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Shot at close range is characterized. Signs of a point-blank shot and a shot at close range on clothing fabrics and skin. Shot at close range

Shot distance - the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the surface, the affected part of the body or clothing.

There are three main shooting distances: point-blank shot, close-range shot, and close-range shot.

shot stop- a shot when the muzzle of a weapon or a compensator (a device for improving the accuracy of combat during firing and reducing recoil) is in direct contact with clothing or skin. In this case, the muzzle can be pressed against the body (full hermetic stop), loosely touch the entire surface of the muzzle (non-hermetic or incomplete stop) and touch the body only with the edge of the muzzle when the weapon is attached to the body at an angle. When fired at close range, the first traumatic effect on the skin and underlying tissues is exerted by the pre-bullet air, the impact continues by the bullet, knocking out a fragment of the skin, and following the bullet, powder gases and other additional factors of the shot burst into the wound channel.

At full stop the bore of the weapon goes directly into the wound channel, and all additional factors of the shot will be in the wound channel.

The entrance wound at full stop has a star-shaped, less often spindle-shaped or irregularly rounded shape, there is a detachment of the skin along the edges of the wound, tears or ruptures of the skin in the circumference of the inlet without soot, the inner edges of the hole and the tissues of the wound channel are covered with soot, there are others in the wound channel additional shot factors. The skin defect in the area of ​​the entry wound exceeds the caliber of the firearm.

From close contact on the skin, an imprint of the muzzle of the weapon is formed - a "punching mark" due to the fact that gases spreading under the skin lift it, pressing it to the muzzle, this is also facilitated by the suction effect of the discharged space, which is formed in the bore after the shot. The imprint of the muzzle on the body and on clothing is not always found, but its presence is a convincing sign of a point-blank shot. On the skin, such an imprint looks like an abrasion, bruising, or an additional wound.

When shot in the mouth, ruptures of the corners of the mouth in the form of radial cracks, fractures of the jaws, destruction of the skull and brain are observed.

One of the signs of a point-blank shot is a bright red staining of the tissues in the area of ​​​​the inlet due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, which is formed from carbon monoxide contained in powder gases.

With incomplete, non-hermetic stop, part of the powder gases breaks between the skin and the muzzle, and soot particles settle on the skin within a radius of up to 4-5 cm.

With side stop gases and soot break out in the area of ​​​​the open corner, where the end of the barrel did not come into contact with the body. The exit hole on the skin when fired at close range has a normal appearance.

Shot at close range (within additional factors)

A close distance is understood as such a distance when not only a bullet affects the body, but also additional factors of a shot (pre-bullet air, thermal effect of a powder charge - gases, powder grains, soot particles, powder gases, soot particles, unburned powders, metal particles, gun grease, primer particles). There are three zones:

1st zone (3-5 cm.) - a zone of pronounced mechanical action of powder gases, the entrance wound is formed due to the bursting and bruising action of powder gases, pre-bullet air and the penetrating action of a bullet. The edges of the wound have ruptures, a wide ring of settling ("ring of air settling") due to the action of pre-bullet air; deposition around the wound of soot of dark gray (black) smokeless powder and black or dark brown smoke powder; particles of incompletely burned powders; scorching of vellus hair or clothing fabric fibers (thermal action of powder gases); traces of gun grease;

2nd zone (20-35 cm)- deposition of soot together with particles of powder grains and metal particles, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Around the wound is the deposition of soot, powders, metal particles, gun grease.

3rd zone (150 cm)- deposition of powder grains and metal particles, the wound is formed only by a bullet, around the wound is the deposition of powders, metal particles.

Depending on the distance between the muzzle of the weapon and the object being struck, a point-blank shot is distinguished (the muzzle of the weapon at the time of the shot is in contact with the surface of clothing or the damaged part of the body) and three conditional zones (the muzzle at the time of the shot is at some distance from the object being struck).

When fired point-blank at a right angle to the surface of the damaged part of the body, the main mass of powder gases emitted from the bore, acting compactly, pierces the skin and, expanding in all directions in the initial part of the wound channel, exfoliates and sharply seals it to the muzzle end of the weapon. When the strength of the skin is exhausted, it breaks. Together with powder gases, shot soot, powders and metal particles rush into the wound channel. Penetrating into the wound channel, powder gases interact with blood-rich tissues and form carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyoglobin. If the powder gases reach the cavities and hollow organs, then with a sharp expansion they can cause extensive ruptures of the walls of the internal organs.

Thus, the following morphological features testify to a point-blank shot:

  • - a large skin defect exceeding the caliber of a firearm, as a result of the penetrating action of powder gases;
  • - detachment of the skin along the edges of the entrance gunshot wound and ruptures of the edges of the skin from the penetration of powder gases under the skin and their explosive action;
  • - abrasion or bruising in the form of a stamp-imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon due to the impact of the skin on the muzzle of the barrel at the time of its detachment under the action of expanded powder gases that have penetrated the skin;
  • - extensive ruptures of internal organs as a result of the explosive action of powder gases trapped in cavities or hollow organs;
  • - skin ruptures in the area of ​​the exit wound in case of damage to thin parts of the body (fingers, hands, forearms, lower legs, feet) as a result of the explosive action of powder gases;
  • - the presence of soot only along the edges of the entrance wound and in the depth of the wound channel due to the tight stop of the weapon in the target;
  • - bright pink coloration of the muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound due to the chemical action of powder gases.

