Highlight different areas of text and quotes. Quotations and ways of quoting
· A quotation at the beginning of a sentence (after a period ending the preceding sentence) must begin with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.
A quote placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if the first word of the quote in the source begins with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis is required before the quoted text), and with a capital letter if the first word of the quote in the source begins with a capital letter ( in this case, the ellipsis is not placed before the quoted text).
· In citations, the grammatical form and punctuation marks that are in the cited source are preserved.
· If the sentence is not fully quoted, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks that precede omitted text are not preserved. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the first sentence of the second paragraph is omitted, then the last sentence must begin with an ellipsis. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the last sentence or its ending in the first paragraph and the first sentence or its beginning in the second paragraph are omitted, an ellipsis should be placed at the end of the first paragraph and at the beginning of the second paragraph.
If the research sentence ends with a quote, and at the end of the quote there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then after the quotes do not put any sign if the quote is an independent sentence, or put a period (or other necessary sign) if the quote is not an independent sentence ( is included in the sentence text of the cited source).
· If in any research you have found a quote from a work that is fundamentally important for you, which for one reason or another is not available to you (the author refers to a foreign or pre-revolutionary publication, etc.), then you can include this quote in your text, be sure to indicate not only the author of the quoted words, but also the source of the citation. The link in this case is made out like this: “Cit. by: "or" Quoted by book. or "Cit. according to Art.:".
· When it is necessary to emphasize that the source to which the reference is made is only one of many, where the position of your text is confirmed or illustrated, then in such cases you can use the words “See, for example:”, “See. in particular:"
· It should be remembered that the fragmentary use of individual parts of the text threatens with errors in understanding and distortion of the meaning of the source. Therefore, context must be taken into account when quoting.
· Overly extensive quotations are unacceptable, they should be replaced by retelling in your own words with references to relevant literature. You can use a monolithic quote of several sentences only if the exact expressions of the quoted text are of particular importance. It makes sense to put large periods of the used text of the source material into appendices. Citations should not be either excessive or insufficient, since both the first and second reduce the level of scientific work: excessively extensive citations create the impression of compiling the study, and an insufficient amount of cited material reduces the scientific value of the work. The citation must be logically justified and inextricably linked with the text, sufficiently convincing and in accordance with the requirements of the rules for quoting.
· When quoting, it is not allowed to combine in one quote several passages taken from different places of the cited source, even logically related to each other. Each such passage should be presented as a separate quotation.
· When indirectly quoting (retelling, presenting the thoughts of other authors in your own words), one should be extremely accurate in presenting the thoughts of the author (authors) and correct in assessing what is stated, give appropriate references to the source.
· We must not forget about the need for an unambiguous definition of the basic concepts used in the work. This or that concept in the scientific literature can be interpreted differently by different authors, but in the entire text of your research, from beginning to end, it should have only one meaning, clearly defined by the author. It is advisable to specify the meaning of key concepts in the Introduction.
When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by an indication of the source, the reference to which is given in accordance with established norms.
Linking rules. Bibliographic references are a necessary part of scientific work. Links are made not only in direct quotation (in this case, the borrowed text fragment is enclosed in quotation marks), but also in cases where important data, new facts, digital material, etc. are borrowed. It is customary to make references when mentioning or analyzing the works of one or another author, and also, if necessary, direct the reader to the works that deal with this issue.
Exist different ways footnote formatting.
Beyond text the design of footnotes is the most convenient for the author. Immediately after the mention of a work or quotation, two numbers are given in square brackets: first, the number corresponding to the number of this document in the list of sources and references is written in bold type, and the page containing the quote used or the opinion given in the text is expressed with a comma (for example,[4 , from. 241]). WE RECOMMEND TO USE EXACTLY THIS METHOD OF DESIGNING FOOTNOTHER.
End design of footnotes, i.e. references to sources or literature are given at the end of the work. In this case, immediately after the quote or place in the text requiring a link or comment, numbers are placed (starting from one) in the upper half of the line (for example,"...""). At the end of the work, after the Conclusion, the Notes section follows, in which references are placed in the order of numbering (1, 2, 3, ... n).
Paged or sublinear footnote design is most convenient for the reader. In this case, links to sources and literature are given below the text on the same page on which the link is made.
References are numbered in sequential order (1, 2, 3,...n) within each page, chapter or entire text. Please note that there may be technical difficulties with linking in this way. If, when finalizing the text, you insert any fragments, new quotes, etc. into it, or, on the contrary, shorten the text, then the location of the footnotes on the page may be disturbed, they may disappear, move to another sheet, etc.
Attention! Regardless of which way you use footnotes in your work, reference to the bible is given as follows: immediately after the quotation, in parentheses, the abbreviated title of the book is given (for example, Genesis - Genesis. or John - John), chapter number and verse separated by a colon; if several verses are quoted, then a hyphen is put (for example, Matt. 22:14 or Matt. 22:41-46). At references to the Quran sura and verse number are indicated: ( for example, Koran.10:33).
At end and page in the design, the link is formatted as follows: the author's surname, a comma, the initials of the name and patronymic, the title of the work, the place and year of publication, the page (or pages) from which the information is taken. Published sources are described like books, articles.
