The conclusion of dynastic marriages under whom. Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His children and dynastic connections. Ingibjorg and Knut Lavard
Dynastic marriages of the ruling dynasty
Dynastic marriages were not uncommon in Kievan Rus. Vladimir also sent part of his wax to the rescue of the Byzantine Empire from the rebels, demanding in return the hand of his younger sister Basil and Constantine (the emperors of Byzantium). The prince of Kyiv was well aware that he was presented with the rarest opportunity to intermarry with the rulers of the Byzantine Empire.
But nevertheless, dynastic marriages received the greatest development during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
Here is what we read in the “Chronicle” of Adam of Bremen, already well known to us, in a note (scholium) to the story of the Norwegian king Harald the Severe Ruler (1046-1066)19
“Having returned from Greece, Harald married the daughter of the King of Russia Yaroslav; the other went to the Hungarian king Andrew, from whom Solomon was born; the third was taken by the French king Henry, she bore him Philip (King Philip, 1060-1108)
Each of these three marriages had, of course, and (or even - above all) a political side. Let's try to restore it, as far as Western European sources allow. The marriage of Elizabeth Yaroslavna, which took place, obviously, ca. 1042-1044, when Harald, shortly before his invitation to the Norwegian throne, stayed in Russia, is illuminated mainly by monuments of Scandinavian origin. We will be more concerned with the fate of her sisters.
The daughter of the Russian prince Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, is known only from the Icelandic sagas, where she bears the name "Ellisiv" (Ellisif) or "Elisabeth" (Elisabeth). In a number of royal sagas, records from the beginning of the 13th century. (in “Rotten Skin”, “Beautiful Skin”, “Circle of the Earth”, “Knütling Saga”), as well as (without mentioning the name of the bride) in the “Acts of the Bishops of the Hamburg Church” by Adam of Bremen (c. 1070) contains information about the marriage of Elizabeth and Harald the Cruel Ruler (King of Norway from 1046 to 1066). A comparison of the news from the sagas with the data from the Icelandic annals leads to the conclusion that the marriage was concluded in the winter of 1043/44. The story of the marriage of Harald and Elizabeth, as described by the sagas, is very romantic20.
“On Wednesday, the fourth kalends of the month of August” (that is, July 29) in 1030, the famous Norwegian king Olav Haraldsson (1014-1028) died in the battle of Stiklastadir against the army of the Landrmanns and Bonds. His half-brother (on his mother's side), Harald Sigurdarson, who was then fifteen years old, fought in the battle, was wounded, fled the battle, went into hiding, received medical treatment, crossed the mountains to Sweden, and set out in the spring of the following year, according to the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson in the set of royal sagas “The Circle of the Earth” (c. 1230), “to the east to Gardariki to King Yaritsleiv”, that is, to Russia to Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
Snorri further relates that “King Yaritsleif received Harald and his men well. Then Harald became a head of the people of the king who guarded the country ... Harald remained in Gardariki for several winters and traveled all over Austrweg. Then he went on his way to Grikland, and he had a lot of troops. He then kept the way to Miklagard"21
The reason for Harald's departure is explained in "Rotten Skin" (1217-1222). It says that "Harald traveled all over Austrweg and performed many feats, and for this the king highly appreciated him. King Yaritsleif and Princess Ingigerd had a daughter, whose name was Elizabeth, the Normans call her Ellisiv. Harald started a conversation with the king, whether he would like to give him a girl as a wife, saying that he was known for his relatives and ancestors, and also partly for his behavior. Yaroslav said that he could not give his daughter to a foreigner who "has no state to govern" and who is not rich enough to ransom a bride, but at the same time did not reject his proposals and promised "to keep him honored until a convenient time." It was after this conversation that Harald left, reached Constantinople, and spent about ten years there (c. 1034-1043) in the service of the Byzantine emperor.
Returning to Russia, being the owner of such enormous wealth, “which no one in the Northern lands has seen in the possession of one person,” says Snorri Sturluson, “Harald folded the Visas of joy, and there were sixteen of them, and one end for all.”23 The same the stanza, as in the "Circle of the Earth", is quoted in another set of royal sagas - "Beautiful Skin" (c. 1220). In "Rotten Skin" and "Hulda" Harald's six stanzas are given, dedicated to "Elisabeth, daughter of King Yaritsleif, whose hand he asked." The stanzas are introduced with the words: “... and there were sixteen in all, and they all had one end; here, however, few of them are recorded.
In the spring, the sagas report with reference to the skald Valgard from Vella (“You launched [a water] ship with a beautiful cargo; you have been honored; you really took gold from the east from the Gards, Harald”), Harald set off from Holmgard through Aldeigjuborg in Sweden. In the Icelandic annals we read: “1044. Harald [Sigurdarson] has arrived in Sweden." On this basis, we can conclude that the marriage of Harald and Elizabeth was concluded in the winter of 1043/44.24
Not a single source, telling about the departure of Harald from Russia, says that Elizabeth was with him on this journey. True, this conclusion can be reached on the basis of the absence in the sagas of indications that their two daughters (Maria and Ingigerd, not known, like Elizabeth, to Russian sources, know "Rotten Skin", "Beautiful Skin", "Circle of the Earth" and "Hulda") were twins - otherwise, Harald and Elizabeth, who spent together, according to the sagas, one spring between the wedding and Harald's departure, could have only one daughter.
This is also confirmed by the subsequent news of the sagas that after many years, leaving Norway, Harald took Elizabeth, Mary and Ingigerd with him. According to The Circle of the Earth and Hulda, Harald left Elizabeth and his daughters in the Orkney Islands, while he sailed to England25.
The marriage of Harald Sigurdarson and Elizaveta Yaroslavna strengthened Russian-Norwegian ties, which had a friendly character during the time of Olav Haraldsson - at least since 1022, i.e. from the death of Olaf Schötkonung, Yaroslav's father-in-law, and the coming to power in Sweden of Onund-Jakob, who soon entered into an alliance with Olav Haraldsson against Knut the Great - and during the time of Magnus the Good (1035-1047), who was elevated to the Norwegian throne not without the participation of Yaroslav the Wise.