Due to the design features of the muzzle end of the barrel of some types of weapons (windows-holes for the removal of powder gases, oblique muzzle end, etc.), there may be no individual signs of a point-blank shot.

When fired point-blank at a certain angle to the surface of the damaged part of the body, the bulk of the powder gases, soot, powder still penetrates into the wound channel. Some of these additional factors of the shot damage the skin surface near the wound, which leads to the formation of unilateral skin tears and eccentric deposition of soot and powders in the immediate vicinity of the edges of the entrance gunshot wound.

In some cases, the eccentric, butterfly-shaped, three- or six-petal arrangement of soot near the edges of the gunshot wound is determined by the design of the muzzle end of some weapons (the presence of a muzzle brake, flame arrester, etc.).

When fired at close range, they distinguish three conditional zones.

IN first zone close shot, the entrance gunshot wound is formed due to the explosive, concussive action of powder gases and the penetrating action of the bullet. The edges of the wound may be torn. If they are not present, then the wound is surrounded by a wide annular sedimentation. 32

The effect of powder gases is limited to skin damage and does not extend into the depth of the wound channel. Around the wound, intense dark gray, almost black soot and powders are observed. The area occupied by them expands as the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target at the time of the shot increases. In addition, there is a fall of vellus hair or clothing fibers due to the thermal action of powder gases. Around the entrance wound, when using ultraviolet radiation, splashes of gun grease (multiple luminescent small spots) are often found. The length of the first zone depends on the power of the weapon used. So, for a Makarov pistol, a 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle and a rifle, it is about 1, 3 and 5 cm, respectively.

In second zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Soot, powders, metal particles, splashes of gun grease, etc. are deposited around the entrance wound. With an increase in the distance from the muzzle of the weapon barrel to the target, the area of ​​their deposition expands, and the intensity of the soot color decreases. For many samples of modern firearms, the second zone extends up to 25-35 cm. Taking into account that the nature of deposits of soot, powders and metal particles depends on many factors, in order to determine the distance of a shot in each case, experimental shooting is carried out in compliance with the conditions of the incident. and compare its results with the nature of the damage under study.

IN third zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Powders and metal particles are deposited around it. When fired from a Makarov pistol, these particles can be detected on the target at a great distance - up to 150 cm from the muzzle, from a Kalashnikov assault rifle - up to 200 cm, rifles - up to 250 cm. As the distance increases, the number of powders and metal particles reaching the target, getting smaller and smaller. At extreme distances, as a rule, single particles are detected, up to 4–6 m on a horizontal surface - powder and metal particles flying to the sides and back up to 1–2 m, settling on the arrow, surrounding people and objects.

It must be borne in mind that when shots from 10, 25, 50 m or more into a dense barrier (for example, into the chest of a person wearing protective body armor), metal particles can be deposited on the first layer of clothing around the entrance gunshot wound. They are formed during the interaction of a bullet with a target, they have ultramicroscopic dimensions and very fragile contact with the surface. As a result, a false picture of a shot at close range is created, so the nature of the obstacle (or clothing, or another target) must be taken into account when studying. At present, objective methods have been developed to distinguish such particles from those that are deposited on the target at a close shot distance.

There are through, blind and tangential bullet wounds. A through bullet wound is called a wound that has an input and output gunshot wounds connected by a wound channel. Penetrating wounds arise from the action of a bullet with high kinetic energy, when wounding thin parts of the body or only soft tissues.

A typical entry gunshot wound is small and round. In the center, her skin is missing (these are the so-called minus tissues). The defect is in the form of a cone with its apex inward, the edges are uneven with short radial breaks in the surface layers of the skin. The skin along the edge of the defect is aggravated in the form of a thin ring or oval (ablation belt), the outer diameter of which is approximately equal to the caliber of the firearm. The surface of the belt of deposition is contaminated with the metal of the bullet surface. Hence its other names: pollution belt, metallization belt, rubdown belt.

Exit gunshot wounds are more variable in shape, size and nature of the edges. They usually do not have belts of sedimentation and metallization. The defect in the area of ​​the exit wound is either absent or has the shape of a cone with its apex outward. A skin defect occurs if, having passed through a thin part of the body or only soft tissues, the bullet retained a significant part of the kinetic energy and the ability to exert a penetrating effect. A belt of irritation at the exit wound appears if, at the time of the lesion, the surface of the body area in the area of ​​the exit wound was pressed against a dense barrier, such as, for example, a waist belt.

Differential diagnosis of entry and exit wounds is facilitated by the nature of gunshot bone fractures along the wound channel. The main distinguishing feature of the entrance gunshot injury on the flat bones of the skull is a cleavage of the inner bone plate, forming a funnel-shaped defect, opened in the direction of the bullet's flight. Output gunshot injury is characterized by a chipping of the outer bone plate.