Hello girls and boys! Not like me, but still decided to write an informative article. This article is about such well-known and frequently used signs as (c), ™, (R) and a little less well-known (ↄ).
So let's start with Copyright sign - (from)(the Latin letter "s" from the English "copyright" - i.e. "copyright", if in Russian). What does this symbol mean, and why do gnomecs living in VKontakte put it at the end of quotes, poems and other products of mental onanism? And they put it in order to indicate that this is a copy-paste (the moped is not mine ...), but in response to the question: "why the Copyright Mark?" refer to Lurk.
Great Lurk says:
"(c)
, as well as (c); a stigma that is placed on the content, ineptly imitating the copyist symbol; Tyoma's morning fap object ( this refers to the warm and gentle attitude to the copyright law of many publishers and "creators", and in particular, they hint at Artemy Lebedev).
On one's own
on forums and on other Internets, it is used to highlight and underline a certain well-known quote. It is usually assumed that the author of the quotation is also widely known, and therefore is not indicated, and the quotation itself serves as an argument.
.."
"Sometimes after the author writes his name or nickname, as if trying to tell us that he has a brain and even knows how to type."
That is, (c) here means that the text under which this squiggle is placed is a copy, and the person who posted it is not the author of the text. Here so accepted, yes ... and it's pretty funny, since initially (c) was (yes, in fact, it is still considered as such in some circles) with a symbol denoting a statement about the authorship of the text (or other product of mental labor).
Quote not from Wiki:
"The icon is necessary in order to show your exclusive right to the work, to the inaccessibility of free copying by third parties. The icon is recommended to be placed at the bottom of the site or after each blog post."
Thus, Pasha Barsukov writes to himself on the wall in VK: "DAO, which can be expressed in words, is not a permanent Tao. (c)" thus declaring his copyright on a quote from the Tao De Ching and forbids its copying by third parties o_O. Another thing is when the text is posted by someone Fuck
Khrenov, since most likely it is still a nickname, and not the name of an individual (however, it happens that we are not so lucky with names) and therefore this sign has no power and can be regarded as the notorious copy-paste designation.
So (c) is put by one to indicate copy-paste (where this came from is a mystery to me) and this is more of a meme than a copyright statement (i.e. completely opposite in meaning).
Next we have "™" And "(R)", which many people like to put next to their name. Everything is much simpler for me, because these fashionable badges are well written on Lurk.
Quote:
"™
(eng. Trade Mark, rus. trade mark) sign. Something reminiscent
, used after the name of a product to emphasize
that the name is registered and cannot be used. In this Russia, the sign ™ does not mean anything at all, at all. By law, you can use the ® mark, the words "trademark" or "registered trademark".
That is, if you want to give your name, face, left hand or other part of the body the status of a trademark that no one can use without your consent, stick it on T-shirts, draw in entrances and on icons, but at the same time you yourself can sell it , rent out, and in every possible way get out then put (R ). The only caveat: the sign (R) will not have any power (except for giving a certain semantic shade to the object to which it is attached, of course (about the meanings in the article from Lurk)) if it is not registered with the relevant authorities. The sign ™, as we found out, in Russia in general does not have any power in principle. So it goes.
Well, about the less known (ↄ) (apparently because the symbol "(ↄ)" is a little more difficult to enter than " "since it is not available in Unicode, which is explained by the conspiracy theory as "because of the dislike of this sign by information corporations and publishers (explanation below)"). This sign is pronounced by mouth as "copyleft" (copyleft is a pun ... copyleft, copyright - understandable, right?).
The sign (ↄ), in contrast to (c), does not prohibit the use of a product of mental labor without the knowledge of the author, but on the contrary, it prohibits the commercial use of it and any restriction of it ( and its modifications, products created on its basis) distribution to anyone. The history of the sign is quite interesting, and, as it were, hints about why this sign is not so loved on the Internet. The concept of copyleft originated in the early 80s of the last century. Richard Stallman is considered its author (although there is an opinion that our compatriot Evgeny Leonidovich Kosarev, a leading researcher at the Kapitsa Research Institute (then), could have been its author, since at the same time he voiced a concept similar to Stolpanovskaya). This concept was developed in relation to software and setting itself the task of free distribution of software to accelerate scientific processes in society and maintain the purity of research from commercial purposes, one of its points stated that not only software intended for free distribution (and, accordingly, certified by the sign (ↄ)) should be distributed free of charge, but programs created on its basis, its modifications and upgrades should also be distributed freely and no one has the right to restrict access to them. It is clear that this concept was not supported by the information giants, and indeed by all those who make money on restricting access to information (or on providing it). And even more so, those who like to sell plagiarism, bypassing the copyright law, were not particularly happy with such thoughts.
law with the help of various tricks.
is understood differently by everyone), has no legal force) to the software, but my perverted mind manages to apply it to this text, because I, as the author, do not want to restrict access to it in any way, and consider it the property of all people. Putting (ↄ) at the end of the text, I declare that, as the author, I allow its free distribution, and forbid any restriction of access to it (although no one needs it for free, but nevertheless I like the chip, but the sign resembles enso which makes me happy ;)).