The matchmaking and wedding of Anna Yaroslavna took place in 1050, when she was 18 years old.
Already at the beginning of her royal journey, Anna Yaroslavna accomplished a civil feat: she showed perseverance and, refusing to swear on the Latin Bible, took an oath on the Slavic Gospel, which she brought with her. Under the influence of circumstances, Anna will then accept Catholicism. Arriving in Paris, Anna Yaroslavna did not consider it a beautiful city. Although by that time Paris had turned from a modest residence of the Carolingian kings into the main city of the country and received the status of the capital. In letters to her father, Anna Yaroslavna wrote that Paris was gloomy and ugly, she complained that she had ended up in a village where there were no palaces and cathedrals, which Kyiv is rich in.
At the beginning of the 11th century in France, the Carolingian dynasty was replaced by the Capetian dynasty, named after the first king of the dynasty, Hugo Capet. Three decades later, the future husband of Anna Yaroslavna, Henry I, son of King Robert II the Pious (996-1031), became the king of this dynasty. Father-in-law of Anna Yaroslavna was a rude and sensual person, however, the church forgave him everything for his piety and religious zeal. He was considered a learned theologian.
Widowed after his first marriage, Henry I decided to marry a Russian princess. The main motive for such a choice is the desire to have a strong, healthy heir. And the second motive: his ancestors from the house of Capet were related by blood with all neighboring monarchs, and the church forbade marriages between relatives. So fate destined Anna Yaroslavna to continue the royal power of the Capetians.
Anne's life in France coincided with the country's economic boom. During the reign of Henry I, the old cities - Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lyon, Marseille, Rouen - are being revived. The process of separating handicrafts from agriculture is going faster. Cities begin to free themselves from the power of seniors, that is, from feudal dependence. This led to the development of commodity-money relations: taxes from cities bring income to the state, which contributes to the further strengthening of statehood.
The most important concern of the husband of Anna Yaroslavna was the further reunification of the lands of the Franks. Henry I, like his father Robert, led the expansion to the east. The foreign policy of the Capetians was distinguished by the expansion of international relations. France exchanged embassies with many countries, including the Old Russian state, England, the Byzantine Empire.
Anna Yaroslavna was widowed at the age of 28. Henry I died on August 4, 1060 at the castle of Vitry-aux-Loges, near Orleans, in the midst of preparations for war with the English king William the Conqueror. But the coronation of the son of Anna Yaroslavna, Philip I, as co-ruler of Henry I, took place during the life of his father, in 1059. Henry died when the young King Philip was eight years old. Philip I reigned for almost half a century, 48 years (1060-1108). He was a smart but lazy man.
In his will, King Henry appointed Anna Yaroslavna as the guardian of his son. However, Anna - the mother of the young king - remained queen and became regent, but, according to the custom of that time, she did not receive guardianship: only a man could be a guardian, and Henry I's brother-in-law, Count Baudouin of Flanders, became the guardian.
According to the tradition then existing, the Dowager Queen Anne (she was about 30 years old) was married off. The widow was married to Count Raoul de Valois. He was known as one of the most recalcitrant vassals (the dangerous family of Valois had previously tried to depose Hugh Capet, and then Henry I), but, nevertheless, he always remained close to the king. Count Raul de Valois is the lord of many possessions, and he had no less warriors than the king. Anna Yaroslavna lived in the fortified castle of her husband Mondidier.
Anna Yaroslavna was widowed for the second time in 1074. Not wanting to depend on the sons of Raoul, she left the castle of Montdidier and returned to Paris to her son-king. The son surrounded the aging mother with attention - Anna Yaroslavna was already over 40 years old. Her younger son, Hugo, married a wealthy heiress, daughter of the Count of Vermandois. The marriage helped him legitimize the seizure of the count's lands.
Little is known about the last years of Anna Yaroslavna's life from historical literature, therefore all available information is interesting. Anna looked forward to hearing from home. News came different - sometimes bad, sometimes good. Shortly after her departure from Kyiv, her mother died. Four years after the death of his wife, at the age of 78, Anna's father, Grand Duke Yaroslav, died. The disease broke Anna. She died in 1082 at the age of 50.
Data from Hungarian sources about the marriage of the Hungarian king Andrei (in Hungarian - Endre) I (1046-1060) to a Russian princess serve, in essence, as the first truly definite and reliable evidence of Russian-Hungarian political relations.
Shimon Kezai, and the code of the XIV century. draw the political background of this union. King Stephen's nephews, brothers Andrei, Bela and Levente, were expelled from the country by their uncles: Bela (the future king Bela I) remained in Poland, having married the sister of the Polish prince Casimir I, while Andrei and Levente went further "to Russia. But since there they were not accepted by Prince Vladimir because of King Peter, after that they moved to the land of the Polovtsy from there “after some time”, as added in the code of the XIV century, they again “returned to Russia.”26
Judging by this story, the appearance of the Hungarian exiles in Volyn (where at that time probably one of the Yaroslavichs, either Izyaslav or Svyatoslav, was governor) falls already during the reign of King Peter in Hungary (1038-1041, 1044-1046). ), oriented towards Germany and enjoyed its support. And therefore the refusal received by Andrey and Levente in Russia is quite understandable in view of the fact that we know about the friendliness of Russian-German relations approx. 1040
But soon the situation changed dramatically. The policy of Yaroslav Vladimirovich loyal to Peter is replaced by the support of his rival, the rebellious anti-king Aba Shamuel (Samuel) (1041-1044), also one of the nephews of the late Istvan I. The message of the German Regensburg Chronicle of Emperors allows us to think so”27, written between 1136 and 1147 in Old High German by an anonymous Regensburg poet-monk.
