verb ends in -yva, -ivay, then you need to write the suffixes -yva, -iva.

If it ends in -th, -th, then you need to write the suffixes -ova, -eva.

(conversations ova l, conversations ova t - conversations wow, story ywa l - story I am)

3. Suffixes of participles -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch.

If the participle is formed from the verb of the 1st conjugation, then the suffixes -usch, -yushch should be written.

If the participle is formed from the verb of the 2nd conjugation, then you need to write the suffixes -ash, -ash.

(stabbing - stabbing (1 ref.), coloring - dyeing (2 ref.))

4. Participle suffixes -EM, -OM, -IM

If the participle is formed from the verb of the 1st conjugation, then we write the suffix -EM, -OM, if from the verb of the 2nd conjugation, then the suffix -IM

(visible - see (2 ref.), burned - burn (1 ref.))

5. The letters O, A at the end of adverbs with prefixes -FROM, -TO, -C

If adverbs are formed from adjectives that do not have these prefixes, then we write the letter A.

If adverbs are formed from adjectives that have these prefixes, then we write the letter O.

(before dry - dry, before urgently - before urgent)

On the muffled , in left (no prefixes -from, -to, -s)

6. Suffixes -K-, -SK- adjectives.

The suffix -K- is written:

1) in adjectives that have a short form (col to iy - kolok, elm to ii - knit)

2) in adjectives formed from some nouns with a base on k, h, c (German to ij - German, weaver to ii - weaver)

In other cases, the suffix -SK- is written (French sk y - French h)

7. Suffixes -CHIK-, -SHIK-

After the letters d - t, z - s, w, the letter Ch is written. In other cases, u is written. (cover tchik, stone box- no letters d, t, s, s, g)

8. Vowels before -Н, -НН in participle suffixes, before the past tense verb suffix -Л-.

If the participle or verbal adjective is formed from the verb in -at, -yat, then the letter A, Z is written before H, HH (upsh a ny - vesh at).

If a participle or a verbal adjective is formed from verbs ending not in -at, -yat, then the letter E is written before H, HH

(zasuch e nny - zauch it, crush e ny - red it).

A hyphen between parts of words.

Hyphenated adverbs.

With a hyphen between the parts of the word, adverbs are written that have in their composition:

1) prefix in - and suffixes -om, -him, -and (in a new way, in a comradely way)

2) the prefix in-, in- and suffixes -s, -them (secondly, thirdly)

3) prefix something (somehow)

4) suffixes -something, -either, -something (colda-either, somewhere)

5) complex adverbs, which have the same roots (little by little)

Indefinite pronouns with a prefix something and suffixes something-, something are written with a hyphen (someone, some)

Compound words with half- are written with a hyphen if the second root begins with L, with a capital letter, with a vowel. In other cases, the floor in complex words is written together. (half moon, half watermelon, half Volga, half house,)

interjection, formed by repeating the basics (ooh-ooh)

Particles - something are attached to other words with a hyphen. (became something, take it)

Consolidated and separate spelling of homonymous independent and functional words.

Prepositions with other words are written separately. (on the river, on me, by five)

Derived prepositions, formed on the basis of adverbs, are written together (to go towards the delegates).

Derived prepositions are written together: in view of (= due to), like (= similar), about (= about), instead of, like, due to ( due to)

Talk about exams but to put money in the account (n.)

Derivative prepositions are written separately during, in continuation, according to

reason, for the purpose, on the part).

Unions also, too, to are written fluently. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way, the same as. In these combinations, the particles, however, could be omitted or rearranged to another place.

Mother studied at the institute. My father also studied there.

The same word, but not so to say.

Morphology(parts of speech).

Grammatical signs of independent parts of speech.

Part of speech

Gram. meaning

Question to the beginning form

Permanent signs

Non-permanent signs

Syntax

role in the proposal

Noun

Thing

Who? what?

Odush.-indush., own. or common noun, gender, declension

Case, number

Subject

Addition

Adjective

sign

Which? Whose?

Qualitative, relative possessive; full - short, degrees of comparison

gender, number, case

Definition, predicate

(short adj.)

Numeral

Quantity, order when counting

How much? Which?

Simple-composite, quantitative, ordinal, collective

Case, number, gender (for ordinals)

As part of any member of the sentence, definition (ordinal)

Pronoun

Meaning of the part of speech instead of which it is used

Who? What? Which? How much? Which?

Rank, person (for personal)

Case (for some), number, gender

Any member of the proposal

Verb

action, state

What to do? what to do?