My text is shit - it is clear, but nevertheless, here I tried to explain some points using some signs often used in the Internet environment. I hope, user, I have helped you in some way, and perhaps even enriched your knowledge base and made a small contribution to your orientation
(this is how every lewdness that is now associated with this word comes to mind, but I do not mean sexual orientation) in this world.For those who like the above icons: ,
™
, ®
, (ↄ).
This text is written for the benefit of all living beings. OM guys!
(ↄ) Luka Krivorukov
8.1.1. Quote source
It should be the edition (work) cited, and not the edition (work) of another author, where the cited text is given as an excerpt (for an exception, see 8.1.2).
With several (many) editions of the cited work, it is recommended to choose a textually authoritative edition as a source (for example, academician collected works), if the task of the text is not due to quoting another edition (under review, criticized, etc.).
Papr., when quoting Kholstomer by L.P. Tolstoy, it is better to choose a non-jubilee Poln. coll. op. writer, and later published a miniature edition of the story (M .: Kniga, 1979), in which E. G. Babaev, who prepared it, made 21 reasonable clarifications compared to the text in the volume Full. coll. op., correcting the mistakes that crept into his text, sometimes gross (“youngster” instead of “boy”, “bad horses” instead of “quiet horses”, “for a long time” instead of “at home”, “shut up” instead of “laughed”).
8.1.2. Quote by quote
Generally prohibited. Allowed as an exception, in cases where:
1) the original source is not available or its search is difficult;
2) a published archival document is cited, and the reproduction of the text according to the archival primary source may unlawfully give the citation the character of an archival search;
3) the quoted text became known by recording the words of the author in the memoirs of another person.
8.1.3. The main conditions for the semantic accuracy of quoting
1. Citation of a logically complete fragment of the text, i.e. with completeness, which would guarantee the invariance of the transmission of meaning in the source and quotation (without an arbitrary break in the quoted text, without pulling words and phrases out of the context of the source, when both lead to a change in the meaning or shade of meaning source).
2. Discarding for the sake of space the words of the quotation that are not necessary for the purposes of quoting only when this does not affect its meaning.
8.1.4. Methods for checking the semantic accuracy of quoting
In order to prevent distortion of the thoughts of the cited author, it is desirable:
1. When comparing a quotation with the source, also read the text preceding it and (or) following it, and compare the meaning of a wide fragment of the text in which the quotation is included with the quotation itself. For example:
Quote text:
The outstanding Soviet director G. A. Tovstonogov makes a very categorical statement: “As soon as they start listening to words in the theater, the modern theater ends.”
Fragment of the source from which the quote is extracted:
Words in the modern theater should not be obeyed, but entered into our consciousness through action. As soon as they start listening to words in the theater, modern theater ends. We have no right to listen to the words separately and watch the actions separately in the theater. We must hear and see at the same time.
It is clear that Tovstonogov's thought is presented in a distorted way, that the quote is only an incomplete part of the thought formulated by the director, and its essence becomes clear only in the context. Having pulled out a phrase from him, the quoting person attributed to Tovstonogov something that was not in his text, although the literal accuracy of the quotation was observed.
For example, the author of the editing manual, in order to illustrate the words of V. A. Karpinsky that Lenin the editor "limited himself to the minimum necessary amendments", cited as an example part of the text from V. A. Karpinsky's article "Peasant Congress" before and after Lenin's amendments, where only the particle "not" is actually inserted twice.
Meanwhile, the cited text was followed by Karpinsky's text, which Lenin crossed out, replacing it with his own, and which was three times larger than the cited text in volume with two supposedly minor amendments, but in fact changing the meaning to the exact opposite. So Lenin's correction in Karpinsky's article does not illustrate the minimality of corrections, but quite the contrary, their large volume. The example chosen by the quoting one is unfortunate, and to make it imperceptible, he cut off the quotation. The editor could notice this only by comparing the quote with a wide fragment of the source, reading there not only the quoted text, but also the text following it.
2. To compare the subject of thought in the source with the subject of thought, to which the citation belongs to the author who cites it, in order to avoid discrepancies between them, at least depreciating the citation. For example:
Quote text:
Scientists believe that correctly orienting eye movement during such a long and intense reading as proofreading is far from an easy task. Fortunately, reading skills can be greatly improved even in perfectly literate adults. Goethe was not far from the truth when he jokingly complained in a conversation with Ackermann: “These good people have no idea how much time and effort must be spent on learning to read. I spent eighty years on this, and yet I still cannot say that I have reached the goal.
Here the author of the above text used Goethe's statement about the ability to read as the ability to comprehend the author's intention as evidence that improving technology. reading skills is never too late. The subject of thought in the source and the quoter differ, and, therefore, the quote is inappropriate.
3. Check for what time the quotation says and whether it is legitimate to refer what is said in it to another time, as the quoting person does.
4. Compare the meaning of the quotation with the conclusions that the citing author draws from it, in order to check whether these conclusions really follow from the quotation. Papr.:
Quote text:
The information explosion that we are witnessing was foreseen by the young Engels as far back as 1844. “Science,” he wrote, “moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge it has inherited from previous generations.” In accordance with this formula, every 10-15 years the volume of printed scientific and technical information doubles.