His story, which is generally based on well-known sources, in the part relating to Chamuel, is completely original and contains unique information. According to the “Chronicle of Emperors”, defeated by Peter in 1044, with German help, Shamuel “quickly gathered, Taking his children and wife, He fled to Russia.
Judging by other sources, the flight failed, but the fact itself is important. No matter how one treats this information, the further development of events is beyond doubt: after the defeat of Chamuel, Russia also supported another rival of Peter - Andrey. The Hungarian nobility “sent solemn ambassadors to Russia to Andrei and Leventa” to hand them the throne, on which Andrei was installed in 1046, provoking repeated but unsuccessful campaigns of the German Emperor Henry III. Apparently, in 1046 or a little earlier, when Yaroslav's political interest in the figure of Andrei became apparent, the marriage took place.
The personality of Anastasia (while maintaining prudent skepticism, we will still not completely rely on a rather late author) Yaroslavna is better imprinted in the Hungarian tradition; compare, for example, a passage from the “Acts of the Hungarians Anonymous” that is not devoid of some lyricism: Andrey often spent time in the Komar castle “for two reasons: firstly, it was convenient for royal hunting, and secondly, she loved to live in those places wife, because they were closer to [her] homeland - and she was the daughter of a Russian prince and was afraid that the German emperor would come to avenge the blood of [King] Peter.
Leaving on the conscience of "Anonymous" its weakness in geography (Komarom was on the Danube, near the mouth of the Vah River, i.e. noticeably closer to the German border than to the Russian one), we note the game of fate: when, by the end of Andrei's reign, the political scenery one radical change and Andrei was overthrown by his brother Belaya I (1060-1063), Anastasia with her son Shalmon, married to the sister of the German king Henry IV (1056-1106), found refuge in Germany. And the entire period of the reign of Shalamon (1063-1074, died c. 1087), he had to defend the throne in the fight against the sons of Bela - Geza and Laszlo, who were looking for support, including in Russia (they were the nephews of Gertrude, the wife of the Kiev prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich). Anastasia, according to legend, died in the German monastery of Admont, not far from the Hungarian-German border.
It is possible to understand the political position of Vsevolod, taking into account the marriage of his son Vladimir Monomakh, which was concluded just in the period we are studying. Vladimir Vsevolodovich married Guide, the daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harald, who died in 1066. Information about this marriage has been used in science for a long time, but, trying to determine its political meaning, historians were forced to limit themselves to general phrases. It seems that here, too, new data on Svyatoslav's foreign policy bring sufficient clarity.
The dating of the marriage of Vladimir Monomakh and Guides (1074/75), which is widespread in science, is conditional and relies solely on the date of birth of the eldest of the Monomashichs, Mstislav (February 1076). The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus claims that this matrimonial union was concluded at the initiative of the Danish king Sven Estridsen, who was a cousin of Hyda's father and at whose court she stayed after she was forced to leave England. A possible motive for Sven's actions is sometimes seen in the fact that by his second marriage he was allegedly married to the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, widowed in 1066 (her first husband, the Norwegian king Harald the Severe, died in the battle of Stanfordbridge against Harald, the father of Gida).
But this misconception, coming from the old Scandinavian historiography, is based on an incorrect interpretation of the message of Adam of Bremen (70s of the 11th century)28, where it actually refers to the marriage of the Swedish king Hakon, and not to Elizabeth Yaroslavna, but to “ mother of Olaf the Younger”, that is, the Norwegian king Olaf the Quiet, who was not the son, but the stepson of Elizabeth. Taking into account the role of Sven Estridsen in choosing a bride for Vsevolodov's son, one cannot but pay attention to the close allied relations between the Danish king and Henry IV in the 70s.
They meet in person at Bardovik, near Lüneburg, in 1071 and possibly again in 1073; in the autumn of 1073, Sven even takes military action against the Saxons at war with Henry. The commentators are probably right in doubting the validity of the opinion of Lampert of Hersfeld (in everything he is inclined to see the anti-Saxon intrigues of Henry IV), that already in 1071, in negotiations with Sven, it was about joint actions against the Saxons.
Therefore, it would hardly be too bold to assume that, in addition to cases related to the Hamburg Metropolis, the sudden conflict between Germany and Poland was also discussed at that time. The simultaneity of the German-Chernigov and German-Danish negotiations suggests that the initiative taken by the Danish king in the marriage of Vladimir Monomakh and Guides could be connected with these negotiations. In view of what has been said, it seems to us that the marriage of Vsevolodovich to an English exile princess should be regarded as a manifestation of the coordinated international policy of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod in 1069-1072, aimed at isolating Boleslav II, the main ally of Izyaslav Yaroslavich.29
In this case, the marriage of Vladimir Monomakh should have been concluded between 1072 (the German-Danish meeting in Bardovik took place in the summer of the previous year) and 1074. There is no reason to date the accession of Vsevolod to the German-Danish-Chernigov coalition against Poland at a later time, since at the turn of 1074-1075. The "Polish question" lost relevance for the younger Yaroslavichs. It was by this time that their relations with Boleslav II were settled, which resulted not only in the scandalous expulsion of Izyaslav from Poland (in the words of the chronicler, “taking everything from him, showing him the way from himself”) at the end of 1074 and peace between Poland and Russia after Easter 1075, but also a joint action against the Czech Republic with the participation of Oleg Svyatoslavich and Vladimir Monomakh in the autumn - winter of 1075/76. thirty
All of the above helps to better understand the political steps that Izyaslav took in Lampert, he arrived at Henry IV in Mainz at the very beginning of 1075, accompanied by the Thuringian Margrave Dedi, at whose court he was found later. Dedi received the Thuringian mark along with the hand of Adela of Brabant, widow of the previous Thuringian margrave Otton of Orlamund, by whom Adela had two daughters, Oda and Kunigunde. And so, in the Saxon annalist we find a curious message that Kunigunde, it turns out, married the “King of Russia” (“regi Ruzorum”), and Oda married Ecbert the Younger, the son of Ecbert the Elder of Brunswick. After some hesitation, the researchers found the correct solution, identifying the husband of Kunigunda of Orlamundskaya with Yaropolk, the son of Izyaslav Yaroslavich.