View, transitivity, conjugation, recurrence

Mood, tense, number, person or gender

Personal forms - predicate, n.f. - any part of the proposal

Participle

Sign of an object by action

Which?

Doing what? What has done? and etc.

Real or passive, time, type

Case, number, gender, full or short

Definition

gerund

Additional action

What do you do? Having done what?

How?

Type, recurrence

Not

circumstance

Adverb

Sign of action or other sign

How? Where? Where? When? What for? and etc.

Degrees of comparison

Not

circumstance

Classes of adjectives.

Discharge

signs

Examples

quality

1. Answer the questions Which one? Which? Which?

2. denote various qualities of objects: color, internal qualities of a person, state of mind, age, size of an object; qualities perceived by the senses, etc.

3. may have diminutive suffixes –ist, -ovat, -enk, etc.

4. may have a short form and degrees of comparison

5. compound adjectives and adjectives are formed. With prefix not-

6. combined with adverbs very, extremely, etc.

nicer

sick

Too light light - light

difficult

relative

1.answer questions what? Which? Which?

2. designate the material from which the object is made; time, place, purpose of the object, etc.

3. have suffixes –an, -yan, -sk-, -ov-,

4. do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison

5. do not combine with adverbs very, too.

Wooden

Nautical

Possessive

Whose? Whose? Whose? Whose?

2. denote belonging to a person or animal

3. have suffixes –ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -й

Foxy, fathers, wolf

Classes of pronouns.

Discharge

Pronouns

personal

1st person: I, we

2nd person: you

3rd person: he, she, it, they

returnable

Myself

Possessive

Mine, yours, ours, yours, yours

Interrogative-relative

Who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much

Undefined

Someone, something, some, several, some, something, etc.

Negative

Nobody, nothing, none, no one, not at all, no one, nothing

pointing

That, this, such, such, such, so much

Determinants

Himself, most, everyone, all, each, any, other, other

Discharges of names of numerals.

By appointment

By structure

quantitative

Ordinal

Simple

Complex

composite

whole

Fractional

Collecting

Three,

Twenty five

One third,

one and a half

Two

Three

seven

third, thirty-fifth

fourteen, thirtieth

Five hundred, one hundred thousandth

One hundred seventy-three, three point eight

Mood and tense of the verb.

indicative

Conditional

imperative

Denotes an action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen.

Denotes an action that is possible under some condition (would read, would read)

Denotes an action to which the speaker encourages someone (advises, asks, orders)

present tense

Past tense

Future tense

What is he doing?

What have you been doing?

What did you do?

What will do? (future complex)

What will he do? (future simple)

Is reading

read, told

will read

Participle formation

From the stem of the present tense verb

From the stem of the infinitive

Present participles

Past participles

Valid

Passive

Valid

passive

1 ref.

2 ref.

1 ref.

2 ref.

Vsh

Enn

Usch, - yusch

Ash

crate

Eat

Ohm

Them

Bole Yusch uy

Creech ash uy

Ozar eat th

Storage them th

Skaka vsh uy

nes w uy

Pulled out enn th

crowning nn th

vymy t th

Formation of gerunds

Imperfect participles

Perfect participles

Suffixes -a, -i

Suffixes

Vsh

Lice

lie down - lie down a

We sit - sit I

think - think in, thought lice

Get carried away - carried away shea camping

Classes of adverbs by meaning.

Class of adverbs

Questions answered by adverbs

Examples

Mode of action and degree

How?

Fast, fun, new, often, great

Measures and degrees

How much? How many times?

In what degree?

To what extent? How much?

A little, a little, a little, five times, too much, completely, completely, twice

Places

Where?

Far, near, around, from within, from afar, everywhere

time

When?

How long?

Since when?

How long?

Now, soon, long ago, now, the day before, in the afternoon, at night, in the summer, early

Causes

Why?

From what?

For what reason?

Hastily, blindly, reluctantly

Goals

What for?

For what?

For what purpose?

On purpose, out of spite, on purpose

A special group is made up of pronominal adverbs:

Demonstrative adverbs - here, there, there, from there, then

Indefinite adverbs - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere

Negative adverbs - nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere

Interrogative-relative adverbs - where, where, when, why, why.

Lilac blossoms (when?) spring. (adverb)

beyond the spring(When? For what?) Summer will come. (noun)

Adverbs with prefixes must be distinguished from consonant combinations of nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions.

At first it was difficult. (when? - circumstance - adverb)

At first year (noun with a preposition, because there is a dependent word).

got sick, That's why and didn't come. (adverb why?)