The quoted phrase of Engels in no way implies the conclusion made after it by the citing author. First, from the fact that the amount of information doubles, it does not follow at all that the mass of knowledge increases in the same proportion. Secondly, about the period for which the volume of scientific and technical. information is doubled, Engels has no speech at all. From Engels' phrase it follows only that science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited by it, and nothing more. The mass of knowledge increases - in proportion to this, science advances. The author's conclusions do not follow from the quotation, and, therefore, either the quotation is inappropriate, or the conclusions need to be clarified.
8.1.5. Conditions for literal quotation precision
The quotation must follow the source word for word, letter for letter, punctuation mark for punctuation mark, with some exceptions - see below, 8.1.6-8.1.9.
8.1.6. Spelling and punctuation in quotes
The text of the quotation, as a rule, is given in accordance with the rules and norms of spelling and punctuation in force at the time of publication. For example:
| In source: | In the quote: |
|---|---|
| Western European | Western European |
It is also permissible to correct obvious typographical errors, provided that the correction is specified in a note, but this is only advisable in cases where the quoting person needs to comment on an error in the quotation.
8.1.7. Abbreviations in quotes
Words arbitrarily abbreviated in the source are allowed, as well as words that are abbreviated in the quotation, but not abbreviated in the main. text, write expandedly, enclosing the complemented parts of words in straight or angle brackets and omitting the dot as an abbreviation sign. For example:
because]; because]; N. G. Chernyshevsky writes that he "... has established an opinion borrowed from [Otechestvennye] notes ..".
When citing documents, usually angle brackets denote strikethrough text, and straight brackets denote abbreviated words expanded by the citing person.
When abbreviated words are easily understood by the reader, do not cause misunderstandings when reading, and do not violate the uniformity of abbreviations in the publication, it is not advisable to expand the abbreviated words. It is undesirable to expand abbreviated words if the abbreviated spelling conveys the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the writer's name, first name and patronymic, etc.
8.1.8. Banknotes in quotes
It is possible to omit one or more words or even sentences, if the thought of the author of the quotation is not distorted and if the reader is alerted to the cut by an ellipsis in place of the omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets in the place of the omitted sentences. See 8.5.
8.1.9. Quoting individual words and phrases
With such a quotation, it is permissible not to put an ellipsis, because it is already clear to the reader that words have been omitted before and after the quoted words. For example:
Pechorin said that he “in a vain struggle” had already “exhausted both the heat of his soul and the constancy of will” ... (Eikhenbaum B. M. On prose. M., 1969. P. 285).
However, the omission of a word within a quoted phrase is indicated by an ellipsis.
8.1.10. Changing the case of words in a quote against the original source
Such a deviation from the original source is possible in cases where individual words and phrases are quoted. For example:
8.1.11. Addition of signs
In a poetic quotation, typed as prose inside the core. text in the selection with it, to designate poetic lines, a single or double slash or a single or double vertical ruler is introduced at the places where one poetic line ends and another begins.
The punctuation mark before such a character and the capital letter at the beginning of the line after the character are retained. For example:
... Thanks to my involvement in art, the act of poetic creativity ... ("With mute triumph on my face // I open the facets of verse ...").
8.1.12. Highlights in a quote
When highlighting in a quote:
1. It is desirable to preserve the source selection form. If, according to tech. for reasons this is impossible, then it is allowed to replace such a form with another, close in strength, with a reservation once in a note. For example:
“... There is a true Belinsky in the art criticism of Kramskoy,” wrote V. V. Stasov (bold in the source).
2. The selection of words by the citing must be marked or stipulated in a footnote. For example, a note at the first quote from one source:
* Everywhere, in unspecified cases, italics in quotations are ours. - A. M.
3. Emphasis of words belonging to the author of the quotation is not required, except in cases where there are only a few authors in quotations from one source. highlights and many highlights of the quoter. Then it is better, more economical to mark the author. highlighting, and the highlighting of the quoting person should be specified in the note, or different forms of highlighting should be used, specifying only the form of highlighting words by the quoting person. It is preferable, if possible, to have a different form of emphasis by the author and the citer, indicating this in the note. For example: Quote (italic is the author of the quote, bold is ours).
If the edition can be read inconsistently, it is more expedient to place all reservations about highlights not in a footnote, but at the end of the preface, or on the back of tit. l., after the list of abbreviations, that is, in a place that the reader will surely not miss.
8.1.13. Quote highlighting
It is desirable to single out multi-line and especially multi-paragraph quotations, since the reader often loses his bearings and spends time figuring out the question: has the quotation already ended or not.
Quote selection form: a) retraction, if the quotation does not exceed a page; b) a retract with a vertical ruler in it, if the quote occupies the entire page; c) set in a smaller font size (for example, petite or borges at the body) in those cases as in paragraph "b"; d) typing in a different typeface in the same cases as in paragraph "b".
8.2. Use of quotation marks
8.2.1. Quotes enclosed in quotation marks
Typed in the same way as osn. text, quotes inside it are enclosed in quotation marks to show the boundaries of each - the beginning and the end.
8.2.2. Quotes not enclosed in quotation marks
These are quotations, graphically delimited from main. text:
1.
Highlighted in type or not in type (in a font of a different size, drawing, style; retracted; printed in a different color than the main text) or if it is clear to the reader from the context that there is a quote in front of him. For example: Pushkin wrote to his wife: Something my children and
my books?
