The exam task for knowledge of the facts of the Second World War. Causes, stages of the Great Patriotic War. Difficult tasks of part B of the exam in history

Realizing the inevitability of a military clash with Nazi Germany, the USSR was preparing for war. From 5.4% during the years of the first five-year plan to 43.4% in 1941, the share of military spending in the country's budget increased. New weapons systems were created (T-34 tank, Katyusha rocket launchers, etc.). The army was rearmed. The law on universal conscription was adopted, the size of the army was increased to 5 million people. The production discipline became tougher: the length of the working day increased, the punishment for being late for work and absenteeism was tougher, the unjustified departure of workers and employees from enterprises without the permission of the management was prohibited, the release of low-quality products was equated with sabotage. On October 2, 1940, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On State Labor Reserves" was adopted, according to which, in order to provide labor force for industrial enterprises, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR received the right "to annually call (mobilize) from 800 thousand to 1 million people of urban and collective farm youth males aged 14–15 for training in trade and railway schools and aged 16–17 for training in factory training schools. ... All graduates of vocational schools, railway schools and factory training schools are considered mobilized and are required to work for four years in a row at state enterprises at the direction of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR with the provision of wages at their place of work on a common basis.
By the summer of 1941, it was not possible to complete preparations for war. Related to this are Stalin's demands not to succumb to provocations and the TASS statement of June 14, 1941 about the groundlessness of rumors about a possible war between the USSR and Germany.
On June 22, 1941, fascist Germany attacked the USSR without declaring war.
Measures to organize a rebuff to fascist aggression:
- Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces "On martial law" on June 22, 1941;
- transformation of border military districts into fronts;
- mobilization of conscripts;
- the creation on June 23, 1941 of the Headquarters of the High Command, headed by S.K. Timoshenko, from July 10, the Headquarters of the High Command, from August 8, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, headed by I.V. Stalin;
- the creation on June 30, 1941 of the State Defense Committee (GKO), headed by I. V. Stalin;
- a program was adopted to mobilize all forces to fight the enemy and turn the country into a single military camp on June 29, 1941;
- introduced martial law;
- organized evacuation of industrial enterprises and the population to the east of the country;
- the partisan movement was organized - on July 18, 1941, the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On organizing the struggle in the rear of the German troops”, on May 30, 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created, headed by P. K. Ponomarenko.
Reasons for the failures of the Red Army at the initial stage of the war:
- miscalculations of the country's leadership in determining the timing of the start of the war;
- delay in bringing troops to combat readiness;
- an erroneous military doctrine, which provided for, after the defeat of the aggressor in border battles, the conduct of military operations only on enemy territory;
- the dismantling of defensive fortifications on the old western border ("Stalin's line"), on the new border the line of defense ("Molotov's line") has just begun to be created;
- the rearmament of the army has not been completed;
- repressions among the command staff of the army on the eve of the war.

