Introductory words of the exam Russian language. There are special cases of punctuation marks for introductory words. The general concept of circulation and the basic rule for its selection
Fill in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Farewell (1) my homeland! North (2) goodbye, -
Forever (3) I will remain your son!
Farewell (4) peaks under the roof of snows,
Farewell (5) valleys and slopes of meadows,
Farewell (6) forests drooping into the abyss,
(S. Marshak)
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Here is the correct spelling.
Goodbye, My motherland! North, Goodbye, -
Fatherland of glory and valor.
We are driven by fate through the white world,
I will always be your son!
Farewell, peaks covered with snow,
Farewell, valleys and slopes of meadows,
Farewell, abyssal forests,
(S. Marshak)
There are 6 references in this poem, all of them are separated by commas.
Answer: 124567
Answer: 124567
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: advanced
Codifier section: Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions not grammatically related to sentence members
Rule: Introductory words and appeal. Task 18 USE., Introductory words and appeal. Task 18 USE.
Put punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
For example: Obviously; Fortunately.
introductory sentences. For example: evening, Do you remember, the blizzard was angry ... (Pushkin).
Adjoining the input units insert structures (two) I ordered to send to Yalta ; about Mozart.
GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.
…
Maybe may be, he is ill. You, should be seems, I saw him somewhere.
You, obviously maybe I'm going to rest. You, it is seen
probably (=must be) right exactly naturally
He is a good sportsman. By the way He also studies well.
Her parents, friends and, by the way, best friend against the trip.
First of all
From this hill really Undoubtedly undoubtedly actually and the whole story.
AND, Then Further, we will talk about our findings. In this way finally eventually
Rain, but but!
but, it's incredibly difficult.
His works, at all
Your child, to my mind, caught a cold. This, In your
We, certainly ready to help you with everything.
I, anyway anyway
I anyway
Indeed, are you making a smart guy out of yourself?
in its turn in its turn
The message is complex means means means she feels right.
He didn't mean to hurt her, uh vice versa vice versa sitting at home all day.
Misha, at least
From my grandmother's point of view from the point of view of the examiners
in particular in particular
mainly mainly
Many Russian people mainly
for example
In many big cities, for example for example
for example
On the one side with another On the one side with another On the one side with another.
Tatiana, dear Tatiana! With you now I shed tears Use life living Noise, noise obedient sail ; Don't make noise rye, ripe ear.
Personal pronouns you And you, as a rule, act not in the role of appeal, and as a subject: Sorry, peaceful valleys, and you , familiar mountain peaks, and you , familiar woods!
Old man! Forget about the past; A young native of Naples!
Think master of culture; hello to you people of peaceful labor!; Are you here, cute?; You are a pig brother…
; Vaska! Vaska! Vaska! Great!
And or Yes, do not separate with a comma: sing along people, cities and rivers! sing along mountains, steppes and fields!; Hi, sunshine and happy morning!
Ivan Ilyich, dispose, brother, about snacks; ... I therefore Thomas, isn't it better brother, breake down?
Stronger equine, bey, hoof, chasing a step! ; we see you forty one year.
Task 18 tests the ability to punctuate words that are not grammatically related to the sentence. These include introductory words (constructions, phrases, sentences), plug-in constructions and appeals.
In the USE 2016-2017, one part of tasks 18 will be presented in the form of a narrative sentence with introductory words
Put punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
Dacha (1) can be (2) called the cradle from which for each of us began to comprehend the world, at first limited to a garden, then a huge street, then plots and (3) finally (4) the entire country side.
The other part (judging by the demo and the book by I.P. Tsybulko Model Exam Materials 2017) will look like this:
Put punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
Listen (1) maybe (2) when we leave
Forever this world, where the soul is so cold,
Perhaps (3) in a country where they do not know deceit,
You (4) will be an angel, I will become a demon!
Swear then to forget (5) dear (6)
For a former friend, all the happiness of paradise!
May (7) the gloomy exile, condemned by fate,
You will be paradise, and you will be the universe to me!
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Consider the rules and concepts necessary to perform this type of task.
17.1 The general concept of introductory words and the basic rule for their selection.
Introductory words are words (or phrases) that are not grammatically related to the sentence and introduce additional semantic shades. For example: Obviously communication with children develops many good qualities in a person; Fortunately the secret remains a secret.
These meanings are conveyed not only by introductory words, but also introductory sentences. For example: evening, Do you remember, the blizzard was angry ... (Pushkin).