Gunshot fractures of long tubular bones usually represent an extended area of ​​small and large comminuted fractures. If the fragments are given their original position, then from the side of the bullet entry, a round defect with radially extending cracks will be visible, which form large fragments resembling butterfly wings on the lateral surfaces of the bone. On the exit side of the bullet, a large bone defect is found; multiple cracks extend from its edges, mainly along the length of the bone. An indirect sign indicating the localization of the entrance and exit gunshot wounds is a path of bone fragments that runs from the bone in the direction of the exit wound and is clearly visible on radiographs.

The wound channel can be straight, and with an internal rebound from bone or other relatively dense tissues, it can be in the form of a curved or broken line, sometimes stepped-like due to displacement of organs (for example, intestinal loops).

Blind is called such a bullet wound, in which the firearm remained in the body. Blind wounds, as a rule, are caused by bullets with low kinetic energy due to its low initial speed, unstable flight, design features that lead to its rapid destruction in tissues, a large distance to the target, preliminary interaction of the bullet with an obstacle, damage to the body of a large array of dense and soft tissues, internal rebound (for example, in the cranial cavity).

The firearm, the localization of which is determined by X-ray, is carefully removed from the wound channel and sent for forensic examination to determine the specific weapon from which the shot was fired.

Tangential bullet wounds occur if the bullet does not penetrate the body and forms an open wound channel in the form of an elongated wound or abrasion.

In the broad sense of the word, gunshot wounds mean damage from all types of firearms, from explosions of ammunition (cartridges, artillery shells, mines, grenades, explosives) and their parts (primers, fuses, detonators). The frequency of gunshot injuries depends on the number of firearms that certain population groups have in circulation.

The nature of gunshot wounds depends on many reasons, and primarily on the characteristics of weapons and ammunition.

Firearms and ammunition.

Firearms are divided into artillery and small arms. Small arms are divided into group (machine guns, mortars) and hand (individual). The vast majority of gunshot wounds encountered in forensic practice in peacetime are inflicted from hand weapons. Hand firearms are subdivided into combat (combat rifles, carbines, submachine guns, pistols and revolvers), sporting (small-caliber rifles, pistols and revolvers), hunting (single-barreled, double-barreled), special (flare pistols, starting pistols), defective (trimmings), homemade (self-propelled guns).

Combat firearms are rifled.

Cartridges consist of a bullet, a cartridge case containing gunpowder, and an explosive primer. Bullets are lead (currently in hunting and sporting weapons), shell (shells made of copper, cupronickel, lead core), special-purpose bullets (tracer, armor-piercing, explosive, incendiary), home-made. Distinguish gunpowder smokeless and smoky. When ignited, black powder produces a lot of smoke, soot, and flames.

At the time of the shot, under the action of powder gases formed from the ignition of gunpowder, a projectile (bullet or shot) is ejected from the bore of the weapon. In this case, the bullet, which receives translational and rotational motion around its axis, sets in motion a column of air located in the bore in front of the bullet. The resulting compressed air, when fired from a very close range, acts on the barrier first and can cause patchy tears in clothing, skin, into which the bullet and gases that follow the bullet penetrate.

When fired, in addition to the bullet, the following fly out of the barrel bore:

1) a flame that is formed from the contact of hot gases with oxygen in the air;

2) gases;

3) soot;

4) unburned or partially burnt powders;

5) metal particles that are erased from the bore, from a bullet, from a cartridge case, and also formed from the decomposition of primer products;

6) droplets of gun grease, if the weapon was greased.

In the case of a shot at close range, these additional factors of the shot act on the obstacle and are detected during the study.

Upon contact with the human body, the enormous pressure of the bullet in the form of a shock wave is instantly transferred to the surrounding tissues, causing them to vibrate. Following the bullet moving in the tissues, a pulsating area, which is much larger in volume than the bullet, is formed, which transmits oscillatory movements to neighboring organs and tissues. For example, when a bullet passes through the soft tissues of the thigh near the femur, its fractures are often observed. Hence, the action of a bullet on the human body is composed of direct action (impact) and the impact of energy transmitted from the side (side action).

When a projectile hits organs containing a liquid or semi-liquid medium, the hydrodynamic effect of the bullet is observed. The latter lies in the fact that these organs (filled bladder, heart in diastole, head) are often torn during gunshot wounds. The hydrodynamic action of the projectile is due to the fact that the liquid and semi-liquid (brain) medium is practically incompressible, transmits the energy of the bullet in all directions with the same force, contributing to multiple ruptures.

During the forensic medical examination of gunshot injuries, a number of questions arise. The main ones include the following:

1. Is this damage gunshot?

2. What wound is the input and what is the output?

3. From what distance was the shot fired?

4. What is the direction of the bullet channel in relation to the body of a standing person?

5. What weapon was fired from?

Other questions that often arise, arising from the essence of a particular criminal case. For example, the medical examiner is sometimes asked to determine:

1. The number of gunshot injuries and their sequence.

2. The position of the deceased and the shooter at the time of the shot.

3. Whether the victim moved after the injury.

Diagnosis of a gunshot wound

inlet and outlet.