The main battles of the Great Patriotic War

On the fronts of the Great Patriotic
The war years were marked by mass heroism of the country's citizens. The garrison of the Brest Fortress fought for almost a month against superior enemy forces. The last defender of the fortress died in April 1942. For eleven days, the border guards under the command of Lieutenant A.V. Lopatin fought in the encirclement. In the first days of the war, pilots A. S. Maslov and N. F. Gastello made "fiery rams", directing their planes, which were shot down in battle, at clusters of enemy equipment. On the night of August 7, 1941, V. V. Talalikhin made the first ram in a night air battle, shooting down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow. The exploits of the fighter of the sabotage detachment Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya, who was executed by the invaders in November 1941, private A. M. Matrosov, who in February 1943 covered the embrasure of the enemy pillbox with his body, the underground worker E. I. Chaikina and many others, received national fame.
One of the manifestations of the mass patriotism of the citizens of the USSR was the formation of a people's militia, which included over 4 million people who were not subject to conscription for military service.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War, more than 11 thousand people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 104 people became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. Commander G.K. Zhukov, fighter pilots I.N. Kozhedub and A.P. Pokryshkin - three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The highest military order "Victory" was awarded to 11 Soviet military leaders: G. K. Zhukov, A. M. Vasilevsky, I. V. Stalin, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev, R. Ya. Malinovsky, F. I. Tolbukhin, L. A. Govorov, S. K. Timoshenko, A. I. Antonov, and K. A. Meretskov. Marshals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky and Generalissimo I.V. Stalin - twice.
More than 7 million people were awarded orders and medals.
"Rear to front". Soviet economy during the war
From the first days of the war, the transfer of industry to the production of military products began. The working day was extended to 11 hours, mandatory overtime work was introduced, labor holidays were abolished, and the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers was increased. The place of those who went to the front was occupied by women, teenagers, and the elderly.
About 42% of the population lived in the occupied regions of the USSR, 47% of the sown area was located, a third of industrial production was produced, over 40% of electricity, 63% of coal was mined. From the first days of the war, the evacuation of enterprises to the eastern regions of the country has been organized. By the end of 1941, 2,500 industrial enterprises and more than 10 million people were evacuated. It took time to organize the work of the evacuated enterprises. The decline in industrial production was stopped by the beginning of 1942. By the middle of 1942, all the evacuated enterprises were put into operation. In a record short time, the effective work of the entire national economy in emergency military conditions was organized, which made it possible to provide the Red Army with everything necessary and became one of the factors in achieving a radical change in the course of the war.
Resistance movement in the occupied territory
A call to organize a struggle in the rear of the Nazi troops was made in the “Directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to the Party and Soviet Organizations of the Front-line Regions” dated June 29, 1941: “In areas occupied by the enemy, create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight units enemy army, to incite guerrilla war everywhere and everywhere ... In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every turn, disrupt all their activities. On July 18, 1941, a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops."
Partisan detachments and underground groups are launching an active struggle against the invaders. By the autumn of 1952, there were about 6 thousand partisan detachments, including large partisan units of S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, P. P. Vershigory, A. F. Fedorov and others. At the end of 1941–1942 gg. in Belarus, Leningrad, Smolensk and Orel regions, several so-called partisan territories arose - areas liberated from the invaders and completely controlled by the partisans.
Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations, in agreement with the command of the Red Army, carried out operations in the areas of the offensive of the Soviet troops (“Rail War”, “Concert”).
During the Great Patriotic War, there was anti-Hitler coalition. On June 22, 1941, British Prime Minister W. Churchill declared support for the struggle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany, and on June 24, US President F. Roosevelt. On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany. In August 1941, the United States and Great Britain signed the Atlantic Charter on the principles of cooperation during the war years. In September, the Soviet Union joined the Charter. On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations, which formalized the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. In June 1944, the Allies began hostilities in France, opening the Second Front.