2. Taken from poetic works with the preservation of the division into poetic lines and typed on a narrower than basic. text, format or font lower than the font main. size text. For example:
Let's remember Pushkin's lines:
The tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it!
Good fellows lesson.
3. Quotations-epigraphs, if they are not accompanied by any non-citation text.
8.2.3. Quote place
Quotation marks delimiting a quotation are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quotation and the number of paragraphs in it.
8.2.4. Quote pattern
1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same pattern as those used in the main text. text as main.
2. If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, which are in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (outer quotation marks are usually Christmas trees "", internal - paws " ").
If according to tech. For some reason, it is not possible to set quotation marks of another picture, the quotation marks of one picture are not repeated side by side. For example, it is wrong: “My gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. It is better, however, to highlight quotes in some way by removing the outer quotes, for example, to type quotes with a retract and with a paragraph indent.
3. If there are quotation marks of the “third stage” in the quotation, i.e., inside the quotation marks enclosed in quotation marks, there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, as the latter, quotation marks of the second pattern, i.e. paws, are recommended.
M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells a teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of an opera in front of him: “Listen, do you like music? I love terribly ... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I love this theme very much.”
8.3. Paragraphs when quoting
8.3.1. Intraquote paragraphs
Preserved as in the source, except when the quotations include only a small part of the text of both paragraphs (eg, the last phrase of one and the initial phrase of another).
8.3.2. Quotes that start with a paragraph indent
1. Quotes from two or more paragraphs.
2. Quotes, the meaning of which they want to emphasize.
3. Quotes starting a paragraph text.
8.4. Uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of a quote
8.4.1. Quotes starting with a capital letter
These are the quotes:
1. Standing after a colon in the middle of a phrase, if they also began with a capital letter in the source (the text is quoted from the beginning of the sentence). For example:
2. Beginning a phrase and going after a period that completes the previous sentence of the main. text, even if the first words of the quoted sentence are omitted. For example:
3. Beginning with a proper name, even if the quote omits the initial words of the quoted sentence and comes after a colon. For example:
8.4.2. Quotes starting with a lowercase letter
These are the quotes:
1. With the first words of the initial sentence omitted, standing in the middle of the phrase osn. text (both after a colon and without it), beginning with a common noun. For example:
2. Without the omitted first words of the initial sentence, but included in the syntactic structure of the phrase osn. text, standing in its middle or end, not after a colon, with the first word not a proper name. For example:
8.5. Ellipsis as a text skip sign in a quotation
8.5.1. Replacing other punctuation marks with ellipsis
An ellipsis replaces such punctuation marks before omitted text in a quote as comma, colon, semicolon, dash. It is not allowed to replace one of the ellipsis points with any of these characters, or to combine an ellipsis with any of them. For example:
8.5.2. Combining ellipsis with other punctuation marks
An ellipsis can be combined with punctuation marks such as period, semicolon, exclamation mark, question mark, ellipsis, in the following cases:
1. A semicolon is placed after the ellipsis when the text contains a list of quotations that are not quoted, but in some font or non-font way, with the words omitted at the end of each or with the initial words omitted (the ellipsis of quotations and the semicolon of the author's text are combined, in which citations are included). For example:
Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated if the definition is semantically connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: He leaves the back rooms already completely upset ...; I come to the evening tired, hungry.
Count Ilya Andreevich ... arrived in Moscow at the end of January with Natasha and Sonya ... Razmetnov came with Demka Ushakov.
2. A period, an exclamation or question mark, an ellipsis is placed before the ellipsis with a break from it, when one sentence of the quotation is given in full (it ends with one of the characters listed at the beginning of the paragraph), and the initial words of the next sentence of the quotation are omitted. This allows the reader to get an accurate idea of the structure of the quoted text. For example:
8.5.3. Ellipsis at the beginning and end of paragraphs of a multiparagraph quotation
If words are omitted at the end of a paragraph of a multi-paragraph quotation, such a paragraph ends with an ellipsis, and if words (the first word) are omitted at the beginning of the next paragraph, then it begins with an ellipsis. The structure of the quotation text does not change: it is divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source. For example:
The first paragraph of the quote with the words omitted at the end...
...The second paragraph of the quotation with the initial word or initial words omitted.
8.5.4. Ellipsis in angle brackets
Such an ellipsis, replacing the text of one or more sentences, omitted when quoting:
1. It is combined with a period if the preceding sentence of the quotation is given in its entirety, and with an ellipsis if words are omitted at the end of the previous sentence of the quotation or the beginning of the subsequent sentence. For example:
Full quotation sentence.<…>Full quotation sentence.
Quote sentence with words omitted at the end (last word)…<…>... Quote sentence with initial words (first word) omitted.
2. It stands out as an independent paragraph if it replaces a paragraph between paragraphs of the quoted text. For example:
<…>
3. Placed at the beginning and (or) end of a paragraph of the quoted text, if sentences at the beginning and (or) end of this paragraph are omitted. For example:
The first paragraph of the quoted text.
<...>The second paragraph of the quoted text, with the initial and final sentences omitted.<...>
The third paragraph of the quoted text.
8.5.5. Continuous and separate spelling of ellipsis with text
It is subject to the following rules:
1. An ellipsis at the beginning of a phrase is written together with the next word. For example:
We left the hut. ... The weather cleared up ...