So the bridge is closed to traffic. (adj., over the bridge (what?) - definition)

In the distance blue spinning sand. (in what? where?)

away the shepherd played importunately. (adverb where?)

Condition Category Words - denote the state of nature, the environment, living beings, humans (damp, cloudy, offensive, funny, joyful). They are used in one-part impersonal sentences and are predicates.

Formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs .

Parts of speech

comparative

Superlatives

Simple

Composite

Simple

Composite

Adjective

Her(s)

She

Stronger

Before

less often

more…

less…

More strong

Less strict

Ash(y)

Yeish (yy)

the strictest

strongest

all (everyone)..

most…

least…

Deepest, highest quality

Adverb

Her(s)

She

Stronger, earlier, less

more…

less…

More strongly

Less strict

Aisha

eishe

Strictly

all (everyone)..

most…

least…

deeper than all

the highest quality

To distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective from the comparative degree of an adverb, you need to look at which word in the sentence the form of the comparative degree depends on. If it depends on the noun, then this is the comparative degree of the adjective (it is a predicate in the sentence) - person thinner, Class friendlier.

If it depends on the verb, then this is an adverb (it is a circumstance in a sentence) - cut thinner, sing friendlier.

Service parts of speech.

Pretext - serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. There are simple and composite, derivatives and non-derivatives.

non-derivative

Derivatives from

Adverbs

noun

Participles

B, k, s, y, o, on, with, for, from, through, etc.

Along, opposite, ahead, according to, around

Due to, like, in continuation, during, in relation to, in contrast to, towards, in view of, in conclusion, beyond, in connection with, due to

thankfully, later, in spite of, in spite of, on the basis of

Union - serves to connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence. There are simple and compound, coordinating and subordinating.

Ranks of unions by value.

writing

Subordinating

1. Connecting (both this and that): and, yes, also, also, not only…but also, like…and

1. Explanatory: what, as if to

2. Opposite (not that, but this): but, but, yes, but, however,

2. Circumstantial:

Time: when, just, while, barely , as soon as, after, before, only

Target: in order to, in order to, in order to, in order to

Comparison: as, as if, as if, exactly

Cause: because, since, since, for

Condition: if (if), if

Consequence: so

Concession: though, despite the fact that, let, let

3. Dividing (either this or that): or, either, neither ... neither, then ... that, either ... either, not that ... not that

Particle - conveys shades of meaning and serves to form certain forms of independent words. By meaning, there are formative, semantic. By category - simple, complex, compound.

(even, just, after all, just, hardly, no matter how, etc.)

Discharges of particles by value and function.

Semantic (express different meanings)

Form-building

(form word forms)

1. Negative: not, not

1. form of the conditional mood of the verb: would, b

2. Statement: yes, so, exactly, how, aha, uh-huh, definitely

2. form of the imperative mood of the verb: let, let, yes, let's, let's

3. Reinforcement: even, even and, already, and, already, yet, still, after all, well

3. form of comparative and superlative adjective: more, less, most

4. Question: is it really, is it, or something, but, what, how, well, how, and what if

Exclamation: what the, how, well

Doubt: hardly, hardly, maybe

7. Clarification: exactly, exactly, exactly, directly, a little, just, at least, at least, almost

8. Isolation, restriction: only, only, only only, almost, exclusively

9. Indication: here, here, out, and out, this

10. Relaxation of the requirement: -ka

Distinguishing He and Ni Particles

Particle NOT

Particle NI

Not - the meaning of negation

Misha not went to the rink.

Not Misha went to the skating rink, and Yura.

Ni is a negative particle with an amplifying value:

A) strengthening denial

In the sky not It was neither one lumen.

Not neither wind, neither sun, neither noise.

In the sky neither cloud.

Two particles NOT - the meaning of the statement

Not can not talk about this trip. - I must tell.

B) assertion strengthening

Where neither I look around, thick rye everywhere. (I'll look everywhere)

There may be words: no matter where, no one, no matter and etc.

Interjection - does not apply to either independent or official parts of speech. Interjections are used to express:

Feelings, emotions (fear, joy, doubt, surprise, sadness, delight, sadness, etc.): oh, yes, bravo, my God, wow, God is with you.

Speech etiquette (greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, etc.): thank you, thank you, goodbye, goodbye, sorry, please, all the best, hello.

Commands, orders, requests: on, face, shh, hello, bye-bye, stop, chick-chick.

Syntax.

phrase – several words related in meaning and grammatically.

According to the main word, phrases are nominal (the main word is an adjective, noun, pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb, participle, participle), adverbial (the main word is an adverb).