Allied Conferences

Moscow September 29 - October 1, 1941	A tripartite agreement was signed - a protocol on deliveries. The USA and Britain undertook to send to the Soviet Union 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, motor vehicles, aluminum and some other types of military materials every month. The American representative Harriman, on behalf of the United States and England, confirmed "the receipt from the Soviet government of large deliveries of Soviet raw materials, which will significantly help the production of weapons in our countries"
Tehran November 28 - December 1, 1943	- A declaration was adopted on joint actions in the war against Germany; - A decision was made to open a second front in France during May 1944; - In order to reduce the duration of the war in the Far East, the USSR announced the readiness of the USSR to enter the war against Japan at the end of hostilities in Europe: a preliminary agreement was reached on establishing the post-war borders of Poland; - The "Declaration on Iran" was adopted, in which the participants declared "their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran"
Dumbarton Oaks 21 August – 28 September 1944	- Prepared proposals that formed the basis of the UN Charter
Krymskaya (Yalta) February 4–11, 1945	- Agreed plans for the defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany; - A unified policy was agreed on the post-war statute of Germany; - Decisions were made to create zones of occupation in Germany, an all-German control body and to collect reparations; - The main principles of the coordinated policy of the allies in relation to the organization of a lasting peace and the system of international security were outlined; - A decision was made to convene the Constituent Conference to develop the UN Charter; - Resolved the issue of the eastern borders of Poland; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the surrender of Germany; - The "Declaration on a Liberated Europe" was adopted, which expressed the will of the allied powers to pursue a coordinated policy of assistance to the peoples of Europe; - An agreement was reached on the establishment of a permanent mechanism for consultation between the foreign ministers of the three great powers
San Francisco April 26 - June 26, 1945	- Signed the UN Charter; - Established the International Court of Justice, which is the main judicial body of the UN
Berlin (Potsdam) July 17 - August 2, 1945	- Discussed the main problems of the post-war structure of the world; - The goals of the occupation of Germany are defined by 4 D - its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decartelization; - The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was proclaimed; - Defined the eastern borders of Germany along the Oder-Neisse line; - An International Military Tribunal was created to try the main Nazi criminals; - A decision was made to transfer East Prussia with the capital Königsberg to the Soviet Union; - Determined the size of reparations; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to enter the war with Japan

The results of the war:
- defeat of fascism;
- strengthening the international prestige of the USSR;
- expansion of the territory of the USSR;
- conditions have been created for the creation of a world socialist system;
Victory cost:
- huge human losses - about 27 million people;
- 1710 cities, more than 70,000 villages, 31,000 industrial enterprises, 13,000 bridges, 65,000 km of railway lines were destroyed. According to experts, the direct damage amounted to about 678 billion rubles - 30% of the national wealth;
- a drop in the standard of living of the population, during the hostilities on the territory of the state, 40,000 medical institutions, 43,000 libraries and 84,000 various educational institutions were destroyed.

USSR in the post-war period 1945–1953

The main task in economy was the restoration and development of the national economy. In March 1946, the Fourth Five-Year Plan for 1946–1950 was adopted. The task was set not only to restore, but also to significantly exceed the pre-war level of production. The main emphasis was placed on the development of heavy industry. Industry was transferred to the production of peaceful products.
The pre-war level of industrial production was reached in 1948. During the years of the five-year plan, 6,200 new industrial enterprises were restored and built.
In agriculture, destroyed collective farms, state farms and MTS were restored. Collectivization was carried out in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic republics. The drought of 1946 led to famine.
In December 1947, a monetary reform and the abolition of the card distribution system were carried out. Banknotes changed in the ratio of 10 old to 1 new while maintaining wages and prices unchanged.
In the social sphere:
- Mandatory extracurricular work was abolished;
- holidays restored;
- the payment of compensations for unused labor holidays during the war began;
- reduced the share of wages issued by government bonds.
Political system in the post-war period:
- strengthening the sole power of I. V. Stalin;
- holding elections to Councils of all levels;
- transformation in 1946 of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I. V. Stalin);
- a new round of political repressions - the “Leningrad case”, the Shakhurin-Novikov case, the “doctors case”, the “Mingrelian case”, the “case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”.
Science and culture in the post-war period:
- restoration of the material and technical base of science and culture destroyed during the war;
- completion of the transition to a universal seven-year education;
- holding discussions on philosophy, linguistics and political economy;
- development of research in nuclear physics;
- strengthening of ideological control over culture;
- the defeat of genetics, declared a non-Marxist science, at the VASKhNIL session in 1948;
- Resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) 1946–1948 on issues of literature and art - “About the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad”, “About the repertoire of drama theaters and means for its improvement”, “About the film “Big Life””, “About the opera “Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” , "On decadent moods in Soviet music";
- persecution of cultural figures - film directors L.D. Lukov, S.I. Yutkevich, A.P. Dovzhenko, V.I. "Ivan the Terrible";
- Closing of the "Historical Journal";
- campaign against cosmopolitanism.
Foreign policy in the postwar period. After the defeat of fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, in the context of the increasing influence of the USSR on international affairs, relations between the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition of the USSR, on the one hand, and the leading Western powers, on the other, aggravated. Ideological contradictions come to the fore. The Cold War begins. The Soviet leadership is talking about the possibility of World War III. Plans for a war against the Soviet Union are indeed being drawn up. In May 1945, W. Churchill was presented with a plan for a war with the USSR, which was supposed to start in the summer of 1945. The American Dropshot plan provided for the start of the war in 1949 and the atomic bombing of 100 Soviet cities. The test of the atomic bomb in the USSR in 1949 fundamentally changed the international situation.
Main foreign policy events:
- formation of the UN (1945);
- the coming to power in the countries of Eastern Europe with the support of the USSR of the communist parties;
- formation of the People's Republic of China (1949);
- division of the world into two opposing systems - capitalism and socialism;
- Fulton's speech by W. Churchill (1946), the beginning of the Cold War;
- Creation of Cominform (Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties, 1947);
- rupture of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia;
- Creation of NATO (1949);
- creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA);
— Korean War (1950–1953)