31Let's try to establish the time when this marriage took place. Margrave Dedi, after negotiations between Henry IV and the leaders of the rebellious Saxons in Gerstungen, left the camp of the Saxon opposition on October 20, 1073 and remained loyal to the king until his death in the fall of 1075. This means that rapprochement with Dedi hardly made sense for Izyaslav during his stay in Poland in 1074, just as Dedi had no reason to seek kinship with the exiled prince. After Izyaslav moved to Germany at the end of 1074, we find his son Yaropolk in the spring of 1075 in Rome, where he is negotiating with Pope Gregory VII, the purpose of which is to induce the pope to put pressure on Boleslav of Poland. The letters of Gregory VII to Izyaslav and Boleslav II, which were the result of negotiations between Yaropolk and the pope, are dated April 17 and 20; consequently, the negotiations themselves probably took place in March-April, after the end of the Lenten Synod on February 24-28. Therefore, it is unlikely that Izyaslav had enough time to marry his son before his departure to Italy. But after the return of Yaropolk to the court of Dedi (obviously, in May 1075), the situation became fundamentally different. And the point is not only that Izyaslav enlisted the support of the Roman high priest, having received the Kyiv table from his hands as a "gift of St. Peter" ("dono sancti Petri"); more important than the change in position of Henry IV.
The change in the political course of Svyatoslav in 1074 is understandable: the uprising of the Saxons in the summer of 1073, which diverted all the forces of the German king, violated plans for joint action against Poland. The new political course of Svyatoslav became obvious to Henry, presumably, after the return of Burchard's embassy in July 1075. Moreover, it is highly plausible to assume that the military operations in Thuringia undertaken by Henry in September 1075 together with the Czech prince and at the head of the Czech troops were suddenly interrupted, culminating in a hasty retreat to the Czech Republic in connection with the Russian-Polish campaign against Czech Bratislava that began just at that time.
It is easy to imagine that all this could cause a sharp turn in the attitude of Henry IV to Izyaslav and result in the marriage of Yaropolk Izyaslavich with the daughter of the Margrave of Thuringia. What was the reason for choosing a bride for the Russian prince? Important, of course, was the position of Cunigunde's stepfather, Margrave Dedi. But, knowing the origin of Oda, Svyatoslav's wife, it should be noted that Izyaslav married his son to the sister of the wife of the Meissen Margrave Ekbert the Younger, Oda's cousin. It must also be borne in mind that Udon II, adopted by Ida of Elsdorf and thus the brother of Oda and uncle of Ecbert the Younger, owned at that time the Saxon northern mark (died 1082). We see how the "Russian marriages" of the first half of the 70s. cover all Saxon stamps, i.e. all border areas with Poland. It is quite obvious that Izyaslav sought to undermine the position of Svyatoslav, whose entire Polish policy in 1070-1074. was built on an alliance with the East Saxon nobility. Izyaslav's family ties through his daughter-in-law Kunigunda, as it were, “overlap” the earlier ties of his younger brother.
This kind of Russian-Saxon contacts can be considered traditional for Russia. After all, for half a century, under Yaroslav the Wise and the Yaroslavichs, the strained relations of the Russian princes with Poland always entailed alliances with the East Saxon margraves. Back in the 30s. 11th century the joint struggle of Yaroslav the Wise and the German emperor Conrad II against the Polish king Sack II was sealed by the marriage of the Russian princess with the margrave of the same Saxon northern brand Bernhard. Similarly, in the mid-80s, during the struggle between Vsevolod Yaroslavich and Yaropolk Izyaslavich Volynsky, just like his father, who relied on Polish support, Vsevolod married his daughter Eupraxia to the Margrave of the Saxon Northern March Henry the Long, son of Udon II. This remarkable continuity in ancient Russian foreign policy deserves special study.32
The emerging picture of the international policy of the Yaroslavichs in the 70s. 11th century will be incomplete if due attention is not paid to one more of its flanks - the Hungarian one. In Hungary, at that time, a struggle broke out between King Shalamon (1064-1074), supported by Germany, and his
Cousins - Geza, Laszlo and Lambert, traditionally associated with Poland (their father, Bela I, was in exile in Poland for a long time). Data on Russo-Hungarian relations at that time are extremely scarce. In fact, it is only known that following Lambert, who sought help in 1069 from Boleslav of Poland, in 1072 Laszlo went to Russia with the same purpose, but his mission was not successful, as is commonly believed, due to internal troubles in Russia114 . The question of why
In Russia, the sons of Bela I hoped to get help, and to whom exactly Laszlo went for her, due to a lack of sources, was not put. In our opinion, something can be clarified here, too, if we take into account the information now at our disposal about the foreign policy confrontation between Izyaslav of Kiev and Svyatoslav of Chernigov in the early 1970s.
Oda, the wife of Svyatoslav, being the daughter of the early deceased Lutpold Babenberg, turns out to be the natural niece of the then Margrave of the Bavarian Eastern March Ernst. It is extremely noteworthy that Izyaslav's calculation could also be connected with Ernst's figure when he married his son to Margrave Dedi's stepdaughter: the fact is that Ernst was married to Dedi's daughter from a previous marriage. If we take into account that the Bavarian eastern mark on the German-Hungarian border played the same role as the East Saxon marks on the German-Polish borders, then the presence of the “Hungarian question” in the negotiations of Henry IV both with Svyatoslav around 1070 and with Izyaslav in the autumn of 1075 will become quite probable. In any case, it should be clear that at that time there was no unified old Russian policy either in relation to Poland or in relation to Hungary; international relations between Kyiv and the Chernihiv-Pereyaslav coalition should be considered separately.