Gunshot wounds can be through and blind. With a penetrating wound, the bullet passes through the human body and leaves it, while with a blind wound, the bullet lingers in the body due to its insufficient penetrating ability. Sometimes there are tangential wounds, when the bullet only touches the body, causing superficial wounds to soft tissues or forming only an abrasion.

Forensic medical diagnosis of each of the described types of gunshot injuries has its own characteristics. At the same time, the vast majority of gunshot wounds (through, blind) are characterized by certain diagnostic features that make it possible to distinguish a gunshot wound from other wounds, and primarily from stab wounds. During an external examination of a corpse, the diagnosis of gunshot wounds is based primarily on sectional signs of the inlet.

A bullet with sufficient kinetic energy has a penetrating effect, first pulling the skin in the form of a cone, and then knocking out part of it and taking it with it into the wound channel. Thus, the bullet acts as a piercer, punching out the skin in the entry area. This phenomenon was subsequently called tissue defect or "minus tissue".

A practically described sign is determined when the edges of the wound approach each other. If the edges of the wound do not come together, do not close the wound channel, then we can talk about a tissue defect. If the edges come together due to skin tension, then folds form in the corners of the wound, which also indicates a tissue defect.

The shape of the inlet depends on a number of conditions. If the bullet hit the body at a right angle, then the entrance hole will usually be round. If the bullet enters the body at a different angle, then the inlet becomes oval.

When penetrating the body, the bullet wipes the particles that are on it along the edges of the inlet (traces of grease, soot, powder deposits, rust), forming a so-called wiping belt or pollution belt in the inlet circumference. The latter is a grayish ring, under which a second belt is found - the sedimentation belt. Due to the extensibility of the skin, its defect in the region of the inlet is usually 1-2 mm smaller than the diameter of the bullet.

Immediately after the injury, the belt of sedimentation is a ring of pinkish-red color, which dries up and becomes dark brown. The width of the belt is equal to 1-2 mm, its shape depends on the angle of entry of the bullet. When wounded at a right angle, the belt of precipitation will be uniform around the entire circumference; when a bullet enters at an acute angle, the belt becomes in the form of a semi-oval.

When a bullet passes through clothing, the belts of contamination and metallization on the skin may be absent. In such cases, these belts can be found when examining clothing.

In contrast to the inlet, a tissue defect is usually not observed in the outlet, since the wedge-shaped action of the bullet is manifested here. The bullet in the area of ​​the exit hole pulls the skin in front of itself in the form of a cone and breaks through it at its top. Therefore, the edges of even a large exit wound approach each other when approached.

As for the wiping belt (contamination) and traces of gun grease, they can only be detected in the region of the inlet and are not observed in the circumference of the outlet.

The outlet hole is larger than the inlet hole. The edges of the inlet are screwed inward, and the edges of the outlet appear to be somewhat turned outward. However, the latter signs are inconsistent. Therefore, in some cases it is very difficult to distinguish the inlet from the outlet by the size, shape and nature of the edges. Occasionally, multiple exits will be found with one inlet, which may depend on the deformation of the bullet and its separation into separate fragments, which will act as independent projectiles, giving separate exits. This sign is constant when hiding the traces of the crime, when the criminal makes notches on the tip of the bullet.

Determination of shot distance.

In forensic medicine and criminology, three shot distances are distinguished:

1. Point-blank shot.

2. Shot at close range

3. Shot from a long (not close) distance.

SHOT POINT SHOT.

When fired at close range, the muzzle of the weapon rests against the body. In this case, the weapon can be tightly pressed against the body (full hermetic stop), not tightly touch the body only with the edge of the muzzle when the weapon is attached to the body at an angle (side stop).

With full support, the wound channel is, as it were, a continuation of the bore, therefore, all additional factors of the shot will be detected only when examining the wound channel (“everything is inside, nothing is outside”). Powders, traces of soot, gun grease, traces of metal will be found along the wound channel.

If there is a dense tissue under the skin, such as bone, then gases, breaking through into the wound channel, spread over the surface of the bone, exfoliating the muscles and periosteum from it. At the same time, the skin is lifted by gases and pressed down to a piece cut, forming an imprint of the latter (stamps, stamp-imprints).

The most consistent signs of a point-blank shot are skin tears at the entry hole. These gaps are formed mainly due to pre-bullet gases flying out of the bore.

In cases where the muzzle of the weapon is not pressed, but only touches the body with its surface, the described signs of a point-blank shot will be less pronounced. In this case, part of the powder gases breaks through between the skin and the muzzle, giving a small coating of soot around the inlet. If at the time of the shot the weapon was pressed at an angle, then the powder gases and soot partially break out at the open corner, forming a triangular or oval area of ​​sooting. Therefore, by the location of the soot in the area of ​​the inlet, one can judge the position of the weapon at the time of the shot.

CLOSE SHOT.