Test "The Great Patriotic War" in the USE format

1. Arrange in chronological order the events of the Great Patriotic War. Write down the numbers that indicate the events in the correct sequence.

1) Complete lifting of the blockade of Leningrad

2) Defense of the Brest Fortress

3) Operation "Bagration"

2. Establish a correspondence between the events of the Great Patriotic War and their dates: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS

DATES

A) Yalta Conference

B) The beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad

B) Liberation of Sevastopol

D) Battle of Kursk

1) 1941

2) 1942

3) 1943

4) 1944

5) 1945

6) 1940

3. Below is a list of events. All of them, with the exception of two, occurred during the Great Patriotic War.

1) crossing the Dnieper

2) the battle at Lake Khasan

3) assault on the Mannerheim line

4) operation "Concert"

5) Smolensk battle

6) assault on the Seelow Heights

Find and write down the serial numbers of events related to another historical period.

4. Write the missing concept (term).

The state program for the supply by the United States of America of equipment, weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food to allied countries, including the USSR, during the Second World War, is called _______________

5. Establish a correspondence between events and historical figures who participated in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

PERSONALITIES

EVENTS

A) V.G. Klochkov

B) N.F. Gastello

B) Ya.F. Pavlov

D) A.N. Saburov

1) Defense of Stalingrad

2) Moscow battle

3) defense of Sevastopol

4) air ram

5) blockade of Leningrad

6) partisan movement

6. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “At 6 o’clock on June 23, the troops of the 4th Army launched a counterattack on the enemy from the Zhabinka region. The Germans did not expect this at all and in a number of sectors of the front they were driven back several kilometers. But half an hour later, a lot of enemy planes appeared over our troops. Yu-88 dive bombers literally hung over the battle formations of the 14th mechanized corps.

Under the cover of aviation, Guderian's group went on the offensive. And at the turn of Kamenetz - Zhabinka - Radvanichi, a fierce oncoming battle unfolded. Almost all tanks and planes intended for operations in the Brest direction were drawn into it both from our side and from the German side. From the observation post of Colonel Bogdanov, the battle of our two tank regiments with a huge number of enemy tanks and the artillery accompanying them was clearly visible. Against the first echelon of the 30th tank

divisions deployed two fascist tank divisions, the 17th and 18th. The battlefield from end to end was littered with flaming fighting vehicles... We captured several prisoners... These were the first prisoners taken in the zone of our army. ... This battle turned into a kind of tank duel with an undoubted advantage on the side of the enemy. The Germans had more tanks, and the aircraft supported them better. We had here only light ... T-26

with 15 mm frontal armor and 45 mm guns. The German tank divisions, on the other hand, had a significant number of new T-4 vehicles with 30 mm frontal armor and armed with 75 mm guns.<...>

And yet the 30th Panzer Division fought stubbornly, its people behaved heroically, and the enemy suffered heavy losses.