Types of connection of words in phrases (by dependent word).

Coordination

Control

adjoining

The dependent word is used in the same gender, number and case (adj., participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal number)

The dependent word is put in the case required by the main (noun, pronoun = noun)

The dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning.

(adverb, adverb)

prepositional

(with a suggestion)

Unprepositional (no preposition)

For an experienced teacher

Growing up on the road

Land development

Work passionately

Types of offers.

Offer types

Examples

By the nature of the expressed relationship to reality

Affirmative(Affirm the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it).

Negative(the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is denied).

Sad long evening in October. (I. Bunin)

No, I don't treasure rebellious pleasure. (A. Pushkin)

By the number of grammatical bases

Simple (consist of one grammatical basis)

Complex (consist of two or more grammatical bases)

A breeze rushes along the narrow, clean street. (N.Rubtsov)

Dawn says goodbye to the earth, steam falls at the bottom of the valley. (A. Fet)

According to the nature of the grammatical basis

Bipartite(the grammatical basis consists of a subject and a predicate)

One-piece(the grammatical basis consists either only of the subject, or only of the predicate)

I loved late autumn in Russia. (I. Bunin)

It's already quite light. (K. Fedin)

By the presence of secondary members

Common(have in their composition a grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence)

Uncommon(have only grammatical basis)

Two drops splashed into the glass. (A. Fet)

The lake was white. (I. Bunin)

According to the context and speech situation

Full(all necessary members of the proposal are present)

Incomplete(one or more sentence members omitted)

The whole city lay in darkness. (A. Fadeev)

Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing. (A. Pushkin)

Types of predicate.

simple verb expressed in one verb form

composite

verb auxiliary be able, wish, want, start, continue, finish or short adj. Glad, ready, able, must, intend+ infinitive

Nominal

linking verb to be, to become, to become, to appear, to become, to appear, to be called+ nominal part: noun, adj., numeral, place, short adverb, adverb

Changed in childhood rainbow rain. (S. Marshak)

The monkey decided to work. (I. Krylov)

The gold of the cross became white. (S. Marshak)

Secondary members of the sentence.

Definition

(what? what? what? what? whose? whose? whose? whose? whose?) is underlined by a wavy line

Addition

(whom? What? To whom? What? Whom? What? By whom? What? About whom? About what?) is underlined with a dotted line

Circumstance

(where? When? Where? Where? Why? Why? How?)

underlined with dotted line

Agreed

(adjective, participle, pronoun = adj., ordinal)

Direct (vin. case without preposition)

Mode of action (how? In what way?)

inconsistent

(noun)

Indirect (indirect cases or wine case with a preposition)

Places (where? Where? From?)

Time (when? Since when? Until when? How long?)

Reasons (why? For what reason?)

Measures and degrees (To what extent? To what extent?)

Goals (why? For what purpose?)

Conditions (under what condition?)

Concessions (against what?)

Types of one-part sentences and ways of expressing the main member of the sentence.

Nominal

Verbs

denominative sentence (the main member of the sentence is the subject, the noun in I.p.)

Midnight. Mist and wind.

Definitely personal(verb 1,2 person, singular, plural; indicative, imperative mood)

I'm going. Will you go for a walk? Come with me.

Indefinite-personal(verb 3rd person, plural, present, weekday; plural past tense)

Vitya was given a player.

Impersonal(impersonal verb, personal verb in the meaning of the impersonal, infinitive, words of the category of state, short participle, word No)

It's getting dark. It's cold outside.

generalized-personal(verb 2 persons, singular; 3 persons plural present or bud.; 2 persons led inclinations)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

Types of definitions.

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Characterize the object on the one hand (between them you can put the union And)

They characterize an object from different sides, for example, by color and size (a big red ball), you cannot put a union between them And)

Depend on one word and answer the same question

They explain each other, that is, one of the definitions depends on the phrase, which includes the defined noun. and another definition (red ball which? large)

They are interconnected by a compositional connection, i.e. do not depend on each other

Lacking enumerative intonation

Pronounced with enumerative intonation

Separate members of the proposal.

I. Separate definitions .

Any definitions in the form of a phrase (adjective turnover, adjectival phrase) or individual words are separated by commas on one side or on two (inside a sentence) if:

Relate to personal pronoun

Exhausted, dirty, wet we have reached the shore.

They come after the noun they define.

Forest, finally shaking off the remnants of the darkness of the night stood up in all its glory. (B. Polevoy)

Before the noun being defined, if they express the reason.