Then it is logical to assume that Laszlo, in search of help, went to Izyaslav, who was firmly connected with Poland, but ran into opposition from the younger Yaroslavichs, who, due to their alliance with Henry IV, were inclined to support Shalamon. The situation was aggravated by the fact that Volyn, which bordered Hungary, was at that time, probably, in the hands of Vsevolod.
And in the Hungarian question, the year 1074 was to bring with it a radical reorientation of Svyatoslav's policy. It is not only the crisis of his alliance with Henry IV, which resulted in direct military cooperation with Boleslav of Poland, but also the simultaneous rapprochement of Geza I and the younger Yaroslavichs with Byzantium that makes us think so. Géza I, who took over the Hungarian throne in 1074, married a Greek woman (possibly the niece of the future Emperor Nikephoros III Votaniat, then the son-in-law of Emperor Michael VII Doukas) and was even crowned with a crown sent from Byzantium. At the same time (according to V. G. Vasilyevsky, in 1073-1074), Michael VII enters into negotiations with Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavich, offering to marry the daughter of one of them (probably Vsevolod) to his porphyry brother Constantine. Obviously, as a result of some agreement reached at that time, Constantinople also received Russian military assistance in suppressing the rebellion in Korsun.
Output
The marriages of representatives of the Kievan dynasty testified that Russia had taken a prominent place in the system of European states, and its ties with the Latin West were the closest. Yaroslav the Wise betrothed his son Izyaslav, the daughter of the Polish king Mieszko II, to his son Svyatoslav, the daughter of the German king Leopold von Stade. The youngest of the three Yaroslavichs, Vsevolod, married a relative of Emperor Konstantin Monomakh. Among the daughters of Yaroslav, the eldest Agmunda-Anastasia became the Hungarian queen, Elizabeth - the Norwegian, and then the Danish queen, Anna - the French queen. Anna's marriage was unhappy and she fled from her husband to Count Raoul II of Valois. Royal power in France was in decline, and King Henry I could not return his wife.
The crown of the matrimonial successes of the Kiev house was the marriage of Efrosinya, the daughter of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, with the German emperor Henry V. The marriage was short-lived. After a noisy divorce process, Efrosinya returned to Kyiv. Euphrosyne's brother Vladimir Monomakh married the exiled princess Gita. Gita's father Harald II was the last representative of the Anglo-Saxon royal dynasty. Norman Duke William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons. Harald died, and his daughter Gita took refuge in Denmark, from where she was brought to Kyiv.
The organic inclusion of the Rurikids in the system of dynastic ties of the ruling houses of the Christian states of Europe in the 11th - early 12th centuries. testifies that Russia was considered by them as an equal partner in social and political terms, and she herself remained in a single cultural and political European space.
Anastasia Yaroslavna is the eldest daughter of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingigerda of Sweden. She was born around 1023.
The future husband of Anastasia, the Hungarian Duke Andras, together with the brothers Bela and Levente, was forced to flee Hungary after the massacre of their father Vazul, perpetrated by King Stephen I the Holy. The brothers ended up first in the Czech Republic, then in Poland (where Bela remained, having married the daughter of the Polish prince Meshka II), then in Russia. Regarding the date of the wedding of Anastasia and Andras, the opinions of historians differ: some call it 1038/39, others 1040/41, and others call it 1046.
In 1046, the Hungarian nobility, dissatisfied with the pro-German policy of the king, invited András and his brother to Hungary. At the end of September, Andras ascended the throne, and in the spring of 1047 he was crowned in Szekesfehervar. So the daughter of Yaroslav became the queen of Hungary.
In 1053 Anastasia gave birth to a son named Sholomon. It is also known that in Hungary, Anastasia gave birth to a son, David, as well as at least one daughter. The birth of Sholomon, and later his coronation, led to a conflict between the royal couple and the king's brother Bela, who was the heir until the birth of the child.
In Hungary, Anastasia remained Orthodox. The founding of several Orthodox monasteries is associated with her name. One of them is for St. Aniana in Tihany on Lake Balaton. Another Orthodox monastery was founded in Tormov. Another monastery founded by Anastasia is called the monastery in Visegrad.
In 1060, Bela raised an uprising against Andras and in the same year defeated his brother, shortly after which he died, and on December 6, 1060, Bela became the Hungarian king. Anastasia with her children was forced to flee to the German king Henry IV, whose sister Judith-Maria was engaged to Solomon. Henry ordered that they live in Bavaria and paid their expenses from the royal treasury. Anastasia wanted the German troops to help her overthrow Bela and return the throne to her son. The collection of the army had already begun, but as a result of an accident, Bela received serious injuries and died. After Bela's death in 1063, German troops invaded Hungary, forcing his sons to flee to Poland.
Solomon was declared the new king. In gratitude for the help rendered to her, Anastasia presented the Bavarian Duke Otto of Northeim with the Hungarian royal relic "Attila's sword".
With a young son, Anastasia ruled the kingdom, and their position remained precarious. She and King Solomon were supported by Henry IV, and the sons of Bela I, Geza and Laszlo, were supported by Poland, as well as Anastasia's brother, Prince of Kyiv Izyaslav Yaroslavich, married to the Polish princess Gertrude.
Anastasia at this time remarried the German Count Poto. She was against Shalamon's armed struggle with her cousins and urged her son to settle all conflicts peacefully. In 1074, after the defeat of the armies of Shalamon by the troops of Geza and Laszlo, their relationship became so tense that Shalamon raised his hand against his mother. Anastasia cursed her son, who lost the Hungarian throne because of his aggressiveness and greed.
Source: wikipedia.orgAnastasia died no later than 1094, since in this year she is already mentioned as dead. According to legend, she died in the monastery of Admont in Styria.
Elizabeth
Elizaveta Yaroslavna is the second daughter of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingegerda of Sweden. She was probably born in 1025.