B) “What, gentlemen, is the difference now, in the 27th month of the war, a difference that I especially notice, having spent several months of this time abroad. We are now facing new difficulties, and these difficulties are no less complex and serious, no less profound than those we faced last spring. The government needed heroic means to combat the general disorder of the national economy. We ourselves are the same as before. We are the same on the 27th month of the war,

what they were on the 10th and what they were on the first. We continue to strive for total victory, we remain ready to make the necessary sacrifices, and we continue to want to maintain national unity. But I will say openly: there is a difference in position. We have lost faith that this power can lead us to victory ... (voices: "That's right"), because in relation to this power, both the attempts to correct and improve the attempts that we made here did not turn out to be successful.

When you have been waiting a whole year for an action by Rumania, insisting on this action, and at the decisive moment you have neither troops nor the opportunity to quickly bring them up along the only narrow-gauge road, and thus you once again miss the favorable moment to strike

a decisive blow in the Balkans - what do you call it: stupidity or treason? (voices on the left: "One and the same"). When, contrary to our repeated insistence (...), the case is deliberately hindered, and an attempt

a clever and honest minister to decide, even at the last minute, the question in a favorable sense ends with the departure of this minister and a new delay, and our enemy, finally, takes advantage of our delay - is this: stupidity or treason? (voices on the left: "Treason"). Choose any. The consequences are the same."

CHARACTERISTICS

1) The passage refers to a war that claimed more than 20 million lives of our fellow citizens.

2) The passage refers to the war, from which Russia left ahead of schedule, violating its obligations to the allies.

3) The passage refers to the war, the result of which was the annexation of the Crimea.

4) The passage refers to the war, as a result of which Russia was forbidden to have a fleet on the Black Sea.

5) The passage refers to the war, during which the "Big Three" was formed.

6) The passage refers to the war, during which power and the form of government changed in Russia.

Fragment A

Fragment B

7. Which of the following refers to the events of the Great Patriotic War in.? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) operation "Bagration"

2) Manchurian operation

3) the tragedy of Pearl Harbor

4) Yassko-Chisinau operation

5) Potsdam Conference

6) East Pomeranian operation

8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want.

A) The purpose of Operation ____________ was to destroy the enemy troops encircled in Stalingrad.

B) The commander of one of the largest partisan formations in enemy-occupied Ukraine was ____________ ____________, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

B) On the northern face of the Kursk Bulge, the Germans, having not achieved success on July 5 near Olkhovatka, suffered a blow in the direction of the village of ____________, but even here they advanced only from 10 to 12 km.

Missing items:

1) "Uranus"

2) Prokhorovka

3) S. A. Kovpak

4) "Ring"

5) Ponyri

6) P. M. Masherov

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

9. Establish a correspondence between dates and events associated with them

a) April 16, 1945 1. Raising the Red Banner of Victory over the Reichstag

b) April 25, 1945 2. Complete capture of Berlin by Soviet troops

c) April 30, 1945 3. Beginning of the Berlin operation

d) May 2, 1945 4. The beginning of the anti-fascist uprising in Prague

5. Meeting of Soviet and Anglo-American troops on the Elbe

6. Signing of the Act of unconditional surrender of Germany

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

10. Read an excerpt from the memoirs and indicate the battle in question.

“Having gone through all the possible options, we decided to propose to I.V. Stalin the following plan of action: the first is to continue to wear down the enemy with active defense, the second is to start preparing counteroffensives in order to inflict on the enemy ... such a blow that dramatically changed the strategic situation in the south in our benefit...

When evaluating the enemy, we proceeded from the fact that fascist Germany was no longer in a position to fulfill its strategic plan of 1942. The forces and means that Germany had at its disposal by the autumn of 1942 would not be enough to complete tasks either in the North Caucasus or in the Don and Volga region ...