Adjoining the input units insert structures which contain various additional remarks, amendments and clarifications. Plug-in constructions, like introductory ones, are not connected with other words in the sentence. They abruptly tear up the offer. For example: Journals of foreign literature (two) I ordered to send to Yalta ; Masha talked to him about Rossini (Rossini was just coming into fashion) about Mozart.
The main mistake of most writers is associated with inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be distinguished and which words are never introductory.
GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.
1. introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good ...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, apparently, apparently, in essence, in fact, I think ... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand… This group is also quite large and treacherous.
4. introductory words indicating the techniques and ways of formulating thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, rather, more precisely, so to speak ...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to ..., according to rumors, according to information ..., according to ..., in my opinion, I remember ...
6. introductory words, which are the speaker's appeal to the interlocutor: you see (whether), you know, understand, forgive, please, agree ...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at the most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of commonness of what was said: happens, happens, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: joking aside, it's funny to say, to be honest, between us...
17.1. 1 ARE NOT INTRODUCTORY WORDS and therefore the following words are not separated by commas in the letter:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if ... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which most often turn out to be erroneously isolated as introductory.
according to tradition, according to the advice ..., according to the instructions ..., according to the demand ..., according to the order ..., according to the plan ... - these combinations act as non-separated (not separated by commas) members of the sentence:
On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University.
By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet.
17.1. 2 Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence.
MAY and MAY BE, SHOULD BE, SEEMS (seemed) act as introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported:
Maybe, I will come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; may be, he is ill. You, should be, for the first time you meet with such a phenomenon. I, seems, I saw him somewhere.
The same words can be used as predicates:
What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so optional! This should be your own decision. All this seems very suspicious to me. Note: you can never throw out its predicate from a sentence, but the introductory word can.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, VISIBLY turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement:
You, obviously Do you want to apologize for what you did? Next month I maybe I'm going to rest. You, it is seen Would you like to tell us the whole truth?
The same words can be included in the predicates:
It became obvious to everyone that another way to solve the problem had to be found. This was made possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
PROBABLY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of the reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced by words of this group that are close in meaning) - You, probably (=must be) and you don't understand how important it is to do it on time. You, right, and there is the same Sidorov? She, exactly, was a beauty. All these arguments naturally So far, only our guesses.
The same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He correctly (=correctly, the circumstance of the mode of action) translated the text. I don't know for sure (=probably a modus operandi), but he must have done it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=in a natural way) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts:
He is a good sportsman. By the way He also studies well.
The same word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of "at the same time":
I'll go for a walk, by the way I'll buy some bread.
BY THE WAY turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts:
Her parents, friends and, by the way, best friend against the trip.
This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context:
He made a long speech, in which, among other things, he noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST of all, as an introductory word, it indicates the connection of thoughts:
First of all(= firstly), is it even necessary to raise such a sensitive topic?
The same word can act as a circumstance of time (=first):
First of all, I want to say hello from your parents.
It must be said that in the same phrase "first of all" can be considered as an introductory, or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, DEFINITELY, DEFINITELY, ACTUALLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported:
From this hill really(=exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the view was the best. Undoubtedly(=really, really), your child is capable of music. He, undoubtedly read this novel. - or at the reception of the formulation of thoughts - Here, actually and the whole story.
The same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings:
I really am what you imagined me to be (=really, actually). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= no doubt, actually). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I didn't really have anything against the school, but I didn't want to go to this one (= in general, exactly). The words "really" and "unconditionally", depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, may in the same context be either introductory or not.
AND, Then she turned out to be a celebrity. Further, we will talk about our findings. In this way(=so), our results do not contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally she is very kind to me. What, eventually you want from me? Usually sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations, the words themselves have the meaning "and more". In the context above, the words "firstly", "secondly", "on the one hand", etc. may occur. "Thus" in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.
The same words are not distinguished as introductory in the meanings: "in this way" = "in this way":
Thus he was able to move the heavy cabinet.
Usually in the previous context there are circumstances of time, for example "at first". "then" = "then, after that":
And then he became a famous scientist.
"Finally" = "in the end, finally, after all, as a result of everything":
Finally, all cases were successfully completed. Usually, in this sense, the particle "-something" can be added to the word "finally", which cannot be done if "finally" is an introductory word. In the same meanings as indicated above for "finally", the combination "in the end" is not an introductory combination:
In the end (=as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence:
Rain, but, has been going on for the second week, despite the forecasts of weather forecasters. How I deftly do it, but!