2. The ellipsis in the middle and end of the phrase is written together with the previous word. For example:
We left... Contrary to my companion's prediction, the weather cleared up...
In both cases (clauses 1 and 2), if in the typewritten original the ellipsis is printed with a space before or after the text, it should be marked with a correction sign “destroy the space”.
Quote.<…>Quote…<…>Quote.
8.6. Citation notes
8.6.1. Semantic explanations and remarks of the citing
See 29.3.6 for their design.
8.6.2. Indications about the ownership of selections in the quotation
Type indications Italics mine; My discharge; Highlighted by me; Underlined by me are formatted in the same way as the semantic explanations and remarks of the citing person (see 29.3.6). For example:
“... I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself ...” (our italics. - M. Sh.).
8.6.3. Decoding of pronouns, abbreviations
Such notes are usually enclosed in straight brackets and placed after the word (phrase) to which they refer, without indicating the initials of the name and surname of the citing person, since the notes belong to the reader by the meaning and direct brackets. For example:
"... There is no doubt that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language..."
8.6.4. Question or exclamation mark as a note
It is placed after the word or phrase of the quotation to which it refers, in parentheses without verbal markings in cases where the quoting person needs to express doubt, ironically point out a mistake, express delight from any place in the quotation. A question mark is usually negative, while an exclamation mark is positive. For example:
“The study in the corner of the hall belongs to Repin (?),” we read there.
8.7. Punctuation marks in a phrase ending with a quote
8.7.1. Colon after the words of the quoter before the quote
It is set if the words of the quoting person introduce a quotation into the text, warn the reader about it. For example:
Not set:
1. If inside or after the quotation there are words of the quoting person that introduce the quotation into the text. In this case, the text before the quote is separated from it by a dot. For example:
2. If the quotation acts as an addition to the text before it or as part of a subordinate clause that began before it. For example:
S. I. Vavilov demanded "... by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books."
S. I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary "... by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books."
8.7.2. Period after closing quotation marks
It is put:
1. Unless the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation mark, or question mark; in this case, the point can be moved beyond the link if the latter follows immediately after the quotation. For example:
A. N. Sokolov writes: "Misunderstanding is the absence of association."
"... associations" (p. 140).
2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotes, but the quote is not an independent sentence (it acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included; usually such quotes are part of a subordinate clause). For example:
Gogol wrote about Manilov that "in his eyes he was a prominent person ...".
8.7.3. Missing punctuation after closing quotation marks
No punctuation mark:
1. If there is an ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark before the closing quotes, and the quote enclosed in quotes is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoter are like this). For example:
Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself ...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
The same if a quotation ends with an independent sentence, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. For example:
Pechorin reflects: “... why did fate throw me into a peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calm…”
2. If there is a question or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation is not an independent sentence, and after the entire phrase with the quotation there should be a question or exclamation mark. For example:
Lermontov exclaims in the preface that this is "an old and pitiful joke!"
8.8. Punctuation in a phrase with a quote in the middle
8.8.1. colon before quote
Put or not put according to the same rules as in a phrase ending with a quotation (see 8.7.1).
8.8.2. Comma after closing quotation marks
It is set if, according to the conditions of the context, the subsequent text must be separated by a comma, in particular:
1) the quote is part of a participial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that ends with a quote; eg:
So, ninth-graders, after reading the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” they asked themselves ... (the adverbial turnover ends with a quote);
2) the quotation is followed by the second part of the complex sentence, and the quotation with the preceding text is its first part; eg:
Several editors have read the following text: "The young reader is especially concerned about books in which he seeks answers to vital questions," and none of them noticed a gross logical error (text by quotation - the second sentence in a complex sentence);
3) the quotation is part of the main sentence, followed by a subordinate clause, etc.; eg:
8.8.3. Dash after closing quotation marks
It is put:
1. If, according to the conditions of the context, it is not necessary to separate the subsequent text with a comma (in particular, in the text there is a subject before the quote, and in the text after it the predicate or before the quote there is one homogeneous member, and after it is joined by the union and another). For example:
2. If a quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation mark, or question mark. For example:
When a literary worker was signing an answer to a reader's question: "Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?" He didn't seem to care...
3. If the dash is necessary according to the conditions of the context (in particular, the text before the quote is the subject, expressed in the indefinite form of the verb, and the text after the quote is the predicate, attached by the word means or also expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. For example:
To say: “sensory representation is the reality that exists outside of us” means to return to Humeism…
8.8.4. Place of punctuation marks after a poetic quotation
If the quotation is reproduced in accordance with the lines of the source, the punctuation mark that applies to the entire text with the quotation is placed at the end of the last line of poetry, and not before the words of the quoting person. For example:
There are two motivational fields here; the first is the motive of separation:
We parted; for a moment of charm
For a brief moment I had my life ... -
expresses romantic maximalism.