The General Staff, on the basis of these fronts, studied the strengths and weaknesses of the German, Hungarian, Italian and Romanian troops. The troops of the satellites, in comparison with the German ones, were worse armed, less experienced, and insufficiently combat-ready even in defense. And most importantly - their soldiers and many officers did not want to die for the interests of others in the distant fields of Russia ...

The position of the enemy was further aggravated by the fact that ... he had very few troops in the operational reserve, no more than six divisions, and even those were scattered over a wide front ... We were also favored by the operational configuration of the entire enemy front: our troops occupied an enveloping position..."

11. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data presented in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element.

event

the date

Member(s)

Offensive operation "Overlord"

_________ (BUT)

D. Eisenhower, B. Montgomery

Battle of Stalingrad

_________ (B)

___________ (AT)

______________ (G)

August–December 1943

G. K. Zhukov, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev

Battle for Moscow

__________ (D)

___________ (E)

Missing items:

1) M. A. Egorov, M. V. Kantaria

2) September 1941 - April 1942

3) Ya. F. Pavlov

4) the battle of Kursk

5) the battle for the Dnieper

8) I. V. Panfilov

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

12. Read an excerpt from the book by V. Afanasenko “56th army in the battles for Rostov. The first victory of the Red Army. October-December 1941"

For the first time since the beginning of the war, Soviet troops stopped the enemy's offensive, liberated a large industrial and transport center and pushed the Wehrmacht back 60-80 km. For the first time, the enemy retreated, losing people and military equipment, and then went on the defensive along the entire sector of the front ... On December 5, on the day the Soviet troops went on the counteroffensive near Moscow, I.V. Stalin received congratulations from British Prime Minister W. Churchill, who wrote: “Let me take this opportunity to tell you with what admiration the whole British people are following the staunch defense of Leningrad and Moscow by the brave Russian armies and how happy we are all about your brilliant victory in Rostov-on-Don.” (But the victory near Rostov has ceased speak) under the influence of subsequent tragic events, and above all as a result of the second surrender of Rostov-on-Don in July 1942, which caused the famous order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 227, which contained bitter reproaches: " Part of the troops of the Southern Front, following the alarmists, left Rostov and Novocherkassk without serious resistance and without an order from Moscow, covering their banners with shame ... " Unfortunately, the mention of the liberation of Rostov-on-Don in November 1941 has become irrelevant. Only in 1983, Rostov-on-Don was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree, and only in 2008 became the City of Military Glory.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list below.

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

After the fighting, Soviet guard units were formed under this city.

In late November - early December 1941, the enemy retreated for the first time, losing both people and equipment, and a large Soviet city was liberated for the first time.

The success of the Red Army near Rostov-on-Don was recognized as a serious success by the allies of the USSR.

The victory near Rostov became one of the symbols of the success of Soviet weapons during the war years of 1941-1945.

13.

Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the name of the military plan shown on the map.

14. Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number "4".

15. Look at the diagram and complete the task

Write the number that indicates the city for the capture of which Operation Typhoon was designed.

16. Look at the diagram and complete the task

What judgments relating to the events indicated on the map are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The map refers to the initial stage of the war.

2) Germany planned to end the war by the end of the summer of 1942.

3) To repel the aggression indicated on the map, the Labor and Defense Council was created.

4) The leader of the country at that time was I.V. Stalin.

5) The battle near Smolensk was an important stage in the disruption of the fascist strategy of "blitzkrieg".

6) The offensive of the German troops was stopped along the entire front line in the winter of 1941.

17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

MONUMENTS OF CULTURE

CHARACTERISTICS

A) "Warrior-Liberator"

B) "Vasily Terkin"

C) "Two fighters"

D) "Motherland"

1) The author of this creation is the poet A. T. Tvardovsky.

2) This Soviet film is dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War.

3) This monument is located in Berlin.

4) This work is dedicated to the events of the final stage of the war.