A close distance is understood as such a distance when not only a bullet, but also additional factors of a shot act on the body: flame, gases, soot, powders, grease. As you move away from the weapon, additional factors dissipate in the form of a cone, expanding in the direction of the bullet's flight. The nature and magnitude of the muzzle flame depend primarily on the type of gunpowder. Black (smoky) powder gives a significant flame and a lot of red-hot unburned powders, which have a significant thermal effect. They can cause singed hair, skin burns, and even clothes on fire. There is a known case of suicide from a revolver loaded with black powder, when clothes and a sofa, on which the corpse of the deceased was located, caught fire from the shot.

The thermal effect of smokeless powder is much less pronounced. Hot powder gases, flying out of the barrel bore, have a bruising effect, causing the formation of parchment stains. The soot resulting from the combustion of gunpowder extends 20-30 cm from the muzzle of the weapon.

The shape of the soot spot can be round or oval, depending on the angle at which the shot occurred in relation to the obstacle.

When fired, the powder does not completely burn out, and therefore unburned and partially burnt powders fly out of the bore and, at close firing distances, are found on the barrier. They can penetrate into the fabric of clothing and even pierce it. Powders can damage the epidermis, causing it to settle. Sometimes they are embedded in the skin, where they are easily detected, the so-called gunpowder tattoo. Powders are found when shot from a distance of 60-70 cm (for short-barreled rifled weapons - revolvers, pistols) and up to 100 cm (for long-barreled - rifles, carbines).

When fired from lubricated weapons, additional factors include particles of gun grease. When shot at close range, they are found around the inlet.

The amount of close shot distance depends on the weapon system, the nature of the ammunition, and the degree of deterioration of the weapon. In practice, traces of additional factors of firing cartridges with smokeless powder from small arms are determined within 100 cm.

In the absence of traces of additional factors of the shot in the conclusion, the expert indicates that no signs of a shot at close range were found. The absence of traces of additional factors does not yet mean that the shot could not have been at close range, since it could have come through some kind of obstacle. For example, when shooting close to the door held by the body of a person on the other hand, additional factors will remain on the door. A similar picture can be observed with crossbows through various gaskets.


SHOT FROM A FAR (not close) DISTANCE.

A shot from a long distance in forensic medicine and criminology is understood as a shot from such a distance when only a bullet acts on the body, and additional factors of the shot (soot, powders, etc.) are not detected. For hand-held combat weapons, such a distance will begin already beyond 1 m. As for the specific distance of a long-range shot (10 or 100 m), it is not possible to determine it from the autopsy data.

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Shot distance - a qualitative characteristic of the distance from the muzzle end of the weapon to the damaged object, reflecting the nature of the existing damaging factors of the shot. In addition to the concept of "shot distance", there is also the concept of "shot distance". Shot distance - the distance between the muzzle end of the weapon and the object being struck, expressed in metric units (m, cm, mm).

In forensic medicine, three distances of a shot are traditionally distinguished: a shot at point-blank range (a shot at a sealed stop, when the muzzle of the weapon is pressed into the tissue and there is no distance as such, which made it possible to exclude this distance), a shot at an unpressurized stop, when the muzzle end of the weapon comes into contact with the target the entire surface; a shot at an unpressurized edge stop is an emphasis when the muzzle end touches any edge); shot at close range; shot from close range.

Shot point blank (contact shot)

Point-blank shot is such a shot when the muzzle end of the weapon is in contact with clothing or the body. When fired at point-blank range, the nature and severity of changes in the inlet area are due to the translational and rotational action of the pre-bullet air, gases, which also include metals. Pre-bullet air acts mechanically, gases - mechanically, chemically and thermally, a bullet - mechanically knocks out a tissue area with the formation of a tissue defect and a belt of sedimentation caused by friction against the skin, and rubbing resulting from the removal of soot and other substances from the surface of the projectile. The severity of these effects will be different depending on the type of emphasis.

Shot in sealed stop

At the moment of such a shot, the muzzle of the weapon is pressed into the damaged tissue (Fig. 148).

Describing the shot of the named type of emphasis, Tuano said: "Nothing outside, and everything inside." The pre-bullet air breaks the skin, the gases moving after penetrate into the hole formed (Fig. 148 a), exfoliate the underlying tissues to the sides, depositing on them. A bullet and the rest of the gases, which are deposited on the walls of the wound channel, fly out of the bore. In this case, there are no belts of precipitation and rubbing, but after a few hours a belt of drying may appear. Due to tissue retraction, the diameter of the embossed skin area can be 0.1-0.2 cm less than the impact surface of the bullet.

In cases of a shot at a sealed stop, there is no wiping belt and soot rings on the head, which is explained by a tight stop that excludes the penetration of gases into the environment, penetration of the skin by pre-bullet air and partially broken powder gases that formed a hole into which they rushed, larger than a bullet. A shot in an area with closely underlying bones causes tears or tears in the skin with erupted gases.