"However" does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (= but): However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We did not hope to meet, but we were lucky.
We draw attention to the fact that sometimes the word “however” can also be at the beginning of a sentence, but does not perform the function of a union: but, it's incredibly difficult.
IN GENERAL is introductory in the sense of "generally speaking" when it indicates the way thoughts are framed:
His works, at all, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other senses, the word "in general" is an adverb in the sense of "in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always":
Ostrovsky is to the Russian theater what Pushkin is to literature in general. Under the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
MY, YOUR, OUR, YOUR are introductory, indicating the source of the message:
Your child, to my mind, caught a cold. This, In your, proves something? The word "in his own way" is not introductory: He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement:
We, certainly ready to help you with everything.
Sometimes this word is not isolated if intonation is distinguished by a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word "of course" is considered an amplifying particle: I certainly would agree if you warned me in advance.
In any case, it is more often introductory and is used to evaluate:
I, anyway I don't want to be reminded of it. These words, anyway testify to the seriousness of his attitude to life.
In the meaning of "always, under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:
I anyway was supposed to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, it is NOT introductory more often, speaking in the meaning of "really" - Petya is really well versed in computers. I really don't belong here. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - What are you, Indeed, are you making a smart guy out of yourself?
In turn, it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way the thought is formed:
Among many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in its turn, you can highlight the "Roman". Asking me to help him with his work, he, in its turn, also did not mess around. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meanings "in response", "on my part" (= when the turn comes) - Masha, in turn, told about how she spent the summer.
MEAN is introductory if it can be replaced by the words "therefore", "therefore":
The message is complex means, it must be submitted today. The rain has already stopped means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard means she feels right.
This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to "means":
The dog means more to him than the wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him in everything. "So" can be between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed in infinitives. In this case, the "mean" is preceded by a dash:
To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts:
He didn't mean to hurt her, uh vice versa tried to ask her forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, vice versa sitting at home all day.
The combination "and vice versa" is not an introductory combination, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, it is used as a word that replaces the whole sentence or part of it:
In the spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher marks you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study a little, the marks will be bad; the comma before "and" appears at the end of the sentence part - it turns out, as it were, a compound sentence, where "on the contrary" replaces its second part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before "and", since "vice versa" replaces a homogeneous clause).
It is AT LEAST introductory if the score matters:
Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork.
This phrase can be used in the meanings "not less than", "the least", then it is not isolated:
At least she would know that her father did not live in vain. At least five of the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW is introductory in the sense of "according to":
From my grandmother's point of view, the girl should not wear pants. her answer, from the point of view of the examiners worthy of the highest praise.
The same turnover can have the meaning "in relation to" and then it is not introductory:
Work is progressing according to plan in terms of timelines. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in the statement: She is interested, in particular, the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The firm is actively involved in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187.
If the combination IN PARTICULAR turned out to be at the beginning or at the end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section):
I love books about animals, especially about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed this summer in Spain. The indicated combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the union "and" with the word "generally":
The conversation turned to politics in general and the latest government decisions in particular.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate some fact, highlight it in the statement: The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, add such chapters to it ... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly for the organization of ceremonial dinners.
This combination may be part of the connecting construction, in which case, if it is at its beginning or end, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma:
Many Russian people mainly intellectuals did not believe the promises of the government.
In the meaning of "first of all", "most of all", this combination is not introductory and is not isolated:
He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like most about him is his relationship with his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE will always be introductory, but is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides:
Pavel Petrovich is a person who is extremely attentive to his appearance, for example He takes good care of his nails. If "for example" appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated from this turnover by a comma:
In many big cities, for example in Moscow, there is an unfavorable ecological situation. Some works of Russian writers, for example"Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace" served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after "for example" there can be a colon, if "for example" is after the generalizing word before a number of homogeneous members:
Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.
17.1.3 There are special cases of punctuation in introductory words.
To highlight introductory words and sentences, not only commas, but also dashes, as well as combinations of dashes and commas, can be used.
These cases are not included in the secondary school course and are not used in the USE assignments. But some turns, often used, need to be remembered. Here are some examples from Rosenthal's Punctuation Guide.
So, if the introductory combination forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then it is distinguished by a comma and a dash: Makarenko repeatedly emphasized that pedagogy is based On the one side, on boundless trust in a person, and with another- on high requirements to it; Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: On the one side to give the horses a rest, with another- to relax and refresh yourself(the comma before the subordinate clause is "absorbed" by the dash); On the one side, it was important to make an urgent decision, but caution was required - with another.