5) N. Kryuchkov and P. Aleinikov played the main roles in this film.

6) This monument is the second in the sculptural triptych of E. Vuchetich.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

18. Look at the picture and do the task

Which statements about this cartoon are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) This cartoon was created in the first half of the 1930s.

2) At the moment when the event to which the cartoon is dedicated took place, the USSR was at war with Finland.

3) The caricature was created in the USSR and published in the press in the same year when the event to which it is dedicated took place.

4) The cartoon is dedicated to the violation of an international treaty by one of the countries.

5) The event to which the cartoon is dedicated meant the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

19. Which of the listed objects were built during the years of the Soviet leadership of the political figure depicted in the cartoon. In the answer, write down the two numbers under which they are indicated.

20. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the German general G. Guderian and briefly answer questions 20-22. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the course of the history of the corresponding period.

“The offensive began on July 5 with a maneuver long known to the Russians from numerous previous operations, and therefore unraveled by them in advance. Hitler ... wanted to destroy the positions of the Russians advanced in the form of an arc with a double encirclement ... and thereby seize the initiative on the Eastern Front again in his own hands.

From July 10 to July 15, I visited both advancing fronts ... and on the spot, in conversations with tank commanders, I clarified the course of events, the shortcomings of our tactical methods in offensive combat and the negative aspects of our equipment. My fears about the insufficient preparedness of the Panther tanks for combat operations at the front were confirmed. 90 Porsche Tiger tanks ... also showed that they did not meet the requirements of close combat; these tanks, as it turned out, were not even adequately supplied with ammunition. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that they did not have machine guns... They failed to either destroy or suppress enemy infantry emplacements and machine gun nests in order to enable their infantry to advance... Having advanced about 10 km, Model's troops were stopped. True, success was greater in the south, but it was not enough to block the Russian arc or to reduce resistance. On July 15, the Russian counterattack on Oryol began ... On August 4, the city had to be abandoned. Belgorod fell on the same day...

As a result of the failure of the offensive ……………. we have suffered a decisive defeat. The armored forces, replenished with such great difficulty, were put out of action for a long time due to heavy losses in people and equipment ... Needless to say, the Russians hurried to use their success. And there were no more quiet days on the Eastern Front. The initiative has completely passed to the enemy.

What events of the period of the Great Patriotic War are discussed in the memoirs of Heinz Guderian? What year did they take place?

21. What was the name of the operation of the German command, which is mentioned in the memoirs? Name at least two tasks that the German command set for its troops during this operation?

22. Based on the text and your own knowledge from the history course, explain why historians call the events of the multi-day battle described “the completion of a radical change” in the course of the war. Give at least two reasons.

23. In the memoirs of many contemporaries about the Great Patriotic War, the Battle of Moscow occupies a special place. So, when Marshal G.K. Zhukov was asked what event of the last war he most remembered, he always answered: "The Battle for Moscow." Guess what explains the special significance of the Battle of Moscow in the history of the Great Patriotic War (give at least three assumptions).

24. In historical science, there are debatable problems on which different, often contradictory, points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science:

"The signing of the non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany and the secret protocol to it was a diplomatic success of the USSR."

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it.

Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments to support:

1) …

2) …

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) …

2) …

25. You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

1) 1941-1942;

2) 1942-1943;

3) 1944-1945

The essay must:

- indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

- name two historical personalities whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history;

- indicate at least two causal relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using the knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts related to this paragraph.

Hello dear readers!

Step one: where to start?

The most difficult thing in any business is to determine what needs to be done first? I recommend dividing the events of the Great Patriotic War into periods (there should be three) - try to do it yourself or look at the World Wide Web. So it will be much easier for you to navigate them later. It is also important to know the background of the conflict, this will allow you to assess the level of danger of war for states, to highlight the allies of both sides.

Having determined the main periods of the war, distribute the events in each of them by months - the facts are much easier to remember in conjunction with the time of year.

Step two: read the sources.