Driven by spring rays, from the surrounding mountains the snow had already fled in muddy streams to the flooded meadows. (A. Pushkin)

II. Standalone Applications .

Applications in a letter are separated by a comma or two commas within a sentence if:

They refer to the personal pronoun

Us, doctors, this truly boundless patience is amazing. (N. Ostrovsky)

Common applications after the noun being defined.

A pineapple,wonderful gift of the nature of the tropics , looks like a large cedar cone weighing two to three kilograms.

Applications before the noun being defined, if it has a causal meaning.

native sailor, Voropaev first saw the sea as an adult. (P.Pavlenko)

ІІІ Separate circumstances.

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are always separated by commas in writing.

Suddenly she ran past me singing something else.

The waves are rushing thundering and sparkling, alien stars look from above.

2. Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition in spite ofIn houses,despite the early hour , lamps lit.

Note:

do not separate

Germs with the meaning of adverbs. Yazykov covered his face with his palm and satnot moving . (not moving = still)

Set combinations and phraseological units, which include gerunds. He workedtirelessly .

IV. Separate clarifying members of the sentence.

An additional question can be posed to the clarifying isolated member of the sentence Where exactly? How exactly? Who exactly? When exactly?

1. Circumstances of place and time: Left,at the dam , knocked axes.

2. Definitions: It was dominated by brown,almost red , the color of the soil and the unbearably blue hue of the sea.

3 . Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using conjunctionsthat is, or, as well as words especially, especially, even, mainly, in particular, for example .

He's pretty good even with some special pronunciation , spoke Russian .

Additions with prepositions except for, in addition to, instead of, excluding, except for, along with, beyond, etc..

Everyone has , with the exception of the Commissioner, things were going well.

Introductory words and sentences.

Groups of introductory words by meaning

example

Different degrees of certainty:

a) a high degree of certainty (of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, indeed, etc.)

b) a lesser degree of certainty (seems, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps)

Mountain air, without any doubts, has a beneficial effect on human health.

Seems, your story there made a lot of noise.

Various feelings (fortunately, to the general joy, unfortunately, to surprise)

Fortunately, our horses were not exhausted.

Source of the message (according to someone, according to someone, in someone's opinion)

According to the doctor The patient will be discharged from the hospital in a week.

The order of thoughts and their connection (firstly, secondly, finally, therefore, therefore, so, vice versa, for example, etc.)

First of all you have to learn the rule.

So, one desire for good made me print this passage. (M. Lermontov)

Remarks on the ways of shaping thoughts (in a word, in other words, it is better to say, etc.)

In a word, this person had a desire to create a case for himself. (A. Chekhov)

Introductory words and sentences should be distinguished from other members of the sentence (introductory words are not a member of the sentence, they are not grammatically related to other words, they can be removed from the sentence).

Printout pages:

13,14 15,12

11,16 17,10

9,18 19,8

7,20 21,6

5,22 23,4

3,24 25,2

1,26

COLLECTION

RULES

IN RUSSIAN

Read and see also:

Studying the history of rules

Students will better understand and, therefore, remember the rule if they delve into its history, find out who and how first formulated it, how words were written before the spelling rule appeared, why the rule was required in the spelling system at all. For such work, old editions of books on Russian grammar, starting with the works of Lomonosov, will be required. Such publications are easy to find on the Internet. You can also use copies of books from the 18th century for analysis in laboratory work. There is a history of some spelling rules in the "Can Write" website guide. For example, the rules for spelling prefixes.

Selection of words for one rule

Sometimes people remember the rule of the Russian language all their lives and do not suspect that there are only a few words for this rule in the language. Or a few dozen. For example, there are only 12 adverbs with a hissing at the end: 9 with a soft sign and 3 without a soft sign at the end. 3 adverbs are considered exceptions (more on the spelling rule b after hissing). And remembering the spelling of those particular words is sometimes easier than remembering the rule. But this is not interesting, but the fact that after compiling a complete list of words for the spelling rule, the student remembers this rule forever. When compiling such lists, reverse dictionaries and the search for letter combinations in electronic dictionaries help. You can also methodically write out words from exercises in different textbooks. Students can be offered ready-made lists of words for various rules. In a group of 10 - 15 people, it is easy to play games for memorizing lists. For example, in the game "auction" the winner is the one who says the last word. These methods work great in literacy training. For a class in a regular school, you can give homework to compose a story from words. Stories can be printed and made a bright wall newspaper. Each, after a long creative torment, will read what others have written and thus repeat the words many times.

Well, of course, no one has canceled the traditional dictations with commentary and polls. They should always be in the background.

Learn the rules of the Russian language in a fun way!