17.2 The general concept of treatment and the basic rule for its selection.
For the first time included in the tasks of the exam in 2016-2017. Students will have to look for appeals in poetic works, which greatly complicates the task.
Addresses are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed. The appeal has the form of the nominative case and is pronounced with a special intonation: Tatiana, dear Tatiana! With you now I shed tears. Addresses are usually expressed by animate nouns, as well as adjectives and participles in the meaning of nouns. For example: Use life living . In artistic speech, inanimate nouns can also be addresses. For example: Noise, noise obedient sail ; Don't make noise rye, ripe ear.
Personal pronouns you And you, as a rule, act not in the role of appeal, and as a subject: Sorry, peaceful valleys, and you , familiar mountain peaks, and you , familiar woods!
17.1.2. There are also more complex rules for selecting hits.
1. If the appeal at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it (the word following the appeal is capitalized): Old man! Forget about the past; A young native of Naples! What did you leave on the field in Russia?
2. If the appeal is at the end of the sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it - the punctuation mark that is required by the content and intonation of the sentence: Think master of culture; hello to you people of peaceful labor!; Are you here, cute?; You are a pig brother…
3.Duplicate calls are separated by a comma or an exclamation point: The steppe is wide, the steppe is deserted Why are you looking so cloudy?; Hi, wind, formidable wind, tailwind of world history!; Vaska! Vaska! Vaska! Great!
4. Homogeneous appeals connected by a union And or Yes, do not separate with a comma: sing along people, cities and rivers! sing along mountains, steppes and fields!; Hi, sunshine and happy morning!
5. If there are several appeals to one person, located in different places of the sentence, each of them is separated by commas: Ivan Ilyich, dispose, brother, about snacks; ... I therefore Thomas, isn't it better brother, breake down?
6. If the common appeal is “broken” by other words - members of the sentence, then each part of the appeal is separated by commas according to the general rule: Stronger equine, bey, hoof, chasing a step! ; For blood and tears, thirsting for retribution we see you forty one year.
The seventeenth task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is aimed at testing the knowledge of graduates in the field of introductory words, namely, the ability to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous members of a sentence. For it you can get one primary point; To prepare for this task, you can use the theory below.
Theory for assignment No. 17 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language
Words that can be both introductory and non-introductory
| introductory word | Not an introductory word | |
|---|---|---|
| A comma is needed! | No comma needed! | |
| but | Cannot be replaced by the union "but" | Can be replaced by the union "but" |
| We are, however, very tired today. | The rain has stopped, but the wind is still strong. | |
| Really | In the meaning of "in fact"; is at the beginning of a sentence | Stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence |
| Indeed, he knows nothing. | He really doesn't know anything | |
| Means | Meaning "therefore" | In the meaning of "means it" |
| If winter has come, then the New Year is coming soon. | To be late means not to be on time. | |
| Finally | Indicates the connection of the stated thoughts, in the meaning of "and more" | In the meaning of "in the end, after all, at the end" |
| I have to wash the dishes, clean up and finally go to the store. | We finally got to our hotel. |
Words that are always introductory / non-introductory
| Introductory (comma needed) | Not introductory (no comma needed) |
|---|---|
| Certainly | For the most part |
| Firstly | As if |
| Secondly | Literally |
| Thirdly | To top it off |
| so | In the end |
| Consequently | In addition |
| as if | Suddenly |
| Apparently | After all |
| Please | Here |
| Undoubtedly | It seems to be |
| Hardly | |
| Does not matter | |
| Still | |
| Even | |
| Hardly | |
| Exactly | |
| Sometimes | |
| Exclusively | |
| As if | |
| As if | |
| Besides | |
| Only | |
| Meanwhile | |
| For sure | |
| I suppose | |
| By all means | |
| Necessarily | |
| Definitely | |
| Partly | |
| At least | |
| still | |
| Nearly | |
| That's why | |
| Practically | |
| Just | |
| Let be | |
| resolutely | |
| as if | |
| Nevertheless | |
| Only | |
| Allegedly |
Punctuation for the introductory word
| The introductory word is separated by a comma if it can be removed from the sentence without losing its meaning. | We decided to get to the hotel by bus, but, unfortunately, we left in the wrong direction. (we remove the introductory word - We decided to get to the hotel by bus, but we left in the wrong direction.) |
| It is not necessary to separate the introductory word with a comma from the union if it is impossible to remove the introductory word from the sentence; also, the introductory word at the beginning of the sentence is not separated from unions by a comma | Firstly, you need to read the textbook, and secondly, do the exercise in your notebook. |
| If one word is missing in the introductory word, restored from the context, a dash is put instead of a comma | On the one hand, he wanted to go on a visit, and on the other hand, there was no desire to leave the house in such weather. |