8.9. Punctuation marks in a phrase with the quoter's words inside the quote
8.9.1. At the place where the quote breaks - comma, semicolon, colon, dash
In this case, and also in the absence of punctuation marks at the break point, the words of the quoting person are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash (, -). For example:
| In source: | In the edition with a quote: |
|---|---|
| I became incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “became incapable of noble impulses ...” |
…My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. M. Lermontov. Hero of our time | “... My heart turns to stone,” Pechorin hopelessly concludes, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. D. Kharms | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” D. Kharms reflects, “one more push, and a person goes crazy.” |
The goal of all human life is one: immortality. D. Kharms | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. D. Kharms | "Genuine interest, - says D. Harms, - is the main thing in our life." |
8.9.2. At the point where the quote breaks - dot
In this case, a comma and a dash (, -) are placed before the words of the quoting person, and after these words, a period and a dash (. -), starting the second part with a capital letter.
8.9.3. Where the quote breaks is a question or exclamation mark.
In this case, a question or exclamation mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are left before the quoter's words, and a dot and a dash (. -) are placed after the quoter's words, starting the second part of the quote with a capital letter, or a comma and a dash (, -) , starting the second part of the quote with a lowercase letter, if the text after the question (exclamation) mark in the source begins with a lowercase letter. For example:
8.9.4. At the place where the quote breaks - ellipsis
In this case, ellipsis and dash (... -) are placed before the quoter's words, and a comma and dash (, -) after the quoter's words, if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a lowercase letter, and a period and dash (. -), if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with an uppercase letter. For example:
8.9.5. There are two verbs in the words of the quoter, one refers to the first part of the quote, the other to the second
In this case, after the first part of the quote, put a comma and a dash (, -), a period and a dash (. -), an ellipsis and a dash (...-), an exclamation (question) mark and a dash (? -; ! -) depending from the context, and after the words of the quoter - a colon and a dash (: -). For example:
“Sometimes I despise myself ... is that why I despise others too? .. - asks Pechorin and admits: - I have become incapable of noble impulses” (see the text in the source above).
8.10. Punctuation marks in a phrase that begins with a quote
8.10.1. Comma and dash after quote
Set if the text of the quote ends with a dot in the source. For example:
8.10.2. Dash after quote
Set if the source text of the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point or question mark. For example..
Usually, when laying out texts for the web, they do not pay enough attention to the design of quotes. Trying to correct this unfortunate misunderstanding, we will touch on two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where layout errors are most often made) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We also will not touch on the issues of checking the semantic accuracy of quoting, the correct use of cuts, abbreviations and additions - everyone who is interested is waiting for the “Reference book of the publisher and author” by A. E. Milchin and L. K. Cheltsova.
We hope that this entry will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered questions about citation formatting.
Typographic design of quotes
Quotes
Quotations inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quote is highlighted in color, font size, another font, italic, or the quote is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, then quotes are not put. Also, quotes-epigraphs are not marked with quotation marks, unless they are accompanied by non-quoted text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quote, regardless of the size of the quote and the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks of the same pattern as those used in the main text as the main ones - in the vast majority of cases, these are Christmas tree quotation marks "".
If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quote, in turn enclosed in quotes, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotes that close and open the quote (if the outer quotes are Christmas trees "", then the inner ones are paws " ", and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin stated in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took the honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”
If there are quotation marks of the “third stage” in the quotation, that is, inside the quoted phrases of the quotation, there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, as the latter, quotation marks of the second figure, that is, paws, are recommended. An example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells a teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of an opera in front of him: “Listen, do you like music? I love terribly ... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I love this theme very much.” But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the design of the quote in such a way that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation after a quote at the end of a sentence
If a sentence ends with a quote, then a period is always put. after closing quote. The dot is omitted in the following cases.- If there is an ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark before the closing quotes, and the quote enclosed in quotes is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoter are like this). In this case, the punctuation mark is placed inside quotes. An example from Milchin and Cheltsova:
Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself ...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?” - The same if a quotation ends with an independent sentence, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. For example: Pechorin reflects: “... why did fate throw me into a peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their tranquility ... "
- If there is a question or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation is not an independent sentence, and after the entire phrase with the quotation there should be a question or exclamation mark. For example: Lermontov exclaims in the preface that this is "an old and pitiful joke!"
Quote with the quoter's words inside
Despite the fact that the quote contains the speech of the quoter, quotes are still put only once - at the beginning and at the end of the quote. Put a closing quote before the words of the quoting person and re-opening after them no need.If there are no punctuation marks at the place where the quotation breaks, or the break occurs at the place of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoter's words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash ", -" (do not forget that the dash must be preceded by a non-breaking space! ).
| At source | In text with quote |
| I became incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “became incapable of noble impulses ...” |
| …My heart turns to stone, and nothing can warm it up again. | “... My heart turns to stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
| Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” D. Kharms reflects, “one more push, and a person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of all human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | "Genuine interest, - says D. Harms, - is the main thing in our life." |
| At source | In text with quote |
| I sometimes despise myself...isn't that why I despise others too?... I have become incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem ridiculous to myself. | “Sometimes I despise myself ... is that why I despise others too? .. - Pechorin admits. “I have become incapable of noble impulses…” |
| … Forgive love! my heart turns to stone and nothing will warm it up again. | “... Forgive love! - writes Pechorin in his journal, - my heart turns to stone ... " |
| This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition ... After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice ... | “This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition ... - Pechorin is looking for explanations. “After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice…” |
Formatting quotes in code
Many people forget that the HTML 4.01 standard already provides elements for decorating quotes typed inside the text, and either does not use them at all, or (even worse) put quotes inside tags … or … . It was also cited to observe the use of the blockquote element to create indents, which is also unacceptable from the point of view of observing the semantics of the layout.So, two elements are used to highlight quotes: a block quote and an inline q . In addition, the inline cite element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source, the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was borrowed from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose content will pop up as a tooltip when hover over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers don't handle these HTML elements very well yet. So, the cite="…" attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davies that displays a tooltip with a link specified in the cite attribute in a separate layer.