Shot in an unpressurized stop

This shot occurs when the muzzle of the weapon comes into contact with damaged tissues (Fig. 148 b). In this case, the pre-bullet air also acts first, which breaks the skin. The gases penetrating after it not only delaminate the tissues to the sides, but also act in the opposite direction, hitting the skin on the muzzle of the weapon, causing tissue defects, a punch mark (Fig. 149) , break the skin, sometimes forming cruciform and radiant breaks. Then a bullet flies out of the bore and the rest of the gases deposited on the walls of the wound channel. Due to the pronounced effect of powder gases, the tissue defect turns out to be much larger than the caliber of the bullet, and in cases of head injuries it exceeds the diameter of the bullet by 2-3 times due to knocking out the skin with gases. Bruising of the skin with pre-bullet gases and a breakthrough of powder gases at the entrance are accompanied by fumigation in the form of a ring or its fragments.

The pressure of powder gases penetrating under the skin exceeds its elasticity, and it ruptures more or less in a radial way. The size of the gaps is different and depends on the type of weapon and charge, the type of stop and the distance of the shot. When shot in the stomach or chest, the dimensions of the inlet exceed the diameter of the bullet, which is explained by the action of pre-bullet air and gases.

Shot in a leaky edge stop

This shot is observed in cases where the edge of the muzzle of the weapon comes into contact with the injured area of ​​the body (Fig. 148 c). This mutual arrangement of the weapon and the body causes the formation of damage typical of a hermetic stop at the place where the barrel rests against the tissue, and the larger the angle, the more pronounced these manifestations and damage, which are characteristic of an unpressurized stop. The pre-bullet air and gases from the side formed by the muzzle not in contact with the tissues cause more damage without encountering obstacles in their path than at the point of contact of the muzzle. The inlet, as a rule, acquires the shape of an oval, the rays are longer outside the place of contact of the muzzle. For automatic pistols (PM), the principle of which is based on reloading with a bolt carrier, a shot at the edge stop is, in fact, a shot at close range, since at the time of the shot the muzzle of the barrel does not come into contact with the skin. At such a shot distance, more soot and powders are deposited from the side of the open corner.

The formation of an imprint of the contours of the muzzle of the weapon (punching marks) is manifested by abrasion and can be complete in cases of leaky and partially leaky edge stop (Fig. 150). With a sealed stop, a punch mark is formed in areas with bones close to the skin and dense tissues that resist the pre-shot air and gases, as a result of which they delaminate the tissues and hit them on the muzzle of the end of the weapon. The presence of a stamp-imprint allows you to judge the individual characteristics of firearms. In peacetime, stamp-prints are quite common when fired from a firearm shotgun in cases of suicide.

The presence of a compensator, a muzzle-braking device eliminates the stop of the muzzle end, which is 2-5 cm away from the casing of the barrel, which causes a kind of imposition of soot at some distance from the inlet, respectively, to the windows of the casing.

The imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon makes it possible to judge not only the type of stop, but also, in some cases, to establish the brand of the weapon, as well as its position in relation to the body.

A point-blank shot to the head in some cases does not leave a belt of sedimentation, which is explained by the knocking out and rupture of the epidermis by gases. In this case, the bullet rushes into the already formed hole, which has a larger diameter than its caliber. Sometimes the belt of exacerbation is masked by the belt of rubbing, soot and gun grease, which is on the bruised skin bruised by powder gases. A shot in the area of ​​the body with a significant array of soft tissues quite often leaves a belt of injury. The most distinct belt of settling is formed by a shot at an unpressurized stop in a dressed body.

A shot at a leaky stop with black powder can cause scorching of hair, skin burns, and clothing on fire.

Sometimes soot, powders and metal particles pass through the wound channel and are deposited near the outlet, located on the wrong side of the clothing.

When fired at point-blank range, powder gases interact with blood-rich tissues and form carboxymyoglobin, which gives the tissues a pink color. In cases of injury to hollow organs and organs rich in fluid, gases, expanding, form extensive ruptures of organs.

The created negative pressure inside the bore after a point-blank shot contributes to the ingress of blood, brain matter and tissue particles into it, which must be remembered by the investigator who examines the weapon at the scene.

A close distance is considered within the range of additional factors of a shot - powder gases, soot, flames, residues of powder grains and some other substances ejected from the bore of a weapon at the time of the shot (Fig. 151). According to various authors, a close distance is determined from a shot at an unpressurized stop up to 5 m, since within these limits signs inherent in the specified distance can be detected. The close range of a shot for each type of weapon is purely individual and depends on many factors, such as: the quantity and quality of gunpowder, the design of the weapon, the presence of compensators and flame arresters, the power of the weapon and cartridge, the characteristics and ability of the target to withstand the destructive effect of gases. But the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the object being struck is of primary importance. Additional factors of the shot at a given distance have a mechanical, thermal and chemical effect on the affected tissues and leave deposits of soot and metal particles, gunpowder grains and gun grease in the area of ​​the inlet. Damage and overlays caused by these factors are called traces of a close shot. These include the mechanical (punching) action of the pre-bullet air and powder gases from the bore: tears in clothing and skin at the inlet, tears and delamination of tissues in the wound channel, striking action with the formation of an imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon, settling and subsequent parchmentation of the skin, radial smoothing the pile of clothing fabrics;

- imposition and introduction of soot and metal particles, half-burned and unburned powder grains into damaged tissues and walls at the beginning of the wound channel;

- abrasions on the skin and holes in the material of clothing from blows with grains of gunpowder;

- the imposition of splashes of gun grease on clothing and body when firing from a greased bore of a weapon;

- thermal effect of powder gases, soot and powder grains: falling of the pile of clothing and body hair, burning of clothing material and burns of the body;

- chemical action of gases, causing the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyohemoglobin.