| If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and before the comma, a dash is placed in front of it, and a comma after it | In the forest, in the park, in the yard - in a word, this plant can be found everywhere. |
Introductory words
| The measure of what is being said | The most, the least, the most unusual, the most surprising, at least |
| Attracting the attention of the interlocutor | You understand (-you), you know (- you), you see (- you), understand (- those), believe (- those), listen (- those), agree (- those), imagine (- those), imagine ( -te) to yourself, imagine (-te), do you believe (-ite), do you know (-do), I repeat, I emphasize, speaking between us |
| The source of information | According to ..., according to information ..., according to ..., according to rumors, in accordance with ..., they say, inform, transmit, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, I remember, I remember, as you know, from the point of view |
| Connectivity of speech | Therefore, so, in this way, means, finally, therefore, further, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way, in general, in general, in particular, in addition, moreover, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, to for example, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand |
| The frequency of what is being said | It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, as usual, as usual, as a last resort |
| degree of opportunity | Without a doubt, without any doubt, without a doubt, certainly, of course, of course, of course, without a doubt, of course, of course, apparently, apparently, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, maybe, maybe , one must suppose, one can suppose, one must think, (I) think, (I) believe, (I) hope, (I) believe |
| Emotions, feelings | Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to annoyance, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, to happiness, to joy, to surprise, fortunately, in truth, in conscience, in justice, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, do not be reproachful |
Appeal- a word or combination of words that names the addressee of speech. Not a member of the offer. The appeal can be removed from the sentence without losing its meaning.
Punctuation marks when addressing
- Multiple calls are separated by commas or exclamation marks: “My dear, my dear, my torment, my anguish,” she read. Appeals connected by union And, not separated by a comma: Sob, tavern violins and harps, over a black aster with an Afro hairstyle.
- If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is isolated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal: Grandpa, dear, where have you been?
- Parts of the dismembered appeal are distinguished separately, each on its own: Hear me, good one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love!
- If an appeal ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it: Do you hear, Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow.
Task execution algorithm
- Read the assignment carefully.
- We perform a partial parsing of sentences to determine whether the proposed word or phrase is a member of the sentence.
- We analyze sentences, put punctuation marks.
- Write down the correct answer.
Analysis of typical options for task No. 17 USE in the Russian language
The seventeenth task of the 2018 demo
Put in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentences should be a comma (s).
Lovely birch (1) thickets!
You (2) earth! And you (3) plains sands!
Before this host of departing
(S.A. Yesenin)
Task execution algorithm:
Lovely birch thickets!
You, Earth! And you, plains sands!
Before this host of departing
I can't hide my anguish.
- Thickets- is not separated by a comma, as it is part of a common address. Earth- treatment, separated by commas, is not a member of the sentence. Plains sands- appeal, not a member of the sentence, separated by a comma.
Answer: 2, 3.
The first version of the task
The best(1) way to get here is by minibus. The volcano is visible (2) from almost (3) everywhere, so any local resident will probably (4) point the way further.
Task execution algorithm:
- You need to put punctuation marks and indicate the numbers, in the place of which there should be commas.
- The best way to get here is by bus. The volcano is visible from almost everywhere, so the path will indicate further, maybe, any local resident.
- The best thing- circumstance of the mode of action ( get as? the best thing) - not an introductory word, cannot be removed from the sentence, therefore, we do not put a comma. Practically (visible as? practically)- circumstance of measure and degree. Maybe- is not a member of the sentence, expresses the attitude of the speaker, the word can be removed from the sentence without losing its meaning.
Answer: 4, 5.
The second version of the assignment
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
The Russian language (1) as you know (2) ranks second on the World Wide Web: almost 6% of all sites are created on it. And the first place (3) naturally (4) belongs to English, whose share is almost 55%.
Task execution algorithm:
- You need to put punctuation marks and indicate the numbers, in the place of which there should be commas.
- Russian language, as is known, ranks second on the World Wide Web: almost 6% of all sites are created on it. And the first place naturally, belongs to English, whose share is almost 55%.
- Naturally known- are not members of the sentence, express the attitude of the speaker, these words can be removed from the sentence without loss of meaning.
Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4.