The future husband of Elizabeth, Harald, the son of King Sigurd Pig of Eastern Norway, was the younger brother of King Olaf II of Norway. In 1030, when Harald was 15 years old, Olaf II died defending the throne from the Danish king Canute the Great. Harald had to go into hiding and then leave Norway. In 1031 he arrived in Kyiv, where he entered the service of Yaroslav the Wise. He married Elizabeth. But then Yaroslav did not agree to such a marriage, since the groom had neither money nor the throne.
After that, Harald went to Constantinople and signed up as a mercenary for the Emperor of Byzantium, Michael IV of Paflagon, who needed to keep his huge state in obedience. The emperor paid the elite mercenaries very generously. Harald fought in Africa, Sicily and Palestine, receiving a lot of money and achieving fame.
Returning from wanderings, Harald received the hand of Elizabeth, with whom he married in the winter of 1043-1044. In the spring, Harald and Elizabeth went to Scandinavia. Having entered into an alliance with the king of Sweden, Harald equipped the ships and went on a military campaign against Denmark. Then Harald reconciled with his nephew Magnus, who ruled Norway at that time, and they began to rule the country together. Soon Magnus died, and from 1047 Harald became the sovereign king of Norway. Elizabeth became queen.
By the time Harald began to rule Norway, he and Elizabeth already had two daughters: Maria and Ingigerda. Harald wanted to have a son, and he took a concubine Thor, who gave birth to him and not one, but even two sons: Magnus and Olaf. Nevertheless, Elizabeth continued to share with her husband all the hardships of his turbulent life. When he decided to conquer England, Elizabeth and both of their daughters went on a campaign with him.
For the first time in England, luck smiled at the Norwegian king. He won a number of victories and captured several cities. But at the Battle of Stamfordbridge on September 25, 1066, an arrow hit him in his unprotected throat. The wound proved fatal.
At the time of the battle, Elizabeth and her daughters were in the Orkney Islands north of Scotland. Harald was sure they were safe there. But, as the sagas say, on the same day that Harald died, his daughter Maria also died.
Elizabeth and Ingigerd returned to Norway. What happened to Elizabeth afterward is unknown. Her daughter Ingigerd married the Danish king Olaf Sveinsson and became queen of Denmark.
Anna
Anna Yaroslavna is the youngest of the three daughters of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise from her marriage to Ingegerda of Sweden. She was born, according to various sources, around 1032 or 1036. In France, she is believed to have been born around 1025.
The 17th-century historian François de Mezereux wrote that Henry I of France "received the fame of the charms of the princess, namely Anna, daughter of George, King of Russia, now Muscovy, and he was fascinated by the story of her perfections." In 1051, Anna married the French king as a deputy.
In 1052, Anna gave birth to the king's heir, the future King of France, Philip I, and then three more children (including two sons, Robert and Hugo, of whom the first died in childhood, and the second later became Count of Vermandois).
After the death of Henry, Anna shared custody of the young Philip I with the regent Baudouin of Flanders. She participated in the royal court's tour of domain possessions in late 1060 - early 1061, but soon her name again disappears from the acts. Apparently, already in 1061 she married Count Raoul de Crepy. This seigneur had been constantly at court for several years, where he occupied a prominent place - immediately after the peers of France and the highest clergy. He was married a second marriage, but accused his wife of adultery, drove her away and married Anna.
Received not during his lifetime, but only in the 60s of the XIX century. During his lifetime he was called Khromts. Studies show that his leg was severed, therefore, he was limping. At that time, such a deficiency was considered a sign of wisdom, intelligence, providence, so the word "lame" as a nickname could be considered as close in meaning to the word "wise". So they began to call Yaroslav - the Wise. The deeds of this prince eloquently speak for themselves. The heyday of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise is a confirmation of these words.
Unification of Russia
Yaroslav did not immediately become the ruler of Kyiv, he had to fight for a long time with his brothers for the Kyiv throne. After 1019, Yaroslav united under his rule almost all the lands of the ancient Russian state, thereby helping to overcome feudal fragmentation within the country. In many areas, his sons became governors. Thus began the heyday of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise.
Russian truth
An important step forward for Yaroslav's domestic policy was the compilation of a general code of laws, which was called "Russian Truth". This is a document that defined the rules of inheritance, criminal, procedural and commercial law common to all. The flourishing of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise was impossible without this document.
These laws helped to strengthen relations within the state, which generally contributed to overcoming feudal fragmentation. After all, now each city did not live by its own rules - the law was common to all, and this, of course, contributed to the development of trade and created the opportunity to stabilize relations within the state as much as possible.
The laws of Russkaya Pravda reflected the social stratification of society. For example, fines for killing a smerd or a serf were several times less than payments for killing a free person. Fines replenished the state treasury.
The heyday of Kyiv
The very appearance of Russkaya Pravda was a gigantic step forward towards overcoming feudal fragmentation and uniting different parts of the country. The flourishing of the Old Russian state was actively under Yaroslav the Wise. History reports that Kyiv has become truly the center of the country. The development of crafts contributed to trade relations. Merchants flocked to the city offering their goods. Kyiv grew rich, and the fame of it spread to many cities and countries.
Yaroslav the Wise
The flourishing of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise also had an effect in foreign policy. Events during this period were aimed at strengthening the borders, developing relations with neighboring countries, primarily with Western Europe. This influenced the increase in the authority of the state. Relations with other countries have reached a higher level.
Despite the fact that the flourishing of the Old Russian state was gaining momentum under Yaroslav the Wise, historical events were not only positive. Russia still suffered from nomadic raids. But soon this trouble was solved. In 1036, the troops of Yaroslav the Wise defeated the Pechenegs, who after that stopped attacking Russia for a long time. By order of the prince, fortress cities were built on the southern border to defend the frontiers.