So, we already know what happened and even a little bit of orientation in the dates. To consolidate the information and systematize it, download the tables on World War II, as a rule, they indicate the most important information, which is easily “sorted out”.

In order to deepen your knowledge, you need to read documents by period. This does not apply to the profile level of preparation, because many of them are found in the second part of the exam, so getting to know them is also an important part of the preparation.

Step three: meetings of heads of state.

This topic, namely conferences during the Second World War, often causes difficulties for graduates. Therefore, it is necessary to teach them in a separate block, and it is strictly necessary not to treat this issue superficially. The compilers of the exam are very fond of including questions on this topic in task number 8, as well as in task number 11, which is evaluated by three primary points. Agree, losing them will be very disappointing!

Step Four: Marshals of Victory.

If you have already learned the sequence of events, read historical sources and familiarized yourself with the tables, then it's time to move on to personalities. It is impossible not to notice the abundance of actors in the Great Patriotic War, especially the commanders and marshals of the Soviet Union. However, the difficulty in remembering them lies not so much in their number, but in the fact that it is necessary to know in which of the battles each of them took part. I acted on the advice of Ivan Sergeevich: create a letter abbreviation of battles, for example, "M" - the Moscow battle, "ST" - the Battle of Stalingrad. Do the same with the marshals, reducing their names to one or two letters. After that, you can easily learn the letter codes of battles in conjunction with personalities: "B" (Berlin operation) - "RZhK" (Rokossovsky, Zhukov, Konev).

Step Five: War Heroes.

The history exam also includes several questions that may require knowledge of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. To remember them, break the heroes into groups in which select snipers, pilots, and so on. This will help you not to get confused about who is who and quickly remember all the heroic personalities in each direction.

Step six: remember the dates.

You already know the whole chronology perfectly, but some dates fly out of your head? In this case, the pattern system, which foreigners often use, will help you. Write the dates in a table (or create them in Excel) by creating spaces in a checkerboard pattern: there is a date, but there is no event, and vice versa. Then just fill in these cards throughout the day, and even the most difficult facts will be easily remembered for a long time.

Step seven: looking for a globe.

Maps are the most important part of any topic, with which problems often arise, and maps on the Great Patriotic War are generally considered one of the most difficult. But do not rush to panic, because working with them is actually not difficult if you know some life hacks. As a rule, on any map there are clues that can give you an idea: look for the names of generals, dates of battles or names of fronts. Knowing the markers is also useful (they will need to be learned first), since each event has its own peculiarity, for example, you are unlikely to make a mistake if you remember what the name “Prokhorovka” near Kursk says.

Step eight: give culture to the masses.

Many graduates do not pay enough attention to the issue of culture during the Great Patriotic War and do it in vain. In the tasks of the exam, there are often questions that require knowledge on this topic, so the advice to learn the culture of the period of the Second World War will not be superfluous. For memorization, I used cards on which I wrote or printed a cultural monument on one side, and on the other I wrote its author and the time of creation - this method makes it easier to learn the material and quickly find it if you need to repeat it.

Step nine and the most pleasant: we have a rest with benefit.

It is much easier to remember any era if you “live” in it for a while. The best way to do this is through movies, books, TV series and everything that gives us pleasure. Look for interesting works on the period of the Great Patriotic War and watch films - in them, through the history of the main characters, the story of a huge conflict that led to numerous victims is also told. Literature lessons will also help you here, so do not forget about the theme of 1941-1945 in poetry and prose.

Step ten: control.

You have come a long way, having learned a huge amount of information. However, it often happens that we lose sight of something. To prevent this from happening, I advise you to test yourself by solving thematic tests. They are both throughout the Great Patriotic War, and in its periods. If you have errors, identify the main block in which problems arise - it can be marshals, heroes, dates, or something else, and then just finish the one that causes difficulties in solving. Profit!

Good luck with your preparations. Just put in some effort and the result will not keep you waiting!