The third version of the task
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
A photograph (1) from the point of view of specialists (2) consists of three conditionally independent components: light, color and shape (3) however (4) the mere presence of these components is not enough to make a really good, memorable work.
Task execution algorithm:
- You need to put punctuation marks and indicate the numbers, in the place of which there should be commas.
- The photo, from the point of view of specialists, consists of three conditionally independent components: light, color and shape, but the mere presence of these components is not enough to make a really good, memorable work.
- From the point of view of specialists- is not a member of the sentence, expresses the attitude of the speaker, the phrase can be removed from the sentence without losing its meaning. And here but in this sentence it is easily replaced by the union "but", and, therefore, it is not an introductory word. It is not necessary to separate it with commas, but we will put a comma in front of it: it will separate the two parts of the complex sentence from each other.
A21. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.
Maximum points: 1 out of 30.
Difficulties in distinguishing introductory words from service parts of speech, as well as from some words - members of the sentence.
Pay attention!
List of words and expressions that never act as introductory words and are not separated by commas:
Example:
perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, in conclusion, all of a sudden, because, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, as if, just, moreover, meanwhile, I suppose, by suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly.
The difference between the same forms in the role of introductory words and in the role of sentence members
Example:
He is obviously resting. His superiority is evident to all.
I seem to understand you. She seems to be tired.
The members of the sentence are interconnected by a syntactic link, so each of them can be posed a question from another member of the sentence. Homonymous to the introductory words, the members of the sentence often play the role of a predicate.
Example:
I seem to understand you. She seems tired.
Words in general, by the way, in fact, are shorter, in truth, in fact, more precisely, they are introductory and are separated by commas if a word can be added to them speaking, for example:
By the way, you might as well take your time. (by the way)
Otherwise, the listed words are members of the sentence and are not separated by commas:
Example:
You've come in very handy.
Role in the sentence of the word however
The wind roared all night_ however_ the rain never came.
The wind roared all night, but the rain didn't come.
However, it can be a union close in meaning to the union but. In this case, there is no comma after it.
The wind blew all night, but the rain never came.
However, it can be an introductory word if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence and does not serve to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. In this case, it is separated by commas.
The wind roared all night, but the rain never came.
Role in the sentence of the word finally
They walked and walked and finally came to the forest.
Firstly, he is old, secondly, weak_ finally_ he has a bad memory.
Finally, it can be a circumstance of time in the meaning of “finally”, “at the end”. In this case, it is not separated by commas.
They walked and walked and finally came to the forest.
Finally, it can be an introductory word that is not a member of the sentence and reflects the order in which the speaker presents the material. In this case, it is separated by commas.
Firstly, he is old, secondly, he is weak, and finally, he has a bad memory.
Punctuation marks for introductory words
Introductory words and combinations are separated by commas.
Example:
Amber, in fact, is not a real stone.
If the introductory word is after a series of homogeneous members before the generalizing word, then a dash is put instead of the first comma.
Example:
Mayor, judge, caretaker of charitable institutions - in a word, all officials in the city take bribes.
If the introductory combination is not fully implemented, then a dash is placed after it.
Example:
On the one hand, his characters are quite ordinary, on the other hand, their very ordinaryness is deliberately exaggerated.
The same forms as introductory words and as members of a sentence
Example:
He is obviously resting. His superiority is obvious to all.
I seem to understand you. She seems tired. The wind seems to subside.
Words that are usually not introductory:
perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, all of a sudden, because, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, as if, just, moreover, meanwhile, I suppose, by suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly.
Words however and finally
However, it can be a union close in meaning to the union but.
However, it can be an introductory word if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence and does not serve to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence.
Example:
The wind roared all night, but (but) the rain did not come. The wind roared all night, but the rain never came.
Introductory words express a different attitude of the speaker to the message, for example: It will probably rain today.
§ one. Introductory words in the letter are separated by commas.
How to find the introductory word? §2. The introductory word can be removed from the text without violating the meaning of the sentence.2.1 Usually it can be replaced by words from its own group: Today, maybe / maybe, it seems, I think, I think, perhaps /, it will be raining.
2.2 Introductory words cannot be questioned from other words in the sentence.
2.3 It is necessary to check whether this word is an exception (that is, from a group of words that are never introductory).