Dynastic marriages
The flourishing of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise went in different directions. History reports that in 1046 he managed to sign a peace treaty with the Byzantine state. This document was important because political and cultural relations were beneficial for both countries. The peace treaty with Byzantium was reinforced by a dynastic marriage. Vsevolod Yaroslavich married the daughter of Konstantin Monomakh.
The heyday of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise was strengthened by the dynastic marriages of the prince's children. Of course, they contributed to the strengthening of ties between Kievan Rus and Europe. The sons of Yaroslav the Wise were married to German princesses: Svyatoslav, Igor and Vyacheslav. Daughter Elizabeth was married to the Norwegian prince Harold, Anna - to the French king Henry I, Anastasia - to the Hungarian king Andrew I. Such dynastic marriages, firstly, demonstrated the attractiveness of Russia for Europe, and secondly, were useful for the Kievan state, as they gave more opportunities for cultural and economic development, they contributed to the flourishing of the ancient Russian state.
Spread of Christianity under Yaroslav the Wise
The prince paid attention to education. Schools were formed at many monasteries. Yaroslav the Wise himself chose young men in Kyiv and Novgorod to study at schools. A kind of vocational schools were created.
All these events secured the glory of the enlightener for the prince. There was an incredible flowering of the Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise. Briefly the historical events of that time are described in this article.
Unfortunately, after death, it gradually began to decline. But even those measures that Yaroslav the Wise managed to carry out gave Russia a lot. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise is the heyday of Kievan Rus.
In the 40s. 11th century Yaroslav entered into a number of marriage alliances with European sovereigns. Russian chronicles ignored these marriages, so that all more or less reliable information about them has to be extracted from Western European sources.
Many Icelandic sagas tell about the romantic story of the courtship of the Norwegian knight Harald Hardrad (Severe Ruler) to Yaroslav's daughter named Ellisiv or Elisabeth (Elizabeth). Harald was the half-brother (by mother) of the Norwegian king Olav Haraldsson, who died in 1030 in the battle of Stiklastadir. The next year after the death of his brother, Harald went "east to Gardariki to King Yaritsleiv." Here he “performed many feats, and for this the king highly valued him. King Yaritsleif and Princess Ingigerd had a daughter, whose name was Elizabeth, the Normans call her Ellisiv. Harald started a conversation with the king, whether he would like to give him a girl as a wife, saying that he was known for his relatives and ancestors, and also partly for his behavior. Yaroslav replied that he could not give his daughter to a foreigner who had neither a "state to rule" nor sufficient funds to ransom a bride. However, he left Harald hope, promising to "keep his honor until a convenient time."
After this conversation, Harald left for Byzantium, where he spent several years in the imperial service. Fighting the Saracens in the Middle East, Sicily and Africa, he "captured huge wealth, gold and all kinds of jewelry, but all the property that he did not need, in order to support himself, he sent with faithful people north to Holmgard for safekeeping to King Yaritsleif, and immense treasures have accumulated there. Returning to Russia, Harald took the gold that belonged to him and, having spent the winter at the court of Yaroslav, departed for his homeland. The sagas unanimously testify that in that winter, "Yaritsleif gave Harald his daughter as a wife." This is confirmed by Adam of Bremen: “Harold, returning from Greece, married the daughter of the King of Russia, Yaroslav.” According to a number of indirect signs, the wedding celebration most likely took place in the winter of 1043/1044.
The only thing known about the further fate of Elizabeth is that she gave birth to Harald's two daughters - Maria and Ingigerd. The last news of her dates back to 1066. That summer, Harald sailed to England with his retinue, hoping to take possession of the kingdom of his overseas namesake, the Anglo-Saxon king Harald. Elizabeth and her children accompanied her husband to the Orkney Islands. Landing on the English coast, Harald met the enemy at Stamfordbridge. During the battle, an English arrow dug into his throat, and the Norwegians, who had lost their leader, were utterly defeated. "On the same day and the same hour," say the sagas, Harald's daughter Maria died in Orkney. Elizabeth and Ingigerd returned to Norway.
The historiographical tradition of medieval Hungary (“Hungarian chronicle”, XIV century) speaks of the marriage of the Russian princess of the Hungarian king Endre I (reigned from 1046 to 1060). Endre and his brothers - Bela and Levente - were the nephews of King Stephen I (997-1038), who shortly before his death expelled them from the country. Bela retired to Poland, and Endre and Levente went to wait out the political bad weather in the Russian land. In their absence, Hungary experienced several civil wars. Finally, in 1046, the Hungarian nobility invited Endre and Levente to return to their homeland and take the throne. Apparently, then Endre was married to one of Yaroslav's daughters. Hungarian monuments did not remember her name, but in the chronicle of the Polish historian of the XV century. Jan Dlugosh she is named Anastasia. After Endre I was overthrown from the Hungarian throne by his brother Bela I in 1060, Anastasia took refuge with the German emperor Henry IV (1056-1106). According to legend, she spent the last years of her life in the German monastery Admont (in Styria). The compiler of one of the late Hungarian chronicles, Antonio Bonfini (XV century), took the name of the monastery Admont (Agmund) for the name of the widow Endre I. From his work, the mistake migrated to the historiography of the XIX-XX centuries, where this Yaroslavna received a double name: Anastasia-Agmund.
In French chronicles and other written monuments of the XI-XII centuries. there is no shortage of news about the Russian marriage of the French king Henry I Capet (1031-1060). This is truly the most unusual page in the history of matrimonial unions of both France and Russia.