The action of one or another factor of the shot is determined by the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the object being struck, which is conditionally divided into three zones: 1) the zone of pronounced mechanical action of powder gases; 2) zone of imposition of soot, metal particles and powder grains; 3) a zone of superposition of powder grains and metal particles (Fig. 152).

First zone- this is the area of ​​​​action of powder gases. It ranges from a leaky stop to 1-5 cm. Within the zone, there are mainly mechanical factors of a shot at a leaky stop. The farther the muzzle end of the weapon is, the more intense the action of powder gases, which are decisive for establishing this distance, is manifested. Gases can pierce and tear clothing and fabrics. In the circumference of the inlet there are deposits of soot, metal, powder grains, traces of thermal and chemical action of the components of a close shot.

Second zoneclose shot - soot coverage area. It starts at a distance of 1-5 cm and ends at a distance of 20-35 cm from the muzzle end. The action of soot is combined with the action of particles of powder grains and projectile metal. The mechanical effect of gases is insignificant, manifested by damage to the epidermis, resembling a parchment stain, intradermal and subcutaneous hemorrhage. The pile on fleecy fabrics around the inlet is arranged in the form of a fan. From the chemical action of gases, colored tissues around the inlet can partially discolor (A.R. Denkovsky, 1958).

At a distance of up to 7 cm shot with smokeless powder, fall of vellus hair and clothing lint is sometimes observed. Smoke powder causes ignition or smoldering of clothes, and burns on the skin I - II degree. Within the zone, the soot has a rich color, gradually fading with increasing distance of the shot. From a distance of 20-35 cm, soot deposits on light fabrics are barely distinguishable, on the skin they are difficult to distinguish, and on dark fabrics they are completely indistinguishable.

The most characteristic for a shot within the second zone is the imposition of soot in combination with the imposition of metal particles and powder grains in the circumference of the inlet.

At short distances, the soot of a shot can penetrate to the Malpighian layer, which, together with other data, makes it possible to more accurately determine the distance of the shot. Together with it, not completely burnt powders are introduced into the skin. At a very close distance, they are located near the edge of the inlet. With increasing distance, the grains of gunpowder are scattered over the entire smoking area to the depth of the skin itself. Just like powders, large particles of barrel metal, cartridge cases and bullets act. When fired from the barrel of a lubricated weapon, splashes of gun lubricant are added to the listed overlays.

Hair from shots from very close distances under the influence of flame and high temperature swell, twist around its axis, lose its luster and original color, and can burn out completely from the action of black powder.

Third zonea close shot appears from a distance of 20-35 cm to 100-200 cm, and for hunting weapons it is 200-300 cm (Table 12). At the beginning of the zone, particles of metal and powder grains act, and then a projectile. This zone L.M. Bedrin (1989) calls the zone of deposition of powder grains. With increasing distance, metal particles and powder grains, having low kinetic energy, hit the body and bounce off, leaving small abrasions and traces of metallization. At the end of the distance, when their kinetic energy is negligible, they sometimes stick to the surface of tissues. As the distance increases, the dispersion becomes greater, and the accuracy becomes less.

The maximum distances of the main traces of a close shot are determined by the type of weapon.

The tissue defect in this zone is formed not by gases, but by a bullet.

Shot from not close distance

Non-close is a distance outside the close shot factors. Usually it exceeds a distance of 5 m. Damage at this distance is caused only by the projectile, having one or another effect, discussed above (Fig. 153). In addition to damage from the action of a bullet, soot deposits may occur at this distance. For the first time, I.V. Vinogradov (1952) drew attention to them, who found that soot can reach the target and be deposited on the target in the area of ​​the inlet at a distance of 100 meters or more in cases where a two-layer target is hit, when the distance between the layers is 0.5- 1 cm

The soot of the shot rushes along with the bullet, remaining on its surface and in the rarefied space that occurs behind the waves formed during the flight of the bullet and, most of all, corresponding to the vortex street. The bullet, having broken through the first layer of the target, falls into the gap between both layers, the soot, as it were, disperses in this space, settles on the back surface of the upper layer and on the front surface of the second layer.

In 1955 I.V. Vinogradov established that the soot of a shot from a distance has a jagged appearance and a gap between the edge of the hole formed by the bullet and the soot overlay surface. These signs are sometimes clearly expressed, but may be invisible.