The same words can either be introductory or part of a sentence: In May, maybe, there will be frosts- the introductory word can be removed, while maintaining the structure of the sentence. As a result of the rapid melting of snow maybe flood. Word "maybe" cannot be taken away. Yesterday I eyewitnesses made a sketch of the suspect. Compiled (for what?) According to (eyewitnesses) are the members of the sentence you can ask them a question. There are no introductory words, although " according to eyewitnesses can be withdrawn without violating the structure of the sentence. Yesterday, according to eyewitnesses, the storm passed. « According to eyewitnesses - these are introductory words from the "message source" group. They can be withdrawn, the question (for what?) from the members of the proposal cannot be put to them: after all, the storm did not come according to the words. But without changing the meaning, you can make a replacement: Yesterday, they say / report / , the storm passed.
The main groups of introductory words:
1) CONFIDENCE: of course, obviously, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, really, indisputably, isn’t it, etc.UNCERTAINTY: probably, perhaps, probably, maybe, it seems, I think, it should be, apparently, I suppose, I hope, perhaps and etc.
2) SOURCE OF MESSAGE: they say, report, according to words, according to the message, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, I remember, hear, etc.
3) DIFFERENT FEELINGS: fortunately, to surprise, to horror, to shame, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to annoyance, unfortunately, unfortunately, what good, strange thing, amazing thing, there is nothing to hide a sin and etc.
4) A CALL to the interlocutor in order to attract attention: listen, excuse me, please, forgive, allow, see (whether), understand (whether), know (whether), imagine, agree, etc.
5) SEQUENCE OF PHENOMENA: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, further, finally, etc. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM: therefore, on the contrary, so, therefore, on the contrary, on the contrary, I emphasize etc.
6) METHOD FOR FORMING THOUGHTS: between us, to put it mildly, if I may say so, in other words, in short, what is called, it is better to say, in a word, in other words, simply speaking, etc.
7) the most, the least, at least it happens, it happens, in truth, according to conscience, except for jokes, thank God, etc.
The names of groups of introductory words are rather difficult, for example: “the order of phenomena and the connection between them”, “evaluation of the style of the statement”. Myou can come up with drawings that suggest meanings of words from these groups. It helps to recognize introductory words. Using the consonance of the words “introductory” and “water”, we will place the drawings on this topic in “water drops”.
Call to class. 5 minutes have passed… The teacher is gone.
- Some are SURE: certainly, will come, others are NOT SURE: maybe, will not come (see fig.)
Vovochka bursts in: “Marivanna, according to director got sick." (2. REPORT SOURCE).
3. DIFFERENT FEELINGS : to surprise, unfortunately, to chagrin, to joy, ...
I, Unfortunately, I won’t have time to fix the three before Saturday.
The head teacher enters: " Please, listen, instead of Russian there will be a geometry lesson. (4. CALL to the interlocutor in order to attract attention).
5. In geometry lessons, a teacher who consistently explains the solution of a problem cannot do without introductory words expressing SEQUENCE of phenomena and RELATIONSHIP between them: firstly, secondly, thus, therefore.
6. But two friends who can tirelessly talk about the same thing for hours, inserting emotional assessments, will probably need such introductory words: talking between us shortly speaking, if I may say so, to put it mildly. THE METHOD OF FORMING THOUGHTS.
After memorizing the main groups of introductory words, you need to move on to a more detailed acquaintance with each group, for example: “According to the director, the teacher fell ill” (group 2). In this phrase, you can insert other introductory words from the same group: in my opinion, according to the director, in my opinion, according to rumors etc. but cannot be pasted by advice, at the direction, at the request, by decision, at the suggestion, by decree etc. - these words are not introductory. Those. either remember the phrase or these words.
Note 1. The following words do not act as introductory words and are not separated by commas: maybe, probably, in addition, to top it off, all of a sudden, after all, in the end, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, just, just, besides, meanwhile, simply, (with a hint of comparisons) (unions) besides, moreover, therefore. ,
Note 2. Not introductory wordsdecisively, approximately (approximately), exclusively, literally. For memorization:Let's solve the example by eliminating the letter "a": a log a b + 2b = 3
Words finally, in general, however, means are introductory if:
| INTRODUCTORY WORDS | NOT INTRODUCTORY |
| FINALLY = more. Water, gas and, finally (more), the Internet were brought to the house. Indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the meaning of "and more") or gives an assessment of the fact from the point of view of the speaker. | FINALLY = at the end ,after all , as a result of everything. After a long wait we were finally connected to the Internet. Close to "finally". |
| IN GENERAL = generally speaking. In general, it seems strange to me. | IN GENERAL = in general, in general: Generally true, but in this case it is not. GENERALLY = usually, constantly, always:The weather here is generally cold. AT ALL = absolutely, under no circumstances: He does not want to be treated at all. |
| Weather, BUT, unstable in May. | HOWEVER = but . I walked slowly, but I made it. Always at the beginning of a sentence = BUT: However, the weather in May is unstable |
| MEAN = therefore, therefore. A cold wind blew in the desert, which means the sun has set. | MEAN = means. A change in the direction of the winds means a change in the weather. |
Summary drawing.