To search for a bride at the other end of Europe, Henry I was inspired by the fear of incest, since by that time the Capetians had managed to intermarry with almost all the ruling houses of Western Europe. He, of course, was perfectly familiar with the sad story of the marriages of his father Robert II (996-1031). While still heir to the throne, Robert for some time walked in contenders for the hand of the Byzantine princess Anna, the sister of Emperor Basil II, and his parent Hugo Capet, in a message addressed to Basileus, quite frankly admitted his matrimonial difficulties: “We cannot find an equal for his marriage because for kinship with neighboring kings." When these plans failed, the young French prince had to marry Susanna of Flanders, who was twice her husband's age. But soon this marriage was annulled, and Robert married Bertha of Burgundy, who was more suitable for him in age. The happiness of the young, however, was short-lived, since it turned out that Robert and Berta were second cousins. Two popes - Gregory V (996-999) and Sylvester II (999-1003) - one after another condemned the incestuous marriage, and in the end Robert and Bertha had to divorce. Henry I took full account of his father's marital experience. However, he was fatally unlucky in family affairs. In 1033 he became engaged to the daughter of the German Emperor Conrad II, who died a year later. His second marriage to a Brunswick princess was longer, but she also died in 1044 without producing an heir. At this, the Western European courts completely exhausted the supply of brides who satisfied all the demanding requests of the Capetians. The answer to the question why Henry I did not turn to the sovereigns of Scandinavia, Poland or Hungary with a wedding proposal should be sought in the aforementioned message of Hugh Capet: the wife of the French king had to be, among other things, also “equal” to her husband; Obviously, the comparison with the daughter of a Russian prince was not in favor of brides from these countries. Meanwhile, the ruler of a mighty state, "who is known and heard by all four ends of the earth", the heir of glorious ancestors who "heared through many countries with courage and courage", a devout Christian, the conqueror of the pagans and the keeper of the relics of Pope Clement, was the best suited for the role father-in-law of the King of France.
So, the proposal to conclude a dynastic union came from the French side. In 1048 or 1049 a large embassy arrived in Kyiv, headed by two bishops. Their choice settled on the daughter of Yaroslav named Anna. Yaroslav gave his consent to the marriage and sent the ambassadors back to France along with his daughter and rich gifts. On December 3, 1050, a son, Philip, was already born to Henry and Anna.
During the life of Henry I, Anna, as befitted a queen, was mainly engaged in matters of piety. She founded the Abbey of St. Vincent, on the portal of which you can still see her bas-relief image. In addition, it is known that she brought with her to France a handwritten Slavic Gospel with magnificent miniatures and richly decorated. This book made such a strong impression on the French court that for several centuries the French kings used it at their coronation ceremonies. Pope Nicholas II (1058-1061) dedicated a special message to Anna, in which he praised her for her good manners and zeal for the affairs of the Church.
But soon the French were sadly convinced that the holy father, perhaps, went too far with praise. In 1060 Henry I died. The regency over the young Philip passed to the Count of Flanders Baudouin, who was married to the sister of the late king. Anna also became a member of the Board of Trustees, for her signature, along with the name of Philip, appears on many royal charters of the 60s. 11th century It is interesting that once she signed in Cyrillic letters: "Ana reina" (from Latin regina - "queen"). However, apparently, she wanted more power, and therefore, just a year after the death of Henry I, she remarried. Her new chosen one was the powerful lord Raoul de Crepy, Count of Valois, head of the opposition nobility. In order to marry Anna, he divorced his wife (the second in a row), presenting her with a false accusation of infidelity. Count Baudouin's party was alarmed. The archbishop of Reims, Gervais, informed Pope Alexander II (1061-1073): “In our kingdom there is no small turmoil: our queen has married Count Raoul, which greatly upsets our king and worries his guardians more than it should.” The divorced wife of Count Raul was forced to complain to Rome about her husband's actions. The Pope declared the marriage of Raul and Anna illegal, but since the newly-made spouses did not listen to the voice of the Roman pontiff, he had to resort to the last resort: by the decision of the Holy See, Raul was excommunicated from the Church. It didn't help either; Anna and her lover were separated only by the death of Count Raoul, which happened in 1074. It seems that after that Anna was removed from the kingdom. In any case, after 1075, her name is no longer found on the documents of the royal office.
The Chronicle of the Monastery of Fleury (beginning of the 12th century) informs that, having buried Raoul, Anna "returned to her homeland." However, according to another French tradition, she rested in the monastery of St. Vincent in Senlis.
author Ashot Kuranov asked a question in Other about cities and countries
Countries with which Russia under Yaroslav the Wise was connected by dynastic marriages and received the best answer
Answer from Patapius[guru]
The marriage of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingigerd, the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf Eiriksson (who ruled from 995 to 1022) and, probably, Astrid's Wendy, is mentioned in a significant number of Old Norse sources of the late 12th - first third of the 13th century. ..The marriage of Yaroslav and Ingigerd was concluded in 1019: this date is called the Icelandic annals; it is also restored according to the chronology of the "Circle of the Earth".
In 1039, Poland entered into an alliance with Kievan Rus (lasting 1039-1047). The union of the two states was strengthened by dynastic marriages: the Polish king Casimir I married the sister of Yaroslav Dobronega (Christian name Maria), and the eldest son of Yaroslav Izyaslav married the king's sister, Gertrude (in Orthodoxy - Elizabeth).
Dynastic marriages were made not only with Poland. The rulers of European states considered it an honor to be allies and relatives of Yaroslav the Wise.
Yaroslav's daughter Anna married the French king Henry I, Anastasia became the wife of the Hungarian king Andrew I, Elizabeth - the wife of the Norwegian king Harold III. All the sons of Yaroslav were married to sovereign princesses - Byzantium, Poland, Germany. Yaroslav himself was married to Ingigerd of Sweden and had ten children. Thus, Yaroslav the Wise intermarried with many European august houses, setting a kind of world record for the number of family dynastic ties.
Answer from Dron ivanov[guru]
France. Byzantium.
Answer from Oleg Shevchuk[guru]
Answer from Yergey Chunaev[newbie]
-_-
Answer from Sergei[active]
Yes
Answer from Dashulya Owseenko[newbie]
through marriages of daughters - France, Norway and Hungary
through marriages of sons - Poland, Byzantium, but these were marriages with representatives of non-ruling dynasties
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Countries with which Russia under Yaroslav the Wise was connected by dynastic marriages