A shot at a person wearing a bulletproof vest from a distance (more than 10 m) is manifested by the imposition of metal particles and microelements coated with metal on the first layer of clothing. These particles are mainly located on the surface of the bullet, and a sharp impact on a solid barrier throws them onto the surface of the target around the entrance hole, which creates a false picture of a shot at close range, which must be remembered when determining the distance of the shot.

In practical work, it is sometimes necessary to differentiate gunshot injuries with stab wounds, as well as tangential gunshot injuries with cut and chopped wounds. Differential signs of such wounds are presented in table. 13, 14.

Abstract. Signs of a close shot shot. / Lisitsyn A.F. - .

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SIGNS OF A CLOSE SHOT FROM A SHOT FROM A SMOOTH BORE

Unlike bullet damage from a rifled
weapons, the nature of shot wounds allows you to set the distance of the shot with greater accuracy and within wider limits.

A shot fired from a distance of up to 3-5 m is considered close (rifled weapons - 1 m)

The distance from which the scattering of the fraction begins is different for different authors, which can confuse the understanding of the issue.

Allocate
1. Compact (solid) action of a fraction. When the shot does not have time to dissipate and acts as a whole, forming one wound (up to 50-100 cm).
2. Relatively continuous shot action (over 50-100 cm).
3. The action of scree shots (buckshot). Sometimes used: "Shot outside the continuous action of the shot."

A close shot from a shotgun is determined not only by the action of powder residues and flame, but also by the presence of the so-called compact (solid) action of the shot.

Compact action occurs in all cases when firing from a distance of up to 20 cm and never occurs when firing from a distance of more than 2 m.

The formation of one hole when shooting with small shots is observed at a distance of up to 20-100 cm, and when using medium and large shots - up to 50-100 cm and very rarely up to 200 cm.

Point blank
The action of gases in the form of additional tears in the skin and clothing; the presence of powder residues in the initial part of the wound channel, and in some cases on clothing adjacent to the outlet; imprint of the muzzle of the second barrel near the inlet; bright pink coloration of the muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound and the presence of wads in
wound channel

5-10 cm
The additional effect of the gases is still preserved, but to a lesser degree. The dimensions of the inlet are equal to the diameter of the bore. Around the entrance wound there is an abundant deposition of powder soot and parchment of the skin. Impregnation of skin and clothes with powders reaches 4-15 cm in diameter

20-30 cm
The inlet is 1.5 to 3.5 cm in diameter, round in shape with finely scalloped edges. Isolated damage by individual pellets is possible at a distance of up to 1 cm from the edges of a large hole. Parchmentation of the skin, abundant powder soot, intensive impregnation with powders and lead particles up to 15-25 cm in diameter, sedimentation of the wound edges with cardboard wads.

50 cm
Shot dispersion diameter from 2 to 4.5 cm. Large inlet with scalloped edges. Isolated damage by separated grains is possible at a distance of no more than 2 cm from the edges of a large hole. The soot of smokeless and black powder is expressed moderately. Powder impregnation reaches 25-30 cm in diameter. Abrasions and bruises from cardboard wads

100 cm
Shot scattering diameter is from 3 to 7 cm. A large wound hole has jagged edges and is most often surrounded by small isolated lesions, the greatest distance of which from the edges of the central wound does not exceed 3 cm. Gunpowder soot is weakly expressed. The dispersion diameter of powders and lead particles is from 15 to 40 cm. Sedimentation and bruising from wads are possible.

200 cm
Soot is absent or very weakly expressed. A few lead particles are still embedded in clothing. The central hole is surrounded by a ring of small isolated lesions, separated from its edges by a maximum of 8 cm. Abrasions, bruises and wounds from wads.

300-500 cm
Large central holes are formed, surrounded by multiple small lesions, but the depth of the central wounded channels is usually small (1 - 3 cm). Sometimes there may be damage in the form of scree, single powders and lead particles getting stuck in clothes. There are bruises, abrasions and wounds from felt wads

Possibilities of a comprehensive expert study of gunshot injuries / Grinchenko S.V. — 2017.

Forensic ballistics / Chervakov V.F. — 1937.

Some shortcomings in the examination of gunshot injuries in the departments of medical forensics / Nazarov G.N. // Mater. IV All-Russian. congress of forensic doctors: abstracts. - Vladimir, 1996. - No. 1. - S. 66-67.

Signs of shot damage from a gas barrel weapon / Kuznetsov Yu.D., Babakhanyan R.V., Isakov V.D. // Mater. IV All-Russian. congress of forensic doctors: abstracts. - Vladimir, 1996. - No. 1. - S. 70-71.

Peculiarities of a shot wound to the chest by a shot from a Shpagin flare pistol, converted to fire hunting cartridges / Gusarov A.A., Makarov I.Yu., Fetisov V.A., Suvorov A.S. // Bulletin of forensic medicine. - Novosibirsk, 2017. - No. 4. - S. 59-63.

Possibilities of expert evaluation of the impact of design features of the barrel of a hunting weapon on the signs of damage caused by shots of a multi-element projectile in a cylindrical container / Makarov I.Yu., Suvorov A.S., Lorents A.S. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 2016. - No. 6. - S. 22-26.