Note 1. The following words do not act as introductory words and are not separated by commas:maybe, probably, in addition, to top it off, all of a sudden, after all, in the final analysis, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, just, just, besides, meanwhile, simply, (with a hint comparisons) as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, almost, (unions)besides, moreover, therefore. By advice, by direction, by demand, by decision, by suggestion, by decree. R emphatically, approximately (approximately), exclusively, literally.
Words that are always introductory: generally speaking, in the first place, in the last, however, in fact, they say, so, it would seem, as they say, of course, in short, in addition, one must suppose, please, first of all, therefore, as a matter of fact, therefore and others.
Can be introductory words:
finally
= else,in general =
generally speaking, means
= hence, but
(not equal to NO) on the contrary, on the contrary
= contrary to what was said,
Theory for task A22 USE in the Russian language. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (addresses, introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions)
Appeal
Appeal- these are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed: Old man, I heard many times that you saved me from death. (M. Lermontov)
The appeal is not a member of the offer.
The appeal can have dependent words, such an appeal is called common: Hi, Dear grandmother!
Addresses in the letter are separated by commas: full, my steppe, sleep soundly. (A. Koltsov); Oh Pushchin, windy sage \ (A. Pushkin). Sorry, faithful oak trees!(A. Pushkin)
Introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions
Introductory words- these are words or combinations of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (for example, confidence, uncertainty, possibility, assumption, joy, surprise, etc.), indicate the sequence of presentation, the source of the message: Certainly, he was right; They are, Firstly, they live not so far away, and secondly, on such a day you definitely need to come.
Introductory words are not part of the sentence.
It is necessary to distinguish between introductory words that are not grammatically related to the sentence, and the same words that act as members of the sentence. Wed: They say(Water. w.), there will be a thunderstorm today. - People a lot of things they say(predicate). They are, it is seen(introductory, next), not in a hurry. - It is seen(predicate) that they are not in a hurry.
Several groups of introductory words differ in meaning:
1. Introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, grief, amazement, etc.): to annoyance, unfortunately, to chagrin, to joy, unfortunately, probably, to surprise, unfortunately, strange thing and etc.
2. Introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.): of course, of course, of course, of course, of course, of course, of course, of course and etc.
3. Introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to (someone), according to (someone), in someone's opinion, according to (someone's) message, they say, they say and etc.
4. Introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what they are talking about: at most, at least without exaggeration and etc.
5. Introductory words indicating the way of expressing thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, so to speak, roughly speaking, to put it mildly and etc.
6. Introductory words, which are a call to the interlocutor in order to draw his attention to what is being reported: listen, you see, see(s), understand, imagine, please tell me please and etc.
7. Introductory words that name the assessment of the measure of what is being discussed: at least, at the most, without any exaggeration.
introductory sentences, like introductory words, they express a different attitude of the speaker to what he reports, or contain various additional comments and explanations: In the village, according to the old-timers, once there was a great temple; These conversations (and they lasted a long time) led to great trouble.
Plug-in designs(sentences and phrases) introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main content of the sentence, often falling out of the syntactic construction of the whole, for example: The young sparrow fell out of the nest (the wind shook the birches of the alley strongly) and sat motionless. (I. Turgenev).
Punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and plug-in constructions
Commas stand out:
introductory words and phrases: You, please, don't hesitate to answer. (I. Turgenev); May be, stay another day;
introductory sentences: These dogs if I am not mistaken, come from simple mongrels and shepherd dogs. (A. Kuprin).
Note: Words are not introductory and are not separated by commas as if, after all, hardly, approximately, here, just, nevertheless, certainly, necessarily, perhaps, even, just, suddenly and etc.
A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence: They succeeded but, achieve justice. Wed: However (= but) they managed to achieve justice.
Word finally is introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the sense and further), and is not introductory if it means “at the end”, “finally”, “after that”, “as a result of everything”: Can, finally, seek medical advice; Gave three balls annually and squandered finally.(A. Pushkin).
Parentheses are highlighted.