The second global flaw related to the output of inline quotes is connected (surprise, surprise!) with the Internet Explorer family of browsers. Again, according to the specification, the author of the document must not type quotes when using the q element. The quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes, they also have a different pattern. Okay, let's say Opera does not comply with the last requirement, and the quotes for nested quotes are the same. But IE up to version 7 doesn't render them at all!
Also, IE doesn't understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after , and content , which, bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem is solved in several ways:
- using a proprietary CSS behavior property (Paul Davies' solution) that triggers JavaScript that places quotation marks in IE, with the pattern of nested quotation marks interleaved;
- using conditional comments, by simply executing JavaScript on page load (Jez Lemon's solution from Juicy Studio), while the pattern of nested quotes is constant;
- or by zeroing the quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element so as not to violate the W3C recommendations (solution by Stacey Cordoni on the A List Apart site).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon's script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with disabled JavaScript, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our quotation solution
So, in order to adequately compose the text with quotes, you need to download the quotes.js script, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that render quotation marks adequately, you need to specify a quotation mark pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotes have one pattern regardless of the nesting level (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotes at the stage of writing text.
// Adding to the CSS file
// Outer quotation marks
q ( quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )
// Nested paw quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of alternating quotation marks with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even and specifying the class by hand directly when quoting.
Now we easily and semantically typeset the following quote: “The success of the Žalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins told Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “jumping through the door that leads inside.”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, said in an interview with Russia Today Vladimiras Pupkins, - is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to the fact that Mark Twain called
.jumping through the door leading inside
The best part is that title="…" attributes for nested tags are handled correctly by browsers.
Writing an example for correctly sharing nested blockquote , q , and cite elements is left to the reader as homework. :)
update: Correction from - of course, to set a quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes: q property is enough (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)
Tags:
- quotes
- quote
- blockquote
- quote
In Russian, there are certain rules for quoting and its design, the use of which will help you correctly insert a quotation into any text. Citation is an integral part of writing essays, term papers and theses, articles and texts. Citations give the article completeness, conciseness and a certain status, as the credibility of the author increases by quoting famous people. However, many are wondering how to format quotes correctly, as well as where in the text and how to insert a quote.
Let's look at the basic rules for quoting in Russian.
Quotation rules in Russian
- The most important rule for quoting is as follows: the quotation must reproduce the quoted text with 100% accuracy! Deviations from the text, insertion or exclusion of any parts of the text are not allowed.
- The same applies to punctuation marks - they must correspond to those in the text. When the quoted text is not at hand (for example, when taking an exam), it is necessary to place the appropriate punctuation marks in accordance with the punctuation rules of the Russian language.
- The quotation should be appropriate, justified by the specific goals of the author.
- When you skip some words from passages, put an ellipsis in place of this gap. At the same time, one should not forget that the ellipsis should not distort the meaning of the phrase, since such a violation is a gross citation error as such. If there are no first words in the quote, then it is necessary to put an ellipsis after the quotes and start the quote with a small letter.
- The original meaning is the main criterion of the quoting person. When a quotation refers to one subject, and it is used to describe another, the meaning that the author gave to the quotation is distorted.
- If a quote is added to the text of an essay, then it is possible to use indirect speech, which will allow you to convey the exact phrase of the person being quoted (for example, the hero of the book). For example: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” Prince Andrei says to Pierre. Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life "only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness."
- It is unacceptable to retell the poetic text in your own words.
How to highlight a quote graphically?
- The most basic way is quotes.
- Italics or a smaller font size for the citation compared to the body text.
- A separate place for a quote on the page (in the middle, on the side).
Emphasis within a quote
Regardless of whether the highlights belong to the author of the cited text or they are the initiative of the citing one, they are also subject to strict requirements.
If the selections belong to the citing person, then they are negotiated. The comment is enclosed in brackets.
Epigraph
Separately, it is worth considering an epigraph - a quote that is placed at the beginning of an essay or a separate part to give some image, meaning, spirit to the work or to express the author's thoughts. A witty saying used as an epigraph is called "motto".
The requirements for the design of the epigraph are slightly different from the rules for the design of ordinary quotations:
- located on the right side of the sheet;
- formatted without quotation marks;
- The author's surname and initials are not enclosed in brackets;
- dot after last name is not put.
For example:
Who did it wrong
the first button
won't close properly anymore.
(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
About copyright
The law of the Russian Federation does not prohibit quoting both in the original and in translation, without the consent of the author or payment of remuneration, but requires the name of the author, the work from which the quotation was taken, and also the source of borrowing.
So, we have considered the most important rules for quoting. To remember them faster, read more of the literature in which quotes are given, then you will definitely know how to write quotes so that they complement your own text favorably. Good luck!